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‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪. t ½ :‬‬
‫‪ (I‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ )‪ x = f(t‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ x‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪. V‬‬
‫‪ (1.1‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ) ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ( ﻭﺍ ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪x = f(t‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ prélèvements‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪échantillons‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﻴﺬﺍﺕ‬
‫) ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ (‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2.1‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ، pH ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ‪(... ،‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ‪ : Conductimètre‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ) ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ (‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ : pH‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ‪ H3O+‬ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫‪ pH‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ ‪ Spectrophotométrie‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ (II‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1.2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪ V(t‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻤﻘﺴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ x‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺏ‪mol.m-3.s-1‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪mol .l -1 .s-1‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪( §III‬‬

‫‪ (2.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (3.2‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪t ½ :‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ X‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪Xf‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫‪ (4.2‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺼﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (III‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻄﻲﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫) ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻮﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺠﻴﻨﻲ (‬
‫‪ (1.3‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﻳﻮﻥ ﺛﻴﻮﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺳﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫و‬

‫‪ (2.3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ‪ :‬ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﻄﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺟﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪V =250ml‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻧﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻘﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 = 100ml .1‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪C1= 5,6.10-2 mol.l-1 :‬‬
‫‪ V3= 100ml .2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪. C3 = 0,2 mol.l-1 :‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ) ‪. (1ml -2ml‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺤﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪V0 = 10ml‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺟﻠﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ 50ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺞ ) ﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ(‪ .‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺩﺍﻛﻦ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺴﻤﻲ ‪ V2‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺛﻴﻮﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻭ‪C2‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ‬
‫‪ (3.3‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻲ‬
 ‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫ا
د‬

‫ام‬
‫ا‬
‫)‪x (mol‬‬

‫ا ا‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫)‪(mol‬‬

‫ل ا
ل‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ا‬ ‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪2 x max‬‬ ‫‪x max‬‬

‫ا‬
‫)‪(mol‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ا‬
‫‪ (4.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪:‬‬
‫و‬
‫و  ‪:‬‬

‫‪ C2‬آ ل آ ت اد م‬

‫‪ %&' V0‬ا‪ #$‬ا"! ا  إذا ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (5.3‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪x (t‬‬

‫ا
د‬

‫‪.‬ا‪*+‬م‬
‫ا‬
‫)‪x (mol‬‬

‫ا ا‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪(mol‬‬ ‫ة‬

‫"!ل ا‬ ‫)‪x (t‬‬

‫)‪ (mol‬ا ا‪#$‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ x (t‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫) ‪ (V1 + V3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ )‪ x (t‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (6.3‬ول اوم ا  ‪:‬‬

‫ا('& ب‬
‫‪[I2] (mol /‬‬
‫) ‪V2 (mL‬‬ ‫‪[H2O2] mol / L‬‬ ‫)‪x(t‬‬
‫)‪L‬‬
‫‪mn‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0,00‬‬ ‫‪0,0000‬‬ ‫‪0,0280‬‬ ‫‪0,0000‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2,40‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬ ‫‪0,0232‬‬ ‫‪0,0010‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4,40‬‬ ‫‪0,0088‬‬ ‫‪0,0192‬‬ ‫‪0,0018‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7,40‬‬ ‫‪0,0148‬‬ ‫‪0,0132‬‬ ‫‪0,0030‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8,90‬‬ ‫‪0,0178‬‬ ‫‪0,0102‬‬ ‫‪0,0036‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9,70‬‬ ‫‪0,0194‬‬ ‫‪0,0086‬‬ ‫‪0,0039‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10,30‬‬ ‫‪0,0206‬‬ ‫‪0,0074‬‬ ‫‪0,0041‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10,90‬‬ ‫‪0,0218‬‬ ‫‪0,0062‬‬ ‫‪0,0044‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪11,20‬‬ ‫‪0,0224‬‬ ‫‪0,0056‬‬ ‫‪0,0045‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪11,40‬‬ ‫‪0,0228‬‬ ‫‪0,0052‬‬ ‫‪0,0046‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪11,60‬‬ ‫‪0,0232‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬ ‫‪0,0046‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪11,80‬‬ ‫‪0,0236‬‬ ‫‪0,0044‬‬ ‫‪0,0047‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪11,90‬‬ ‫‪0,0238‬‬ ‫‪0,0042‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪11,90‬‬ ‫‪0,0238‬‬ ‫‪0,0042‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪12,00‬‬ ‫‪0,0240‬‬ ‫‪0,0040‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪12,10‬‬ ‫‪0,0242‬‬ ‫‪0,0038‬‬ ‫‪0,0048‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪12,20‬‬ ‫‪0,0244‬‬ ‫‪0,0036‬‬ ‫‪0,0049‬‬

‫‪ &
 (7.3‬ام ‪ #$%‬ا" ‪x = f(t):‬‬
‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫)‪[ I 2 ] = f (t‬‬

‫)‪[ H 2 O 2 ] = f (t‬‬

‫‪ (IV‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (1.4‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪[I 2 ]max‬‬
‫= ‪ [I 2 ]t1 / 2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻧﻘﺮﺃ ‪t ½ = 6 mn‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ‪= 0,5mmol.l-1 :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬

‫‪ (2.4‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ : t = 0‬ﻧﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ½ ‪t‬‬