:

.1 ( ).
.2 ( )
/
""
.

.

..
.1 ( ) ( )
.
.2
( ) +
( ) .

 :
.1 .
.2 .
4 4 ..
/

COOH
OH

CH3

.
.3 .
/
.
/ ( ) .
COOH
OH

OH

COOH

 ..

11 ( 1 )
3 .

:

( =)
x
=
x
= 3 ( )
=

-1 / D
5.983 .
-2 .
-3 .

 .. ( )

.

a
d

a
b

-1 / ..
COOH

COOH

HN C H
CH

H C NH
CH

-2 .

.
COOH
HO

H
CH3


-1 .
-2 (
) .
-3 ( ) .
/
.
- ("") , ("")

/ .

.


.
.
,
,
, D
L

L (-)glyceraldehydes

L(-)tartaric acid

D(+) glyceraldehydes

D(+)tartaric acid




) (NH .

D , L ( ) + , -
, D

, ,



R , S
-:
-1 4-1
( )a,b,c,d 1 2
3 : 4
a
d

-2
.

-3 ( 4 )
3 2 1
R

-4

.

H CH3

( )S
. R S
: R


( ).

2n
= n .
/ 2 CH3 *CHBr *CHOH CH3 .
* .
) ( 2 .
CH3

CH3
H C Br

C Br

H C OH

OH

CH3

CH3

()1

()3

CH3

CH3

Br C H
C OH
CH3
()2

C H

Br

HO C H
CH3
()4

( )4( )1 ( )3( )2 .

 ( )2,1 ( )3,1 ( )4,2 ( )3,4

.

2n

" " .
/
COOH

COOH
H C OH

OH

H C OH

C H

OH

COOH

COOH
( ) 1

COOH

COOH

HO C H
C OH
COOH
()2

( ) 4 ( )

C H

HO

HO C H
COOH
()3

3 .
( )4,1
( ) .
( )3,2 .

 /
.

.
/ .

%51 %51
" "
.
/ .


" " ..