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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 [١٤٢٢J١٣٩٦]
 [٢٠٠٣J١٩٧٦]
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@ †»c@ðŠí@廊Ûa@†jÇ@O‰ìn׆Ûa@‡bnþa
@ Š–ß@Mò퉆äØ⁄a@òÈßbu
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(‫)ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﲤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
 ٥‫א‬‫א‬


    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
١٩٧٦ J ١٣٩٦   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
J ١٤٢٢   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢٠٠٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،Institutional ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،Theoretical ‫א‬
 KPractical
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
  K‫א‬      ،    
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬        ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،        ‫א‬
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧‫א‬‫א‬


      ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬      ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬       
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ،    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
    Ki ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Ki i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠

  ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ١١‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
British‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ،EF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Commonwealth
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢

  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K  
 ١٣‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ،١٩٧٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬W   ‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Loughborough‫א‬EIMF‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    Durham
KK‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 ١٥‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬     W    ‫א‬
         ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،i i i
‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ E  ‫א‬   F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،E   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬         
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬       ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
      ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬
 ١٧‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬K
‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
           ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٩‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٧٤‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
  Ki v
E‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Kv E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬            ‫א‬
  ‫א‬      Kv i E١٩٨٠ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ Positivism ‫א‬      
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
        Normative     
 Kv i i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      v i i i
E‫א‬
  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ١٩٧٩،١٩٧٠ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 Ki x
E١٩٧٦،١٩٨٩،١٩٩٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ J  F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  x E  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  J ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬x i E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Kx i i
E
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Kx i i i
‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Kx i v
E‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
xv
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،x v i E‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢

       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
  ،  ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KKK‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ W J
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬W J
 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ W J
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
             ،‫א‬
،x v i i
E‫א‬‫א‬F١٣٩٦‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
  K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ،‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،x v i i i
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KE‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 KIndexation
     ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   
 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Kx i x
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
Kx x E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kx x i ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬        
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬          K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
    K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦

   ، ‫א‬         ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬E
  ‫א‬ F
 Kx x i i
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬         ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kx x i i i
E
  ،‫א‬       ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
E‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،    
 ٢٧‫א‬‫א‬


   ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EE  FF  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ،x x i v
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬K   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ،‫א‬  ، F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 Kx x v E‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ،
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K    ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬   F    
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ،
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   
        Kx x v i    
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٠ J ٨٠    ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Kx x v i i
‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ٢٩‫א‬‫א‬


       ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   Kx x v i i i
‫א‬
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
       ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Kx x i x

 ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬      x x x E٢٠٠٣F
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠

    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
    x x x i E١٩٧٩   F ‫א‬     

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
،x x x i i
E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬ F
 ، ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،١٩٨٠ ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،x x x i i i
E‫א‬
‫א‬            ،x x x i v
E١٩٨١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  x x x v E١٩٨٧  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  x x x v i E١٩٨٣  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٣١‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٣    ،١٩٧٦ F ‫א‬
 Kx x x v i i
E١٩٩٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Kx x x v i i i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    W    Kx x x i x
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫؟‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
   ‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٢

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬     ،    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ٣٣‫א‬‫א‬


    ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    
          ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬Kx l E‫א‬،F‫א‬
،x l i
E١٩٨١‫א‬،١٩٧٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،x l i i
E١٩٨٢
 Kx l i i i

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٤

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬E
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ٣٥‫א‬‫א‬


         ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x l i v
E١٩٩٣،١٩٩٢‫א‬،١٩٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،١٩٩٥  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬      Kx l v
E١٩٩٦ ‫א‬ ،١٩٩٦ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،x l vi
E١٩٩٠ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ x l vi i
E١٩٩٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،٢٠٠٠F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ x l v i i i
E١٩٩١
 Kx l i x
E٢٠٠٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬          
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ،‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
EF E‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬    
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
    ‫؟‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E‫א‬KKKK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١٩٧٦F    ‫א‬
 ٣٧‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
   Kl ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١٩٧٦F 
 Kl i
‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 ،E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 Kl i i
E١٩٨٥،١٩٨٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J    – ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
l i i i
 E١٩٨٣ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬KKK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
       K   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Kl i v
‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 ٣٩‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،١٩٨٧ ،١٩٨٣  ،١٩٨٦ ،١٩٨٤  F   ‫א‬
 Kl v
E١٩٩٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 Kl vi i
‫א‬‫א‬l vi
EICCICE,1984F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،l v i i i
E١٩٨٦
،١٩٨٢ ‫א‬  ،١٩٧٩  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE١٩٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٩٢‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٠

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬W J

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬E‫א‬   ‫א‬FWOT
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫؟‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫؟‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
         W 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٨
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ l i x
E١٩٧٦F    
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ٤١‫א‬‫א‬


       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ، ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬      ‫א‬     ،  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ l x
E٥٥F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
l xi
E١٩٧٦F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،  EE‫א‬ FF  EE‫א‬ FF 
 K
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FF‫א‬l x i i
E١٩٧٦F
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٢

  ‫א‬     ،EE‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  Hedonism ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬   
    Kl xi i i
E٢٠٠٣ ،١٩٨٨ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   l xi v
E١٩٩٢F       ‫א‬
 ٤٣‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     Revealed Preference ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Need 
‫א‬    Subjective ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
،١٩٧٥‫א‬،١٩٨٦F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬      Kl xv
E١٩٩٢
l x vi i
E١٩٨١F    ‫א‬Kl xvi
E١٩٨٧  F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٤

        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 l xvi i i
E٢٠٠٣F  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
      K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
      ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ K        ‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E‫א‬  ‫א‬ F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬l xi x
E١٩٩٢FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬


   

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Theory of the Firm ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    Profit Maximization ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫؟‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  Trusteship ‫א‬    ‫א‬ l xx
 
‫א‬     E‫א‬  ‫א‬    F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
       ‫א‬     ‫א‬K‫א‬
 W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬         ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬l xxi
E١٩٨٨F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،         ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E  F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٦

 K‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
         ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬           
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       
    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kl xxi i
E١٩٩٢،١٩٨١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 ٤٧‫א‬‫א‬


،l xxi i i
E١٩٧٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Kl x xi v
E١٩٩٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،l xxv
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ F
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  Kl xx vi
E١٩٩٧   ،١٩٨٤ 
،١٩٨٨ ‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kl xx vi i
E١٩٩١‫א‬
  ‫א‬   Micro    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   l xxvi i i
E١٩٨٩F
  ‫א‬   Macro   ‫א‬   K‫א‬
  K l xxi x
E١٩٨٨F ‫א‬  E١٩٨٨F  
، ‫א‬   Macro Model     ‫א‬   
Kaldor-  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pasinetti
Kaldor-Pasinetti  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٨

‫א‬‫א‬Kl xx x
E١٩٨٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ،   
Kl xxxi
E١٩٨٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬           
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  Kl x xxi i
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،l xxxi i i
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤٩‫א‬‫א‬


 K
l xxxi v
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K        ‫א‬   
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٥١‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
           ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
Positive    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٢

 E    ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
          ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ، ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬       
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
       ‫א‬  ،    
 F  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ٥٣‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
 W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
، ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٤

‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
‫א‬      K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K
 K
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، 
 
            
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 ٥٥‫א‬‫א‬


 ،‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
        ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬
             ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
      E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F     
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٦

  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
     ،  ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٥٧‫א‬‫א‬
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 ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
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 ٥٩‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  W‫א‬ E١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬   ،  ،١٩٨٠‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٤‫א‬ J ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
Recent Works on History of Economic Thought in Islam Survey  
 
K١٩٨٢،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ E٢F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E١٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، E٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
K١٩٨٠J ١٤٠٠،‫א‬
،١  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   E٥F
K١٩٨٦J ١٤٠٦
K١٩٨٠J ١٤٠٠،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬E٦F
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠

،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ E٧F
K٣٣J ٣١،
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   E٨F
J ١٣٩٥ ‫א‬ J   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١٩٧٥
 J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬
K١٩٦٧
Chapra, M. U,'' The Economic System of Islam'', The Islamic Culture E٩F
Centre, London1970.
Also: ''Objectives of The Islamic Economic Order'' The Islamic Foundation.
U.k, 1979.
J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠F
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،١٩٦٩ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ،  
J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٦،١،‫א‬
‫א‬  ،١٩٧٤‫א‬ J   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  E١١F
،‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ،١٩٧٦ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٩‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢،‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،   E١٢F
K١٩٩١‫א‬
K١،،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
 ٦١‫א‬‫א‬


The ‫א‬ Banking Without Interest (Siddiqi, M. N)   ‫א‬  E١٤F
 Islamic Foundation, LEICESTER, UK,1983
The Islamic ‫א‬Towards A Just Monetary System(Chapra, M.U)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Islamic Foundation،‫א‬،Foundation, UK
No  New Horizon,    Riba: its Economic Rational and Implication
Institute of Islamic Banking &   ‫א‬ 109, May- June 2001
 Insurance, London, UK
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
Najvi,  ،١٩٨٧ J  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٧‫א‬
S. N. H, Interest Rate and Interemporal Allocative Efficiency in an
Islamic Economy, In Ariff M(ed) Monetary and Fiscal Economics of
Islam. International Center of Research in Islamic Economics, Jeddah,
1982.
D Khatkhate, Assessing the Impact of Interest Rates in LDCs, World
Development, Vol. 16, No 5, pp 577- 588, Pergamon Press, G.britain.
D.Khatkhate, Assessing the Impact of Interest Rates in LDCs,World E١٥F
Development, Vol 16,No.5,pp.577- 588, Pergamon Press, G. Britain.

    ، ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   E١٦F
‫א‬،‫א‬،١٢٥J ١٢٤،١٩٨١،١،‫א‬
K٣٢J ٣١،١٩٧٨‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،Money, Interest & Qirad (Mahmud Abu Saud) ‫א‬  E١٧F
 K‫א‬
(Mahdi Al-Jarhi) The Relative Efficiency of Interest- Free Moneatary
 Economics:
 Studies in Islamic Economics:W ‫א‬  J The Fiat Money Case
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٢

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   Islamic Foundation ‫א‬ 
K١٩٨٠‫א‬
K١٤،‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
G.P.O' Driscoll, Economics as W‫א‬ F.A.Hayek   E١٩F
a Coordination Problem: The Contribution of Friedrich A. Hayek,
Kansas City: Sheed,1977.
،١٩٥٦،J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٢٠F
KE١F،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ J ‫א‬   ‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬   ،١٩٩٥ J ١٤١٦ ، J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،  E٢٢F
،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٠ J ١٤٠٠ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬E  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   K١٩٩٦ J ١٤١٧ J ‫א‬
    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 ،١٩٨٧ J ١٤٠٧ J  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
Hasanuzzaman, S. M, IndexationW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬F  
،J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K١٩٩٩٠ J ١٤١٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
       ،١٩٨٥ J ١٤٠٥ ‫א‬   ،
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬K١٩٩٣ J ١٤١٤ ،‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٧  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ،
F ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ،١٩٩٣J ١٤١٤
K ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢٤F
 ،١٩٧٦ J ١٣٧٨ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١٩٧٠‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،E
K١٩٨٠J ١٤٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬
 (Arabian Information ,London, 1985) Islamic Banking  E٢٥F
 W 
Progress of Islamic Banking, Islamic Economic Studies, December ,1994.

،EF‫א‬،١٩٧٦،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
    Islamic Interest- Free Banking, A Theortical Analysis 
 Mirakhor Abas ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Theoretical Studies (Houston, Islamic Banking and Finance in
TX: The Institute for Research& Islamic Studies, 1987)

 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٤

‫א‬   ،١٩٨٧ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    ،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
A Monetary and Financial  ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٢ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
Structure for an Interest- Free Economy. In Z. Ahmed, M. Iraqi and F.
 Khan(eds) Fiscal
 Policy and Research Allocation in Islam, Jeddah,1983.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F   ‫א‬E٢٦F
، ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬EF ‫א‬   ‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬   ،١٩٨٧ J ١٤٠٧‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬
،  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، 
 ،   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E٢٧F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬    ،١٩٩٨
    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J    ‫א‬
 ٦٥‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   K ، ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J Sharia Appellant Court   E٢٨F
‫א‬‫א‬
K
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬E٢٩F
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،E‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬F
‫א‬  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬     K٢٠٠٠ ،‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
K‫א‬
J ‫א‬  Durham ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E٣٠F
 ‫א‬،٢٠٠٣
A.R.Yousri, Islamic Banking Modes of Finance, Proposals for Further
Evolution.
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬   E٣١F
J ١٤٢٠ ،١ ،E٣٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬،٢٠٠٠
،‫א‬  ،E٤   F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣٢F
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٦

Hassanuzaman, S.M, The Economic Functions of The Early Islamic  E٣٣F

State, International Islamic Publisher, Karachi,1981, Hameedullah,
Muhammad, "Budgeting and Taxation the Time of The Holy Prophet",
Journal of The Pakistan Historical Society, January, 1955.
Chapra, Umar, The Islamic Welfare State and its Role in The  E٣٤F
Economy(The Islamic Foundation, U.K ,1979).
Siddqi. M. n, Role of The State in The Economy, An Islamic E٣٥F
Perspective, The Islamic Foundation, U.K, 1996.
Faridi I. R, Zakat and Fiscal Policy, in Studies in Islamic Economics E٣٦F
(Khurshid Ahmad, ed), Ibid, pp. 119- 130, Metwally, M. M, Fiscal
Policy in Islamic Economics, Sammer, 1984. Salams. Abidine A. Fiscal
Policy of an Islamic State, in Ziauddin Ahmad, M. Iqbal and F. Khan
(eds) Fiscal Policy and Resource Allocation in Isalm, Jeddah, 1983.
Ziauddin Ahmad, Islam, Poverty and Income Distribution, The Islamic E٣٧F
Foundation, U.K, 1991.
Salama. Abidine A, Fiscal Analysis of Zakah with special Reference to E٣٨F
Saudi Arabia's Experience in Zakah, in Ariff(ed) Monetary and Fiscal
Economics of Islam, Jeddah, international Centre of Islamic Economics,
1982.
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٣٩F
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ، J  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٣٣F
KE١٩٩٥F‫א‬E٢٢F
Studies in ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F
 Islamic Economics
KE١٧F،E٤F
 ٦٧‫א‬‫א‬


 ،١٩٧٩‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، E٤١F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K١٩٨١‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ E٤٢F
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K١٩٨٢،‫א‬
Ahmad, Ehsan (ed) Economic Growth and Human Resource E٤٣F
Development in Islamic Perspective, Proceeding of the 4th
International Islamic Economic Seminar, 1992 (Herndon,IIIT, 1993).
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬  E٤٤F
     F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ،١٩٩٠ ،‫א‬ J E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
J ١٩٩٢،‫א‬J E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Chapra ‫א‬،١٤١٤‫א‬
Islam and Economic Development: A Strategy for Development with
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‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  E٤٦F
K١٤٠٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pramanik Atul Huq, Development and Distribution in ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٤٧F
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 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٨

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ E٤٨F
 J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
K١٩٩١
  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬  E٤٩F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٢٠٠٣  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ٢٠٠٢  ‫א‬
 
Zubair, Hassan, Sustainable Development, Meaning and Policy
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‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   E٥٠F
KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٧F‫א‬،E٥١F
J ١٩٨٣ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   E٥٢F
 W،‫א‬
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‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  E٥٥F
J  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ٦٩‫א‬‫א‬


Towards Positive Economic Integration Among Islamic ،١٩٨٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Countries
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١٩٨٧   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،١٩٩٠‫א‬
Nienahus, Volker. Direction of Trade Among Islamic Countries Levels
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E٥٥FE١٩٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٥FE٥٨F
KE٤F‫א‬E٥٩F
K‫א‬‫א‬E٦٠F
KE٤F‫א‬E٦١F
KE٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬E٦٣F
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،١ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٠

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‫א‬‫א‬ ،٢٠٠١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٦٣F     J   ‫א‬ E٧١F
 K‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٥F
 ٧١‫א‬‫א‬


Basar, Hasmet (ed) Management and Development of Awqaf 

E٧٦FProperties, Proceeding of
a Seminar held4- 16 August, by IRTI, IDB,Jeddah,1984- Publication 1987.
    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  
K١٩٩٧‫א‬،‫א‬
Zarqa .m. a. Islamic Distributive Schemes, in Iqbal, M. (ed) Distributive E٧٧F
Justice and Need Fulfillment in an Islamic Economic
( Islamabad International Institute of Islamic Seminar), Publisher: The
Islamic Foundation 1988.
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ziauddin Ahmad, Islam, Poverty and Income Distribution E٣٧F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E٧٨F
 ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K١٩٨٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ausaf Ahmad, A Marco Model of Distribution in an Islamic Economy E٧٩F
And Mabid Ali Al-Jarhi.
Towards An Islamic Marco Model of Distribution: A Comparative
Approach in Fahim Khan (ed) Distribution in Macroeconomic
Framework: AN Islamic Perspective, International Institute of Islamic
Economics Islamabad 1988.
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨١F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٢F
،٢١     ‫א‬E F     J ‫א‬E٨٣F
K٢٣

        ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E٨٤F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،١٩٩٩J ١٤١٩،١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-Chapra, M. Umer, The Future of Economics. An Islamic Perspective, The
Islamic Foundation, U.K. 2000.
-Akram Khan M. Methodology of Islamic Economics With Emphasis on
Research Administration and Finance, IRTI, IDB, 1986.
-Anwar, Muhammad, Islamic Economics Methodology, Journal of
Objective Studies, Aligara, India, July, 1990,pp 28-46.
-Zarqa, M. A. Problems of Research in the theory of Islamic Economics.
Suggested Solutions, in IRTI,1986.