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Systematic Review Appraisal

What question did the systematic review address?


Is Eating Frequency associated with Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents?

Is it unlikely that important, relevant studies were missed?


YES Based on supporting information undertaken in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta Analyses guidelines.

Were the criteria used to select articles for inclusion appropriate?


YES All statistical calculations were performed in NCSS/PASS 2005 software

Were the included studies sufficiently valid for the type of question asked?
YES Eating Frequency, definition of a meal/eating episode, definition and criteria for overweight/obesity in children and adolescents

Were the results similar from study to study?


YES. Overall 1707 titles and abstracts, and 30 full articles in the systematic review 21 studies included in the meta analysis

What were the results? How are the results presented?

The x2-test for heterogeneity was significant for the 21 studies suggesting that there are gender related differences in dietary patterns and behaviors and their effect in overweight/obesity in children and adolescents The results showed an inverse association between eating frequency and overweight/ obesity status in children and adolescents particularly in boys

RELATED LITERATURE

Breakfast Consumption and Meal Frequency Interaction with Childhood Obesity Antonogeorgos et al, 2012

Results
Children who consumed more than three meals per day and also consumed breakfast daily, were two times less likely to be overweight or obese (adjusted odds ratio: 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.27-0.88)

CONCLUSION
A combined higher meal frequency and daily breakfast consumption dietary pattern may prevent overweight and obesity in children

RECOMMENDATION
Breakfast skippers tend to eat more food than usual at the next meal or nibble on high-calorie snacks to stave off hunger Preparing a good breakfast can be as quick and easy as splashing some milk over cereal. Time invested in breakfast is much more valuable than the few extra minutes of sleep you might get by bypassing the morning meal.

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