Professional Documents
Culture Documents
..
,,
!..
...
.
( :
) .
:
..
....
:
,.
:
:
.
:
.
:
.
} - {
.............................................................
........................................................
...................................................
........................................................
..........................................................
- ...............................
01
- .
....
-
38
..........
52
............................................
...............................................
53
0111
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
...
....
): Photovoltaics PV (
photovoltaic cells.
,
.
Crystalline Silicon
. ()
)(Amorphous Silicon a-Si) Cadmium (Telluride CdTe
( 0)
) (Copper Indium Diselenide) CuInSe^2, or (CIS
() (. (Gallium Arsenide GaAs
,
. .
( (.
,
.
DC .
.
DC AC Invertor
.
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
PhotoVoltaic cells
, solid-state technology
Semiconductors
.
( 2)
Crystalline
Silicon Amorphous Silicon a-
,Si ,
.
(
) . ()
. 04
.
4
8
.
.
()
11
(1)
.
. (0)
(
)doping impurities
.
000,111,111 5
4
11
(0)
.hole
.
.
N-type
.
. (0)
12
(2)
P-type .
.
.
(2)
13
(2)
,
(
) . (2)
diode
.
.
.
( )
.
.
. 33
.
.
14
(0)
....
, ....
,
. ()
, ( ) 21
(
.
0111
.
() (
(.
)(Photovoltaic) (PV ( )
=Photo = voltaic . ,
.
( )
))((Semiconductors
,
(( ((Semiconductors
.
) (PV
,
))PV (
) ( )
, .
(PV):
16
,
04 ,
,
(
)
)(PV .
.
,
.
,
.
(N-Type) N = Negative ,
) (N-Type
17
)(N-Type
= (P-Type) P
Positive
()
,
(N-Type) +(P-Type):
) ) N-Type
) (P-Type ) (PV
.
,
()
,
,
.
,
.
( )
( ) (
)
.
.
18
,
( )
.
()
)(pv
%25 %05
.
%05
) (ev ( 0.0 Ev--
) ,
(
)
%01 ,
( )
( ) ,
)(1.4 Ev
,
19
( )
( )
.
, **
** ** 5
, % .
)(pv ( 33 )
() ,
.
)(pv
,
,
,
,
)(pv
.
,
) (pv
,
,
) (pv
21
( )33 .
,
,
( )
)(pv ,
() .
:
, 0
,
)(pv
,
.
)(pv
().
.
)(pv ( )21 )(pv
,
.
:
)(PV.
21
,
.
)(PV ( )
,
*** , ***
% 011 )(PV
41 %.51
,
,
, )(PV
()
,
.
:
)(PV
(
) **
** .
)(PV **
** .
,
(PV), )(PV (
) 20 .
()
.
(
)(PV ) )(PV
.
22
)(PV 9 ,
)(PV North Carolina Solar
) )Center , 3.3
)(PV (
) 9
32111 ,
)(PV
.
,
23
24
-1
-2
-9
-4
-5
-4
.
. lumens 39
.
111111
.
.
9111 .
1011/ .
(1)
:
()%44
(051 0 )4
( 1111/1 )
%45
(411 04 )1
.
25
-0 ( )
()%3 :
-8 (10141)1.
-3
.
.
.
.
-11
-11
-12
.
.
-19
.
26
-14
-15
-14
:
-10
()1889( )1824 .
-18
:
( . ) -
-13
( . ) +
-21
-21
:
: :
-22
( )1853
( )+ 1800
( x1 )
( )1818 ()1
.
:
-29
( )1800
( )+ 1880
( )1844 . ()2
27
( (50
( )81
( )54 ( )99
.
-9 :
( )0.39
( )+0.63 ()3.59
( . )3
.
-4 :
( )0.33
( )+0.58
( )0.12 . (. )4
.
-5 :
( )0.39
( )+0.63
( )0.57 . (. )5
( 0\ ) .
-4 :
( )0.41
( )+0.64
()0.96
. (. )6
28
( )9
.
-0 : ( )0.32
( )-0.57
( )0.004 . (. )7
.
-8 :
( )0.26
()-0.52
( )0.30 . (. )8
.
-3 :
.
( )0.83
( )-0.91
( )0.36 . (. )9
.
-11 :
29
( )0.62
( )-0.79
( )0.04 . ( )10
.
-11 : ( )0.56
( )-0.79
( )1.22 . (. )11
( )5
( )5
- :
.
. .
.
"" " "2121
54 / (/) .2121 2141
%21 .
91111
.
.
-
31
.
: :.
97% 99
%19
4111
21
.
- :
%43
.
- %43
.
- %0
) (d
35 , % 0
.
-
,
31
()
-
.
-
,
.
0
- 0
,
.
- 0
02
,
32
.- 0
.
- 0
.- 0
,
.
( )
:
,
01 05
" " :
(*)
)*(
""
)*(
.
.
(
. .
, p-type n-type
,
. 0
( )eV0 .
band gap energy
, ,eV0
,
eV0
.
,
.
,
34
.
.
,eV0.4
.
( )2
,
,
.
(
)
.
- Trojan Battery industrial line
IEC 61427 15
2101
(2)
IEC 61427:
( )
35
:
,
01 05
(2)
" "Surge Protective
:
, ,
,
:
" "Raycap " "DC 0511
DC
36
(2)
0 21
.
, 0 lead-
acid - ,nickel-cadmium
%41 .
charge controller
,
.
.
.inverter
() DC AC ,
) .
37
.
DNV SUNdy
:
SUNdy
,
4211 , 2
.
51
.
31,111.
38
39
- 1
% 1
.
212.
.
.
0 .
2.
1.
.4 ..
. .5
. .
20%
%45
.
.
. 1.
. 2.
3.
41
-2
( )
, (
)
(Solar (solar panel.)..
( , , .)..
,
.. ,
3
Rgulateur de tension-
41
4.
. :
:
1-
, Famille 78 xx 87
8787 :
V+ .7
2 , Famille 79 . 8197 :
V - .97
:
)(Figure1
4
, ,
97 ,
97 . .
( ) 12 ,
( ) . ,
.
"
.
42
( ) ,
.
( ) Pb (
) PbO2
PbO2 +2H2SO4 + Pb = 2PbSO4 +2H2O
) (H2
) (SO4
,
H2 + PbSO4 = H2SO4 + Pb
PbSO4 + H2 +2O = PbO2 + H2SO4
2H2O + 2PbSO4 = 2H2SO4+ PbO2 + Pb
43
( )
. .
, :
,
.
( )
) (Cutout Relay
,
) (Cutout Relay
:
.
:
,
44
()
) ( 8
( %78 %77 ) %08
.
,
988 97 ,
4.7 7.0
. ,
74 (
) 1-
2-
988 78
70 0
7
) (DEEP CYCLE
45
5
.
, .
,
.
()
DC
. ,
AC DC
. ,
.
, .
,
.
......
DC , .
. AC
46
.
DC .
,
.
, DC
. AC
AC .
, ,
.
.
.
, .
.
,
.
.
- 6
( )
,
47
,
,
051 211
3 5
01
,
, .
, 24 , 011
.
, 5 .... , ...
... ... 14000
31 ,
.... , / 02/
,
01 .
.
988 90788
48
( )Centrifugal
()Displacement Positive
( )Submersible
( .)Surface mount ( )
,
( )
" " (.)TDH Total Dynamic Head
98
.
49
2.
3.
4.
5. ) (AC/DC invertor
.
( 97,74 )
( 97 74),
( 778 78)
.
:
1.
. ()
: )(Wh
)x1.3 x() ( () =
) x(.)= (
) X 4.5 $ = (
( )7 ( )778 0
X 220 = 1100 = 7
X 1.3 = 1430()= 9988
. X 6 = 6600) = 1100 (.
51
X 4.5 $ = 6435$ =9408
2.
:
/ = ) (Ah
) (
:
)X = ( /
%
X =
)
( ) 7 988 . = 7.7
$) = X 150$( 9788 = 7
3.
. )(DC
) $ ( 788 87
) (inverter4.
51
) (LOAD
)% ( 78-08
X 1.4 =
VA.) = = 1100 X 1.4 = 1540 VA (9088
$ 777
( )
( ) ( )08
. .
$ = 788
) (solar tracker SYSTEM
= ) ( 7 0 ( )
+ + + +
= 7798 = 978+788+777+9788+0407 +
33333 -:
55 -:
= 24
53=241655
= 24
153=1324531225
=
52
332333=12433 34
=
55= 2 153
=
2253= 34 55
=
3323=12433 34
=
1225=63 55
=
232=345
=
55535 =625
-:
= 124
42333=12433333
= 124
42333=12433333
53
( ) (Ah
7 0 )
( )
54
( )
55
: 1.
:
-1
-2 .2
.
- .3
.
.4
.
.5
.
.3
.
-0 7.
.
.8
56
/
/
/
/
)(1 , ,
http://www.trojanbatteryre.com/pdf/TRJN01
68_BattSizeGuideFL.pdf
) (10 , ,
http://www.kaheel7.com
57
58