(الخرسانه د. محمود ألإمام (رحمه الله

/.
Concrete
______
" Structure Materials

"
)( :
) (
% -
% -
%-
/
/ .
.

.
_________________

.

.
Composite Sections
Composite Materials

.
).(-
) (- .

.

Joints
.

.
.
/.
_____________

-
___

/ .

.

.
Abrams

)/( :
kg/cm 2
965.5
)1.5(w/c
= fc
fc / . ) ( w/c
.
.

.

.
) (

.
) (- Normal Strength
Concrete
/
/ )/( .
,

Wet

Dry
Plastic
,
,

) (- )/( .
/.

Superplasticizers

/
High Strength Concrete

/
.

]
) [(-
/ .
/
: - .
:
.
. . .
.
.
) (- .
*********
/.
Admixtures

.
.
______
- -

:
. . . . . . . . - .
_____________________________________
- .
- .
-
.
- .
-
.
-
.
.
-

.
.
-
_______________________

:
- ) (.
- .
- .
-
- .
- .
/.
1-3-2
__________________________
Water
)Reducing and Set Controlling Admixtures (ASTM C494
_______________________________________________________

) ( .
ASTM C494
A G :
-
ASTM C494 - Type A
ASTM C494 - Type B
ASTM C494 - Type C
ASTM C494 - Type D
ASTM C494 - Type E
ASTM C494 - Type F
ASTM C494 - Type G

:
- ) ( ASTM Type A, F
- )(
ASTM Type B
- )(
ASTM Type C
D .A , B

E .A , C
G .F , B

: ) ( Plasticizers and Superplasticizers

______________________________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type A & F
_________________
)( )(
% %
. %
. -
- . F , A ) A( % .
) F ( %
% .
)/( ).(-
. )/( ) .(-
) .(- . - .
/.
) (A ) (F
:
A -
Ligno-Sulfonate
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Carbohydrates
F -
Modified Ligno-Sulfonate
Melamine Formaldehyde
Naphthaline Formaldehyde
Phenol Formaldehyde
Beta-naphthaline Sulfonate
)( .

Control of Slump Loss
) .(Type D or G

.
:
-
- .
) (
+

) (
) (- .
1000
0.5
900
)/(
700
600
0.3
500
0.2
400
300
=
=
0.1
200
-/
0.4
800
100
0
0.5
) (- .
/.

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.
)--(
.
.

)--(.

.

.
1200
1059
1010
814
1000
804
800
647
608
495
412
358
=
= %
600
400
200
-/
843
0
56
28
) (- .
)( )(
)( )(
) (- .
/.
: )( Retarders
________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type B
______________

Rate of Strength Gain

.
. . . .
Carbohydrates Sugar
Zink .Phosphates
: )( Accelerators
__________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type C
______________
: -
. . - .
: -
. . - .
. -

% % .

.
.

.
.Flash Set - .
/.
Air Entraining
Admixtures 2-3-2
_____
__________________________
Durability Frost Resistance
Bubbles ) (
).(-
- Foaming
Resins .
-
.
% %
% % .

% .%

) (- .
Permeability-Reducing Admixtures 3-3-2

______________________
__________________
.

.
Water Proofing Agents -1

Wax % %
.
.
Superplasticizers -2
-3
)Pozzolanic Materials (Filling Effect

Silica Fume

) /( Byproduct
.

).(-
/.
)(

) (- .
_____________________
Antiwashout Admixtures 4-3-2
_____________________

.
.

.

.

% .

.
/ pH
.

.%
:
- .
- .
- .
-

.
-
% .
5-3-2
____________________________
Coloring Admixtures
Metallic Oxide
%
. :

/.
6-3-2
______________________________
Miscellaneous Admixtures
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
*********
/.
()
Special Types of Concrete
-1
-2
-3
( ) -4
Plain Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Precast Concrete
-5
-6
-7
-8

Fibrous Concrete
Self-Compacting Concrete
Polymer Concrete
( ) -9
-10
-11
-12
Shotcrete
Light-Weight Concrete
Heavy-Weight Concrete
Mass Concrete
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
Prepacked Concrete
Gap Concrete
Architectural Concrete
Nailing Concrete
Sulfur Concrete
Plain Concrete
_____________________________

.
/ .

.
Reinforced Concrete
___________________________________

.
.
Equilibrium Compatibility
.
. ) (-
.
a/2
0.67 fc
c = 0.003
t d
) (- .
/.
Prestressed Concrete
__________________________________

)(
.
/
.
Tendons Wires
Strands .Bars
.
.
:
Pre-tension
.
) (

) .(-

.
Post-tension
) (
) .(-
.

.
.
- -

.
w t/m
E
L
L
fc1 + fc2
? = L
fc2
fc1
+
= 1
fc3 - ft1
= 1
fc3

ft 1

) (- .
Anchor
Cables
) (- .
/.
- ) ( Precast Concrete
_____________________________________

.
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
) (-) (-
.

.
,.

) (- .

) (

) (

) (
) (- .
/.
____________________________________________
/ /

)/ (
Superplasticizers
)
( . Silica fume
.

.
: 1-5-3
-

. )
( %
.
-

.
- .
/ : )
( .
.
- Silica fume

.
.% %
.
- Superplasticizers

.
.
2-5-3

Classical Applications
.
:
*
*
*
High Rise Buildings

Bridges
Offshore Structures
) (-
. "
" Non-Classical Applications :
*
High Early Strength
*
*
*
*
Arch Girder
Improving Stiffness
Screwing Piles
Nuclear Power Plants
Underground Concrete Pipes
Pavements
:
High Performance Concrete
.

.
.
.
/.
Arch Girder
) (- .
3-5-3

.

.

.
. .

) (
) ( :
-
.
/ %
/
).(-
-
% %
/ / / ) -
.(-
-
% /
.
- ) (
) .(-
- .
/.
) (- .
72%
45%
60
Reduction
61
55
80
72
60
54
37
40
100
40
28
20
20
0
1000
500
750
250
- /
) (- .
100 100
100
80

.

/
/ .%
fc1 =250 -- kg/cm2
fc1
fc1
30x130 --- 14 19
Cross-Section Area = 100%
*********
fc2 =500 -- kg/cm2
fc2>fc1
fc1
30x70 --- 10 16
*********
fc3 =750 -- kg/cm2
fc3>fc2
fc1
30x48 --- 8 16
*********
fc4>fc3
fc1
fc4 =1000 -- kg/cm2
30x36 --- 6 16
) (- .
/.

. :
-
.

.%
-
.

% ) (-
.
-
.
%
) (- %
. .%
-
.
.
- ) (-

.
.
-
) (- .
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
3.82
3.06
3
2.29
2
2
1
1.53
1
3
fc2
fc1
) (- .
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
0.78
0.8
0.64
0.55
0.6
0.50
d2
d1
0.4
0.2
fc2
fc1
) (- .
/.
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
4.05
5
4
3.24
2.43
1.62
Mfl2
fl1
2
1
0
fc2
fc1
) (- .
) (- .
: 4-5-3
- / -) (.
-
Deflection .Deformation
- Durability .
- ) (
.
- - -
Strength / unit Cost Strength / unit volume - Strength / unit
weight
/
/
/ /
//.
//.
/ //.
/ //.
/ //.
/ //.
Brittleness

.
.
/.
Fiber Concrete
______________________________

:
).(-
.

, ,
) (- .

.
) (- .
. ) (-
Toughness .
Dangerous
Sudden Failure .Ductile Failure ) (-
) (
.
.Toughness
.
.
.

.
) (- .
) /(
) /(
Toughness
Deflection
) (- .
/.
) (- .
Self-Compacting Concrete
________________________________
: 1-7-3

Deformability Stability
Filling Capacity
.

) (
.
.
.

.
.
.
: 2-7-3
High Deformability :
:
- --- /
.
- --- /
.
/.
Good Stability :
:
- ---
/ / /
.
- ) ( ---
/ /
.
:
Blockage
:
- ---
/ .
-
---
/ .
: 3-7-3
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
: TMWMS

:
Slump Flow -1
.
.
.
V-Funnel Test -2

. ) (-
.
Filling Capacity -3

.
) (-
.%
Surface Settlement -4
.
.
.
/.
515 mm
75
450 mm
2
1
Outlet
gate
225
65
150
225
) (-
V-Funnel Test
Placement
250
35 16 mm
650
300 mm
250
h
7x50=350
150
500 mm
) (-
Filling Capacity Test
- )
( Shotcrete
________________________________________
) (
. Repair
Tunnels

.

. .
.

. )
(
. .

.

.
. ) (Retarders
Accelerators
.

. .
) (- ) (- .

.

.
/.
) (- .
(
&
) (- .
Polymer-Concrete
__________________________

.

.
% Polyester
Epoxy -
:
-
.
.
/
/
:
Plastic Concrete
)(PC
-
)(PCC
Polymer Cement Concrete
-
- )Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC
@@@nja@ba
QMYMS
@ PC
______________

.
.

:

) .(-
/.
@ @nja@ba@pbjm@c
_____________________
-
.
- .
- .
- .
-/
) (- .
___________________ @
PCC@@na@ja@ba@@@RMYMS
____
.
.
:
) (
. .
.
:
-
-
-
-
-
-

" "Furfryl Alcohol

.

.
__________________________ @
@@@PIC pajbi@a@na@ba
__ SMYMS

:
: -
.
Radiation Thermal method
:
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Chlorostyrene
/.

% .%

.
: -

.
.
: -
jbi@a@ba@pbjm
_________________________
-
-
-
-
-
-
) + (

Lightweight Concrete
_____________________________________
) / (

Own weight .
/ .
/
/ .
/ .

.

:
-
-
) (Finless Concrete
) (Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
) (Cellular Concrete
a@aa@@b@b@@QMQPMS
Finless Concrete
___________________________________

.
.
% / /
.
.
/.
a@ba@b@@RMQPMS
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
_____________________________________________

.
.
:
- )(
- )(
) ( - .

- .
,,
,,
,, -
,,
,,
,, -
,,
,, ,, ,,
,, .
,, ) (.
,, -
,,
,,
,,
,,
,, .
,, -
,,
,,
,,
,,
,, .
-
.
Hba@paI@aa@ba@@@SMQPMS
Cellular Concrete
____________________________________

. :
-
- .

) % (
.
.
) (- .
/.
Heavy Weight Concrete
_______________________________

.
. /
/ .

/ . )
(
.

.
.

Prepacked Concrete
.
.

.
.
Mass Concrete
_________________________

.
.
:
.Low heat .Lean mix % .
. .
. ) (
.
*******
@bg@ONc@@b;a
@ ba@b
Manufacture of Concrete
:
Preparation ( ) - 1
-
-
-
-
Fresh Concrete - 2
-
-
-
-
Green Concrete - 3
- )
( Preparation
_______________________________

) (......
) (...
.

) (.
. - .
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja
-
. .:
:

.
.
:
:
.
-
) - - (. . . .
.
. . . .
@bg@ONc@@b;a
-
:
.

.
)( Fresh Concrete
______________________________________
-
: ) .(- ) (-
) (-
.

.
) (
: .

.
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja
) (- .
) (- .
@bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .
) (- -.
) (- .
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja
-

.
. : - - .
.

.
Concrete Pump
. ) (-
) (- .

.
-
:

.
.
) ( .
.
.
.
.
@bg@ONc@@b;a
:
.

.
.

.
.
:

.
: )(
.
- : :
HmI@ba@
Tremie

).(-
ba@@@MR
Concrete Pumping
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja
a@ MS
Bucket

.
.
a@ba@@MT
Grouted Aggregates

.
Sacked Concrete@@@@ba@bc@@MU
)( )(

.
) (- .
@bg@ONc@@b;a
Compaction -

. :

Tamping Rod
Internal
Vibrators
Formwork
Vibrators
Surface
Vibrators
) (- )(-
.
. .

.Bleeding
.
. )(-) (-

.
.
Finishing -

.....
. . .
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja
) (- .
) (-

) (-
.
@bg@ONc@@b;a
Green Concrete
_____________________________
Curing -

) (-

:
- .
- .
:
-.
- .
- : .
- .
- .
:
- ) (.
- ) - (.
- .
- .
- ) -(.
- :Steam Curing
) ( - .
-.

.
ba@b@M@iaa@lbja

) (
)(
) (- .
-

.
.
.
:
.
= +
= . .
= +
= . .

.
@bg@ONc@@b;a
-
: - - .
:
:
:
.
) (.
: -
.
- .
- : .
- : :
.
***********
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
@ @ba@pba@m
-
______
Concrete Mix Design
Proportioning
.
Empirical Proportioning
)
(
Placing ) (Finishing .
.
Available Materials
Required
Qualities at Minimum Cost
Quality Slump .

.
.
.

.
Expressing Proportions
___________________________________________
Granular Materials
Ratios
: : :
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
.

Compaction .
Bulking.
Cement/Agrregates Ratio
:

Rich or Lean Mix :
: .

.

Cement Factor
) (
:

=

.
:
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
) (
.
.
- -
:
% = =
.
- Aggregate-Paste Relationship

________________________________________________
)( )(
.
.
High
Strength Concrete )
( ).(-

. .

.
Suspension ) .(-

.
)/( .
.
.
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
) (- .
)(
) (- .
)(
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
- Mix Design Methods

_______________________________________
Empirical
Method a@a@Z@c
__________________________
Experience
. Small Jobs
) (
Plastic
.Workable
:

Consistency
. :
)/(
. ""
""
.
.
:
- / )/( .
- .
- / :
.
-
.
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
;b;;a@;;;@Z@bbq
________________Trial Method
_________
/
.
/ .
:
) % (.
)/( .
.

/ /
) (.

.
.
.
a@va@@Zbrbq
Absolute Volume Method
______________________________________

Concrete Ingredients :
C S G W
+ +
+
= 1000 Liters
Gc Gs Gg 1.0
= Absolute Volume
= C .
= S
= G
= W
= Gg , Gs , Gc
= .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba

Strength Workability :
- .
- )/( .
- .
- .
Experience Practice
Laboratory Tests G/S W/C C
Gg , Gs Gc
.
) (
.
:
Plastic
/ .
% /
:
= .
) ( = .
) ( = / .
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;@@@@ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;@@@;;;;;a
- ) ( ) (:
/ .
% .%
: -
% :
-

.
:
= )/ ( +
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
= = + /.
-
.
).(-
)/( =
= .
) (- .

)(
)/(
)(
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
- :
= ) ( / =
300
S
1. 5S 150
+
+
+
= 1000 litres
3.15
2. 65
2. 65
1. 0
= Absolute Volume
= .
= .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
) ( ) (
:
Optimum Unit Weight Method -

: % .... % % %

. )(-
% .
) (-
Surface Area Method -

.

/
.
.
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
ba@b@ba@pba@m@@UMU
Design of HSC Mixes
_______________________________________________

)( .
.
.

: -1
/.
.
.
.
-2
:
/
%
%
%
%
:
.
-3

.
.

.
.
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
: -4
%
%

(Superplasticizers) -
.ASTM C494 Type F
ASTM C494 Type G
(Superplasticizers) -6

.
/
%
%
%
%
-7
/
) (.
. 20 -8
.
)
(.
( + ) -9
.
) =
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
( .
/.
) (1000 C SF
}
fc
) 3.0*log (
{ log
= w / cm
w/cm ) + (
/
fc
-
C
-
SF

.
) (w/cm
= / = /.
= /
= /
-

%
%
%
%
%
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-

:
=
=
=
=
=
=
@ bg@;ONc@@ba

:
= / = :
a@m
- / = %
.
- % = /.
= = % /.
- = % ASTM-Type
G
= = ( + )
- w/cm = =
=
= = ( + )
- %
. :
+ = ) + (
= .
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
- :
475 47.5 0.375 W W 15.675 153.6

+
+
+
+
+
= 1000
3.15 2.15
2.65
2.7
1.15
1.0
W .
=
= =
- :
= = = = = ASTM C494 Type G - =
____________________

@ bg@;ONc@@ba
@ ba@pbjna@pa@ba@pba@i@@VMU

_________________________________
Concrete Mixes With Special Requirements

)
( .
.
1
:
= /. . - .
:
/. = ) (. - = ) : (.
:
-
= .
= /.
= /.
= /.
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
2
:
= /. . - .
:
/. = ) (. = ) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= . =
= / . = /. - = /.
3
:
= /. - .
/ . = ) (. =) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= . =
= / . - = /.
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
- = /.
4
:
= /. - .
/ . = ) (. = ) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= = /. = /. - = /.
5
:
= /. - .
/ . % ) (. = ) (. = % . = % . = % . - % .ASTM type G
:
- =
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
= /. - = /.
6
:
= /. - .
:
/. = ) (. - = ) : (.
:
= = /. = /. - = /.
:
/. = ) (. = ) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= = / . = /. = /.
*********
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
bbyg@ba@u@j
Statistical Quality Control

-
__________________

. :
-
-
-
-
-
-
) - - -(.
.
) - - - -(.
.
.
) - - (.
__________________

. ) (
)(
) (- ) (
)( .
Frequency
min
100
fmax
) (-
200 250 300 350

-/
150
fm
Frequency
fmax = fm k
fmin
) (-
a@j@M@ba@lbja
) ( ) (
:
.Distribution Curve

:

Distribution Curve Bell Shape ).(-
) (fm
).(
Normal
f max = f m k
min
k )(fm k
. fm .

2
) (x x
n
or
) (x x
n -1
n > 20
n 20
) (f m - k
) (f m k
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
10%
5%
1.28 1.28
1.64
1.64
10%
5%
Frequency
) (-
fm
) (- .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
-
________________________
(fcu) Characteristic Strength ( ) 1-3-6

% )
= .(%
.
(fm) Target Mean Strength 2-3-6

) (fcu )(M
. fm = fcu + M
) (fcu) (fm :
* % Confidence k = 1.64
fm = fcu + 1.64
* % Confidence k = 1.28
fm = fcu + 1.28
1.64
5%
Frequency
fm = fcu + M
fcu
fm
) (- .
a@j@M@ba@lbja
_____________________
) (
) (-
:
) (- .

/

) (v
) ( ).(-
fm
)fcu = fm (1-kv
=v
fcu
1 kv
fm = fcu + k v fm
= fm
% k .
% k .
:
) ( ) (v
.
/
:
:/
) (- .

% v
Frequency
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
v = 10%
v = 15%
v = 20%
fm
.( -)

( v) ( v)
.(-)
__
-
______________________

:
@wbn@ @ m@ @ c@ @ @ RP@ @ rc@ b@ a@ pbj@ @ b@ ag @ MQ

@a@@@ya@a@@ia@a@ba@@ m@na@pbja@pabjna
@n@@ERU@@HaI@a@c@a@c@i@a@@@c@@b@HEUI
.paaa@
@vn@c@m@@c@@k@ RP@@c@b@a@pbj@@b@ag @ MR
@a@ c@ a@ c@ i@ a@ @ @ c@ @ b@ ia@ a@ ba@ @ bjng
@ .paaa@@n@@ERU@@HaI
a@j@M@ba@lbja
________
1-6-6
fm
) fcu
( .
<<j]<]<^]<<k^<]c<^}<}<j<e]<j]<^]<gu_<VM<^n
<<<q<jû<<<Ds^j]<<AQ<<n_<^<<E< NKs< NQL<<]<^
].f<q<
)(v=0.125
fcu
250
=
= 314.5 kg / cm2
1 1.64v
)1 1.64 (0.125
= fm
)(v=0.175
fcu
250
=
= 350.6 kg / cm2
1 1.64v
)1 1.64 (0.175
= fm
2-6-6

) (.
<<NL<^^<^]<]]<^<< NKs<< NSQ<<^}<<]<^<j<^<]c<V< N<^n

<q<AULE<s^j]<<AML<<n_<^j<<<_<j<j]<^]<<<^ <<JNKs
JDm
fcu = fm - k
or
)fcu = fm (1-kv
% k
fcu = 275 - 1.28 (20) = 249.4 kg/cm2
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
3-6-6

)
( %
.
<<]<^<^<<ê<]je]<<^]<f]<^}<u<<]<<V<O<^n
:<^<^]<k^<j<g<MS
- 213 - 147 - 193 - 181 187 - 153 - 142 - 209 - 173 - 186 - 215 - 177 - 184 - 218
.221 - 200 - 231
<^]<k^<]c<i<_<^]<fi<<<DAUQ<m<qE<^~<]<^]<<<^
][ NK<s<NLL<<^^_<<j]<<j]<

.
:
/
11172
= 25.6 kg/cm 2
=
17
v = 25.6 (100) / 190 = 13.5 %
)fcu = fm (1-kv
)fcu = 190 (1-1.64 x 0.135
= 147.9 kg/cm2 < 200
]<lêû<^c<<i<^
]<< ^< ^_< < j
JNKs<NLL<<e<<MPSzU
11172 =
190=
a@j@M@ba@lbja
-
_____________________________
1-7-6
Average na@M@c
x
n
= X
: - - .
: .
:
=
=
=
Median@@a@Ml

).( N + 1
2
: - .
: .
:

=
=
@ Mode@aa@Mx
.
: -
) (.
:
.
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
2-7-6
- = - .
- ) ( .
2
) (x x
.
- .
X
, v :
-
-
=v
/.

/ .
: = ) = ( + +
kg/cm 2
(10 )2 + (10) 2 + (0) 2 = 8.16

3
8.16
x 100 = 3.89 %
210
=v
: = ) = ( + +
kg/cm 2
(50 )2 + (50) 2 + (0) 2 = 40.82

3
40.82
x 100 = 3.89 %
1050
=v
a@j@M@ba@lbja
< <
< <

= =

) (-
3-7-6
: -
< <
> >
) -(
=
________________
=
,, ,, >
,,
,, ,, <
,,
) (x x
4
Frequency
fm
) (- .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
:
(2/ 415 - 395 - 412 - 410)
(2/ 540 - 305 - 402 - 385)
. %90
( %)
( %)
- - -
+ + + -
: %
fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 408 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.207) 300 kg/cm2
********
a@j@M@ba@lbja
-
__________

:
- ) = - (
- =
____________

___________
-
: = / = ) ( -
= /
= /
= /
)
( .
-
:
:
-
-
:
:
-
:
:
:
:
- :
-
-
-
-
) (
( ,,
,,
,,
)
) (
( ,, ,, ,, ,,
) ,,
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
24
24
20
20
16
16
16
16
410
--/
--/
) (- .
410
390
370
350
330
250
0
410
390
370
310
12
350
390
20
20
12
290
24
24
330
370
270
310
350
--/
290
330
250
--/
270
310
250
290
420
410
400
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
270
12
12
a@j@M@ba@lbja
90
80
70
60
50
40
% )(
30
20
10
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
260
240
280
100
--/
) (- .
2/ 251 250 :
2/ 348
.
__________
= = - /
= .
= ) (-
.
______
____
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
= )( - = = - /
=
= )( + = = + /
=
*********
:
:

. .% %

______________:

a@j@M@ba@lbja
120
105
98
100
81
80
60
52
36
40
31
22
16
15
67
20
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
--/
120
105
100
98
81
80
52
31
36
15
40
22
16
20
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
230
240
--/
220
67
60
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
= /
20
315
305
295
285
275
265
255
245
235
225
0
215
%
%
10
100
--/
:

_____________
nx
N
X
n
N
= X
= 220x16 + 230x31 + ............... + 310x15 /
523
- =
) (
- =
) (
a@j@M@ba@lbja
:

___________
) n(x x
N -1
16(220 263.8) 2 + 31(230 263.8) 2 +........... +15(310 263.8) 2

= 20.5 kg / cm2
523 -1
- =

____________

___________
= %
ACI
:

________________________________________
: -
%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.0779) = 236.85 kg/cm2
%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.64 * 0.0779) = 229.47 kg/cm2

: -

fcu (90%) 236 kg/cm2
fcu (95%) 229 kg/cm2
v
) ( / ) (v .%
.
********
bg@ONc@@b;a
uba@ba@pabjng@@a
Properties and Testing of Fresh Concrete

-
Introduction
_________
________
:
Fresh Concrete -

. .
Green Concrete -

.
.
Hardened Concrete -
) (
) (
.

.
.

.
@@uba@ba@pabjna@a@@M@iba@lbja
________________________________________________

) (
. Job site
-

.Segregation

.

.

:

.
.
.
.

_________________________
:
-1
Consistency
-2
-3
Workability
Segregation
() -4
Bleeding
bg@ONc@@b;a
Consistency
-1
_________
___
_______
:

Degree of Wetness Dry Stiff Plastic Wet
.Sloppy
Relative Fluidity .
:

.
.
:
: . . ) .(-
) ( /
).(-
.
).(-
: ) (. : Superplasticizers % -
.
Slump
Slump
)/(
Slump
Slump
Slump
Slump
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
* .Slump Test
* .Flow Test
* .Ball Penetration Test
Slump Test :
______________________________
: .

.
.
:
).(-
- : .
) (- .
: .
.

.
.
).(-
Slump
) .(-
).(-
) (- .
:
. . True Slump Shear Slump Collapse ) (- ).(-

Slipping Collapse.
.
) (- .
)(
- - -
Consistency
Dry
Stiff
Plastic
Wet
Sloppy
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .
) (- .
True Slump
Shear Slump
Flow Slump
) (- .
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .

.
.
.
.
)(

) (

.
: ).(-
) (- .
Flow Test :
_________________________

.
) (- .
:
: .
) (Flow Table - .
:
- .
- .
-

)
(.
bg@ONc@@b;a
-
.
-
.
- .
- ) /(
.
-

.
- ) (
:
)( -
_________________

=
) (

. .
) (- .
%-
%-
%- %- %-
Consistency
Dry
Stiff
Plastic
Wet
Sloppy
Ball Penetration Test () :

____________________________________________

.

) (-

.

. .

.
. .
.
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
Workability
-2
_____
_______
______
______
:

.
:ba MQ
: ) .(-
:
.
: .
:
.
:
) .
(.
:o;a @MR
: .
:
.
:
.
%
%
) (- .
Zb;a@@MS
:o;;a@Ob;a@j; @MT
/

).(-
:pb;;b;;a @MU
:
Superplasticizers % : .
. - .
:;;ja@a;;a @MV

% .%
bg@ONc@@b;a
Superplasticizer
Superplasticizer
Wet
Dry
Plastic
) (- .
:
:
*
*
Compacting Factor Test

Vebe (VB) Test
Compacting
Factor Test :
_____________________________________

.
.
:
-

.

.
.

= .

= .
) (
__________________________
) (
____
) .(-
.

.
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .
) (- .

)(

.

.
- .
Vebe (VB) Test _

:
_______________
___________

) (- .

.

.
.
V2/ V1 V2 V1 .

.
.
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
Segregation -3
________________________
) (
. :
- .
.
- .
@@:ja@ba@ty@lbjc
- :

. .
.
- :
.
- : .
- : .
@@:jja@ba@b
-
/
.
- .Superplasticizers
- .
- .Viscosity Enhancing Admixtures
Bleeding

-4
_____
_____
______
@@@ Z|a@ty@lbjc
)(
. :
-
.
-

.
-
.
@@:|a@b@b

.
.
********
/.
Properties and Testing of Hardened Concrete

-
_____________________________
Compressive Strength

.

Characteristic Strength Working Stress
.

. -
/
- /
/ / .
)
/ ( .
--
) (-
:
.
.
.
.
.
) (- .
/.
:
___________________

.

.
.
/)
.(-
.
).(-
) (- .
) (- .

C2S C3S
C3A .C4AF C2S C3S
. %
C3S C2S
C3S .

.
.

.

....... . ) (-

. ) (- ) (-
.
) (- .
/.
) (- .

/ /
C3 S
C4AF
C3 A
C3S
C2S
C4AF
C3A

) (- .
C2 S

________________
.

.
) (-
. ) (-
.
/
) .(-

.
350 -
300250 -
150 -
3 4
5 6 7

) (- .
) (-
200 -
/.
:
____________________
)/(
Strength .Durability
.High Performance Concrete
)/(
)( .
)/( .
) (-
.
% -
) (- .
% -

) (- .
% -

:
____________________
Strength Gain
.
.
.

.
.
) (-
.

.
Rate of Strength Gain
.
.

.
.

.

. ) (-

.
/.
) (- .
)(
) (

) (
) (- .
:
______________________________
:
) (-
.
.

.

.

.
) (- .
/.

.

.

.
.
.
) (
) .(-
) (-

.
) (- .

)(
__
:
_
_____________
____________

) .(-

.

)/( ) (-

. ) (-
)/(
)/(.
) (- )/(
)(ASTM C 457
)/(
) (- .
/.
:
________________

.
.

Deformation
.
.

.

. ) (-
) (-
.
) (- .
) (- .
:
_______________

. .
a@pbb@j MQ

.
.

.

.
bjna@b@ac@j MR

.
.

.

.
/.
) (- .
a@bjng@b@a@z@i@bnya MS

.
) .(-

- -

.

.
.
.

.
zna@; MT

.
//
.

.

.
:
_____
__________

.

.
%
.

.

.
/.
--

.

.

) .(-
.

.Splitting

) (-
. %
) (- .
) (- .
--
Compressive Strength Test
:
=
.
:
)
(
%
.
/.
.
.
(
)
) (
.

.

.

-
.

.
Capping
. ) (-
. .
) (- .
//
:
) (- .
) (- .
/.
Tensile
Strength

________
______________
___
--

)
(

. %
% %
) (- )(-

/
/ .
:
= %
=

= : = %

% % % % %
) (- .
% -
-/
) ( -/
) (- .
--

:
Direct Tensile Strength :

_________________________________________
).(-
.

.

=

Pmax
/.
) (- .

.
Indirect Tensile Strength( )
:
______________________________________
______________

.

)( =

2P
/
P
= /
DL
= P .......
= D .......
= L .......
D
L
) (- .

%
) (.

% ) .(-
% .
P
D
12
= 2P
5D
6
DL
D
12
) (- .
).(-
k
.
2P
= k
DL
/.
P
) (- .
/.

) (-

) (- .
)(

Bending
Strength
_____________
______
________
)
( Modulus of Rupture
% - % .
.%
% .
.%

.
:

.

.
) (-

.
) (- .
/.
Two-Point Loading
Pure Bending

. - -

.
Pmax ) ( :
M max .Y
I
) (
= fb
Mmax = Maximum bending moment = Pmax L / 6

Y = h/2 ,
I = Moment of inertia = bh3/12
) (- .
) (- .
Shear Strength
_________________
______

)
(

) (- .
Torsion
.

Diagonal Tension
.
% % .

) .(-
.
) (- .
/.
) (- ) ( .
- Bond Strength
___________
_______________
Adhesion
Friction
Bearing

.
) .(-
/ ) / (
/ .

.
.
.
) (- .
/.
Pull Out Test () -

.
.

) (-
.

.
Slip

.

Initial Slip .
.
:
.

:
P
_______
L
/ .
) (-
Push Out Test () -

) .(-
.
Embedded Rod Test -

) .(-

.

.
Torsion Test -

) (Mt ) .(-

:
2 Mt
= d
= Mt
= L .
d2 L
.
P
Mt
) (-
) (-
) (-.
/.
Beam Test -

) (-

Slip :
Yct
= V
= Yct = 0.87 d
=

.
.
P/2
P/2
) (- .
___ Modulus
of Elasticity

________
__________________
1-6-8
.
.
) Ec = (fc
Elasto-plastic
) .(-
).(-
-
-
-
-
Secant Modulus
Chord Modulus
Stress
Tangent Modulus
Stress
Initial Tangent Modulus
___ =Ec
Strain -
Strain -
) (- .
) (- .
/.
Modulus of Elasticity Test 2-6-8

Stiffness

Deformation
.n = Es / Ec
B.S.S. 1881
@@mbna@zna@

.
) .(-
// ) ( +/ =
.
/
/
Ec = tan
) (- .
/
)+( /
/.
) + ( / .
%
%

.

.
@@ba@bi@a@b@m

.
/.
3-6-8
) (-
:
PL3
= EC
48I
@ Zsy
P
L
I
Deflection
) ( h
L
.
:
2
3
PL3
h
h
= Ec
1 + (2.4 + 1.5 ) 0.84
48 I
L
L
@ Zsy
h )(
) / (
.
P
h
) (- .
4-6-8

. - / - -
- - - .
:
.
.
5-6-8
) (
........................
f cu
E c = 14000
) (
.........................
f CU
.
E C = 0.136 15
fcu , Ec /.
) (

/ . ) ( ACI

0.45 fc
) (.
/.
Modular Ratio (n) 6-6-8
) (Es ) (Ec
.
ES
EC
=n
/

.
= / = / ) = (n
=
/ n .
Poisson's Ratio () 7-6-8

.

.
= h
v
:

h
V
********
/ -
Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete

-
Scope
______
_________

. :
-
- :
-
-
-
-

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.

- .
- - .
- .
- .
- .
-
:
. . . . ) (. . ) (. .
-
-
- ) (
-
Schmidt Hammer
Ultrasonic Puls Velocity
Core Test
Loading Test
Schmdit
Hammer
________________
_____
____
Rebound Number
.
.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
/ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
.Plunger

)(.

Button .

.
.
.

):(-
- .
- .
:
-
-
-
-
.
.

.
.

- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
.
- /
/ ) (- ).(-
-
.%
)( .
)( .
) (- .
/ -
) (- ).(R

MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
7.3
8.1
9.2
10.2
11.3
12.5
13.3
14.7
16.1
17.4
18.7
20.1
21.6
23.0
24.3
25.8
27.4
28.9
30.5
32.1
33.7
35.4
37.1
38.8
40.6
42.4
44.2
46.1
48.0
49.8
51.7
53.6
55.4
57.3
59.2
61.0
74
83
94
104
115
127
136
150
164
177
191
205
220
234
248
263
279
295
311
327
344
361
378
396
414
432
451
470
489
508
527
546
565
584
603
622
11.9
12.9
14.2
15.4
16.6
18.0
19.2
20.6
22.1
23.4
24.9
26.4
28.0
29.4
30.9
32.5
34.1
35.8
37.4
39.0
40.8
42.6
44.2
46.1
47.9
49.7
51.6
53.5
55.4
57.3
59.2
61.1
63.1
65.0
67.0
69.0
121
132
145
157
169
183
196
210
225
239
254
269
285
300
315
331
348
365
381
398
416
434
451
470
488
507
526
546
565
584
604
623
643
663
683
703
5.3
6.3
7.4
8.4
9.6
10.8
12.0
13.2
14.6
16.0
17.3
18.9
20.5
22.1
23.5
25.1
26.8
28.4
30.1
31.8
33.5
35.2
37.0
38.7
40.6
42.4
44.2
46.1
48.0
49.8
51.7
53.6
55.4
57.3
58.2
61.0
54
64
75
86
98
110
122
135
149
163
176
193
209
225
240
256
273
290
307
324
341
359
377
395
414
432
451
470
489
508
527
546
565
584
593
622
9.9
11.1
12.4
13.6
14.9
16.3
17.7
19.1
20.6
22.1
23.6
25.2
26.9
28.5
30.1
31.8
33.6
35.3
37.0
38.7
40.5
42.4
44.1
46.0
47.9
49.7
51.6
53.5
55.4
57.3
59.3
61.1
63.1
65.0
67.0
69.
101
113
126
139
152
166
180
195
210
225
241
257
274
291
307
324
342
360
377
395
413
432
450
469
488
507
526
546
565
584
604
623
643
663
683
703
R
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
-/
) (- ).(R
/ -

) = 0 .(-
= 45
= +90
= 90
) (- ).(-

.
) (- .

-90o
+ 3.2
+ 3.4
+ 3.1
+ 2.7
+ 2.2
+ 1.7
=0
-45o
+ 2.4
+ 2.5
+ 2.3
+ 2.0
+ 1.6
+ 1.3
= +90
+45o
+90o
- 3.5
- 3.1
- 2.6
- 2.1
- 1.6
- 5.4
- 4.7
- 3.9
- 3.1
- 2.3
= -90
) (R
10
20
30
40
50
60
= -45
) (- .
= +45
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- )
(.
-
.
-
.
- - - -
- .
- ) - (
.
- :
) (
. %
. )
(.

:
- ) - - - (
- .
- .
- .

-
-
-
- ) (.
-
.
/ -
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

_________________________
______
___ -

.
.

) (- :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
) (- .
-/
-/
) (- .
/ -
- .
- .
- .
- Path Length ) (.
- Transmitter Receiver
)
(.
-
.
- T .
- ) (V:
V = L / T km/sec.
L = Length
T = Transit Time
- ) (- .

. %
.
Transducers Arrangement
) (-:
- ) (
- ) (
- ) (
Direct Transmission
Semi-direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission

.
.
.

).(-
) (- .
X3
X2
X1

) (
)(X
) (X
) (- .
/ -
-
)
( ).(-
-
.
-

).(-
-
%
.
-

.
)(-
-
).(-
-
)
/( .
.

).(-

.
).(-
) (- .
) (- .
/ -
) (- .
) (- .
) (V
% -
Core Sample %
.

.

.%
).(-

. :
) ( T Vc - L
t
Vc
T
L
=
=
=
=

).(-
/ -
) (- .
) (- .
/ -
) (- .

) (- .
/ -

__________Core
Test
____
________
____

) (
) -(.

)(
).(-
) (- .
:Size of Core
.
. .

.
:Drilling
.

. ) (-
.
:Examination :
.... / /. . :
.
) (. . .:Measurement
: . / .
%
.
- : Cap
.
.
:Reinforcement .
.
/ -
End Preparation ( )
Cap
)) (- ( :
1 3 -1

.

) (
.
1 1 -2

.% :
- .
.

.
) (- .
) (- .
bjna@aug
) ( .
. . . : // .
- .
/ -
@ @wbna@lb;;y

- :
:
/.
fc = P / A
A P .
:
:
)/(. . . fc
)( ) (
.
(/)
___________
) ( =
)+ ,/(
)(
= .
= .
)/( .
) (.
) (
) //(
- :

_______
) ( = +
.
.
.
.
- :

) ( ) ( .
- :

:
) (
__________
) ( = +
)(
.
)(
)(
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
/ -
@ bjna@m
:
- .
- ) (.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
@ Nbbjng@aa@b@pb@tq@@n@c@M
@@ @ @ l@ qr@ ia@ ba@ n@ b@ ag@ j@ ba@ nm@ M
@ Nia@ba@@EWU
@ Nia@ba@@EVU@@@@ia@ba@m@@c@bc@@M
@ N@bjng@@@zn@@ag@M

Loading
_______Test
_____
_____
____

. .

.
?
. . . . .
:
. . . .
)(-
:
) ] ( ) + ( [

. ..
.

.Critical Load
/ -
) (- - - .

.
:
- max :
.......... mm
max L2t / 20000 t
= Lt t .
* Lt .
* Lt .
-

% - .
% .
% .
:
- .
- .
- .
- .

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

/ -

:
-

.

.
-

:
-
.
-
.

.

.
_
____
_______
:
- .
- .
-

.
- .

.
/ -

____________

:
.
-
- .
- ) - - (.
- .
-
.
-
.
-
.
-

.
-

.
-
.
-
.
-
.
**********
/ -
Shrinkage & Creep

-
Shrinkage
_____________
___
.

:
-
-
-
Effective Curing
Movement Joints
Shrinkage Reinforcements
:
-
.
- .
- .

-
-
-
Plastic Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
Drying Shrinkage
Plastic Shrinkage :
___________________________

)(
. )
( ) .(-

. .
.
).(-

) (- .
) (- .
/ -
Autogenous Shrinkage :
_____________________________________
Hydration

.

) .(-

.
: -
) ( %
.
Drying Shrinkage :
________________________________
- -

.
. .
) (- .
;a@pb; @MQ
__________

).(-
: .
.
:
.
: .

.
ba@b_ @MR
_________

.
/=
/=
/=
) (- .
/ -
ba@a
@@vy@MS
_______________
) (
.
.
.
B :
B = 2Ac / Pc
:
= B -
= Ac -.
= Pc -
) (-
.%
) (- ) /(.
) (%

- B
B 200 600>B>200 B 600

-
-

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
) (%
- B
B 600
,
,
,
B 200 600>B>200
,
,
,
,
,
,
ia@aa@u
___________ @MT

.
|;;na@MU
______

.
.

Drying Shrinkage & Moisture Movement Tests

.
:

.
Drying Shrinkage :
_________________________________________
)
(

) (-
Invar rod
.L1

.L2
:
L1 L 2
x 100
L1
= Shrinkage %
Moisture Movement :
_____________________________________________

.L3 -
.
L4
:
L4 L3
x 100
L3
= Moisture Movement %
/ -
) (- .

________Creep
_____

@c@@Noibq@bug@qdm@o@a@@@t@a@a@@ba@
Time-dependent @ a@@n@ya@c
@bc@@g@n@m@
@j@ HVMQPI@ a@ Nna@ bc@ vn@ t@ na@ za@ pba@

.ya@ty@b
/ .
/ .
/ )
/ ( .

.

/ - /
/ -.

.

.
% .
.
/ -
Recovery
Creep
Relaxation

Residual deformation
Time
) = (1+2) - (3+4
4
E
3
D
) (- .

- -
t = o ( 1 + ) = fo ( 1 + )/ Ec
:
o
t

o
fo
Ec
=
=
=
=
=
=
. fo/ Ec
t
.
.
.
.
) (-
.
) (- .

) (%
- B
) (%
- B
B 600
600>B>200
B 200
B 600
600>B>200
B 200
-
-

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

/ -
- ) (Deflection .
- .
- .

.
) (
.
.Relaxation
).(-
:

.
.
!
! Residual
deformation!
Pure elastic - Elasto-plastic!
Creep

) (- .
/ -
( )
Concrete Durability
-
_____

) ( .
Deterioration
.
.
.
__
_____
___
____
Deterioration
:
-

) ( .
. :
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ) (
-
-
-
__
__________
___ -
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

___________
_______ __
Absorption Permeability Porosity

.
.

.

.

.

/ -
.
.

).(-

:
-

.
- Gel Pores
- -
.
) (.
- Capillary Pores

Capillary Water
.
- - )
(.
) (- .

. .

.
.

- .
-
.
-
.
-
.
.

- )/( - / ) (-
.

.
- -

.
- -
:
- / .
- .
- CSH
.
/ -
)/(
) (- )/( .
- - .
- -

.
- - Pozzolanic Materials

.
Silica Fume
) /(
Byproduet

) (-
) .(- Fly Ash
.Blast Furnace Slag
- -
.
) (- .

- .
- .
- /
Superplasticizer
- .
- .
-
.
- .
/ -
:
-

.
- :
- .
- :
. . . . - .
______
___
________________
___
Steel Corrosion

.

.
- -
Spalling .

.

.

.
?
- ) (Passive Protection Layer

)(pH

- -
- Fe2 O3 -

.
-
.Cover
/ -

.

.
:
- .Carbonation
- .
.
-
- - -
.
Carbonation@@b@ia@zna@Zc
_____________________________

-
- :
water
Ca (OH) 2 + CO 2
CaCO 3 + H 2 O

) .(
.
) (

.

.
.
______________________________ @
;a@b@;n@;by@b;@c@;c@Zbbq
-
-
Permeability .
.
.

.
Chlorides@@pa;;a@Zbrbq
___________________
Chloride Ions
.
) (
) ( . -
- .

.
- -
.

.

.
.
/ -
@ b;bi@;@;;u@Zbia
___________________

.
.

.
.

.
. .

)(

.
- ).(-
- (Fe)++ :
2Fe
2Fe + + + 4e -
- ) (4e-
) (OH
:
2H 2O + O 2 + 4e -
4(OH) -
- - -
:
2Fe(OH) 2
2Fe ++ + 4(OH) -
- -
- ) ( :
O 2 + H 2O

2Fe(OH) 3
Fe 2O 3 .H 2O
2Fe(OH) 2

.

.

-:
-
) .(
- ) (
.
.
-
% -
.
- %
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
/ -
Fe2 O3 . H2O
) (
Fe (OH)3
H2 O
O2
Fe (OH)2
OH
O2 + H2 O
Fe++
4 e-
Oxide film

Oxide film
2Fe++ + 4e-
2Fe
) (- .
Chemical Attack
______________________________

.

.
.
:
Sulphates -1

) Ca(OH)2
( )(
:
Ca (OH)2 + Na2 SO4 . 1OH2O
Ca SO4 . 2H2O + 2 Na OH . 8H2O

Calcium Sulphoaluminate
:Etringite
4CaO . Al2O3 . 19H2O + 3(CaSO4 . 2H2O) + 16H2O
) + Ca(OH)2
( 3 CaO . A12O3 . 3CaSO4 . 32H2O
.

.

.
/ -
Acids -2

)(Soft
.
.
- -
.
.
Chlorides -3

.
.
Fats -4

.
Lead -5

.

.
.
Sugar -6
Thermal
Properties
_______________________________

.

. :
Thermal Expansion -1

.
.
= - ) ( .
= - .
- .
= 1 x 10-5 cm / cm . c o
) ( :
) = E . . ( T
( T) .
:

/.
) = E ( T
= 200 (10) 3 x 1x10-5 x 20
= 40 kg / cm2
t+20
/ -
Thermal Conductivity (k) -2

.
/
.

/

/ .
Thermal Conductance (C) -3

.
)(C = k/L
/ .
Thermal Resistance (R) -4

) (L
) .(K ) (C /.
Specific Heat (Cp) -5
.
/ . / .
Volumetric Heat Capacity (CV) -6

/ . ) (
).(Cp
)(CV) = (Cp
Thermal Diffusivity () -7

.
/.
= k / CV
) (k

:
- .
- .
- .
) (-

.
.
/ -
) (- .
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fire
Resistance
_______________________

:
- :
.
Pre-Stressed
.
- ) ( :
.

.
.
- :
) - - ...(
.
- : ) (
- -

.

.
.
.
.

.

.
/ -
Guaranty & Insurance
___________________________________

.

:
: -1
).(-
) (- .

)(T.D.S.
Cl-
So3
-2
)
( ).(-
) (- .

,
,
.
.
-3
%
.
-4
/

.
/ & & -5

) (- .
) (- .

/*

)( /
:

.
:

.
:

....
*
/ ) (.
**
.
*** .
/ -
-6
)
(
) (-
.
) (- .

) (

-/

)(

/

: %/
> ,
> ,
> ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
:
* ).. (//
.
**
.
***
/ .
-7

.

) .(-

.
% %
.
.
-8

.

.
.
.
Alkali - Aggregate Reaction -9

.

.
) (
:
/ -
Alkali - Silica Reaction -

) (Na2O ) .(K2O

. :
- %
).(Na2O
- ) (Na2O
/.
-
.
- .
Alkali - Carbonate Reaction -
) (Dolomitic limestone
- -
.
.%

.
***********
***********
/.

Fatigue ()
______
) (Sudden Failure
) (Repeated Loads ).(Cycles

:
-
-
-
Function
Cost
Service Life

.

.
.
.
.
% .
.

.

Repeated
Loads
_________
________________

) (-:
max = min = r
m = 0.0
r
min
min
= m
r = m
min=0.0
max
max
min
min
+ve
= m
= max m = m min
min

.
2
min , max -3
max + min
max
max
+ve
min = 0.0
m =0.0
max
-ve
max -2
max
max
+ve
-1

.

" " m " ." r
) (- .
/.

Endurance limit stress
_________________
_________________
" "e

.
)(
. " " e ' y ' u

) (- . r ' min ' max ' m
.
y
e
min ' max
. y
u
y
e
) (- .
Endurance Limit Stress

___________________________________________

:
S-N diagram :

:
- .
-
.
-
.
- S N ) (- .
:
- .
-
.
Log S
log e
log N
e
N
) (- .
/.
P- diagram :
200 mm
20 mm
) (- .

S-N
:
) (-
.
. . - ) (- .
) (- .
max
g
i
y
45o
c
45o
k
m
- e .
- ) (O
) (y y) (u u 6 3 .
- 3 e ) .(4
- ) (4 ).(5
- 3-4 4-5 .7
- 6 4-7 .8
- 8 O-6-3
).(9
.
- 6-8-4-O-(-e)-9-6
) (- ) (.
d
e
min
/.
- Smith Diagram
_______________________
) (- ) ( max
) ( min ) ( m
. min ' max
) . ( m
.
) ( m
.

.
) ( y
.

.
:
:
+14 kg/mm2
m=+2
+10 kg/mm2
m=+9
+10 kg/mm2
r
m=+5
r
-10
)(
+8
)(
0.0
)(
= / = /
= / - = = .
.
max
45o
e
n
45o
u
N
y
N
)(
)(
e
n
)(
)( ) ( .
)(
min
/.

____________________________________
e
.
m

.
.

m
e ' u " ." m 0.0
. y
" " m = 0.0 min ' max

. e
:
= 1 ( m )2
e
u
y=1-x2
r
= 1 m
e
u
y=1-x
r
= 1 m
e
y
y=1-kx

e ' y ' u :
r
m 2
)
( = 1
e / n
u / N
r
m
= 1
e / n
u / N
r
m
= 1
e / n
y / N
m
r :
min = m r
) (
max = m + r
r
e
r
e
1.0
1.0
m
u
) (
m
y
1.0
1.0
) (- .
: = /

: =
/ = / = /
=.
/.
r
m
= 1
e / n
y / n
r
m
= 1
e / n
u / n
] r = e [1 m
n
u / n
28
20
[1
] = 5.7 kg / mm2
1.9
62 / 1.9
] r = e [1 m
n
y / n
= r
28
20
[1
] = 1.4 kg / mm 2
1.9
42 / 1.9
= r
max = 20 + 5.7 = 25.7 kg / mm 2
max = 20 + 1.4 = 21.4 kg / mm 2
min = 20 5.7 = 14. 3 kg / mm 2
min = 20 1.4 = 18.6 kg / mm 2
+25.7
+21.4
20
20
+18.6
+14.3
:
:
- .
.
-
.
-
= / =
= .
+40 ton
+40 ton
+40 ton
+20
-10
-40 ton
-60 ton
()
()
()
40 0
Pm =
= 20 ton
2
40 60
= 10 ton
Pm =
2
Pr = 40 + 10 = 50 ton
P
40(10) 3
A=
=
e / n 28 / 4
P
P
m = m , r = r
A
A
A 5714 mm 2
m
r
= 1
e / n
y / n
d = 85.3 mm
Pr = 40 20 = 20 ton
m =
20(10)3
20(10)3
, r =
A
A
r
m
= 1
e / n
y / n
20(10) 3
20(10) 3
= 1
7A
10A
50(10) 3
10(10) 3
= 1
7A
10A
A = 4857 mm 2
A = 8143 mm 2
d = 78.6 mm
d = 101.8 mm
/.
-
_______
__________

) (- :
- ) .( m

- Check
min , max m , r

. .
r
Pr
Pm
r
m
e
y
) (- .
P
P , P r = r

r
- m
m Pm
Pr
=
Pm
min , max : A
m , r
P
P
P
P
A = r = m = min = max
max
min
- . y
. [ e = max = min ] e
min , max
" ." y
/.
Impact Loading
__ -
____

.
.

.
.

.
Elastic Resilience
__________________________

.
).(-
Modulus of Elastic Resilience
.
.
1
PPL
2
= U
U
1
=
AL
2
___ Toughness
___________
) ( .

).(-
Modulus of Toughness
.
.
py + pu
max
y + u
U
max
=
AL
2
=U
Pu
Py
Py
Toughness
Resilience
) (- .Resilience
max
) (- .Toughness
/.
_____________________________________
" "L " "A ) (-

" "U . P
) ( :
=
= =
1
U = P
2
* AL
1
P
2
P, .
1
L
* A
2
E
= U
2E
2EU
AL
= U
or
= U
U
2
=
AL
2E
:
U E .AL

p
)
A
= (
) ( :
U 2
=
AL 2E
L
E
L
E
AL
2E
) U = w (H +
W
L
U = w(H +
H
=)
w(H+
AL 2 2WL 2EWH = 0.0

:
) (- .
L
E
AE
)
WL
( 1 + 2H
W
A
1 +
:
)(AL
)(E
).(W,H
:

= / = / .
.
D1, A1
D2, A2
65 kg
80
60
160
1
65 kg
60
/.
U1 = A1 L1
2
2E
w (H + 1 ) = A1L1
D12 =
D1 =
2
2E
8 E W (H + 1 )
L1
L1 2
L1
E
8 * 2.06(10) 4 * 65 (600 +
D1 =
2E
1 =
'
L1 2
8EW ( H+
D12 L1 2
* 800 * (23.8)
23.8 * 800
2.06 (10)
= 67.2 mm
Similarly :
23.8 *1600
8 * 2.06(10) 4 * 65(600 +
D2 =
2.06 (10) 4
*1600 * (23.8) 2
= 47.6 mm
D 2 70.8 % D1
@a@h@bmbng@ka@@q@Hw@ VUI@a@a@c@@c@y@Z@z
@ AAAA@@D1@a@@ES@@c@c@Nbb@b@@@@Q~XV@a
________________________________
P
) (- .
Simple Beam " "A " "L )(-
"".
" "P
:
1
P, :
= U
P
2
4 I
Ly
M y PL y
=
I
4I
= Q
To get P :
L2
P L3
4 I
L3
= Q
*
=
=
48 EI
Ly
48 EI
12 E y
To get :
= P
P,:
1
4I
1 2
I
L2
=
(
) ( )L
= U
*
*
2
Ly
12 E y
6 E
y2
i 2x
1 2
( ) ( ) AL
= U
6 E
y2
L2
12 E y
i
U
1 2
=
(
) ) ( x
AL
6 E
y2
2
&
QI
or
/.
ix2
2
( :
2
i
1
) = ( x
3
y2
U
2
=
AL
18 E
i
1
) = ( x
4
y2
U
2
=
AL
24 E
Standard Impact Tests
_____________________________________

.

.

" "Izod " "Charpy
W H .
.'H
= ) W (H-'H. .

'H

) (- .
Izod
:
) . (
:
.
).(-
:

.
.

.

).(-
) (- .
/.
) (- .
Charpy
) (- :
- .
- .
- .

):(-
).( +
).( = ________________
,
:

.
-.
-.
) (- .
) (- .
/ -
References
__________________
" - " -
- -
. .
" - " -
- . .
.
- " " : -
.
- " -
" : - .
- "
" - -.
. - "
"

.-
7- Ken W. Day Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control and Specifications 1995,
Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 350 pp.
& 8- N. Krishna Raju Design of Concrete Mixes 1994, CBS Publishers
Distributors, Delhi, India, 127 pp.
9- Portland Cement Association Principles of Quality Concrete 1975, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., USA, 312 pp.
10- M.R. Rixom and N.P. Mailvaganam Chemical Admixtures for Concrete Second
Edition 1986, Published by E. & F.N. Spon Ltd., USA, 306 pp.
11- ASTM 169 A Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete -Making
Materials1966, American Society For Testing And Materials, USA, 571 pp.
12- A. M. Neville Properties of concrete Third Edition 1981, The English Language
Book Society and Pitman Publishing, London, 779 pp.
13- Armin Petzold and Manfred Rohrs Concrete for High Temperatures 1970,
Maclaren and Sons, London, UK, 235 pp.
14- A. Megahid Concrete for Engineers 1988, Assiut Press, Assiut University,
Egypt, 440 pp.

15- R. H. Elvery Concrete Practice Volume Two, 1963, C.R. Books Ltd., London,
UK, 331 pp.
16- George Troxell, Harmer Davis, and Joe Kelly Composition and Properties of
Concrete 1968, McGraw Hill, New York, 529 pp.
17- John L. Clarke Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 1993, Chapman &
Hall, Glsgow, UK, 240 pp.
18- H.R. Sasse, Adhesion Between Polymers and Concrete 1986, Proceedings of an
International Symposium, RILEM Committee 52, Chapman & Hall, USA, 755 pp.
19- VanGemert, Vanden Bosch , and Ladang Design Method for Strengthening
Reinforced Concrete Beams and Plates Second Edition, 1990, Report 32-ST-17,
University of Leuven, Belgium, 78 pp.
20- Ted Kay Assessment & Renovation of Concrete Structures 1992, Longman
Group, UK, 224 pp.
21- J. Singleton-Green Concrete Engineering Volume 2, 1935, Charles Griffin And
Company, London, 261 pp.
22- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Proportioning and Properties of
Very High Strength Concrete With and Without Steel Fibres" 1993, Proceedings of
the International Conference "Concrete 2000", Dundee, Scotland, pp. 1693-1705.
23- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Shear Capacity of Steel Fiber
High Strength Concrete Beams" 1994, ACI, SP 149-13, USA, pp 227-241.
24- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, and F. Mortelmans "Are Current Concrete Strength
Tests Suitable for High Strength Concrete?" 1995, Materials and Structures,
Rilem, No. 28, pp 384-39.
25- M. Imam, L. Vandewalle, F. Mortelmans, and D. Van Gemert "Shear Domain of
Fibre Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams" 1997, Journal of Engineering
Structures, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp 738-747.
26- M. Imam "How to Improve the Tensile Capability of High Strength Concrete?"
1996, International conference "Concrete in the Service of Mankind", Scotland,
UK, pp323-330.
27- M. Imam, and L. Vandewalle "How Efficient are steel Fibres in High Strength
Concrete Beams?" 1996, Fourth International Symposium on "Utilization of HighStrength/High-Performance Concrete", Paris, France, Vol. 3, pp1067-1076.
28- M. Imam It is a Time to Utilize High Strength Concrete in Egypt 1996, Third
International Conference for Building & Construction, Inter-Build 96, Cairo,
pp973-982.
29- M. Imam and Y. Agag How Efficient is High Strength Concrete in Beams
Mansoura Engineering Journal (MEJ), Vol. 24, No. 2, June 1999, pp C33-C45.
30- M. Amin High Strength Concrete in Egypt .. How and Why? Master Thesis Structural Engineering Dept., Mansoura University, Sept. 1999, 156 pp.
/ -
31- M. Imam Flexural Strength and Toughness of Steel Fiber High Strength
Concrete 1997, American Concrete Institute, ACI, SP 172-28, pp 517-533.
32- M. Imam Mixing Water or Reinforcing Bars? 1997, 7th Arab Structural
Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 191-199.
33- M. Imam Longitudinal Bars-Fibres Interaction in High Strength Concrete
Beams Without Stirrups 1997, 7th Arab Structural Engineering Conference,
Kuwait, pp 503-511
34- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and M. Amin High Performance Concrete With
Local Materials in Egypt 1998, Structural Engineering World Congress SEWC,
San Francisco, USA, T209-6
35- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and M. Amin Utilization of Silica Fume in Egypt
1997, 7th Arab Structural Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 99-108.
36- M. Imam, M. Amin, and A. Abdel-Reheem Benefits of Superplasticizers 1997,
7th Arab Structural Engineering Conference, Kuwait, pp 109-118..
37- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, Y. Abou-Mosallam, and A. Shihata, Acoustic and
Thermal Insulation of Lightweight Concrete Eighth Arab Structural Engineering
Conference, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, 2000, pp 1559-1569.
38- M. Imam Controlling the Workability of High-Performance Concrete" Fourth
Alexandria International Conference on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, 2001, pp 629-639.
39- M. Imam Self-Compacting Concrete; How to Produce it? Mansoura
Engineering Journal (MEJ), Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2001, pp C19-C34.
40- M. Imam, A. Abdel-Reheem, and A. Elmenshawi One Day Instead of 28 Days
for Achieving Concrete Strength International Conference on Performance of
Construction Materials in the New Millennium, Organized by the University of
Calgary, Canada, and the University of Ain Shams, February 2003, Cairo, Egypt,
Vol. 1, pp 319-328.
41- M. Imam, "Evaluation of Antiwashout Admixtures for Use in Underwater
Concrete" Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Vol. 51, No. 1, Feb. 2004, pp. 67-83.
42- M. Imam, A. Elmenshawi, and A. Abdel-Reheem Non-Traditional Concrete for
Minimizing The Construction Period" International Symposium of Housing (2),
Affordable Dwelling, High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh, March
2004, Riyadh, Kingdome of Saudi Arabia, pp. 869-882.
43- M. Imam, A. Tahwia, A. Elagamy, and M. Yousef "Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Beams Strengthened With Carbon Fiber Strips" Mansoura Engineering
Journal (MEJ), Vol. 29, No. 3, September 2004, pp C22-C40.
44- M., Imam, F. Salem, and M. Tantawy, "Fracture Mechanics of Fibrous High
Strength Concrete" Scientific Bulletin, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 31, 2005, pp 213-234.
************

(الخرسانه د. محمود ألإمام (رحمه الله

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(الخرسانه د. محمود ألإمام (رحمه الله

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

/.

" Structure Materials

High Strength Concrete

ASTM C494 - Type A

ASTM C494 - Type B

ASTM C494 - Type C

ASTM C494 - Type D

ASTM C494 - Type E

ASTM C494 - Type F

ASTM C494 - Type G

: ) ( Plasticizers and Superplasticizers

Durability Frost Resistance

Permeability-Reducing Admixtures 3-3-2

Water Proofing Agents -1

)Pozzolanic Materials (Filling Effect

Special Types of Concrete

High Strength Concrete

High Strength Concrete

High Rise Buildings

High Early Strength

Underground Concrete Pipes

fc4 =1000 -- kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

Filling Capacity Test

) (Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Heavy Weight Concrete

Concrete Mix Design

-  Aggregate-Paste Relationship

-  Mix Design Methods

Absolute Volume Method

Design of HSC Mixes

475 47.5 0.375 W W 15.675 153.6

Statistical Quality Control

200 250 300 350

@wbn@ @ m@ @ c@ @ @ RP@ @ rc@ b@ a@ pbj@ @ b@ ag @ MQ

<<NL<^^<^]<]]<^<< NKs<< NSQ<<^}<<]<^<j<^<]c<V< N<^n

v = 25.6 (100) / 190 = 13.5 %

)fcu = 190 (1-1.64 x 0.135

= 147.9 kg/cm2 < 200

]<< ^< ^_< < j

(10 )2 + (10) 2 + (0) 2 = 8.16

(50 )2 + (50) 2 + (0) 2 = 40.82

(2/ 540 - 305 - 402 - 385)

= 220x16 + 230x31 + ............... + 310x15 /

16(220 263.8) 2 + 31(230 263.8) 2 +........... +15(310 263.8) 2

%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.0779) = 236.85 kg/cm2

%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.64 * 0.0779) = 229.47 kg/cm2

Properties and Testing of Fresh Concrete

. . True Slump Shear Slump Collapse ) (- ).(-

Ball Penetration Test () :

Compacting Factor Test

Vebe (VB) Test _

Properties and Testing of Hardened Concrete

Compressive Strength Test

Mmax = Maximum bending moment = Pmax L / 6

Pull Out Test () -

Push Out Test () -

Initial Tangent Modulus

Modulus of Elasticity Test 2-6-8

Modular Ratio (n) 6-6-8

- Aggregate-Paste Relationship

- Mix Design Methods