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Stutients' Scrirs of ILatm Classtcs

VIEGIL'S
BOOKS

AENEID
I-YI

WITH IXTRODUCTIOX, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY


BT
H. R.

FAIRCLOUGH,

Ph.D.

PROFESSOR OF LATIX, LELAND STANFORD JCNIOR UNIVERSITY

AXD

SELDON

L.

BROWX/a.M.

PRINCIPAL OF WELLESLEY (mASS.) HIGH SCHOOL, CO-AUTHOI OF THE DANIELL-BROWX LATIN COMPOSITIOX

ov TToXV

aXXa

'/ro\v

BENJ. H.
CHICAGO

SANBORN &
NEW YORK
1920

CO.

BOSTON

COPTRIGHT, 1908,

BY
d.
fi.

FAIECLOUGH and SELDON

L.

BEOWN,

-1, ,'.
'

'. ; " -
'

<

t -

r/

PREFACE
The
cised
cliarni of the
its

Aeneid has for nineteen centnries exerspell over the minds aud hearts of successive

geuerations.

Yery early
it is still

it

strangely enough,

became a school-book, aud, as a text-book that it makes its

strongest and most general appeal. The Aeneid fills a larger place in the education of our

boys and

girls

which justifies the earnestness and enthusiasm with which editors have striven to so present
significance.,

than any other


fact

epic.

This

is

a fact of great

it

as to secure the
attention.

maximum

of return for so

much time

and

Failure to attain this means an economic

loss as well as a

pedagogic error. The ideal book must contain enough material to insure an adequate.presentation, yet not so much as to dismay the beginner by its amount or to perplex him by its subtlety. It is a question of perspective and proportion which must be adapted to the learner's point of view he alone is to be
;

considered.

The progress of the im^il, not the display of the editor's erudition, must be the constant objective. With this ideal in view we have worked out the details If in certain respects we have failed to reach of this book. in it, we shall find ourselves in the best of company: if some degree we have succeeded, our toil will not have been
in vain.

head of the beginner than to meet him on his own plane of comprehension and
It is far easier to teach over the
;

iii

4275SI

IV
it is

PREFACE
here that he must be met.
It is a simple

matter

to

load

down a book with

a mass of scholarly material which


;

few teachers and fewer pupils are able to use it is a much more difficult one to present in correct coordination and subordination just the material which the learner will be
able with profit to

make

his own.

must always remember that it is not what a pupil might do, but what he can and will do, which sets the limits of correct text-book making. The time of the secondary school pupil is so filled to-day that the number of hours which can be devoted to any one subject is by no means large. Under these conditions it is very easy to miss the
mark,

We

to so direct

the pupil that he sees this great epic

"through a glass darkly " and not "face to face." While no book can obviate the inevitable effects of poor teaching,
a well-made one greatly increases the efficiency of a real teacher and frequently saves an indifferent one from disaster.

To

sucli

demands and
rigidly

to

such limitations the present


its

volume has been


preparation.

subjected at every step of

AYhile nothing has been admitted that could

well be spared, on the other hand no essential has been

good book could easily be made L^rger, but a smaller one could not meet the demands of our best secondary schools to-day.
neglected.

In the process of mastering the Aeneid, the student must first grapple with the linguistic difficulties, and for secondary school purposes no edition is of much use which
does not give
it
is

all

necessary assistance in this respect.

But

almost criminal to limit the study of so great a poem


Professor Woodberry has recently
is

to tlie grammaticalside.

stated that in his opinion "tlie Aeneid

the greatest single


esti-

book written by man."

Tliis

may

be an exaggerated

PREFACE
mate, but in any case the Aeneid is a literary masterpiece, one of the great " world-poems," and should be studied as It is because of this conviction tliat we have introsuch.

duced much of the material to be found in this edition. VirgiFs beautiful personality has been emijhasized in the Introduction, and the student is encouraged to look for In the :N"otes the 3estraces of its influence in the poem. thetic side of the poem has received more attention than
is

usually given to

it,

and

it is

hoped that

this edition will

help to foster a more general study of the poetical means employed to secure artistic effects. In four of the books

found special notes in small type, which deal mainly with the stylistic features of important paragraphs or secIt is not intended that these shoukl iucrease, but tions. rather that they should relieve, the burden both of student and teacher. It is recommended that they be utilized mainly
will be

in connection with review work, w^hen a class, after master-

ing the primary difficulties of the text, may turn with relief The teacher must to the beauties of form and substance.

use his
in

own judgment

any case

mode of handling them, and they need not receive much attention until the
as to the

student has acquired some facility in reading the text, and has mastered the elementary principles of Latin verse.
peculiar position in the history of Much of Homer has been abthe world's best literature. sorbed by Virgil, and in his turn Virgil has exerted incal-

The Aeneid occupies a

culable influence on mediaeval

and modern literature. A student of the Aeneid should not only have his literary taste and judgment awakened, but he should also be introduced A school library to at least Homer, Dante, and Milton.
should contain not only copies of the great English poets, but also good translations of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the

VI

PREFACE

Divine Coinedi/, and froin time to time a few rainutes may well be spent in reading aloud passages froni tlieni bearing

upon tlie Aeneid. Thus the Roman epic may beconie the means of opening the eyes of the young to great literary fields, which otlierwise may remain unknown to them.^
Correspondence with a iiumber of teacliers has convinced us that a harge majority of our fellow-workers will be glad
to find the long vowels

lieve

Book I. While we bethat such marking soon becomes unnecessary for the

marked

in

well-taught
teachers,

pupil,

we

also

agree with

the

majority

of

who

desire at least one book

marked

thus, as an

important adjunct in teaching the fundamentals of versitieation.

The questions following tlie notes at will be found to demand the exercise
1

tlie

end of each book of many powers be-

Translations recoinmended are


Tlie

lUad of Homer :

translated into blank verse, by Williani

Bryant (Iloughton, Mifflin, & Co.). The Iliad: done into Englisli verse, by A.
Culleii

S.

Way

(London,

1880-1888), 2 vols.

The lUad of Ilomer : done into EngHsh prose, by Lang, Leaf, and Myers (Macinillan). The Odysscy done into English verso, by William Morris (London, 1887). The Odyssey of Ilomcr : h\ English verse, by A. S. Way (Mac:

millan, 11)04).

The Odyssey of Ilomer : done into English prose, by Butcher and Lang (Macmillan). The Divine Comedy : translated by Longfellow (Iloughton, MitHin, &Co.). The Divine Comedy : translatcd in vci-se, by E. II. riumptre
(Hoslon), 2 vols.
Inferno,
l^itrfjatorio,

l\iradiso

text
vols.

and prosc translation

(Dent & Co., Templc Classics), 3

PREFACE
sides

VU

memory.

need to be used by the student who answers them. As this feature is in line with the best standards of teachers and examiners, its value will be obvious. No edition of the Aeneid in common use contains a complete and satisfactory list of the figures of sj^eech used in Latin poetry. Scattered in various grammars and dicment,
all will

Investigation, selection, comparison, judg.

tionaries they

may

be fouud, but these aids are often not

at hand, frequently incomplete,

The list marked convenience. IUustrations drawn from many sources have been freely The coordination of art and literature and their used. parallel development are in harmony with the teachings of

always precarious. included in the Introduction will, we trust, be a


so

and

history and the most advanced pedagogy.

As

a vocabulary

is

the sheet-auchor of a beginner's Virgil,

make this accurate, adequate, and easy to use. It has not been made an occasion or excuse for philological display. From the immense mass of material which it might contain has been selected what we
great care has been taken to
believe to be the

maximum which

the pupil of the secondary


difterent meanings, pro-

school will be able to utilize.

The

ceeding in general from the primitive and literal to the


figurative

and unusual, have been carefully chosen and so

grouped as to suggest in very many cases the natural development of the ideas associated with the word. Here all long vowels have been marked. In the marking of hidden quantities we have gone no farther than a decided preponderance of evidence will warrant. No text-book can properly be made the arena in which to settle philological differences.

Sufficient mythological, geographical,

and

historical material has

been included to insure an intelligent

Vlil

PREFACE

reading of the text, in case reference books on these sub.


jects are not available.

The

text has been carefully prepared, but no one authority

has been uniformly foUowed.


gilian

In

tlie

comparatively few
^vell as

cases of disputed readings, the evidence of the major Vir-

Mss

and. ancient

commentators, as

the views

of

modern
It

scholars, has been carefully

weighed before a

decision has been reached.

would be practically impossible to enumerate tlie many authorities to whom an editor of Virgil is necessaril}'' indebted. One advantage which we have had over previous
editors
is

the use of Heinze's important work, Virgils Epische

Technik, and of Norden's brilliant edition of the Sixth Book.

To both

of

these

we

are under special


Studie.'! in
its color, if

obligation.
Virgil,

To

another recent work, Glover's


duction probably owes some of
material.

our Introits

not of

actual

To the many teachers who have shown an interest in our work we express our dee^o appreciation. If the book itself
meet with their approval, our " labor of love," which has been a pleasure in itself, will have been well repaid.
shall

H. R. F.
S.

L. B.

JUNE,

1908.

demand for a fresh reprint gives us an opportunity to thank the numy teachers in all parts of the country who have shown their appreciation of our work. A number of For this we are especially inerrors have been rectitied.
debted to Miss Esther Spencer, assistaut in Latin iu Stanford University, aud iMr. rl. V. Nourse, of the Lowell Iligh
School, San Francisco.
JUNE,
llilli.

H.
S.

K. x^ F. L. B.
t,

CONTENTS
PAGE

LiST OF Illustratioxs

XI

Introduction
Life and

Works

of Virgil

xvii

Virsiirs Place in Literature

xxix
xxxii

Study of the Aeneid The Story of the Aeneid The Traditions and Character of Aeneas The Aeneid in relation to Art
Versification

A Critical

xxxvi
.

xli
xlviii
1

Figures of

and Style Syntax

liii

Figures of Rhetoric

liv

Temis

Prosody Chronological Table


of

Iv
.
,

Ivi
Iviii

-^ Sample Translation - Tennyson's Tribute

to Virgil
.

Ix
.
.

Text
NoTES
.

187

VOCABULART.

iz

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
riGlTHE
1.

Dante, Homer. and Virgil. A group from The Parnassus, Frontispiece one of RaphaePs mural paiutings in the Vatican.
PAGE

2. Facsimile of the

Codex Mediceus of
in the illustration

Virgil, a manuscript

of the

fif th

century. In the Laurentian Library in Florence.

3.

The passage given The Ludovisi Juno.


this

Goethe

said,

Aeneid V. 668-696. xvii In the National Museum, Rome. Of " No words can give any idea of it it is
is
;

like a verse
4.

from

Homer"
Paris.

The Judgment of
Naples

Pompeian

wall-painting.

In
2

5.

The Jupiter Otricoli (so called, because found at Otricoli, near Rome). In the Vatican Museum. It is the most
famous representation of the god extant The Young Augustus and Julius Caesar.
portrait busts in the British

....
Two

10
12

6.

marble
36
13

Museum
See Introd.
in the Louvre, Paris.

7.
8.

Augustus, as emperor.

In the Vatican.

The Diana

of Versailles.

Introd. o6
9.

.........
Now
See
.

14 27

10.

Venus Genetrix. In the Louvre, Paris. See Introd. 36 The Death of Laocoon. This famous group of the Vatican was made by three sculptors in the island of Rhodes, viz.
Agesander, Polydorus, and Athehodorus, about the beginning of the
first

century.B.c.
in Troy.

......

38

11.

The Wooden Horse


In Naples
.

shows a moonlight scene.


.

This Pompeian wall-painting Hence the elongated figures.


.

40

12.

Minerva.^ She wears an aegis, with the Gorgon's head, and At Deepin her right hand supports a winged Victory.
dene, Surrey
^2

xi

Xll
FIOrRE
13.

LTST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAOS
Iliaca, a small

The Tabula

gypsum

tablet,

with sculptured

In the centre we see Aeneas and his family leaving the city under the guidance of Hermes (Mercury). Aeneas is carrying Anchises (the
sceiies of the

sack of Troy.

latter holding the Penates),

hand, while a female figure

and leads Ascanius by the (presumably Creusa) follows.

Lower down, to our right, the party is embarking. The helmsman Misenus brings up the rear, but tlie woman is no longer to be seen. The tablet is in the Capitoline

Museum
-^14.
15.

at

Rome
.

60
61
74

Map

of the

Wanderings of Aeneas

16.

A Roman Sacrifice. A marljle relief in tlie Louvre, Paris A Roman Harbor. with Ships, Lighthouse, Triumphal
Arch, Statues, and Blazing Altar.
Torlonia,

A relief

in the

Museo
80
.
.

Rome
From
a photograph

17.

Mount Aetna from Taormina.


The Leconfield Venus. The ApoIIo Belvedere.
Mercury.

82 92

18.
19.

In a private collection in Londoni (See Byron, ChihU HarohVs PilIn the Vatican
.
.

grimage, Canto IV, Stanza lOL)


20.

94
96
98
105
124

In the Vatican.

"

lovely, thoughtful,

ing hea.d'^ (Votter, TJie Art oftheVatican)

...
. . .

charm-

21. Atlas supporting the Heavens, which are represented as a gl()l)o witli tlie signs of tlie zodiac. A statue in Naples 22. The Death of Pentheus. A bronze mirror in tlie Collegio Roniano, l^ime
.

23.

A Sea-deity and his Family. An


nich

enlarged

Bronze Statue of a Boxer. In the 25. Paiaemon, seated on a Dolphin.


24.
26.

gem National Museum, Rome In the Glyptothek, MuThe


figure be-

130
140

Daedalus and Icarus.


hind Daedalus
is is

cameo

in Naples.

probably Pasiphae.
'

The seated goddess


150

Artemis
Sibyl,

27.

The Cumaean

by Michacl Angelo.

thc Sixtine Chapel, Hoine

28.

Proserpina becoraes the Bride of Pluto. A Greek vasepainting. The picture shows Demeter, a winged Eros
1

.......
On
p. 343.

the ceiling of
151

Soe Furtwaiiglcr, Jldsterjiieces of Greek Sculpture,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
nOURE
(symbolic of love), Hecate with her torch, and Hermes pointing out the way
.

xiii
PAGB

154
161

29.

30. 31. 32.

Charoa receiving a Dead Woman from Hermes. vase-painting. In Munich Hercules and Cerberus. On a vase in ^Naples Cybele turrita. A statue from Formiae The Glorification of Augustus. A f amous cameo
All the interest centres in the emperor,

Greek
165 180

....
. .

in Vienna.

who sits enthroned,

hand a sceptre, and in his right the litiius of an augur. Above him is the star of his nativity (Capricorn). Beside him sits the goddess Roma. Another goddess holds a crown of oali leaves above his head. Caelus and Terra (withher children) are spectators of the scene. On the left, Tiberius is stepping from a chariot driven by a Victory. The boy is Germanicus.
holding in his
left

33.

34.

35. 36.

37.

In the lower part are captives, while Roman soldiers are raising a trophy Julius Caesar and Pompey, the former with laurel wreath and star. Two gems in Berlin Marcellus the Younger. Tlie uppermost portion of the great Paris Cameo, of which the main subject (set forth in a lower scene) is the glorification of the emperor Tiberius. In the part reproduced we see the deified Augustus with a sceptre. The soldier with a shield is Drusus, brother of Tiberius, who died in 9 b.c. The figure in Phrygian garb, poised in the air before Augustus, is Aeneas, the ancestor of the Julian family, who holds in his hands a sphere, symbolic of world-power. The figure on the winged horse, which is led by a Cupid, is Marcellus,i the adopted son and heir of Augustus, whose early death in 23 B.c. was much lamented Ganymede and the Eagle. Greek mirror, with relief Neptune. Lange^s restoration of the Posidon of Lysippus (end of fourtli century, b.c.) Head of the Venus of Milo. the most famous of the treasures of the Louvre in Paris
.
.

180
182

....
.

184

193
203

......

213

So Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen.

XIV
FIGURE 38.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGB

A Coin of Carthage
Head
of a Statue of Af)ollo.
Iii

234
the National

39.
40.

Museum, Rome
.

245

Acanthus on a Corinthian Capital 41. Diomedes, Ulysses, and the Palladium. An ancient gem 42. Hector dragged round the Walls of Troy. From a marble tablet in the Capitoline Museum, Rome 43. A Victim ready for Sacrifice. From a Roman bas-relief 44. Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius. Coin of Antoninus 45. A Coin of Aenea, shovving the head of Aeneas 46. Tripod of ApoUo. The god, dressed in a long robe, is seated

250
272
281 291

....
.

309 316 320

as he plays the cithara.

An

ancient

gem

....
.... ....
.

47.

Magna

48.
49.

The goddess wears a turreted crown and is seated in a chariot drawn by two lions. In her left hand she holds a tympanum. A relief from a Roman altar A Boy Praying. Bronze statue in Berlin
Mater.
Scylla.

322

330 339

From

a vase-painting. In the Mainz

In Naples

50.
51. 52.

Chain-armor.
Arethusa.
Jupiter

Museum
Carthage
.
.

343 354
366

From

a coin of Syracuse

A Hunting Scene.
Hammon.

Roman mosaic from

Coin of Cyrene 54. Mitra, a Phrygian cap 55. Mercury. Note the talaria on his feet, the purse in his right hand, and the herald's wand in his left. From a
53.

369
371

Pompoian wall-painting
56.

373

A Bacchante. A gem

in

Florence

376

57.

Hecate. Slie has one body, but three heads and six hands. On each head is a calathus, and in her hands are twodirks, two whips, and two torches. Beside her are two cistae surrounded by serpents. A man is dancing before her. A
bronze amulet

58.
59.

60. 61.

Carchesium A Serpent as .7P?ii?<.'? Zoci. AVall-paintiiigfrom Ilerculaneum Figure-head of a Roman Ship The Long-distance Foot-race. From a Greek vase in the

..........
......

395 407 408 409

liiifish

Muscum
tlio

62.

63

Cretan Labyrinth and the Minotaur. Neptune (jr, prubably, Augustus in

l^arly

Cretan coin

419 432

role of Neptune")

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS
FIGtTBE

XV
PAGE

driving his steeds over the sea.

beautiful

gem now

in

Boston
64.

'

442

Somnus.

Represented as a winged and bearded man.

gem
65.

in Berlin

.........
The
figure
.

A
444

Theseus and the Minotaur. Minos on the left, Ariadne.


;

on the right is From a Greek vase-painting

450
456 456

66.

67.

68. 69.

Orpheus and Eurydice. An intaglio of comparatively late In Munich date. Castor and Pollux in the Lower World. Pluto is on a rich A gem in Berlin throne, and beside him is Cerberus. Triton and his Conch. Engraving from a lamp Pavor and Pallor on Roman Coins. Note the personifica. . .

460
467

tions

70.

Chimaera. An ancient gem A gem in the British ^Museum 71. Ixion bound to the Wheel. A gem in St. Petersburg 72. Long-robed Priest. A bronze of C. Plotius Rufus, triumvir 73. Corona Civica.
.
.

408
487
491

auro, argento, aeri flando feriundo.


for senatus consulto 74.

........
The
letters
s. c.

are

500
603

Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra.


British

Coin of Crete
.

in the
. .

Museum

75.

The Elder Marcellus and a coin. The spolia are


Feretrius

the spolia opima.

Two

faces of

offered in the temple of Jupiter

509
(or Tiberis)
.

76.

The God Tiberinus


Pius.

In the British

Museum

......
On

a coin of Antoninus

510

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^
I

i
Fio.
2.

Faosimilk ok a Manu.script ov Viroil.

INTRODUCTION
1.

Publiiis Vergilius

of

Eoinan writers who Gaul was not formallj annexed

one of that large company eame from the provinces. Cisalpine


is

Maro

to Italy until

native piace.

twenty-one years after the poet's birth, but VirgiVs natural sympathies, environment and edu-

cation all tended to

make him an

enthusiastic

Eoman.

The

people of his native district (the township of Andes, near

Mantua) were grateful


zenship.

to Julius Caesar,

and VirgiP shared


citi-

with the rest in the joy of recently acquired rights of


2.

was born in the country, " of rustic parents and brought up in the bush and forest,"^ and Melissus, ^ freedman of Augustus, tells us that he kept His eariv his shy rustic manners even at the court. environThe ment. influence of his early surroundings was never lost Virgil was a poet of the streams and the woods to the last.^ All his works reveal that love of the land and country scenes, in which the poet must have revelled in his youth, and which he indulged in mature years, when he gladly
Virgil
;

due to a Latin form Virgilius, which is less correct than Vergilius. However, the spelling Virgil has been so loug iu vogue in English, being the form known to all our great poets and prosewriters, that it seems pedautic to insist on Vergil (see Professor Kelsey's letter in the Neio York Ncttion, Sept. 5, 1907, p. 206). 2 Rusticis parentibus nato inter silvas et frutices educto (Macrobius,
1

The

spelling Virgil

is

V.

2, 1).

^Flumina amem

silvasque.

{Georgics,
xvii

II. 486.)

XVlll

INTRODUCTION
tlie

forsook

capital fov
tlie

his villa in

tliat

niost

beautifui

region of all Italy,

neigliborliood of Naples.

His father was of humble station, but a man of energy and integrity, who prospered in the world by keeping bees and investing in forest land. The second book of tlie Georgics is devoted to trees and their culture; the fourth to bees; while certain passages^ in the Aeneid indicate the poefs interest in his father's employments. 3. Filial love was one of VirgiPs chief characteristics, and has left its mark upon his great epic. His father gave him a careful education, and the son repaid him
hisfather

witli affection.

the
refuge,

little

In a short poem addressed to villa of Siro, in which he once took

when driven from his home by armed force, he thus writes ^ " To thee, I intrust myself, and with me those whom I have ever loved, and above all my father.'' With such an experience, how much sympathy would Virgil feel for his Aeneas, iu tliat hour when Troy falls, and a refuge
:

must be found
4.

for the

aged Anchises

owed much more than his educaHe also owed to him his love of simplicity and his tion. purity of character. When, in the Georgics, we lind him si^ging tlie simple virtues of tlie Italian fai-mer his industry, watchfuhiess, and freedom f rom envy or sordid ambition we feel that his heart is inthe okl home, the truenurse of his genius. The purity of the home and the joy of children's love, the solid com-

To

his father Virgil

forts

and

real independence, as well as the sini})le pleasures

of rural

life,

areall set forth in VirgiPs beautiful verse.^


ff.,

It

l^.</. VI. 170

270-2.

hos una inrcuiii, qitos semper amavl, Coinmeiulo, in primlsque patrem. {(Jatalepton, VIII.)
tihl ot

Me

* Georyics, II. 52o H.

IXTRODUCTIOIT
was
after

XiX

thepoethad become the friend of princes,hadseen the utmost glory of this world, aud kuown both the joys and the disappointmeuts of the highest fame that he heaved a sigh for the happiuess of conntry life, which he would uo longer be allowed to enjoy iu peaceful secliision: "Ah, too
fortunatethe husbandmen, if they knew their own blessedEepose without care is theirs, and a life that canness! not disappoint, yet is rich in mauifokl treasures; yet the
.
.

peace of broad domains fails them not, with caverns and living lakes, cool vales of Tempe, the lowing of oxen and soft

slumbers beneath the trees


little;

there are woodland glades and

covers of game, a youth hardy in toil aud accustomed to

theworship of the gods and reverence for age; among them, as she passed from earth, Justice set her last footprints."^
5.

The

lines just cited suggest one of the chief traits in

YirgiFs character,
His pieias.

his simple

piety and reverence, which,

iustilled into

him in his early home, he never ^q^q^^ even when assailed by the subtle cynicism

aud cold agnosticism of court circles. The English word 'piety^ usually signifies only one aspect of the Latin pietas, and pietas in its larger sense is the virtue which Virgil emphasizes as the chief characteristic of the hero of his Aeneid. Pity and piety are bjoth included in pietas, but the Latin term embraces also tenderness and affectionate regard for one's relatives,^ one's country, and
one's fellow-men in general.
his
1
'^

Yirgil's

own

pietas is seen in

reverential
Georgics,
II.
'

attitude
ff.
'

toward the gods and the time-

458

can still be used thus in English cf W. D. Howthe relic of ancient fashion ells: *' He pulled off his hlack satin stock and laid it ou the table." which the piety of his daughter kept in repair Modern Ch. XL.) Instance, (.4

The word piety

XX
honored
father,
ritua.1

INTRODUCTION
of

their celebrations.
;

It is seen,

also, in
liis

his intense patriotism

still
;

further in his devotion to

who became

blind

in the story of his grief over the

loss of a brother Flaccus

and in the fact that he provided

handsomely by will for his half-brother, Valerius Proculus. In one of his odes/ Horace testities to the pious and affectionate character of Virgil, and the striking, almost passionate, phrase which he elsewliere applies to him, animae dimidium meae, 'half of my soul/ illustrates VirgiFs power
of inspiring affection in others.^

worth while dwelling on these features of Virgil's character, because they are all richl}'- exempliiied in his work and in every thing that Virgil wrote we can see, not a merely objective narrative, but the poefs personality and attitude toward life.
It is
;

6.

One
,

of the ancient lives

of Virgil tells us that the

poet was of large frame, dark complexion,


His personal appearance
.

awkward
Ile

in

appearance, and weak in health. x


?

sulfered

from dyspepsia^ and perhaps on this account and habits. We ^yg^g abstemious in eating and drinking. have already noted his shyness. Far from courting publicity, he would avoid the throngs that followed and pointed him out by retiring into the nearest house. Horace describes his three friends, Virgil, Plotius, and Varius, as ''the whitest souls ever borne by earth,"^ a beautiful testimony, not
only to VirgiPs spotless character, but also to the purity of
his social
1

and intellectual
24.

circle.
2 Odrs,

Odes,

I.

8.

Attributcd to Donatns. of tlu^ fourHi ccMtury, but really by Suetonius, a well-known l)ioj;raplu'r of tho first ccntury. * He was C7'udiis. (Horace, Satirrs, I. r>, A*X)
*

Aniinac (jnntHs noqiip cttndidiim^s Terra tidit, neque qiiis me sit devlnctior altcr.

(Satires,

I.

5, 41.)

INTRODUCTION
7.

XXI

He YirgiPs edncation was carefully attended to. studied at Mantua and Cremona, then at the larger city of Milan (Mediolanum), and lastly at the age of
fionl^nd^"
literary training.

This was in seventeen he passed on to Rome. the year o3 B.C., one year after the death of

CatuUus and two years after that of Lucretius. Greek under ParVirgil studied under the best masters thenius, a poet of some note; rhetoric under Epidius, the and i^hilosophy under master of Antonius and Octavius This last study had great Siro, a distinguished Epicurean. attractions for the youth, and one poem in the Catalepton voices the delight with which, giving up the rhetoricians
:

and grammarians, he turned to philosophy. 8. The poem just referred to is composed in a peculiar
metre^ much used by Catullus, to whom, in the sixth Aeaeid, Virgil paid marked homage, for the line
eariiJr p^oets,

especialiy Lucretius.

^i^^ ^hich Aeneas begins his address to Dido in the world below,
Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi,
^

is

taken directly from an elegiac poem'' by the earlier writer.


little of

Virgil, then, studied Catullus,

not a

the precision,
is

and thus, perbaps, secured delicacy, and artistic finish for

which. Catullus

famous.

But

if

Virgil is indebted to Catullus,

much

greater

is

his

debt to another famous poet, Lucretius. CatuUus could teach form and style, but Lucretius could widen the horizon
of his spirit.

In a certain passage of the Georgks/ Virgil pays a remarkable tribute to the author of the great poem
No. 5. The term Catalepton (/card Xeirrov, i.e., snaall ') is applied to a group of 14 short poems attributed to Virgil. Some, at least, of these are genuine. * Catullus, 66," 39. 2 The scazon or limping iambic. ^ Georgics II. 475 fE. 3 VI. 460.
1
'

XXii

INTKODUCTION

anxious to sing, as Lucretius had done, of themarvels of the physical universe, yet he realizes that his genius is of a humbler kind, and he must be content to

On

JSfature.

He

is

utter his "native woodnotes wild."

This ambition to become a natural philosopher stayed with We find the philosophic coloring freVirgil to the end.
quently in the Aeneid, and Suetonius tells us that after putting the finishing touches to his epic, the poet had in-

tended to devote the rest of his

The

style of

Lucretius

vigorous,

life to

philosophy.^

independent, almost

careless,

Ennius^

and
is

closely akin to that of the early writers like

very different from the studied precision of


is

undoubtedly influenced by both of these great poets, and in his hexameters we find that in numerous details, as in general eftect, he strikes a happy mean between the easy freedom of the one
CatuUus.

In moulding his style, Virgil

and the labored


9.

finish of the other.

went to Tlome, ten years of VirgiPs life are a blank, but this period was doubtless spent in hard study and numerous poetical es-

From 53

b.c,

when he

first

period of

says.^
life.

In 42

B.C.,

the year of Philippi,

we

find

Virgirs

\^[iyi

tions under

once more at his okl home. The victorious triumvirs, in providing for the settlement of the
great arniies which

the Second

Tnumvirs.
trict,

had been raised during tlie ^^^-i ^^^^,^ coiifiscated Lands in the Cremona disand "Mantua, alas too near unhappy Cremona"'*
!

Ut reliqua vlta (antum philonophiae, vacarot. The term philosophia is here used inaiiily of so-ealled natural philosophy in its hmadest sense. 2 Ennius, called the " father of Ronian poetry," lived from 231)-16i) b.c. 8 Besides the Catalepton, there are extant tive minor poeius tliat liave heenattril)Mtfd to VirKil, viz. the Culcx, (7/-/.s-, Copa, Morrtum, and Actna, hut very few .scholars helieve that any of tlies(! are genuine. * Mantua vac vii.serae niiniunt vicina Cremonae. {Eclogues, IX. 28.)
1
'

'

INTRODUCTION
sufferecl as well.

XX 111
neighbors, was dispos-

The

poet, like

liis

sessed of his farra and, attempting resistance, barely escaped

But the momentary misfortune was a wonderVirgil found a friend in the noble ful blessing in disguise. Asinius Pollio, administrator of the proviDce, and secured the patronage of two distinguished men, Cornelius Gallus and Alfenus Varus, both of whom had been- his fellowstudents in Eome. Through tliem he was introduced to Octavius, and either recovered his farm or received in compensation an estate in Campania. 10. The poems, in which Virgil records his experience
with his
life.^

at this trying time, are the ten

Edogues, written at various times after 43 b.c, and published in their present order in 37 b.c. The two which are mainly concerned with his expulsion from the farm are the

first

and ninth, but at least three, viz. the second, third, and fifth (and probably the seventh as well), preceded the tirst in point of time, and, like it, were written in the poefs native district. The sixth and ninth were composed at Siro's villa; the remainder, viz. the fourth, eighth, and tenth, were written in Rome. Pollio, Gallus, and Varus are all
sung in the Edogues, but the
tirst

of the

poems doubtless
sole ruler in

won

its

place in the series because of the honor there paid

to Octavius,
Italy.

who

before 37

b.c.

had become

The Edogues

are permeated with an air of tender and


f riends

romantic sentiment, of love of home and


of the dolce far niente of Italian
life,

and country,

of

happy communion

with nature in her many phases. Their fragrant atmosphere and rich melodiousness have commended them to the choice
spirits of

many

generations.
1

Milton, Coleridge, and

Words

See

3 above.

xxiv

INTRODUCTION
all

worth loved them, and Macaulay liked them best of


VirgiPs works.
11.

To VirgiPs contemporaries,
ture.
.

the note struck in the

Eclogues meant the beginning of a


Third penod of Virgirs
life.

new

era for
-.

Roman litera-,

The poefs ^
lirst

succegs
i

by prince and
reform the

ti people alike,

was at once recofjnized and m that age of


daj'',

,.

The
.

statesman of the

Maecenas,

sought to secure his genius for the noble work Hence the four books of the of reconstructing the state. Georgics, upon which Virgil spent seven years, and which,
published in 29 b.c, two years after the battle of Actium, are the first, as they are also the most brilliant, of the
literary productions of the

eorgic

Empire.
is

The dominant tone

of the Georgics

happiuess and joy,

with but a slight undercurrent of that sadness which is never far away in VirgiL They are in fact a eulogy, a rhapsody ahnost, upon the farmer's life, and from first to last thrill with the poefs ardent love of his subject.

"The

glorification of labor " is Merivale's characterization

of the Georgics.

It

would be almost as

fitting to call

a glorification of Italy.

" Hail, thou land of


!

them Saturn, mighty

It is for thee mother of harvests, mighty mother of men It is for I venture upon an ancient art of high renown."^ Previous Italy that Virgil sings of the husbandman's labor. poets had sung for Kome Virgil was the first to sing for a
;

united Italy.
12.

If the Eclogues

won

general applause for Virgil, the

Fourth
P^",,
Virgil s
,.,

life.

The Aeneid.

him on a pinnacle of sph^udid isohation, and lie was everywhere acknowledged ^ Rome's greatest poet. It is little wonder, as
Georgics placed
'

'^

'^Salve,

mogna parons frucium, Saturnhi


;

tellus,

Miujna tnriim
Itiyredior.

tihi i'es atitiquao laudis ct artis


II.

{Georgics,

173 ff.)

I^^TRODUCTION
therefore, tliat

XXV

everybody looked forward with the greatest interest to the next achievement of his muse. The ancient biographer^ tells us that " ahnost before the Aeneid was begun, expectation was so keen that the poet Propertius did
not
hesitate
to

make

this
;

prediction

writers of
is

Eome and

Greece

Give place, all a work greater than the Iliad


:

'

coming to its 13. In 27 B.c. the title of Augustus was conferred on Octavius, and in the following year the emperor wrote entreating, almost threatening, letters from Spain, Virgil's
begging the poet to send him either the first clraft or at least some portion of the new work. It was very much later, however, when Virgil read to the emperor three books, the second, fourth, and
reading of the Aeneid

birth/ "

sixth,

the

three,

it

may

be

noticed, vrhich

are ahnost

always regarded as the

finest of the Aeneid.

We

are told

that VirgiPs reading was wonderfully sweet and fascinating,

one of several respects in which he and Tennyson resembled each other.^ The young Marcellus, the hope of the Empire,

and when in his recitation the poet reached that exalted and pathetic passage near the end of the sixth book, in which the sad event is foreshadowed, the passage including those thrilling words which Dante
in 23 b.c,

had died

long afterwards heard the blessed chanting Octavia, the heart-broken mother, fainted away

in Paradise,

" Heii miserande puer, si qua fata aspera mmpas, Tu Marcellus eris Manibus date lilia pleuis. " ^
!

After spending eleven years on the composition of the Aeneid, Virgil set out in 19 b.c. for Greece and Asia, where
14.
Suetonius (Donatus) See note 3, p. xx. 2See Quarterly Review, January, 1901, pp. 99-129. 3 Aeneicl, VI. 882.
1
.

XXVI
he mtended to spend
. His journey to Greece, lllnessand
.

INTKODLX^TION
tlie

next three years in piitting the

fiiiishing touclies to his epic.

Aiigustus ou his ^
.

At Athens, however, meeting homeward iourney from the


"^

East, he
^q Italy.

was induced

to return

with che emperor

fever, contracted at

worse during the voyage, and death at Brundisium, a few days after landing, in the fiftyfirst year of his age. 15. Before leaving Italy, Virgil had made his friends,
L. Varius
His final
instructions to his

Megara, grew ended in his

and Plotius Tucca,

his residuary legatees

and liter-

ary executors, directiug them to publish nothing

which had not already been edited by him.^ This request had special reference to the Aeneid, which he had begged Varius to burn in the event of his death.^ So anxious was he to have this done that in
in his last

i-iii

ii

ttii-i

destroy

it

hours he vainly called for his manuscript, so as to witli liis own hands. It is pathetic to think of
it

the dying poet thus keenly sensitive to imperfections in his

cannot but increase our adniiration for his genius to learn that nothing satisfied him short of absolute
perfection.

work, and

We

are tohl that Varius had refused to give

his promise to destroy the

poem.

IJe tliat as it

may, Augus-

tus issued orders to have


to edit
it,

it

published, directing the executors

and prescribing that while they were at liberty to remove superfluities, yet they were to make no additions.^ The corrections made were very slight.^
Vario ac simul Tuccae scHpta sua sub ea condicione legavit ne quid edereiU quod non a se editum esset.
1

rum Vario, priusqxiam Italia decederet, ^ii si quid sibi acciAcncida combureret. ^ Auf/ustusvero, ne tantuni opus periret, Tuccam et Varium hac lege iussit emendare ut sui>crflua demerent, nihil adderent tamen. (From
^Ef/prat
disxct

Servius.)
*

Summatim emendata.

INTRODUCTION
16.

XXVll

In SuetoniiTS and Servius only two examples are cited One is the of passages omitted by the original editors.
The
prooe-

prooemium of four
tion to tlie Aeneid.

lines,

the personal introduc-

mium

the Aenetci.

This is certainly out of keep^^^^ with epic tone, drawing the attention as it does to the poet rather than to his lofty theme, though not
to

The original is unlike the elosing lines of the Georgics. given on page 187, and may be translated thus " I am he
:

who once tuned my song on

a slender reed, and then, quitting

the woodland, constrained the neighboring fields to serve the a work dear to farmers; hrisbandmen, however grasping

but

now

the bristling arms of

Mars

I sing.

..."

Virgil

may

well have written these verses in the experimental stage


it is

of composition, but

quite unlikely that he

would have

retained

them in his published work. 17. The other passage belongs to the Helen episode in the second book, and though omitted from all the best manu TheHelen
episode

cannot be excluded without iniuring the scripts ^


.

context to a serious extent.


II.

It

7 i.i was probably

dropped by Varius and Tucca in deference to the poet's expressed dissatisfaction with the scene. The pacsage was apparently known to others, and was possibly published later by some one who regretted its omisIndeed, the very fact of its omission from the first sion.
567-588).

(Aeneid

complete edition would bring

it

into notice,

much

as rejected

poems
18.

of

modern writers are not infrequently published by


some interesting work jjursued by Virgil. We are
throws
light

their biographers and reviewers.

Suetonius

on the

methods of
Virgil's

tokl that

when

methods
of

work.

^ ^^'^s writing the Georgics, he would con over and dictate in the early morning a large number ^^ verses, and then spend the whole day in cor-

XXVlll
recting and reducing

INTRODUCTION
them
to the smallest

compass/ the

poet humorously comparing himself to a she-bear " licking

her cub into shape."

been estimated that the length of time, seven years, given to the Georgics would mean an average of less than one line daily. No wonder that the poem reveals such exIt has

and that the Aeneicl, a work between four and five times as long and left unrevised by its author, should in this respect suffer by comparison. As to the later poem, we are told- that Virgil "first drafted the Aeneid in prose, and having arranged it in twelve books, proceeded to compose it bit by bit, just as the fancy took him, without attacking subjects in due order. And that nothing might stay his inspiration, he allovved some passages to remain imperfect, while others he bolstered up, as it were, with mediocre lines, which he jestingly declared were inquisite finish in details,

serted as props to

support the structure, until the solid

During the composition, Virgil on certain occasions read his work to others, though not often, generally confiuing himself to passages about which he was in doubt, that he might have the benefit of liis hearers' judgment. It is easy to see from this statement how it was tliat VirgiPs closest literary friends, Varius and Tueca, both of them critics whose approval Horace proudly claims, and one of them, Varius, himself a tragic and epic poet of

columns arrived."

distinction,
lCf.

were, in
:

all

probability, thoroughly familiar

Tennyson

" 01(1 poets foster'd under friendlier skies,

Old VirKil, wlio wonld write ten

lines,

they say,

At

diiwii, iuid liivish

iill

thc ^oldoii d;iy


iii

To
^

in;i,ke

them wcalthicr

his readers' eyes."

Apneida

p7'os(i

prius oratioue
insiituit.

fonnatam digestamque

in XII. libros

particulatim coinponere

INTRODUCTIOX
with. tlie

XXIX

poefs sentiments and conceptions, and peculiarly well qualiiied to act as tlie editors of his j)Osthamous work. These personal details"should not be overlooked when we form our estimate of VirgiPs Aeneicl, one of the most ambitious poetical attempts in the history of literature, and
yet the offsx^ring of a shy, diffident
lofty aims
spirit,

conscious of

and

ideals,

but wholly devoid of self-assertion or

self-complacency.

whether in painting, music, architectureTscuTpture or poetry, is the power it possesses, in the way, not of actual expression, but of sugAtestof This is somegestion and spiritual stimulation. thing which we all recognize in the noblest of the Psalms of David, in the best scenes of the Iliad and
19.

One

test of lofty art,

Odyssey, in the

brilliant

choruses of the

Agamemnon

of

Aeschylus or the Antigone of Sophocles, in Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton, and last, but not least, in many moving
passages in the Aeneid.
20.

If

such a power were not inherent in Yirgil,


for the fact that in

how

could
^.

we account

European

literature

authority in the later Ro-

he has played a part second only to that of the Bible itself ? His successors in Latin literature,
]\Xai'tial, '

manEmpire.

Juvenal, Tacitus, Seneca, and the


'

rest,

were

all

nurtured on

^^.
\

^_

irgil.

Martiai and JmIius


subject of

o-t

kept his birthday sacred.

He was

the main

study in the schools of rhetoric throughout the Empire, and Comparetti^ assures us that " the use which the gramma-

made of Virgil is Irians scripts of him had beeu

manulost, it would be pcssible, from the notices given us by the ancients of the Virgilian poems, and
so extensive that, if all the

iDomenico Comparetti Vergil in the Middle Ages, translated from Italian into English by E. F. M. Benecke (The Macmillan Co., 1895).
:

XXX

INTRODUCTION
tlie

the passages quoted from theiii by


to reconstruct practically the Georgics,
.
. .

grammarians

alone,

and the Aeneid. supreme, and his poetry was, so ancients it was the tirst of all
;

whole of the Edogues, the The authority of Virgil was


to speak, the Bible of the

and was always in everybody's hands." From the time of Hadrian^ on, the so-called " lots of Virgil " were consulted by the superstitious, even as the faithful in like manner had rescholastic books,
to

In the sixth century people still crowded Trajan's Forum to hear the Aeneid recited, and a charchman like Jerome, on liearing of the fall of Rome when stormed by Alaric the Goth, gives utterance to his grief in words taken partly from the Aeneid, and Many Christian poems on Biblical partly fi'om the Psalms.
course

the

sacred Scriptures.

/1
'

themes were but centos made up of lines from VirgiPs works. 21. In the Middle Ages Virgil was known among the people as a magician and a saint, and on the threshold of modern literature he is Dante's giiide to lead him ^""^ into Paradise. And if Virgil had no other claim Z'''^^ Dante. to distinction, this fact, that he is the acknowledged '^ master and author " of Dante,*^ and the only source of his ''noble style," at a time when Greek had not yet come to its hour of resurrection, would surely be enough to win
.

for

him the reverence and

affection of

all.

22.

On English

literature Virgil has

had an enormous

in-

fluence in both a direct and an indirect way.

In Celtic tales

influence on

the voyage of Aeneas gave" birth to the voyage of Brutus, who founds in Albion a new Troy or

Engiish

lit-

Londou.

In the twelfth- century Geoffrey of


of
tliis

Monmouth makes much


history,
1

story in

his

and

after

him

it

is

found

in

many

forms.

Empcror

of liome

from 117-138 a.d.

^iyjmia, Iii/erno, Cauto

85

E.

INTRODUCTION
Geoffrey^s

XXxi

work gave
to the
it

birth to a French poem,

was founded Layamon's Brut.


accepted

upon which The myth was generally

down

middle of the seventeenth century


in his history.

and Milton records


Elizabethan age

The

literature of the

with allusions to it. To deal adequately with VirgiFs direct influence on our literature would be a gigantic task, and here we can merely suggest how far-reaching it has been. In the Hous of Fame Chaucer gives an outline of the Aeneid, dwelling mainly on
is lilled

the Dido episode, a story of peculiar fascination for Elizabethan writers. Nash and Marlowe dramatized

all
it,

the

and

Shakespeare refers to
is

it

many

times.

Bacon

calls Virgil

" the chastest poet and royalest, that to the

memory

of

man

known." Most of our later poets have confessed their indebtedness to Virgil. For Dryden he is his divine master. Cowper
counted
it

"

An

effort vain

To sweeten more sweet Maro's matchless

strain."

In Wordsworth's eyes the Bay of Naples was sacred to


Virgil
" That delicious Bay Parthenope's Domain Virgilian haunt Illustrated with never dying verse, And by the Poefs laurel-shaded tomb, Age after age to pilgrims from all lands Endeared." i

At

Naples, too, Matthew Arnold can think only of the "sweet, tender Virgil." William Morris gave striking evi-

dence of his fondness for the poet by translating the long Aeneid into English verse, and so we may pass down the
1

Memorials of a Tour in Italy.

XXXU
list

INTIIODUCTION
\

of iminortals to Tennyson,

who shows not onlj by


;

his

glorious tribute/
*'

Light

among
liis

the vanished ages

star that gildest yet this

phantom shore,"

but also by
that he
is

countless Virgilian ecboes and references,

"tho most Virgilian of modern poets."^ It is with good reason, then, that Professor MacMechan^ has said " Beginning the Aeneid is like setting out upon a ibroad and beaten highway, along which countless feet have
:

ipassed in the course of nineteen centuries.

It is a spiritual

highway, wdnding through every age and dvery clime." 23. Not ephemeral are books like this; they put ns in touch with the culture of former ages. Their roots have ^'^^^ down deep into humanity, and to tear them Perennial
vaiueofthe
Aeneid.

out woukl be impossible.

Thus

it

is

that the

words of Virgil come to us charged with the emotions of the centuries past, and these emotions cluster as thick about them as about tlie trumpet calls of Isaiah or
the soft music of the Twenty-third Psahn.
says Woodberry,^ " shows
in literature
tliat

"

The

Aeneid,^^

characteristic of greatness
;

which

lies

in its being a watershed of time


all tliat

it

looks back to antiquity in


of imagination, character

clothes

it

with the past

tian times in all

and event, and forward to Christhat clothes it with emotion, sentiment and
of

finality to the heart."

24.
1

There
Virf/il.

are,

course,

some obvious defects


Mantuans
P.

in the

To

Writteii at the request of the

for the nineteenth

ceiitenary of Virj^irs death.


Co., 1904).

See page Ix. by Tenuyson, Echoes in 2See Clasaical

W.

Mustard (The Macmillan

sprofessor of Enjxlish Litcraturc in Dalliousie CoUege, Ilalifax. The extract is from a ijublislicd lccturc on Vir<,nl. 4 Professor of Coinparative Literature in Cohimbia University, Ne\ See his Great Writers, p. i:W (McClure Co., N.Y., lit07). Tfork.

INTBODUCTION
Aeneid.

XXXIU

The

spell of

Homer

is

too strong at times, and

the

first of

its ciass.

with the lUad and Odyssey before him, made the Aeneid too lengthy and brought in too many scenes of battle and bloodshed. The hero
Virgil,

is not, first

and foremost, a warrior, and

it is

a mistake that

in certain passages Virgil has given

him

too strong a resemessentials he is

blance to Achilles,

the only model more like Virgil worthy of Virgil, and we, realizing the solidarity of classical literature and the sense of continuity running through it all, are sometimes urprised to find how original and indepenWe dent, for all his indebtedness to Homer, Virgil can be. no longer regard the Iliad and the Aeneid as epics of the same type. The world of the Augustan age was not the same world as in the old Homeric days, and we have
learnt that the later epic
of culture
is

when we know that in But Homer was himself.

as truly representative of an age

and

art, of

w^ealth

and imperial power, as the

earlier is the

product of an age of artlessness, simplicity,

and open-eyed wonder.


a truly national work, the Aeneid draws upon all the best stores in the previous literature of Kome,^ and it is that the later epic The Aeneid ^^ ^ somewhat similar way
25

As

in its rela-

draws upon Homer.

tion to earture.
1

The Homeric poems were familiar to all Komans Avho could boast of any education w^hatever. They had become absorbed
epics, especially the

Annales of Ennius (239-169 b.c.) and the Punic War of Naevius (240-202 b.c). The Amiales of Ennius was a poetic chronicle of historical incidents from the earliest days of the city to the poefs own time. The work was regarded with veneration hy all Roraans, and the Aeneid is saturated with its iufluence. Naevius, in his epic, had handled the mythical history of both Rome and Carthage, and thus provided Yirgil with some of the material used in the first four books. The tragedies of Pacuvius (219-129 b.c.) and Accius (170 to about 90 ii.c.) had aliso ao little influence on Vir^il.
Notably the

XXXIV
iiito

INTllODUCTION
iiitellectiial life

the

of

Rome,

jiist

as

much

of

Hebrew

litevature has been absorbed into ours.

Not

only, therefore,

bound to show their influence in the Aeiieidy but that influence must logically be paramount. Virgil had already become the Theocritus^ and the Hesiod^ of Rome now that he was entering upon the epic field he must strive to become the Homer of Rome as well. 26. But to become another Homer, it was necessary to do far more than simply transfer Homeric verses to his pages. Suetonius tells us that some critics of Virgil Virgil's absorption of reproached him f or taking too f reely from the Greek. The poet retorted by declaring that if they would try to do what he had done, they would find it easier to take the club from Hercules than a verse from Homer."^ And there is no doubt that Virgil himself and
are these epics
;

almost
of

all

of his contemporaries regarded his reproductions

Homer much as we

look upon Landor's

echoes of

Roman
if

classics or

Matthew ArnokVs
the original,

copies from Greek tragedy.'^


are appropriate, and
all

The thoughts please because they

we know

we

read the imitation with


" if

the

greater satisfaction.

It is thus that Voltaire very justly re-

marked on one occasion that

Homer

is

the creator of

Virgil, Virgil is certainly the finest of his works." 9 The Aeneid is such a comprehensive work that

be approached by niany avenues and studied


Comprehensiveness of the Aeneid.

may from many


it

P^i^i^s of view.

It is a storehousc of the literait is

ture of the past;


anti(piitios

compendium
;

of

Roman
it

and lloman customs


a eulogy of

it is

an epitome

of

Itoman
1 Iii

liistory; it is

Koman

imperialism;

tlie

Erlnr/ups.

2 j <i,e Grorglcft.

3 Fdciliiis csac llrrculi clardtii quitiii


*

AValter SavapfG

Landor

(1775-18()4).

kuowledge of Latin

literaturo.

llomero rcrsuiii subripere. Ilis works revoal a reniarkable * J.(/. bis tragedy of Merope.

INTRODUCTION
is

XXXV

a splendid paean of
'

Roman
'

patriotism.

A recent writer
is

finds its

grandest pliase
life/'

in tlie fact that " it is


is
tlie loftiest

a meditaexpression
striking

tion

upon

and

it

certainly

ever

iieard

of

Roman
in

spirituality.

It

the

contrast between the deeply religious Virgil and the irreligious

atmosphere

which he lived that we

should

recognize, if Ave are to appreciate this great poet as

he

deserves.

This spiritual note is heard above all others in the Eclogues, as in the Pollio poem, a beautiful dream of a golden aGfe, when "a little child shall lead" the world ^ The uote , ^ , mto righteousness and peace. It is neard agam of spirituaiity. [^ the Georgics, where ora et labora, " work and
28.
'
. .

pray,"

is

the constant tlieme.

And

again

we
;

find it echo-

In the First Book, the hero ing through the long Aeneicl, resigns himself to fate and the will of the gods in the Sectaken from his eyes, and he sees the gods themselves uprooting Troy in the Third, he wanders to and fro, seeking guidance from above; in tlie Fourth, he forgets
ond, the mist
is
;

for a brief space his high mission, but responds at once to

the divine

call,

siuking self and sentiment


;

when duty

de-

he engages in the most pious of devotional acts, the sacrifices and games in honor of a dead father; in the Sixth, he essays to pierce the veil which hides the unseen world, and wins that revelation of life immortal which has enthralled the fancy of the greatest In the Christian poets of mediaeval and modern times. light of that revelation, Aeneas, throughout the second half of the Aeneid, calmly pursues his divinely ordered way, working out the destiny of his race and country with all

mands the

sacrifice

in the Fifth,

the serene confidence inspired by perfect faith in a divine


1

Woodberry, Great Writers,

p. 140.

XXXVl
blessing.
self,

INTRODUCTION
Herein we see embodied
it

tlie

soul of

Rome

her-

as she is revealed in her majestic development.

29.

But

is

in the

Sixth,

and

central,

Book

of the

twelve that Virgil breathes his highest spiritual aspirations.


The sixth
Aeneid.

This Hfe of

human

love unsatisfied
in the workl

has

effort,
it

of vain longing, of
fruition,

no

no

fulfil-

ment

beyond?

Is Lucretius right

when he

gloom of the grave, and leaves us to an immortal death? This is the question with which the poet grapples in this wonderful book, and in the answer we have (next to Plato's Phaedo) the noblest spiritual utterance of pagan thought. For out of all that the legends, traditions, poetrj, mysteries, religion, and philosophy of Greece and Rome coukl teach, Virgil has gathered up the nobkst elements and niade one suprerae effort to catch a vision of the world beyond the grave. 30. The Aeneid is an epic in twelve books, the first half dealing with the hero's wanderings from his okl home in The story of Troy, and the second half with his wars, inleads us
to the
the Aeneid.

down

curred in making a

new home

for his people.

Tlie

poem thus becomes at once an Odyssey and an Iliad. The story opens, in true epic fashion, not with the begin-

ning of the hero's wanderings, but in the seventh year after the fall of Troy. The subject is briefly stated,

and then we have " a view of the supernatural machinery by which it is to be worked out." While sailing from Sicily, the Trojans encounter a stor^n raised by Aeohis
(god of the winds) at the request of Juno, who, in her hatred
of the Trojan race, wouhl gladly destroy
its last

and so prevent the founding of Rome. wrecked off the African coast, where Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, is hospitably received by Queen Dido, who is

remnants The Trojans are

INTRODUCTION
founding
tlie

XXXVll

Phoenician city of Carthage. Thus the poet peoples, skilfully contrives to bring into association the two Eomans and Carthaginians, who at a later time were to dispute the supremacy of the western Mediterranean. This, provided then, is one feature of the historical background
for the narrative.

Dido, who, by the help of Venus, has become enamoured leader, at of Aeneas, gives a grand banquet to the Trojan which she invites him to tell the story of Troy's fall and
his subsequent wanderings.

In the Second Book Aeneas tells the thrilling story of the capture and destruction of Troy by the Greeks, the subsequent massacre, and the escape from the city Book II. ^^ himself with his father and young son lulus (or Ascanius), together with a small band of citizens.

The Third Book contains the main narrative Book III. ^^ ^^^^ wanderings of Aeneas, who is endeavoring to found a city and carry his gods to a new land. At the outset he is quite in the dark as to his goaL Thus
he
Thrace, but listening to the supernatural warning Delos. of the murdered Polydorus, he steers his course to Here a divine voice bade him seek his ancient motherland. Anchises interprets this as meaning Crete, the ancient home
sails to

settlers of Teucer, but a pestilence drives the would-be

from

the Cretan shores. Again, in a dream, Aeueas

assured by the Penates that he should seek Hesperia. Once more the Trojans put to storm on one of sea, but are forced to take refuge from a Harpy. the Strophades, where they are cursed by Celaeno, a ButhAfter spending a wdnter at Actium they pass on to rotum, and visit the kingdom of Helenus, who, inspired by
is

Apollo, instructs Aeneas as to the rest of his journey.

XXXVIU

INTRODUCTIOX

Avoiding the eastern coast of Italy, they pass on to Sicily, where, on reaching Drepanuin, Anchises dies. On resuming the voyage they encounter the storm already described,^ as a result of which they land, not in Italy, but in Africa. Thus we are brought back to the beginning*of

Book I. The Fourth Book is the story of the hero's great temptation and of the tragedy of Dido. Aeneas lingers on in the
Book , IV.
,

pleasant land of Carthai^e, enthralled bv the ^ cnarms of the queen, and forgetful of his lofty
'
-^
-

mission.

Dido, her love for Aeneas becomes an overmastering passion, and though, on the loss of her husfor

As

band Sychaeus, she had vowed never to wed again, she lends a willing ear to her sister Anna, who urges lier to unite herself to Aeneas in marriage. Aeneas, however, is recalled to a sense of his duty by a divine warning, and, notwithstanding Dido's pleading and upbraiding, determines to leave
between her people and his there may be eternal hatred, mounts her funeral pyre and stabs herself with her lover's sword. In the Fifth Book Aeneas returns to Sicily on the anniversary of his father's death, in whose honor lie celebrates funeral games. While these are in proffress, 1 & Book V. _ the women, mcited by Juno, set hreto the ships, hoping thus to bring their journeying to an end. Rain, coming in answer to the prayer of Aeneas, quenclies the llames, and then, h^aving some of his followers behind, the
.

Carthage.

The deserted queen,

after praying that

>

hero sets

sail for Italy.

In the Sixth Book Aeneas lands at Cumae, in Camj^ania, where he invokes the aid of Ai^ollo and the ^ , Book VI. ,. ^. SibyL With the hitters help he discovers the
,

\n

I.

81

ff.

INTRODUCTION
'golden bough/ Avhich enables
Y/orlc^,

XXxix

him

to pass into the lowei

There he fincls Anchises, who enlightens him on tlie future of tlie Trojan race, and points out the souls of the famous Eomans, to be born in
later times.

accompaniecl by the Sibyl.

Tlie last six books have been called Virgil's Iliad, because

in these the poet clescribes the hero's


Books
VII-XII.

warfare on Italian
Latinus,

soiL

Lavinia,

daughter of

kiug of

Laurentum, had been betrothed to Turnus, a Rutidian chieftain, but an oracle having declared that slie should wecl a foreign prince, Latinus pledged her to Aeneas. Turnus rouses tlie Latins to war, ancl Aeneas forms an alliance with Evander, who reigns in Pallanteum, on the site of the later Rome. The resulting conflict, which involves Italian tribes and legendary heroes, is conclucled by the deatli of Turnus in single combat with Aeneas. 31. Like a tragecly, an epic demands unity, and Virgil's Aeneid was probably the iirst Roman epic to secure unity The Punic Unity of the ^^^ ^^^ proper sense of the word. Aeneid. Wcu' of jSTaevius ^ and tlie more ambitious Annales of Ennius were probably deficient in tliis respect, for being verse chronicles of historical events, they could not have had a really organic unity such as tlie epic properly demands. Any unity wliich tlie Annales could claim must have been clue to the central idea of Rome's greatness or Kome's destiny. True unity, however, is secured by the action. Tliis shoulcl be complete in itself, with beginning, middle, and end; and the parts of which the epic is composed sliould be truly integral, so that no one can be withdrawn without affecting the whole. In tliis respect, the Aeneid
1

See

25.

Xl

INTRODUCTION
which destructive

sliows mucli higher unity than the Iliad,


critics

have so often pulled to pieces. The Aeneid takes its name from the hei^o, yet it is not he but the action which gives unity, viz. the new settlement of the Trojans or the transfer of the Penates from Troy to Latium. The opening words, anna virumque, indicate the subject, with the hero's purpose,
dura conderet urbem Inferretque deos Latio,"
'
'

and the

result finally achieved,


" genus unde Latinum

Albanique

pg^tres

atque altae moenia Romae."

The narrative concludes, not with the foundation

of a city,

but with the death of Turnus, because, as this removes the last hindrance which stood in the way of a defiuite settlement, the poetic interest here closes. No need is there for

Roman poet to tell his readers every Eoman daughter would do,
a
the nian of his choice.

what obey her father and marry


that Lavinia will do

Jupiter himself, moreover, a true

deus ex machina, promises^ the union of the two peoples. Eome's future is assured.
32.

The

story of the Aeneid begins with the fall of Troy,

for herein lies the origin of the hero's mission, viz. to carry

A senous
.

initial diffi-

Penates to Latium. Heinze^ has pointed out how the author was confronted with
the Troian
^* _

cuity.

a serious

initial difficulty.

Aeneas, the ancestor

had fled from his fatherLand, driven To a Eoman, Rome was what out by a victorious enemy. Troy was to Aeneas, but coukl a Roman turn his back on a falling Kome and not perish with her ? Could the gods of
of the

Eoman

people,

Aeneid,

XIL

834

E.

2 Virgils

Epische Technik, pp. 3

fif.

INTRODUCTION

xli

be carried to a foreign land ? Tn Livy ^ (a contemporary of Virgil), we may still read the fervid speecli of

Rome

Camillus, in which the patriot shows

how no

true

Eoman

could entertain the idea of removing from Rome to Veii after the destruction of the city by the Gauls. In the case of Aeneas, therefore, VirgiPs lirst aim must

have been to secure him against the reproach of weakness, cowardice, and disloyalty. He had to arouse sympathy for the fallen, and rob the Greeks of the glory which attends And yet the story of Troy's fall was familiar from success.
tradition,

woukl have been unwise, if not impossible, Thus to depart seriously from the well-known narrative. it is that early in the epic the poet shows not only that it was through no lack of valor that Troy fell, but also that the abandonment of the city was a duty imposed by fate

and

it

on the hero,

who was

to be the saviour of his kindred, his

countrymen, and his country's gods.

Hence that triumph

of poetic art, the brilliant narrative of the Second Book, one of the most moving stories in the literature of the

world.

been pointed out that the personality of Aeneas, whether satisfactory or not, is essentially an In the Homeric original creation of VirgiFs. Traditions of Aeneas. poems, though playing an honorable part, he
33.

It has often

yet enjoys no special distinction, and, outside of Homer, such legends as clung to him were exceedingly vague and involved no striking features. He was, however, the

most suitable person to choose as the mythical hero of an epic on Eome, for he not only figured in both Trojan and Italian traditions, but he was the reputed ancestor of
1

Titus Livius, 59 B.C.-17 a.d.


to us.
fE.

Of his History of Rome, 35 out of 142


of Camillus
is

books have come down


V., ch. 51

The speech

given in Book

Xlii

INTKODUCTION
all

the Juliaii line, ancl in the Julian Augustus was centred the vast power of the Itoman Enipire.

Many
coasts.

disconnected traditions linked the

name

of Aeneas

or of Troy with a variety of places on the Mediterranean

Greek who lived in Rome at the tinie of Virgil) cites the story that Aeneas died in Thrace, but he is also familiar with traditious which made him die in Arcadia and Italy. His tomb, indeed, was found in so many places that the writer fears tlie fact may prove a puzzle. " But let people reflect," he adds, " that
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
^

(a

this difficulty is

common
let

to

many

heroes, especially those

who have had remarkable


wandering, and

fortunes and have lived lives of


that, while only

them learn

one pLace

receives the actual body, memorials have been raised in

many
if

places from good-will for kindness rendered, especially

any of the hero's race have survived, or because the hero founded the particular city, or stayed there a long time and was a benefactor." And in this way Dionysius accounts for the tonibs of Aeneas in Ilium, Bebrycia, Phrygia, Pallene, Arcadia, Sicily, and " many other places " where, after death, "he was honored with mounds and much
building of tombs."

Tradition also connects Aeneas closely ^vith the worship


of Venus (or Aphodite).

founded temples in her honor at Pallene, Cythera, Zacynthos, and Buthrotum, while at Leucas and Actium, as well as on the river Elymus, in Sicily, the temples had the names of both Aeneas and Aphrodite. There was also a town of Aeneia in Pallene, a shrine of Aeneas in Ambracia, aud an islaud of Aenaria near Cumae, wliile near the Sicilian Er^^x, where
is

Tlius he

said to have

1 He (';imo to Roiue abuut 30 B.c, and publisbcd bis Earbj Ilistory qf Boine about 8 B.c.

INTRODUCTION
the AphrocUte
ciilt

xliii

was

strong, there

were temples

asso-

ciated with Aeneas.

All this indicates a close connection in the current bebetween Aeneas and Venus, summed up the goddess. lief that Aeneas was the son of great variety As to the founding of Eome, there was a One myth made Eomus, a son of Ulysses,
of traditions.
its

Dionysius, however, cites several authorities founded Eome. This in support of the tale that Aeneas the time of the war bestory received special emphasis at Eome,i because Pyrrhus tween Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and the Eomans, as claimed to be a descendant of Achilles, and hereditary enemies. descendants of Aeneas, were naturally Acharnanians apphed At the end of the Pirst Punic War, the Aetolians, on the ground that to Eome for aid against the the war agamst Troy. their ancestors had not joined in ongm. Eome, therefore, was believed to have a Trojan Eome developed a literature, the poets took up the
founder.

and Carthage and Naevjus traced the quarrel of Eome Eomulus the son back to Aeneas and Dido. Ennius made but it was soon discovered of Ilia and grandson of Aeneas, to elapse between Aeneas that this did not allow enough time tradition, Eome had and Eomulus. According to a constant her first conhad but seven kings before 509 b.c, when one king to a generation suls were appointed, and reckoning reach the date 754 b.c. of thirty-five years, it was easy to accordmg to founding of the city. But as Troy,
matter,
for the

As

centuries earlier, Greek chronology, had failen some three in the intervening time between it was necessary to fill made to found Aeneas and Eomulus. Hence Aeneas was was followed by a line not Eome itself but Lavinium, and the actual founder of Alban kings, leading up to Eomulus,

of

Eome.
1

280-275 B.c.

xliv

INTliODUCTION

Thus we see tliat wlien Virgil undertook liis epic, he had to work into some sort of harmony a vast number of miscellaneous stories about Troy, the Mediterranean towns, Italy,

and Rome, and the

easiest

way

to join these together

was

to take as the centre of interest Aeneas, the reputed ancestor

of the imperial family.

It is interesting to learn that the

head of Venus appears on coins of the Julii in the middle of the second century b.c, and that Julius Caesar, in the
speech delivered at the funeral of his aunt, the widow of Marius, claimed descent from lulus, the son of Aeneas. In

Kome,

were certain other families which claimed a Trojan descent, and Virgil has given some of these the recognition they doubtless craved. In dealing with what we may call the Odyssey of his work, Virgil has endeavored and with great success
too, there

to include as

many

of these disconnected traditions as could

be embraced in a rational and connected account. Hence the Third Book, which, in view of its subject, was probably

one of the most

difficult

to write,

and which, therefore,

Virgil seems to have reserved to a late hour for composition.

between the Third Book and the rest of the narrative, which had already been framed without reference to the plan or details of this book. Such
Hence,
too, certain inconsistencies

inconsistencies Virgil would doubtless have rectihed, lived long enough to revise his work.
34.

had he

Though Aeneas thus


iii

figured in
is

many

traditions, his

Aeneas is the Character of embodiment of both personal and national virVirgirshero. tues. He is above all pius,^ the humble servant He is of tlie gods, and the symj^atlietic friend of man. also brave, even tliough the lirst time we see him he is
characterization

the epic

VirgiPs own.

See above,

5.

INTKODUCTION

xlv

plunged in despair.^ He has known mucli suffering, and, as the founder of a race, bears the burden of a heavy responsibility, being ever concerned with weighty problems.^ He is a statesman and a prince, to whom the welfare of his people is of supreme moment, and in his portrayal we should recognize not only a glorified Augustus, but also an embodiment of those great moral qualities which won
for

Rome

her world-wide supremacy.

As

a representative of the cultivated and complex Augus-

tan age, too closely identified, perhaps, witli abstract ideas, Aeneas does not evoke among VirgiPs readers the same

enthusiasm as is felt for a hero of a simpler, more concrete If, however, we keep in view the type, such as Achilles. the establishmain idea, that Aeneas has a divine mission, ment of a city which is to rule and civilize tlie w^orld, we may understand something of the intense interest with which a Eoman audience contemplated the hero of the

Aejieid.

Though modern sympathy with Aeneas may never be


very strong, yet only in one episode turning to conscious disapprovaL This
is
it

in danger of

is in

the tragedy of

Dido, where our romantic ideas often make us condemn the hero for faithlessness, blinding us to the fact that here was

crisis

when Aeneas had

to decide

and a stern sense of duty.^ He call to leave Carthage, and this pietas to the gods involved his duty to his country, his kindred, and his far-off posterity.'* In such a conflict between Love and Duty Aeneas
tion

between personal affechearkened to the divine

1 1.

92

ff.

2"He
8

is

perliaps the
p. 204.)

most solitary figure


^

in literature."

(Glover,

Studies in Virgll,

See IV. 393-396.

See IV. 351-361.

Xlvi

INTRODUCTION

could not have decided otherwise than he did and yet have remained a hero.
35.

In reading the Aeneid


it is

mind that
Great ideas prominent in the Aeneid.

important to bear in a national epic, and was written at a remarkit

is

^^^^ period in the history of


of

Eome.

The

battle

Actium had closed a century of terrible civic strife, and established the beneficent authority of one who brought security, peace, and a sense of national unity to an agitated, exhausted, and disunited E-oman world. It was "the culminating point of all the past history of Kcme and the starting-point of a greater future," and the
poet, realizing the significance of the event, surveys

with

pride Rome's steady progress from small beginnings, confidently looks forward to the giories yet to be.

and

The

Aeneicl, indeed, is a splendid expression of

gennine

and exalted patriotism. This is seen, not merely in tlie general conception and design of the poem, but ahso in
raany details, such as the frequent references to traditional

and

historical events, in Jupiter's

prophecy of the future


of

greatness of Rome,^ in the


13ook VI. ,^ and in the

roll-call

Roman

heroes in

many sympathetic

allusions to ancient

customs and institutions, as well as to the various Italian towns and peoples, and to the many rivers, lakes, and mountains which figured in tlie national history. "VirgiFs
epic," says Schuckburgh,^ " is

Roman

history on

tlie

highest

plane."

The

central figure of the

new age ushered

in

by Actium
tlie

was Augustus, for


founder of
lier

whom

Virgil entertained a sentiment of

enthusiastic admiration.

He was
tlie

the saviour of Kome,

empire, and

idol of hor citizens.

The

Aeneld
1

is

at once a glorification of
I.

Rome and

of Augustus.
p. 285.

Aeneid,

2Gl-2l)G.

2 n.

7.-,(;

fT.

3 Jui/u.^itiis,

INTKODUCTION
But the

xlvil

epic is also an expression of tlie best religious sentiment of Kome. This great empire had been built up

by

men who put


and
fiilly

their trust in the gods

nay,

it

was the
/

work

of the gods themselves.

natui-e

had a deeply religious recognized man's dependence on a superVirgil

natural, divine Fower.

This Power

is

often designated as
it,

Fatum

or Fata or Fortuna,

and

all

beings are siibject to


belief.

whether men or the gods of popular

Of the

latter,

Jupiter (called om.nipotens) appears at times as practically on a par with the Fates, though he is rather to be regarded as Among the other gods their viceroy, executing their wilL

Apollo plays a conspicuous part. He may be regarded as the spokesman or prophet of Jupiter, and just as he figures

prominently in

Plato's ideal

state,

so

we

find

Augustus

paying him special honor in his attempt to put fresh life This effort is reflected into the religious ritual of Kome.
in the Aeneid}

As

to

many

of the gods

who

figure in the Aeneid,

it

is

not necessary to suppose that the enlightened poet really They believed in their positive and individual existence.

were creations of the popular fancy of earlier days. They had figured in all the literature of the past, and for a national poet to disregard theni would have been unnatural and indeed impossible. Even Lucretius, whose De Rerum ^atura

a protest against superstition, invokes Venus at the opening of his great poem, and the poet who sings the glories of the Julian family could not but give special prominence to the goddess from whom, according to popuis

lar tradition,

that family was descended.

A^enus, indeed,
skilfully

and Juno, Neptune, Mercury, and other gods are


As far as ApoUo Books III. and VI.
1

is

concerned,, the student

may

note his prominence in

xlviii

INTRODUCTION
epic,

employed by Virgil in the macliinery of his

and

it

should be noticed that, as far as the characterization of these supernatural beings goes, they testify largely to Virgil's
originality of concejDtion.

But

it is

certainly not in

them

that

main evidence of the " We must never forget, of the epic. stand Augustus and his age, that the
find the
is

we

religious character
if

we would underreal theme of the


and
passion.

Aeneid

the victory of

iiietas,

of the sense of duty

discipline, over

wanton barbarism and individual


is

...

If

we ask why the Aeneid may


poem, the answer
civil

truly be called a great

religious

that after generations of


reflect the feeling of

crime and
the best

war a great poet could


is

men

of his time, that the

sense of duty to the

gods, the State, and the family

the one thing wanting to

make Rome once more happy and prosperous." ^ 36. The Augustan age is famous for the efforts made by the emperor and his ministers to beautify Rome and make
The
relation
^*

worthy of
Yi2ii}i

its

position as capital of the em-

of the

Aeneid pire.
^jj^i- jjg

Before his death Augustus could boast

to art.

found a city of brick, but was leaving one of marble, an aHusion to the splendid and costly buildings and works of sculpture which were due to him. Many passages in Virgil indicate the poefs interest in this side pf the emperor's activity, and we may be sure that, as a thoroughly cultivated man, he was as familiar with the artistic monuments of his time, as he was with the religious ritual and legendary lore which ligure so conspicuously in his poems. One of the most beautiful architectural works of Augustus was the temple of ApoUo on the Pidatine, which was richly
Fowler, Rffif/ion and Citizenship in Early Rome, in The Hihhert JourmU, Jnly, VMl Stiulents may profitably eonsult Carter. The Religion of Nutna (Macniill*n).
}
.

W. Warde

INTRODUCTION

xHx

adorned witli sculptures. To such artistic embellishraents we have a reference in the Sixth Aeneid, where Virgil dwells at length upon the sculptured scenes on the doors of Apollo's temple at Cumae, and in the First Book, where he
describes the

temple in Carthage. Similar references are found in the Eighth Aeneid and in
sculptures of

Juno's

the Georgics.

number of noble productions of Greek secured by Augustus to adorn his public buildings.
vast

art

were

All the

great masters of earlier days were represented, and contemporary artists were also employed. One of the latter was
Arcesilaus,

a statue of Venus for the forum of This statue,^ unlike most representations Julius Caesar. of Venus, was a f ully draped figure, and Virgil seems to have been thinking of it when he wrote his most detailed

who made

description of the goddess

(I.

words pedes vestis deflxixit who is often I. 315 ff., Virgil has in mind statues of Diana, represented in short hunting attire, with the knees left In the Diana of VersaillesHhe drapery is actually bare.
turned back above the left knee, as if to display the latter fuUy to view (nuda genu, 320). The passage in Aeneid, V. 817 ff., where Neptune, attended by his varied train, glides over the stormy seas and quiets them, and that in the same book (240 ff.), where Cloanthus

Note especially the 402 ff.). Similarly in ad imos (I. 404).

heard by the choir of the Nereids and of Phorcys, by Panopea and Portunus, remind us of a famous work of Scopas, which, about 30 b.c, was taken from Bithynia and This work set up in the temple of Neptune in Eome.
is

showed Thetis carrying the body of Achilles over the and attended by Neptune himself, besides Nereids on
1

sea,

dol-

See Fig.

9, p. 27.

See Fig.

8.

INTRODUCTION
of

phins, hippocamps, the train

Phorcys, and other sea

monsters.

In referring to attributes of the gods, Virgil often has his eye upon their forms in art. Thus we have Pallas with nimbus and Gorgon (II. 615) Apollo, Arquitenens (iii. 75),
;

liis

flowing locks encircled with leafy chaplet and band of


;

Mercury, with goklen sandals and caduceus Iris, with her saffron wings (IV. 700) and bow (IV. 239) (V. 609); the winged god Sleep (V. 838); Liber in his car,
gold (IV. 147)
;

driving

liis
;

tigers,

the

reins

festooned Avith vine leaves

Aurora, witli her roseate chariot (VI. 535). Portrait sculpture was very popular among the Romans, and in VirgiPs day the central figure in such art must have
(VI. 804)

His giant statue in the Vatican^ is a contemporary work, which furnishes a good commeutary on the
been Augustus.

poefs idealization of the emperor. In this statue the cuirass is adorned with reliefs suggesting heroic and mythological associations, while the accompanying Ciipid on a dolphin indicates the descent of the Julian family

from Venus.^
37.
,,.
.,.

On

Virgirs versification

the subject of Latin versification in general, and of prosody, the student the ordinary principles ^
^
^

and style.

should consult the school grammars.'' TJje verse used throughout the Aeneid

is

known

as the Dactylic Hexameter,


first

and consists of

six feet, the

four of which are either dactyls


(
).

(^^)

or their equiva-

lent spondees

The

fifth foot is

reguLarly a dactyl,

but occasionally a spondee, in which case the verse is called The last foot is always a dissyllable, and the spondaic.
1

2 8

See Fig. 7. On tlie rcpnvsentations of rivers and niountains in art, soe p. 374. A uscful litMc bonk is Kichanlson^s Ilrliia to thc Ittading o/ Class'

ical Latlii

roclry (Giuu aud Cu.,

l'JU7).

INTRODUCTION
second syllable

ll

may be

either long or sbort (syllaha anceps).

Tlie following, theref ore, is the

scheme

The

fact that either dactyls or spondees

may

be used in

the verse allows the poet to group these feet with considerable variety, and in this variety of grouping we see one preponside of the poefs technical and artistic skill.

derance of dactyls gives to the verse a comparatively light and rapid movement; one of spondees, a comparatively heavy and slow^ movement. Contrast, for example, the fol-

lowing verses
(a) fert
(6)

umero gradiengque deas supereminet omnis (I. 501) iamque ascendebant coUem, qui plurimus urbi (I. 419).
joy, excitement,

Rapid movement accords with

and passion,

while slow movement harmonizes Avith solemnity, sadness, VirgiPs thought is beautiweariness, and kindred ideas. fully reflected in his metrical combinations, and the student
is

urged to study the most important passages in the poem


point of view.
also be varied

f rom this

by means of the caeA caesura is produced when a word surae and diaereses. ends within a foot; a diaeresis, when the end of a word The principal caesura, coincides with the end of a foot. commonly called the caesura, falls in the middle of the Thus verse, either in the third or the fourth foot.^

The hexameter may

arma virumque cano,

11

Troiae qui primus ab oris


H

(I.

1)

inferretque deos Latio,

genus unde Latinum

(I. 6).

The

caesura, again,
it

may

be either masculine or feminine,


the
first syllable of

according as

falls after

the foot, or
principal

after the first short syllable of the dactyh


1

The

Tectinically caXled penthemijneral

and hephthemimeral respectively.

lii

INTRODUCTION
is

caesura in a Virgilian line


nine,
effect.

usually masculine

the femi
a lighter

however,

is

occasionally

employed,

witli

Thus

dis geiiiti potuere.

||

Tenent media omnia

silvae (VI. 131).

Diaereses are

much more

sparingly used than caesurae,

and often serve to eniphasize special turns of thought. Thus:


volvitur in caput;
|I

ast illam ter fluctus


is

ibidem

(I.

116).

diaeresis after the fourtli foot

called a bucolic diaeresis/


e.g.
ille (I.

or (less correctly) a bucolic caesura,


insidat quantus miserae deus.
|i

At memor

719).

Besides the principles of verse construction already indi-

makes liberal use of other means to secure harmony of sound and sense. Thus the very words used
cated, Virgil

may
This

imitate sound, as in
exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum
is
(II.

313).
I.

called onomatopoeia.

For other examples, see

87; II. 770; IV. 463.

More frequent than


i.e.

distinct onomatopoeia is assonance,

the recurrence of similar sounds.

Thus,

cum

recursat

(I.

662), liorresco referens (II. 204), clamores liorrendos (II.

222).

more common ment, inherited from used by Virgil to aid


Still

is

alliteration.

This metrical ornais

tlie

earlier literature,

artistically

in effectiveness of expression.

The
a

alliteration in a verse nuiy be single, double, or

even triple

and where there


variety of order,

is

more than one

instance,

we may have

e.g. (lahb,

ahba, ahab.^
in wliich the verse of the
repeated letters.

But thcre are other ways


1

Aeneid

a aud

b represent the

IKTKODUCTION
shows that Yirgil was a master of
mnsical language.
all

liij

the subtleties of
of

He knew

the

relative values

the

several consonants and vowels in producing melodious or

due much of the power or beauty of individual lines. For ilhistrations, see I. 694 and the paragraph notes on VI. 573 I. 1-7, 102-123 II. 730-795.
discordant effects, and to their artistic use
is
;
;

Special attention will be called in the notes to peculiarities of Yirgil's style.

Here

it

will be sufl&cient to give, for

convenience of reference,
1'hetoric.

lists

of figures of

syntax and

To these we add
38.
~

number

of terms of prosody.

(a)

FiGUREs OF Syxtax.
:

Figures of speech and


technical

Anacoluthon
-,

a chano^e of construction in a sen-

tence, the first

part

bemg

left

grammatically

incomplete.

Anastrophe
the word governed
;

the placing of a preposition after


348.
;

e.g. I.

Asyndeton
250.

the omission of conjunctions

e.g. I.

240, 249,

Archaism
the sense

the use of old or obsolete forms of expression.


haec secum

EUipsis: the omission of one or more words necessary for


;

e.g.
:

(dicit), 1. 37.

Enallage

the substitution of one part of speech, or of one


;

form, for another

e.g. I.

21 (regem

= regnantem).

Grecism
e.g. I.

an idiom or peculiarity of the Greek language

320 II. 650. Hendiadys the use of two nouns, connected by a conjuncII. tit)n, instead of a single modified noun e.g. I. 61, 78
;
:

116.

Hypallage
e.g.

the interchange of grammatical constructions


(

dare classibus Austros

= dare

classis Austris), III. 61.

liv

IKTRODUCTION
:

Hypotaxis

the

iise
:

of

tlie

subordinate constriiction.

Hysteron proteron
order of ideas.
353.

a reversal of the natural or logical


;

It is really a variety of parataxis

e.g. II.

Parataxis

a primitive style of

sentence-structure,
side,

by

which propositions are placed side by


to logical relation
;

without regard

e.g.

arma amens = cum non sat


:
:

capio, nec sat rationis in armis (II. 314)

rationis in armis

sit,

arnia amens capio^


;

Pleonasm
tions

the use of superfluous words

e.g. I.

GG9.

Polysyndeton
;

the nse of unnecessary copuhitive conjunc;

e.g. I.

85

IV. 438.
:

Prolepsis
epitliet)
e.g.

(anticipation?)

the use of a word (usually an

before the action


1.

makes

it

logically appropriate
I.

snhmersas obrue,
(cutting)
;
:

G9; furentem incendat,

659.

Tmesis

the separation of the two parts of a


in

compound word e.g. I. 412, GIO. Zeugma (joining') the use of a word
:

two or more conone


;

nections,

though

strictly applicable onJy in

e.g.

11.

259, 321.

(Jj)

FlGURES OF K-HETORIC.

the recurrence at short intervals of the same initial letter;^ e.g. 1. 124; IV. 238-239.
AUiteration
:

Anadiplosis

the repetition of one

<n-

more

of the closing
e.g. II.

words of a clause at the beginning of the next;


406.

319,

Anaphora the repetition of one or more words at the beginning of successive clauses or i^lirases; e.g. I. 709, 717;
:

TT. 29, 30.


1

The

letter

iri

question

word.

Alliteratiun

may

begin an accented syllabk', as well as a be vocalic, as well as consouantal.

may

INTRODUCTION
Aposiopesis {silencQ)
I.
:

Iv

an abrupt pause in a sentence

e.g.

135

II. 100.
;

Assonance: the close recnrrence of similar sounds


I.

e.g.

399.

Chiasmus: the arranging of pairs of words in opposite


order
;

e.g.

I.

611, 634-635.
:

Epanadiplosis

the use of the sanie word at the beginning


;

and end

of a verse

e.g.

III. 435.

Epizeuxis: the repetition of a

word with vehemence or

emphasis

e.g.

YI. 86.
219.
;

Euphemism: a mild and more agreeable expression of a


painful or repulsive thonght;
Litotes
:

e.g.

I.

a denial instead of the opposite affirmative


a condensed or implied simile.
of one
I.

e.g.

V. 284

YI. 392.
:

Metaphor

Metonymy: the use which it suggests e.g.


;

name

in place of another

177.

Onomatopoeia
of
;

the adaptation of sound to seuse in the use


;

words e.g. I. ^o II. 418-419. Oxymoron: the combination of apparently contradictory words e.g. III. 383. Simile an illustration by formal comparison e.g. I. 148. Synecdoche: the use of the part for the whole or the
;
:

reverse;

e.g- II.

23.

(c)

Terms of Prosody.
the ending of a wqrd within a metrical

Arsis

the unaccented part of a foot.


:

Caesura {cutting)
foot.i

Diaeresis (dividing)

the coincidence of the end of a

f oot

with the end of a word.^


1

On

caesura and diaeresis see p.

li.

Ivi

INTRODUCTION

Diastole: the lengthening of a short syllable in the thesis

of a foot
Elision

e.g.
:

III. 91.

the slurring together of a final vowel or diph-

thong

(or final

and

its

preceding vowel) with the hrst


or h.

syllable of a following

word beginning with a vowel

Hexameter
Hiatus
elision
;
:

a verse of six metrical feet.

the meeting of two vowels withont contraction or


405.

e.g. I.

Ictus:

the stress of voice

given to syllables at regular


value

intervals in a metrical system.

Semihiatus
III. 211.

the giving of half

its

(J.e.

the value
e.g.

of a short syllable) to a long final vowel or diphthong;

Synaloepha: the same as elision.


Synizesis (^settUng together)
tinct vowels (or a
:

the coalescence of two disdehinc, I. 131.


e.g. 1.

vowel and a diphthong) so as to form


Oilei,
I.

one syllable
745.

e.g.

41

Synapheia: elision between two veuses;


Systole

332; II.
774.

the shortening of a long syllable


tlie

e.g. II.

Thesis

accented part of a foot.


39.

ClIRONOLOGICAL TaBLE.
^ ,>^%^'^
^

First period, 70-43 (minor poems).


P..C.

i*^^

70. 69.
^Qi.

Birth of Virgil.
Cicero's aedileship.
Cicero's praetorship.

CX<^-J^'^^

65.

Birth of Horace; lUrth of Octavius (afterward Caesar Augustus). Cicero's


consulship.

63.

Also called prosodic hlatus.

Of ten called synaeresis.

INTRODUCTION
60.

Ivii

First Triumvirate (Julius Caesar,

Pompey, and Crassus).

158.
57.

Cicero goes into exile.

Caesar begins the conquest of

Gaul.
Cicero recalled.
Virgil assumes the toga
virilis.

p= 55.

Death of Lucretius.

Caesar invades Britain. Death of Catullus, 54. Virgil studies in Milan. Studies rhetoric and philosophy. 53. Virgil goes to Rome.
Cicero
elected

augur.

The Parthians

defeat the

E-omans at Carrhae.
52.
51. 49.

Cicero's

Pro Milone.

Cicero proconsul in Cilicia.

Julius Caesar bestows


Battle of Pharsalia.

Eoman

citizenship on the towns

of Gallia Transpadana.
48. 44.

Overthrow of Pompey.
Cicero^s Philippics.

Assassination of Caesar.
period,

(Second
43.

43-37 (the

Eclogues).

Second triumvirate (Octavius, Antonius, and Lepidus).


Assassination of Cicero.

Birth of Ovid.
Virgil takes refuge in

42.

Battles of Philippi.

Overthrow of Brutus and Cassius.

''^41.
"

Confiscations of the triumvirs.


Siro's villa.

Virgil introduced to iMaecenas.

40.

Virgil restored to his estate.

(""'

37.

Publication of the Eclogues.


Parthia.

Phraates becomes king of

36.

Antonius invades Parthia.


Georgics),

Third period, 37-29 (the


33.

Phraates attacks Armenia and Media. Overthrow of Antonius. 31. Battle of Actium.
visits the East.

Octavius

29.

Octavius returns from the East and celebrates a triple

Iviii

INTRODUCTION
triumph.

The temple

of

Janus

closed.

Publication

of the Georgics.

Fourth period 29-19 (the Aeneid).


27.
26.

Octavius receives the

title of

Augustus in Spain. He Virgil reads portions of the 23. Death of Marcellus. Aeneid to Augustus. The Parthians 20. Expedition of Augustus to the East.
restore the standards taken at Carrhae.
"19.

Augustus. corresponds with Yirgil.

Virgil journeys to Greece.

Eeturns with Augustus.

Dies at Brundisiuni.

40.

TliANSLATION OF AeNEID,

I.

1-33.*

and of the Man, who first from the coasts of Troy, exiled by Fate, came to Italy and Lavinian shores much buffeted he on sea and land by force of powers above, through cruel Juno's unforgiving wrath, and much too enduring in war also, till he shoukl buikl a city and bring his gods to Latium whence came the Latin race, the lords of Alba, and the walls of lofty Kome. Muse, the cause wherein thwarted in will or Tell me, wherefore angered, did the Queen of Heaven drive one so

Of Arms

I sing,

excellent in goodness to traverse so


so

many

perils, to face

many

toils.

In heavenly breasts can such resentments


city,

dwell ?

Theie was an ancient

the

home

of Tyrian settlers,

Carthage, over against Italy and tho Tiber's moutlis afar,


These v(!rses are sclected for translation because, thouijli they are the first encountcrcd hy tlie studcnt, yct, ovvinj; to the suhjcct^mattcr, the iudirect narration. and tlie k)ng pareuMu-sis, tlicy are aniouij the most diflicult in Ihe whole poem lo reudet iuto EnglisU.
1

INTRODUCTION
ricli

lix

in "^ealtli

and stern in war's pnrsuits.

This,

'tis said,

Juno loved above all other lands, holding Samos (itself) less Here was her armor, here her chariot; that here dear.
should be the capital of the nations, should the Fates perchance allow it, was even then the goddess's aim and cher-

Yet she had heard, indeed, that a race was rising from Trojan blood, to overthrow some day her Tyrian towers; from it a people of wide rule and proud in war should come forth for Libya's downfall: such was the cirThe daughter of Saturn, fearful of cling course of Fate. this, and mindful of the old war which erstwhile she had not yet, too, had fought at Troy for her beloved Argos, the grounds of her wrath and her bitter sorrows faded from her mind: deep in her heart lie stored the judgment of Paris and her slighted beauty's wrong, the hateful race and inflamed hereby yet honors paid the exalted Ganymede, more, she tossed on the wide main the Trojan remnant, left by the Greeks and pitiless Achilles, and kept them far from Latium; and many a year they wandered, driven by the Fates o'er all the seas. So vast a work was it to found the
ished hope.

Roman
1

race.^
followinor verse translations of tlie

Aeneid are recommended for school libraries: viz., those by Dryden, John Couington (Crowell, New York), William Morris (Longmans, Green &, Co., Xew York), James Rhoades (Longmans, 2 vols.), Charles J. Billson (Edward Aruold, London, 2 vols.), and E. Fairfax Tayior (Everymau's Library).

The

study of Virgil the following Roman Poets of the Augustan Age, "W. Y. Sellar (Oxford: Clarendon Vergil, H. Nettleship (D. Appleton & Co.) Press); Classical Wrlters Classical Essays, F. W. H. Myers (Macmillan) Studies in Virgil, Glover (Edward Arnold, Londou) Cuuntry of Horace and Virgil, Bossier (Putuam); Master Virgil, J. S. Tuuison (Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati) Vergil in the Middle Ages, D. Comparetti (Sonnenschein, London) Legends History of Roman Literature, TeuffeJ of Virgil, Leland (Macmillan) (George Bell & Sons, London).
Also for general reference in the

IX

INTRODUCTION

41.

Tennyson^s Tribute to Yirgil.

TO YIRGIL.
WRITTEN AT THE REQUEST OF THE MANTUANS FOR THE NINETEENTH CEXTEXARY OF VIRGIL's DEATH.

Eoman

Virgil, tliou that singest


Ilion's lofty

temples robed in

fire,

Ilion falling, E-ome arising,

wars, and

filial faith,

and Dido's pyre

II.

Laudscape-lover, lord of language, more than he that sang the


All the chosen coin of fancy flashing out f rom

Works and Days,


j

many a golden phrase


III.

Thou

that siugest wheat and woodland, tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd
all

All the charm of

the INIuses

often flowering in a lonely

word

IV.

Poet of the happy Tityrus piping nndornoath his beechen bowers;


Poet of the poet-satyr

whom

the laughing shepherd bound ^vith flowers,

INTRODUCTION
V.

Ixi

Ohanter of the Pollio, glorying


in the blissful years again to be,

Summers

of the snakeless

meadow, unlaborious earth and oarless sea;


VI.

Thou

that seest Universal

Nature moved by Universal Mind Thou majestic in thy sadness


at the doubtful

doom
VII.

of

human kind;

Light among the vanish'd ages


star that gildest yet this

phantom shore
to rise

Golden branch amid the shadows, kings and realnis that pass
VIII.

no more

Now

thy

Eorum

roars

fallen every purple Caesar's


Tlio' thine ocean-roll of

sound for

rhythm Imperial Eome ever


dome
of
IX.

no

longer,

Now the Eome


I,

of slaves hath perish'd,

and the Eome of freemen holds her place, from out the Northern Island sunder'd once from all the human race,
X.

I salute thee,

Mantovano,

I that loved thee since

my

day began,

Wielder of the

measure ever moulded by the lips of man.


stateliest

"

c
<

r
C
C

~
'

t
f f

f f f

C
f

f
f

^
5

FlG.

3.

JUNO.

'

'

"%

P.

VEllGILI

MARONIS AENEIDOS
LIBEE
I.

The

poe.Vs theme.

AriiLa

virumque cano, Troiae^ qul primus


ille et terrls

al)

oris

Ital^m fMo profugus L^VInia^ue- venit


litora,

multiim

iactatus et alto

vl supeA'uni saevae

memorem

lunonis

ob. Iram,

multa^^uoque ey bello/passus,/d.um conderet urbem


Inferretque deos Latio; genus unde

Latlnum

A/banlque patres atque altae moenia E/omae.


Invocation.
IVIiisa,

mihl causas memora, quo numine laeso

quidve dolens reglna deum tot volvere casus

Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores


impulerit,

10

Tantaene animls caelestibus irae

Juno''^ hatred of the Trojans.

Urbs antiqua
ostia, dives

fuit (Tyril tenuere coloni)

Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe

opum

studilsque asperrima belll

q^uam luno fertur terrls magis omnibus


1.

unam

15

Trome ; with
Laviniaque
:

consonantal, as often.
i

2.

with

consonantal in third syllable.


1

<

r'

/
:^.,

9.

..
f
f r

VERGILI MAROXIb
illius

posthabita coluisse Samo; hic^


hic currus fuit, hoc

arma,

reguum dea geutibus esse, 81 qua fata siuaut, iam tum teuditque f ovecque. Progenieui sed euim Troiauo a sanguiue duci
audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces
20

hinc populum late regem belloque superbum

venturum excidio Libyae

slc

volvere Parcas.

FiG.

4.

The Judgment of

Paris.
belli.

Id metuens veterisoue mjemor Saturnia

prima auod ad Troiam pro

caris gosserat Argis

25

(necAum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores excidorant animo manet alta mente repostum
;

iudicium Paridis spretaeque


et

initiria

formae,

genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores)

30
rell-.

his accensa super, iactatos aequore toto

Troas, reliquias1.

Danaum

at(pie iniiuTtis Acliillr,


2.
reli(/uia,'<
:

Saino

hic: hiatus.
I

prououiii-ud us

AENEIDOS
The storm

LIB.

I.

Haec ubi
qua data

dicta,
;

cavum conversa cuspide montem


ac ventl, velut agniine f acto,

impulit in latus

porta, ruunt et terras turbiue perflant.

Incubuere mari totumque a sedibus Imis

unajiuf usque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis


Africus et vastos volvunt ad

85

Mora

fluctus

insequitur clamorque virum strldorque rudentum.

Eripiunt subito uubes caelumque diemque

Teucrorum ex

oculis

ponto nox incubat

atra.

Intonuere polL

et'crebi'Is

micat ignibus aetber,

90

praesentemque

virls intentant

omnia mortem.^

Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur


talia voce refertc
p[uls
'

frlgore

membra;

ingemit et duplicls tendens ad sldera palmas


terque quaterque beatl,
95

ante

orji,

j)atrum TrOiae sub moenibus altis


!

ntigit "oppetere
1

Danaum

f ortissime gentis

Tydlde Mene
!

Iliacls occurobere canipTs

non potuisse tuaque animam bauc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi mgens
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simols correpta sub undls
scuta virum gale^sque et f ortia corpora volvit
'
I

100

The shipwreck.

Talia iactantl strldens Aquilone procella

velum adversa

ferit fluctusque

ad sjdera

tollit

franguntur reml; tum prora avertit et undls


dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.
105

'

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
unda dehiscens
aestus harenis.

Hi summo

in fluctii pendent, his


;

terram inter fluctus aperit


(saxa vocant

f urit

/
110

Trls Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet


Itali,

medils quae in fluctibus, Aras,


trls

dorsum immane marl summo),

Eurus ab

alto

in brevia et syi^'ls urget (miserabile vlsti)

inllditque vadls atque aggere cingit harenae.

r Unam, quae Lycios fldumqiie vehebat Oronten,


ipsius ante oculos ingens a^vertice pontus
in

'

puppim

ferit

excutitur pronusque magister>


;

115

volvitur in caput

ast illam ter fluctus ibldem

torquet agens circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex.

Apparent

rari nantes in gurgite vasto,


et

arma virum tabulaeque

Troia gaza per undas.


fortis

lam validam
et
vicit

Ilionei^
et

navem, iam

Achatae,

120,

qua vecjus Abas


hiems
;

qua grandaevus Aletes,


compagibus omnes

laxls laterum

accipiunt inimlcum irnbrem rlmlsque fatiscunt.

Neptune rehukes

tlie

xmnds.

magno miscerl murmure pontum emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus et alto
Interea
;

125

prospiciens,

summa placidum

caput extulit unda.

Disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem,


fluctibus oppressos

Troas caellque ru^ia.

i
l;'.0

Nec latuere doll friltrem lundnis et Irae. Eurum ad s6 Zepnyjpimque vocat, dehinc*

tillia filtur:

Tantane vos generis tenuit flducia vestrl


1.

IlioneL

2.

dehinc.

AENEIDOS
lam caelum terram^ue meo
Quos ego
post

LIB.

I.

sine n-umine, j^enti,

niiscere et tantas audetis tollere moles ?

sed motos praestat componere fluctus:

135

miM
illi

noi^ simili

poena commissa

luetis.

t^

Maturate fugam regique haec

dlcite vestro

imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, illa se iactet in aula vestras, Eure, domos Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.'
uon
;

140

He

stills the

waves.

Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat

collectasque fugat nubes solemque reducit.

X
145-

Cymothoe simul

et Trlton adnlxus actito

detrudunt navis scopulo; levat ipse tridenti


et vastas aperit syrtls et

temperat aequor

atque rotls

Ac

velutl

summas levibus perlabitur undasA^ magno in populo cum saepe coorta est
animls ignobile volgus,
160

seditio, saevitque

iamque faces

et

saxa volant (furor arma ministrat),


sl

tum

pietate

gravem ac meritis

forte

virum quem

conspexere, silent arrectlsque auribus adstant j4f * ille regit dictis ^nimos et pectora mulcet
sic

cunctus pelagl cecidit f rago"r, aequora postquam


,

prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus aperto


,

155

flectit

equos currtique volans dat lora secundO.

The landing in Africa.

Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima


;

lltora, cursil

i^it petere et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. contend^nt

P.

YERGILI MARONIS
:

Est in secessu longo locus


efficit obiectCi

insula portum
160

laterum, quibus omnis ab alto

frangitur inque sintis scindit sese unda reductos.

Hinc atque hinc vastae riipes geminique minantur in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late
'^

aequoratuta silent; tumsilvis scaena coruscis


desuper, liorrentique atrum

nemus imminet umbra;

165

fronte sub adversa scopulls pendentibiis antrum,


intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,

Nympharum

donius.^

'

Hic fessas non vincula navls


alligat ancora morsu.
'

ulla tenent, unco

non

Hfic septem Aeneas coUectis navibus omnl

170

ex numero

subit, ac

magno

telluris

amore

egressl optata potiuntur Troes harena


et sale tabentls artfis in lltore ponunt.

Ac prlmum

silicl

scintillam excudit Achates


folils

succepitque ignem

atque arida circum

175

nutrlmenta dedit rapuitque in fomite flammam.

Cererem corruptam undls Cerealiaque arma expediunt fessl rerum frfigesque receptas
et torrere

Tum

parant flammls et frangere saxo.

Aenms slays de^r.


Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit et omnem prospectum kite pelago petit, Anthea sl quem
iactatum vento videat Phrygifisque biremls,
aut Capyn, aut celsls in puppibus arma Calcl.
180

Navem

in conspectfi iiuUain, trls lltore cervos


;

prospicit errantls

Jios tota

armenta seqiiuntur

185

a tergo et longum per vallls pascitur agmen.

AENEIDOS
Coiistitit hic

LIB.

I.

9
sagittas

arcumque manu celerTsque


ij^sos

corripuit, fidus

quae tela gerebat Achates,

ductoresque

primum, capita

alta ferentis
et

cornibus arboreis, sternit,

tum volgus

omnem

190

miscet agens

telis

nemora
et

inter frondea turbanij^-

nec prius absistit, quani septem ingentia victor


corpora fundat

humi

numerum cum navibus

aequet.

Hinc portum petit et socios partitur in omnis. Vina bonus quae deindei cadis onerarat Acestes
litore Trlnacrio dividit, et dictis
*

195

dederatque abeuntibus heros,

maerentia pectora mulcet

socii

(neque enim ignarl sumus ante malorum),


200

o passl graviora, dabit deus hls quoque flnem.

Vos

et

Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis

accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa

expertl; revocate animos


mittite
;

maestumque timorem

forsan^_haec olim meminisse iuvabit. Per varios casus, peT tot discrlmina rerum
tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas ostendunt illlc fas regna resurgere Troiae.
;

205

Durate

et

vosmet rebus servate secundls.'


the lost.

The Trojans partaJce of food and mourn for

Talia voce refert, curlsque ingentibus aeger

spem

voltti simulat,

premitaltum corde dolorem. ^


210

IllT se

praedae accingunt dapibusque futurls

tergora deripiunt costTs et vlscera nudant,

pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia flgunt,


lltore

aena locant

alil

flammasque ministrant.
1.

deinde^

10

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
herbam
215

Tum

vlctu revocant vlrls, fuslque per

implentur veteris Bacclil pinguisque ferinae.

Postquam exempta fames


spemque metumque
slve

epulls

mensaeque remotae,

amissos longo socios sermone requlrunt,


inter dubil, seu vlvere credant

extrema patl nec iam exaudlre vocatos.


220

Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Orontl,

nunc Amycl casum gemit


fata Lycl fortemque

et crudelia

secum
Cloantlium.

Gyan fortemque

Venus appeals

to Jupiter.

Et iam

flnis erat,

cum

luppiter aethere

summo
225

despiciens

mare velivolum terrasque iacentls


Libyae deflxit lumina regnls.
talls iactantein pectore curas

lltoraque et latos populos, slc vertice caeli


constitit et

Atque illum

trlstior et lacrimls oculos suffusa nitentls

adloquitur Venus

qul res

hominumque deumque
230

aeternls regis imperils et fulmine terres,

quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum,

quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passls cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
Certe hinc

Romanos olim

volventibus annls,
235

hinc fore ductores, revocato a sang^iine Teucri,

qul mare, qul terras omnls dicione tenerent,

pollicitus.^Quaete, genitor, sententia. vejtit ?

Hoc

equitlem occasum Troiae trlstlsque rulnas

solabar, fatls contraria fata rependens

nunc eadem fortuna viros

tot casibus actos

240

FlG.

5.

JUPITER OtRICOLI.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

I.

H
laborum
?

Inseqnitur. ^^^j^iem das finem, rex magne,

Antenor
regiia

potuit, mediis elapsas Achivis,

Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus

fontem superare Timavi, unde per ora novem vasto cum' murmure montis

Liburnorum

et

245

it

mare proruxjtum et pelago premit arva sonantT. Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrorum et genti nomen dedit armaque fixit
Troia
;

nunc placida compostus pace quiescit


250

nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem,

navibus (infandum

!)

amissis tinius ob iram

prodimur atque

Italis longe

disiungimur

oris.

Hic

pietatis lionos ?

Sic nos in sceptra reponis ?

Jupiter prophesies the future ofthe Trojan race.

0\]1 subridens

hominum

sator atque

deorum
253

voltu,

quo c^elum tempestatesque serenat,


dehinc^ talia fatur:'
;

osciila libavit natae,

*Pai'ce metti,

Cytherea

manent immota tuorum


et

fata tibi

cernes

urbem

promissa Lavini

2V^
260

'm

moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli

magtfanimnm Aenean neque me sententia vertit. Hic tibi (fabor enim, quando llaec te cura remordet, longius et Yolveni^ fatorum arcana movebo)
;

bellum ingens geret Italia populosque.feroces"^


contundet moresque viris et moenia ponet,
tertia
.

dum

Latio regnantem viderit aestas


siibactis.
f-

263

ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna

At puer Ascanius,

cui

nunc cognomen lulo


1.

dehinc.

12
additur (Ilus erat,
triginta

P.

YERGILI MARONIS
res stetit Ilia regno),

dum

magnos volvendTs mensibus

orbis
270

imperio explebit j-egnumque ab sede Lavlni


transferet et

Longam multa
centum

vi

muniet Albam.

Hic iam

ter

totos regnabitur annos

gente sub Hectorea, donec regina sacerdos

Marte gravis geminam

partil dabit Ilia prolem.

'^^-^^^r

^^^^^Z

t^^

FiG.

6.

AUGUSTUS.

JuLius Caesar

Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus

275

Romulus excipiet gentem et Mavortia condet moenia Homanosque suo de nomine dlcet.
Hls ego nec metas reruhi nec tempora ponO imperium sine flne dedl. Quln aspera lunp,
quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque
consilia in melius rieferet
fatlgat,
280

mecumque

fovebit

liomanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam.


Slc placitum.

Veniet lustrls

Ifilxnitibus aetas,

cuui

domus Assaracl

Plitlilam clarasque

Mycenas

FlG.

7.

AUGUSTUS.

- -

AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.

P;
-^^:^
victis

servitio

premet ac

dominabitur Argls.

285

Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar,

imperium Oceano, famam qul terminet astrls, lulius,^ a magno demissum nomen liilo. Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum^
accipies secura
;

vocabitur hic quoque votis.

y^

290

/ Aspera tum
cana Pides
iura

positls mltescent saecula bellls

et Vesta,
;

Eemo cum
;

fratre Quirlnus

dabunt

dlrae f erro et compagibus artls

claudentur Belll portae

Furor impius intus

saeva sedens super arma et centum vinctus aenls


post tergum nodls fremet liorridus ore cruento.'

^rm^yfs mission

to

Carthage.
alto,

Haec

ait et

Maia ^ genitum demittit ab

ut terrae utque novae pateant Karthaginis arceff


hospitio Teucrls, ne fatl nescia Dido
flnibus arceret.

Volat

ille

per aera

magnum
orls.

300

remigio alarum ac Libyae citus adstitit

Et iam iussa

facit,
;

ponuntque ferocia Poeni


in prlmis reglnaquietum

cordavolente deo
accipit in Teucros

animum mentemque benignamo

Aeneas meets Venus.

At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, ut prlmum lux alma data est, exlre locosque
explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,

305

qul teneant (nam inculta videt), hominesne feraene,


1.

luUiis

2.

Maia :

i consonantal: consonantal i. with

the initial

cf. lulo.

14

P.

VERGILI MAROlJlS

quaerere constituit sociisque exacta referre.

Classem in convexo nemorum sub

rtipe

cavata

3io

arboribus clausam circum atque liorrentibus umbris


occulit
;

ipse

uno graditur comitatus Achate,


tulit

bina

manu

lato crispans liastilia ferro./

Cui mater niedia sese

obvia silva,
315

virginis os liabitumque gerens et virginis arma,

Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat

Harpalyce volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum.

Namque

umeris de more habilem suspeuderat arcum

venatrix dederatque

comam
'

diffundere ventis,
320

nuda genu nodoque sinus

collecta fluentis.

Ac

prior

'

Heus,' inquit,

iuvenes, monstrate,

mearum

vidistis sl

quam

hic errautem forte sororum,

succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis,


aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem.'
Slc Venus, et Veneris contra slc fllius orsus
^jSTulla
:

325

tuarum audlta mihl neque vlsa sororum,

quam

mortalis,

memorem, virgo? Namque haud tibi nec vox hominem sonat o den- certe
te
; !

voltus

An
et

Plioebl soror ?

An Nympharum

sanguinis fina ?
330

Sls fellx

nostrumque

leves, quaecumqu,e, laborem,


'in

quo sub caelo tandem, quibus orbis

orls

iactemur, doceas; ignilrl

hominumque locorumque^

erramus, vento huc vastls et fluctibus actl;

multa

tibi

ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.'


1.

locorumque

vfith -que hypcrinetiic.

FlG.

8.

DlANA.

AENEIDOS
The
story of Dido.

LIB.

I.

15

Tum Venns
virginibus

'Haud equidem tali me dignor honore; Tyriis mos est gestare pliaretram
:

335

purpureoque

alte stiras vincire cotliurno.


et

Pimica regna vides, Tyrios

Agenoris urbem

sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello.

Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, germanum fugiens. Longa est initiria, longae ambages sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. Huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, dltissimus agrl Phoenlcum et magno miserae dllectus amore,
;

340

cui pater intactam dederat prlmlsque iugarat

345

ominibus.

Sed regna Tyrl germanus habebat


alios

Pygmalion, scelere ante

immanior omnls.
Ille

Quos

inter

medius venit

furor.

impius ante aras atque aurl

Sychaeum caecus amore


350

clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum

germanae

factumque diu celavit

et

aegram

multa malus simulans vana spe


coniugis

Itisit

amantem.

Ipsa sed in somnis inhumatl venit imago


;

ora modls attollens pallida mlrls

crtidells aras traiectaque

pectora ferro
retexit.

355

ntidavit

caecumque domtis scelus omne

Tum

celerare

fugam patriaque excedere suadet

auxiliumque viae veterls tellure recludit


thesauros, ignotum argentl pondus et aurl.

Hls commota fugam Dldo sociosque parabat. Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni aut metus acer erat navls, quae forte paratae,
;

360

corripiunt ouerantque auro; portantur avari

16

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
facti.
365

Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina

nunc ingentia cernis moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, taurlno quantum possent circumdare tergo.
locos, ubi

Devenere

Sed vos qul tandem, quibus aut venistis ab orls, quove tenetis iter ? Quaerentl talibus ille
'

370

susplrans Imoque trahens a pectore

vocem

Ae}ieas narrates his misfortunes.


^

et

prima repetens ab orlgine pergam, vacet annalls nostrorum audlre laborum,


dea, sl

ante diem clauso componet Vesper Olympo.

Nos Troia antlqua, sl vestras forte per aurls Troiae nomen iit, dlversa per aequora vectos
forte sua Libycls tempestas appulit orls.

375

Sum

pius Aeneas, raptos qul ex hoste Penatls

classe veho

mecum,Vama

super aethera notus.


380

Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab love summo.

Bis denls

Phrygium conscendl navibus

aequor,

matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus


vix septem convolsae undls Euroque supersunt.

Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro,

Europa atque Asia passa Venus medio

imlsus.'

Nec plura querentera


dolore est

385

slc interf ata

Venus^ inteiTupting, assures liim of his comrades^ safety.

'Quisquis

es,

haud, credo, invlsus caelestibus aurSs


.

vltalis carpis,

Tyriam qul adveneris urbem.

AENFIDOS
Perge modo atque hinc

LIB.

I.

17

te reginae

ad Imiina perfer.
390

Namque

tibi

reduces socios classemque relatam

nuiiMb et in tiitum versis Aquilonibus actam,


nl frustra

augurium vani docuere parentes. Aspice bis^senos laetantis agmine cycnos,


aetheria quos lapsa plaga lovis ales aperto

turbabat caHo

iiiiiic_fceri^^

longo
'

395

aut capere aut captas iam despectare videntur.^^

Ut

reduces

illl

ludunt strldentibus

alls

et coetu cinxere

haud aliter aut portum tenet aut plenp subit ostia velo. Perge modo et, quaTe ducit via, dlrige gressum.'
The goddess
reveatsfrerself, then disappears.

polum cantusque dedere, puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum

400

Dlxit et avertens rosea cervlce refulsit

ambrosiaeque comae dlvlnum vertice odorem


splravere
;

pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,


Ille^ ubi

et vera incessu patuit dea.

matrem

405

adgnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus


^

Quid natum

totiens, crudelis tu quoque, falsls

ludis imaginibus ?

Cur dextrae iungere dextram


410

non datur ac veras audlre et reddere voces ? Talibus incusat gressumque ad moenia tendit.

_,

At Venus obscuro
et

gradientls aere saepsit


amictti,

multo nebulae circum dea fudit

cernere ne quis eos neu quis contingere posset

moram aut veniendl poscere causas. Ipsa Paphum subllmis abit sedesque revlsit
mollrlve
1.

413

dea.

Ille

hiatus.

18
laeta suas, ubi

P.

VERGILI Mi^RONIS
illi

templum

centumque Sabaeo

ture calent arae sertlsque recentibus halant.

^^ V

'^eneas enters Carthage.


/
'

Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat.

lamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbl


imminet adversasque aspectat desuper
arces.
420

Mlratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam,


mlratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum.
Instant ardentes Tyril, pars ducere muros

mollrlque arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,


pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco
itira

425

magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum

hlc portus alil effodiunt, hlc alta theatrl

fundamenta locant

alil

immanlsque columnas
430

rupibus excldunt, scaenls decora alta futurls.


Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura
exercet sub sole labor,

cum

gentis adultos

educunt

fetiis,

aut

cum

llquentia mella

stlpant et dulcl distendunt nectare cellas,

aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto

ignavum f ucos pecus a praesaepibus arcent fervet opus redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. fortunatl, quorum iam moenia surgunt Aeneas ait et fastlgia suspicit urbis.
'

435

'

Infert se saeptus nebula (mlrabile dictu)

per medios miscetque virls neque cernitur


Juno''^ temple, with the scenes dejncted on
ils

iilli.

440

iraUs.

Lucus

in urbe fuit media, haetissimus uuibrae,


iactatl undls et turbine

quo primum

Poeni

AENEIDOS
effodere loco signiim,

LIB.

I.

19

quod regia luno


;

monstrarat, caput acris equi

slc

nara

f ore bello

egregiam

et facilem vlctu per saecula

gentem.

445

Hic templum Iimonl ingens Sldonia Dldo condebat, donls opulentum et numine dlvae, ^ aerea cui gradibus surgebant llmina nexaeque
aere trabes, foribus cardo strldebat aenls.

Hoc prlmum in luco nova res oblata timorem leniit, hlc prlmum Aeneas sperare saltitem
ausus et adfllctls melius confldere rebus.

450

Namque

sub ingentl lustrat

dum

singula templo,
sit urbl,

reglnam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna


artificumque

manus

inter se

mlratur, videt Iliacas bellaque iam

operumque laborem ex ordine pugnas

455

fama totum volgata per orbem, Atrldas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Acliillem. Constitit et lacrimans, Quis iam locus,' inquit, Achate, _ quae regio in terrls nostrl non plena laboris ?
'
'

460

En Priamus
Solve metus
Slc
ait,

Sunt hlc etiam sua praemia laudi, -

sunt lacrimae rerum et


;

mentem mortalia
aliquam
tibi

tangunt.
salutem.'

feret haec

fama

atque

animum

pictura pascit ihani


465

multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum. Namque videbat, utl bellantes Pergama circum
hac fugerent Gral, premeret Troiana^ iuventus,
hac Phryges, Instaret curru cristatus Achilles.
-

Kec

procul hinc Rhesl nivels tentoria vells


470

adgnoscit lacrimans, prlmo quae prodita somno

Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus,


1.

nexaeque

with -que hypermetric.

2.

Troiana

with

consonantal.

20

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

ardentisque avertit equos in castra, priusquam

pabula gustassent Troiae Xantliumque bibissent.


Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis,
lufelix puer atque

impar congressus Achilli,


cervlxque comaeque trahuntur

475

fertur equis curruque haeret resupinus inani,


lora tenens

tamen

liuic

per terram et versa pulvis inscrlbitur hasta.


Interea ad
crinibus

templum non aequae Palladis Ibant Iliades passls pephimque ferebant,


;

480

suppliciter tristes et tunsae pectora pahnls

dlva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat.

Ter circum iHacos raptaverat Hectora miiros

exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. Tum vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, ut spoHa, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amlcl tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermls. Se quoque prlncipibus permixtum adgnovit Achivls, Eoasque acies et nigrl Memnonis arma. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina poltls Penthesilea furens medilsque in mlHbus ardet,
aurea subnectens exsertae cingula

485

490

mammae,

beUatrix, audetque virls concurrere virgo.

Dido

enters,

and

later the

comrades of Aeneas appear.

Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda

videntur,
495

dum

stu])et obtutfique liaeret deflxus in ilno,

reglna ad temi^him, forma pulcherrima Dldo,


incessit,

magna iuvenum
Eurotae

stlpante caterva.

QuaHs

in

rlpls aut per

iuga Cynthl

AENEIDOS

LIB.

I.

21

exercet Diana choros, qiiam mille secutae

hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades


fert uraero gradiensque deas

illa

pharetram
;

500

supereminet omnis
:

Latonae tacitum pertemptant gaudia pectus


talis erat

Dido, talem se laeta ferebat

per medios, instans operl regnlsque futurls.

Tum

foribus dlvae,

media
virls,

testudijie templl,

505

saepta armls solioque alte subnlxa resedit.

lura dabat legesque

operumque laborem

partibus aequabat iustls aut sorte trahebat,

cum

subito Aeneas concursu accedere

magno
510

Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo
dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras.

Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates


laetitiaque

metuque avidl coniungere dextras ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. Dissimulant et nube cava speculantur amictl, quae forttina virls, classem quo lltore linquant,
;

515

quid veniant cunctls nam lectl navibus Ibant oraijces veniam et templum clamore petebant.
;

Ilioneus pleads for the Trojans.

Postquam introgressl et coram data copia fandi, maximus Ilioneus placido slc pectore coepit reglna, novam cui condere luppiter urbem
'

520

iustitiaque dedit gentls f renare superbas,

Troes te miserl, ventls maria omnia vectl, oramus prohibe Infandos a navibus ignls,
:

525

parce pio generl et propius res aspice nostras.

22
Noii nos
aiit

P.

YEKGILI MARONIS

ferro Libjcos populare Penatis


litora vertere praedas
victis.

venimus aut raptas ad

non ea
Est

vis

animo nec tanta superbia

locus,

Hesperiam Grai cognoraine


viri,

dicunt,

530

terra antiqua, potens arniis atque ubere glaebae

Oenotri coluere

nunc fama minores

Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.

Hlc cursus

fuit,

cum

subito adsurgens fltictu nimbosus Orion

535

in vada caeca tulit penitusque procacibus AustrTs

perque undas superante


dispulit
;

salo,

perque invia saxa


oris.

huc

]3auci vestris

adnavimus

^\Quod genus

Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem permittit patria ? Hospitio prohibemur harenae 540 bella cient prlmaque vetant consistere terra.
lioc

hominum

Sl genus

humanum

et

mortalia temnitis arma,

at sperate deos

Eex

erat

memores fandl atque nefandl. Aeneas nobls, quo iustior alter


645

nec pietate fuit nec bello maior et armls.

Quem

sl

fata virum servant, sl vescitur aura

aetheria neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbrls,

non metus
paeniteat.

officio

nec te certasse priorem

f^
550

Sunt

et Siculls regionibus urbes

arvaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes.

Quassatam ventls

liceat subducere classem

et silvls aptare trabes et stringere remos,


'

81

datur Italiam socils et rege recepto

tendere,jut Italiam laetl Latiunique petamus;


sln absrimpta sahis, et te, pater optime

Teucrum,
Iidl,

665

pontus habet Libyae nec spes iam restat

AENEIDOS

LIB.

I.

23

at freta Sicaniae saltem sedesque paratas,

unde

regemque petamus Acesten.' Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant


htic advecti,
560

Dardanidae.
Dido dismisses
their fears.

Tum
*

breviter

Dido voltum demissa profatur


secltidite curas.

Solvite corde

metum, Teucrl,

Ees

dtira et regni novitas

me

talia

cogunt

*"

moliri et late finis ctistode tueri.

Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem


virttitesque virosque aut tanti incendia belli ?

565

Non

obttisa adeo

gestamus pectora Poeni,

nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe.

Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva


sive Erycis finis

regemque optatis Acesten,


pariter considere regnls ?

570

auxilio ttitos dimittam opibusque iuvabo.

Voltis et hls

mecum

Urbem quam

statuo vestra est; subdticite navls;


ntillo

Tros Tyriusque mihl

discrlmine agetur.
575

Atque utinam rex ipse jSToto compulsus eodem Equidem per lltora certos adforet Aeneas
!

dlmittam
sl

et

Libyae

Itistrare

extrema iubebo,
errat.'

quibus eiectus

silvls

aut urbibus

hx"'

Aeneas stands revealed.

Hls animum arrectl


et pater

dictls et fortis

Achates
680

Aeneas iamdtidum erumpere ntibem


Prior Aenean compellat Achates

ardebant.
*l!^ate dea,

quae nunc animo sententia surgit?

24

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi submersum dictis* respondent cetera matris/
;

685

Vix ea fatus

erat,

cum circumfusa

repente

scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum.

Restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit,


6s

umerosque deo

similis

namque

ipsa decoram
690

caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae

purpureum et laetos oculls adflarat honores quale manus addunt eborl decus, aut ubi flavo argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.

Tum

slc

reginam adloquitur ctinctlsque repente


ait
:

improvlsus

'

Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum

595

Troius Aeneas, Libycls ereptus ab undis.


sola Infandos Troiae miserata labores,

quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque

omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos,


urbe,

domo

socias, grates persolvere dignas

600

non opis

est nostrae, Dldo, nec

quidquid ublque est


sparsa per orbem.

gentis Dardaniae,

magnum quae

Dl tibi, sl qua pios respectant ntimina, sl quid usquam iustitia est, et mens sibi conscia rectl praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt
saecula ?

605

Qul tantl talem genuere parentes


fluvil current,

In freta dum

lustrfibunt convexa, polus

dum montibus umbrae dum sldera pascet,


Slc fatns,

semper honos nomenque tuum hxudesque manebunt,


quae

me cumque vocant

terrae.'

amicum

610

Tlionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum,

post alios, fortemque

Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

I.

25

Dido gives the Trojans a royal reception.

Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido,

casu deinde
'

virl tanto, et sic ore locuta est


615

Quis

te,

nate dea, per tanta pericula casus

insequitur ?

Tune
alraa

ille

immanibus applicat orls Aeneas, quem Dardanio ^ Ancliisae


Quae
vls

Venus Phrygil genuit Simoentis ad undam Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sldona venlre flnibus expulsum patrils, nova regna petentem auxilio Bell genitor tum Belus oplmam
;

620

vastabat

Cyprum

et victor dicione tenebat.

Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgl.
Ipse liostis Teucros insignl laude ferebat
625

seque ortum antlqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.

Quare

agite, o tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostrls.

Me

quoque per multos

similis fortima labores

iactatam bac

demum
;

voluit consistere terra.


630

Non
Slc

ignara mall miserls succurrere disco.'

memorat simul Aenean in regia ducit tecta, simul dlvum templls indlcit honorem. Nec minus interea socils ad lltora mittit vlginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum
terga suum, pinguls centum

cum matribus
Itixu.

agnos,

635

munera laetitiamque dil. At domus interior regali splendida


instruitur,

medilsque parant convlvia tectis


640
:

arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo,

ingens argentum mensls, caelataque in auro


1.

delnde.

2.

Dardanio

Anchisae

hiatus.

26

P.

VERGILI MAKONIS
rerum
y

fortia facta patrum, series longissima

per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis.

Aeneas gives presents

to

Dido.

Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem


passus amor) rapidum ad navis praemittit Achaten,

Ascanio ferat haec ipsumque ad moenia dticat;

645

omnis

in

Ascanio cari

stat'

cura parentis.

Munera
et

praeterea,. Iliacls erepta ruinis,

ferre iubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem,

circumtextum croceo velamen acantho,


illa INIjcenis,

ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos

65C

Pergama cum

peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos,

extulerat, matris

Ledae mirabile donum

praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim,

maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile bacatum et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad navis tendebat Achates.
Venus, fearing Juno, weaves a plot.

6.55

At Cytherea novas
consilia, ut

artis,

nova pectore versat

faciem mutatus et ora Cupido

pro dukn Ascanio veniat donisque

^i^^ furentem ^f^^


6G0

incendat reginam atque ossibus implicet ignem

quippe

domum
luno

timet
et

ambiguam Tyriosque

bilinguis;

urit atrox

sub noctem

ciira recursat.

Ergo
'

his aligerum dictis adfatur

Amorem
66.')

Nate, meae vires,

mea magna

potentia sohis,

nate, j)atris

summi

qui tela Typlidia temnis,


\

ad

te

confugio et suj^plex tua numina posco.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

I.

27

Frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum.


litora iactetur odiis lunonis inlquae,

nota

tibi, et

nostro doluisti saepe dolore.

FiG.

9.

Venus Genetrix.
670

Hunc Phoenissa
hospitia;

tenet

Dido blandisque moratur

vocibus, et vereor, quo se lunonia vertant

haud tanto

cessabit cardine rerum.

Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma

28r

P.

VEKGILI MARONIS
se

reglnam meditor, ne quo


sed

numine mutet,
675

magno Aeneae mecuni teneatur amore.


facere id possis, nostram

Qua

nunc accipe mentem.

Jlegius accltu cari genitoris ad

urbem
cura,

Sldoniam puer

Ire parat,

mea maxima

dona ferens pelago

et

flammls restantia Troiae.


680

Hunc
ajit

ego sopltum somno su|)er alta Cytliera

super Idalium sacrata sede recondam;

ne qua sclre dolos mediusve occurrere possit.

Tu faciem
ut,

illlus

noctem non amplius tinam


puer indue
volttis,

falle dolo, et notos puerl

cum

te

gremio accipiet laetissima Dldo

685

regalls inter

meusas laticemque Lyaeum,

cum

dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet,

occultum Insplres ignem fallasque veneno.'


Paret

Amor

dictls carae genetrlcis et alas


Ii"ill.

exuit et gressti gaudens incedit

690

At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem


inrigat et

fotum gremio dea

tollit in altos

Idaliae Iticos, ubi mollis amaracus illum


floribus et dulcl adsplrans complectitur

umbra.

Dido gives a grand hanquet.

lamque

Ibat dicto parens et

dona Cupido

695

regia portabat Tyrils, duce laetus Achate.

Cum

venit, aulaels

iam

se reglna superbls

aurea^ composuit spondn, mediamque locavit,

iam pater Aeneas

et

iam Troiana iuventtis


700

conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostrO.


1.

aurea.

AENElGdSIIi^'^.

.*'

9
canistrls

Dant manibus famuli lymphas Cereremque


expediunt tonslsqiie ferunt mantelia
villl^i.

Qulnquaginta intus famulae, quibus


cura

orcline

longo
;

penum

struere et fiammis adolere Pena.tls

centum

aliae

totidemque pares aetate ministrl,


llmina laeta frequentes

qul dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant.

Nec non

et Tyril per

convenere, torls iussl discumbere pictls.

Mirantur dona Aeneae, mlrantur lulum


flagrantlsque del volttis simulataque verba

pallamque

et

pictum croceo velamen acantho.


nequit ardescitque tuendo

Praecipue Infelix, pestl devota futurae,


expleri

mentem

Phoenlssa
Ille

et pariter

puero donlsque movetur.


715

ubi complexu Aeneae colloqne pependit


falsl

et

magnum

implevit genitoris amorem,

reginam

petit.

Haec

oculls,

haec pectore toto

haeret et interdum gremio fovet, Inscia Dido,

At memor ille matris Acldaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum


insidat quantus miserae deus.
incipit et vlvo temptat praevertere

720

amore

iam prldem resides animos desuetaque corda.


After the toasts and the song of lopas, Dido begs Aeneas
to tell his story.

Postquam prima quies epulls mensaeque remotae, crateras magnos statuunt et vlna coronant. Pit strepitus tectls vocemque per ampla volutant
atria
;

725

dgpendent lychnl laquearibus aurels

incensi et noctem flammls ftinalia vincunt.


1.

aureis.

30;

F.w t^aiiihfiARONis

Hic rOgina gravem geininis auroqiie poposcit implevitque mero r/jaterani, quam Belus et omnes
Belo
soliti;

,^^
""

tun> facta silentia

tectis.

730

[luppiter, liospitibus

nam

te dare iura loquuntur,

lunc laetum Tyriisque cliem Troiaque profectis


esse vellfb nostrosque liuius

meminisse minores.

Adsit/laetitiae Bacchus dator et bona luno;


et vos, 0,

coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.'

'

735

4-

mensam laticum llbavit honorem .primaque llbato summo tenus attigit ore
Dlxit et in
;

-tum Bitiae dedit increpitans

ille

impiger hausit
auro
'

spumantem pateram
post
alii

et pleno se proluit

proceres.

Cithara crlnTtus lopas

740

personat aurata, docuit

quem maximus

Atlas.

Hic canit errantem Itinam solisque labores, unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde imber

et ignes,

Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles
hlberni, vel

745

quae tardls mora noctibus obstet.

Ingeminant plausu Tyril, Troesque sequuntur. ISTec non et vario noctem sermone trahebat
Infelix

Dido longumque bibebat amorem, multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset fljius armls,

750

nunc, quales Diomedis equl, nunc, quantus Achilles.

'Imm6 age

et a

prlma
'

dlc, hospes, origine

nobis
'

insidias' inquit

erroresque tuos

Danaum casusque tuorum nam te iam septima portat


terrls et fluctibus aestas.'

755

omnibus errantem

S^^^

AENEIDOS
LIBER IL
Aeneas begins his story.

Conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant.

Inde toro pater Aeneas

sic orsus

ab alto

Ir.randum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem,

Troianas ut opes et lamentabile regnum


eruerint Danai, quaeque ipse miserrima vidi
5

quorum pars magna f ui. Quis talia fando Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi temperet a lacrimis ? Et iam nox umida caelo
et

praecipitat suadentque cadentia sidera somnos.

Sed

si

tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros

10

et breviter

Troiae

supremum

audire laborem,

quamquam
incipiam.

aniinus meminisse borret luctuque refugit,


^

The Greeks huild

the

wooden

horse.

Eracti bello fatisque repulsi

ductores
instar

Danaum, tot iam labentibus annis, montis equum divina Palladis arte
^

15
;

aedificant sectaque intexunt abiete

costas

votum pro

reditu simulant

ea

fama vagatur.

Huc

delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim


1.

abiete: with consouantal

i.

31

32

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

includuut caeco lateri penitusque cavernas


iugentis uterunique armato milite complent.
Trojans throio open their
20

They hide in Tenedos,

ichile the

city gates.

Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama


insula, dives

opum, Priami dum regna manebant,


litore

.nunc tantum sinus et statio male fida carinis:

huc se provecti deserto in

condunt.

Kos

abiisse rati et vento petiisse

Mycenas.

25

Ergo omnis longo


Panduntur portae

solvit se Teucria luctu.


;

iuvat ire et Dorica castra

desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.

Hic Dolopum manus, hic saevus tendebat Achilles,


classibus hic locus, hic acie certare solebant.
30

Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae


et

molem mirantur

equi

primusque Thymoetes
sic fata ferebant.

duci intra muros hortatur et arce locari,


sive dolo seu

iam Troiae

At Capys
'^lv

et

quorum melior

sententia menti

35

aut pelago

Danaum

insidias suspectaque

dona

praecipitare iubent subiectisque urere flauimis,

aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.


Scinditur incertum studia in contraria volgus.

Laocodn^s warning.

Primus
et procul

ibi

ante omnis,

magna comitante

caterva,

40

Laocoon ardens
:

summa

decurrit ab arce

'

miseri, quae tanta insania, cives ?

Creditis avectos hostis aut

uHa
?

putatis

dona carere

dolis

Danaum

Sic notus Ulixes ?

AENEIDOS
Aut hoc

LIB. H.

33
45

inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi,

aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina niuros


inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi,

aut aliquis latet error

equo ne

credite, Teucri.
ferentis.'
50

Quidquid id

est,

timeo Danaos et dona

Sic fatus validis

ingentem viribus bastam

in latus inque feri


contorsit.

curvam compagibus alvum

Stetit illa tremens, uteroque recusso

insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae.

Et

si

fata

deum,

si

mens non laeva

fuisset,
55

impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras,

Troiaque nunc

staret,

Priamique arx alta maneres.

Enter Sinon, as a prisoner.

Ecce raanus iuvenem interea post terga revinctum


pastores

magno ad regem clamore trahebant


60

Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro,

hoc ipsura ut strueret Trqiamque aperiret Achivis,


obtulerat, fidens animi atque in

utrumque paratus,

seu versare dolos seu certae occumbere morti.

Undique visendi studio Troiana iuventus


circumfusa ruit certantque inludere capto.

Accipe nunc
disce omnis.

Danaum

insidias et crimine ab

uno

65

Namque

ut conspectu in medio turbatus inermis

constitit atque ocuiis

Phrygia agmina circumspexit,


'quae

^Heu, quae nunc


accipere ?

tellus,' inquit,

me

aequora possunt
70
\^^:z^

Aut quid iam misero mihi denique restat, cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt ?'

34

P.

YERGILI MARONIS

Quo gemitu conversi aninii, compressus et omnis impetus. Hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus,
quidve ferat
;

niemoret, quae

sit fiducia

capto.

y
y

75

IUe haec, deposita tandem formidine,


'

fatur.

Sinoii^s story.
'

/^\

Cuncta equidem
nec

tibi, rex, fuerit

quodcumque, fatebor

vera,' inquit:

'neque
si

me

Argolica de gente negabo:

hoc primum
finxit,

miserum Fortuna Sinonem vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget.


;

80

Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama
gloria,

quem

falsa sub proditione Pelasgi

insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetab^t,


demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine higent
illi

85

me comitem

et consanguinitate

propinquum

pauper in arma pater primis huc misit ab annis.

Dum stabat
conciliis, et

regno incolumis regumque vigebat


nos aliquod nomenque decusque
Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi
oris,

gessimus.

90

(haud ignota loquor) superis concessit ab


adflictus
et

vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam

casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. Nec tacui demens et me, fors si qua tulisset,
si

patrios

umquam remeassem

victor ad Argos,

te

promisi ultorem et verbis odia aspera movi.

Hinc mihi prima mali


in

hibes, hinc

semper Ulixes

criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces

volgum ambiguas

et

quaerere conscius arma.

Nec

requievit enim, donec Calchante ministro

100

AENEIDOS

LIB. U.

35

Sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo ? Quidve moror ? Si omnis uno ordine habetis Acliivos
idque audire sat
est,

hoc Ithacus

velit et

iamdudum sumite poenas magno mercentur Atridae.'


when about
to be sacrificed.

^
i-

/
(

He had

escaped from the altar,

Tum

vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas,

105

ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae.

Prosequitur pavitans et
^

ficto

pectore f atur

Saepe fugam Danai Troia cupiere relicta


:

moliri et longo fessi discedere bello

fecissentque utinam
interclusit

Saepe

illos

aspera ponti

110

hiems

et terruit

Auster euntis

praecipue,

cum iam

hic trabibus contextus acernis

staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi.

Suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi


mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat
" Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa,
115

cum primum
Argolica."

Iliacas, Danai, venistis

ad oras:
ad

sanguine quaerendi reditus animaque litandum


Volgi quae vox ut
veiiit

auris,

'

obstipuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit


ossa tremor, cui fata parent,

120

quem

poscat Apollo.

Hic Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu


protrahit in medios
flagitat.
;

quae sint ea numina divum,


ventura videbant.
tectusque recusat

Et mihi iam multi crudele canebant


125

artificis scelus et taciti


)

Bis quinos

silet ille dies

prodere voce sua

quemquam

aut opponere morti.


actus,

Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus

36

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

composito rumpit vocem et

me

destinat arae.

Adsensere omnes

et,

quae

sibi

quisque timebat,

130

unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere,

lamque

dies infanda aderat, mihi sacra parari

et salsae fruges et

circum tempora vittae.

\ Eripui,
delitui,
iSTec

fateor, leto

me

et vincula rupi
135

limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva

dum

vela darent,

si

forte dedissent.

mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi


;

nec dulcis natos exoptatumque parentem

quos

illi

fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent

effugia et

culpam hauc miserorum morte piabunt.


est

140

Quod
per
si

te

per superos et conscia numina veri,

qua

quae restat adhuc mortalibus usquam


miserere laborum

intemerata

fides, oro,

tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.'

Pnam

sets

him free.
et

His lacrimis vitam damus

miserescimus ultro.

145

Ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari


vincla iubet Priamus dictisque ita fatur amicis
'

Quisquis

es,

amissos hinc iam obliviscere Graios


:

Mihique haec edissere vera roganti Quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? Quisauctor? Quidve petunt ? Quae religio aut quae machina belli ?
noster
eris.
**"

luO

Dixerat.

Ille, dolis

instructus et arte Pelasga,

sustulit exutas vinclis


*

ad sidera palmas
165

Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum


'

testor numen,' ait,

vos arae ensesque nefandi,

quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi

AENEIDOS
fas inihi

LLB.

II.

37

Graiorum sacrata resolvere

iura,

fas odisse viros atque


si

omnia

ferre sub auras,


-ullis.

qua tegunt

teneor patriae nec legibus

Tu modo

promissis maneas servataque serves,

160

Troia, fidem, si vera feram, si

magna rependam.

Sinon explains the icooden horse.


'

Omnis spes Danaum

et coepti fiducia belli


stetit.

Palladis auxiliis semper

Impius ex quo
templo
*
165

Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes,


fatale adgressi sacrato avellere

Palladium, caesis

summae

custodibus arcis,

corripuere sacram effigiem manibusque cruentis


virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas,

ex

illo fluere ac retro

sublapsa referri
17C

spes

Danaum,

fractae vires, aversa deae mens.

Nec

dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.


castris

Vix positum
sudor
iit,

simulacrum, arsere coruscae

luminibus flammae arrectis salsusque per artus


terque ipsa solo (mirabile dictu)
ferens hastamque trementem.

*
175

emicuit

parmamque

Extemplo tem^tanda fuga cauit aeguora Calchas, nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, omiua ni repetant Argis numenque reducant, quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. Et nunc quod patrias vento petiere ^Nrycenas, arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso
improvisi aderunt.
Ita digerit omina Calchas.

-'^^

180

Hanc pro

Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso

effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret.

38

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
Calclias attollere molera
185

Hanc tamen immensam

roboribus textis caeloque educere iussit,

ne recipi portis aut duci in moenia posset

neu populum antiqua sub religione

tueri.

Nam

si

yestra

manus

violasset

dona Minervae,

tum magnum exitium (quod


convertant
sin
!

di prius

omen

in

ipsum
;

190

Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum


vestris

manibus

vestram ascendisset in urbem,

ultro

Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes/
The
tale is believed.

Talibus insidiis periurique arte Sinonis


credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis,

195

quos neque Tydides nec Larissaeus Achilles,

non anni domuere decem, non mille


Laocodii^s terrihle fate.

carinae.

Hic aliud maius miseris multoque tremendum


obicitur magis atque improvida pecto.ra turbat.
200

Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,


sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.

Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta


(horresco referens) immensis orbibus angues

incumbunt pelago pariterque ad


pectora

litora

tendunt

205

quorum

inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque

sanguineae superant undas, pars cetera pontum

pone

legit

sinuatque immensa volumine terga.


;

Fit sonitus spumante salo

iamque arva tenebant


210

ardentisque oculos suifecti sanguine et igni


sibila

lambebant linguis vibrantibus

ora.

AENEIDOS
Diffugimus visu exsangues.

LIB.

II.

39

Illi

agmine certo

Laocoonta petunt

et

primum parva duorum


215

corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque

implicat et miseros morsu depascitur artus


post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem,
corripiunt spirisque ligant ingentibus
bis
:

et

iam

medium

amplexi, bis collo squamea circum


altis.

terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus


Ille

simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,

220

perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno,

clamores simul horrendos ad sidera


qualis mugitus, fugit

tollit,

cum

saucius

aram
225

taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim.

At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones


effugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,

sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur.


The Trojans draw the horse into the

city.

Tum

vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis

insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse

merentem
230

Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae

numina conclamant. Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. Accingunt omnes operi pedibusque rotarum
subiciunt lapsus et stuppea vincula collo

235

intendunt.
feta armis.

Scandit fatalis machina muros,

Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae

sacra canunt

funemque manu contingere gaudent

40
illa

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
urbi.
24(1

subit

mediaeque minans inlabitur

divum domus Ilium et incluta bello Quater ipso in limine portae moenia Dardanidum substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere
patria, o
!

instamus tamen imiliemores caecique furore


et

monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris ora, dei iussu non umquam credita Teucris.

245

Nos delubra deum


ille dies,

miseri, quibus ultimus esset

festa

velamus fronde per urbem.


from
the Jwrse.

Tlie Greelcs ijour foHh

Vertitur interea caelum et ruit Oceano nox,

250

involvens

umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos fusi per moenia Teucri
;

conticuere, sopor fessoscomplectitur artus.

Et iam Argiva phalanx


litora nota petens,

instructis navibus ibat

a Tenedo, tacitae per amica silentia lunae

255

flammas cum regia puppis

extulerat, fatisque

deum defensus

iniquis

inclusos utero

Danaos

et pinea furtim
Illos patefactus

laxat claustra Sinon.

ad auras
2G0

reddit equus laetique cavo se robore promunt

Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces

et dirus Ulixes,

demissum
et

lapsi per funem,

Pelidesque i!^eoptolemus

Acamasque Thoasque primusque Machaon


Epeos.
265

Menelaus

et ipse doli fabricator

Invadunt uibem somno vinoque sepultam, caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnis
accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia iungunt.

w
Q O O
S

m O

o M
1X4

AENEIDOS
Hector appears in a dream
to

LIB.

II.

41

Aeneas.

Tempus
incipit et

erat,

quo prima quies mortalibus aegris


serpit.
270

dono clivum gratissima

In soimnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector


visiis

adesse mihi

largosque effundere

fletus,

raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento

pulvere perqiie pedes traiectus lora tumentis.

Ei mihi, qualis erat

Quantum mutatus ab

illo

Hectore, qui redit SXuvias indutus Achilli


vel

275
!

Danaum Phrygios
illa

iaculatus puppibus ignis

squalentem barbamet concretos sanguine crinis


volneraque
gerens, quae circum plurima
tlltro flens ipse videbar
:

muros
280

accepit patrios.

compellare virum et maestas expromere voces


'

lux Dardaniae,

s^^es

o fidissima Teucrum,
?

quae tantae tenuere morae


exspectate venis ?
funera, post varios

Quibus Hector ab

oris

Ut te post multa tuorum hominumque urbisque labores


'

Quae causa mdigna serenos foedavit voltus ? Aut cur haec vplnera cerno ? Ille nihil, nec me quaerentem vana moratur, cv{jtt^^ * sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
def essi aspicimus ]
^

285

-c
/v\i<r

Heu

fuge^ nate dea, teque his,


;

'

ait,

'

eripe flammis.
290

Hostis habet muros

ruit alto a
:

culmine Troia.
si

Sat patriae Priamoque datum

Pergama dextra

defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent^

Sacra suosque tibi^ commendatTTf oia Penatis

hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere,

magna
1.

pererrato statues qua^denique ponto.'


final syllable.
C ^^'J-C
2.

295

mihi : with loug

tibi

with long

final syUable.

^.^

42
Sic
ait, et

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

yestamque potentem aeternumque adytis e^ert penetralibus ignem


manibus
vittas

>

Aeneas

is

aroused from

sleep.

Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu,


et

magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis


recessit,
300

Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta


clarescunt sonitus

armorumque ingruit horror. Excutior somno et summi fastigia tecti


ascensu supero atque arrectis auribus adsto
in

'-''

-i

segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris


aut rapidus montano flumine torrens
305

incidit,

sternit agros, sternit sata laeta

boumque labores

praecipitesque trahit silvas

stupet inscius alto

accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.

Tum

vero manifesta fides,

Danaumque patescunt
310

insidiae.

lam Deiphobi
;

dedit ampla ruinam

Volcano superante d^omus; iam proximus ardet

Ucalegon

Sigea igni freta lata relucent.

Exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum.

Arma amens
cum
sociis

capio; nec sat rationis in armis,

sed glomerare

manum

bellp et concurrere in arcem


;

315

ardent animi

furor iraque

mentem
in armis.

praecipitant,

pulchrumque mori succurrit


relics ;

Panthns rescnes thesacred

Aeneas^

loith othcrs,

rnshes into the


j

conUict.

Ecce autem
sacra

telis

Pantluis elapsus Achivum,


arcis

Panthus Othryades,

Phoebique sacerdos,

manu

victosque deos

parvumque nepotem

320

AENEIDOS
.1

LIB.

II.

43

ipse trahit cursuque


'

Qiio res

> amens ad limina tendit. summa loco, Panthu ? Quam prendimus arcem ?
talia reddit

Vix ea f atus eram, gemitu cum


*

Venit

summa

dies et ineluctabile

tempus
325

Dardaniae.

Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens ferus omnia luppiter Argos gloria Teucrorum transtulit incensa Danai dominantur in urbe.
;

Arduus armatos mediis


insultans.

in

moenibus adstans
330
;
"^

fundit equus victorque Sinon incendia miscet


Portis
alii

bipatentibus adsunt,

milia quot magnis

umquam

venere Mycenis

obsedere
oppositis
stricta,

alii telis
;

angusta viarum

stat ferri acies


;

parata neci

mucrone corusco vix primi proelia temptant


-^

portarum vigiles

et caeco

Marte
quo

resistunt.'

335

Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum


in

flammas

et in

arma

ferpr,

tristis

Erinys,

quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt se socios Eipheus et maximus armis Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, et lateri adglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroebus

340

Mygdonides

illis

ad Troiam forte diebus

venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,


et gener auxilium
infelix, qui

Priamo Phrygibusque

ferebat,
345

non sponsae praecepta furentis


in proelia vidi,
^
v

audierit.

Quos ubi confertos audere


incipio super his
pectora, si vobis
:

'

luvenes, fortissima frustra

audentem extrema cupido


sit

certa sequi, quae

rebus fortuna videtis.

350

44

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
relictis
;

Excessere omnes adytis arisque


di,

quibus imperium hoc steterat


:

succurritis urbi

incensae

moriamur

et in

media arma ruamus.


355

Una

salus victis nullam sperare salutem.'

iuvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris
Sic animis

exegit caecos rabies catulique relicti

faucibus exspectant

siccis,

per

tela,

per hostis

vadimus haud dubiam in mortem mediaeque tenemus


urbis iter
;

nox atra cava circumvolat umbra.


illius noctis,

360

Quis cladem

quis funera fando

explicet aut possit lacrimis aequare labores ?

Urbs antiqua

ruit,

multos dominata per annos

phirima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim


corpora perque domos et religiosa deorum
limina.
365

Nec

soli

poenas dant sanguine Teucri

quondam etiam

victis redit in praecordia virtus

victoresque cadunt Danai.


luctus, ubique pavor^ et

Crudelis ubique

plurima mortis imago.

They are

siiccessful at first.

Primus

se

Danaum magna

comitante caterva

370

Androgeos

offert nobis, socia

agmina credens

inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amicis


^

Festinate, viri.

Nam

quae tam sera moratur

segnities ?

Alii rapiunt incensa feruntque


celsis
375

Pergama; vos
Dixit et

nunc primum a navibus itis ?' extemplo (neque enim responsa dabimtur
medios delapsus
1.

fida satis) sensit

in hostis.

pavor.

AENEIDOS
Obstipuit retroque peclem

LIB. H.

45

cum

voce repressit.

Improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit attollentem iras et caerula colla tumentem
;

380

haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus

abibat.

Inruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis, ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos


sternimus.
Adspir^-t primo Fortuna labori.
385

Atque
^O

hic successu exsultans animisque Coroebus,

qua prima' inquit 'fortuna salutis monstrat iter quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur
socii,

mutemus
aptemus.

clipeos

Danaumque

insignia nobis
?
390

Arma

Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat dabunt ipsi.' Sic fatus deinde ' comantem

Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum induitur laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.

Hoc Ripheus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque


laeta facit
;

iuventus
395

spoliis se

quisque recentibus armat.


nostro,

Vadimus immixti Danais haud numine

multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Orco.
Diffugiunt
alii

ad navis et litora cursu


400

fida petunt, pars

ingentem formidine turpi scandunt rursus equum et nota conduntur in


Vai7i effort to rescue Cassandra.

alvo.

Heu

nihil invitis fas

quemquam

fidere divis

Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,
1.

deinde.

46

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
frustra,
405

ad caelum tendens ardentia kimina


lumina,

nam

teneras arcebant vincula palmas.

Non

tulit

hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus


iniecit periturus in

et sese

medium

agmen.

Consequimur cuncti

et densis

incurrimus armis.
telis
410

Hic primum ex

alto delubri

culmine

nostrorum obruimur^ oriturque miserrima caedes

armorum

facie et

Graiarum errore iubarum.


ira

Tum
et

Danai gemitu atque ereptae virginis


collecti invadunt,

undique

acerrimus Aiax
415

gemini Atridae Dolopumque exercitus omnis,

adversi rupto ceu

quondam

turbine venti
et laetus Eois

confligunt, Zepliyrusque

Notusque
ciet

Eurus
Illi

eqiiis

stridunt silvae saevitque tridenti

spumeus atque imo Nereus


etiam,
si

aequora fundo.

quos obscura nocte per

umbram

420

fudimus
apparent

insidiis totaque
;

agitavimus urbe,

primi clipeos mentitaque teld

adgnoscunt atque ora sono discordia signant.


Ilicet

obruimur numero, primusque Coroebus


425

Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram

procumbit

cadit et Ripheus, iustissimus

unus

qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi


4-(dis aliter visum)
;

pereunt Hypanisque

Dymasque
430

confixi a sociis, nec te tua phirima, Panthu,

labentem pietas nec Apollinis infula


Iliaci cineres et

texit.

flamma extrema meorum,


et, si
1.

testor in occasu vestro nec tela nec ullas

vitavisse vices

Danauni

fata fuissent,

obruimur.

AENEIDOS
at

LIB.

II.

47

caderem meriiisse manu.

Divellimur inde,
435

Ipliitus et Pelias

mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo

iam

gravior, Pelias et volnere tardus Ulixi

protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati


Thefight at Priam^s palace.

Hic vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam


bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe,
sic

Martem indomitum Danaosque ad

tecta ruentis

440

cernimus obsessumque acta testudine limen. Haerent parietibus ^ scalae, postisque sub ipsos
nituntur gradibus clipeosque ad tela sinistris
protecti obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.

Dardanidae contra turris ac tecta domorum culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt,
extrema iam in morte parant defendere telis auratasque trabes, veterum decora illa parentum,
devolvunt
:

445

alii strictis
;

mucronibus imas
450

obsedere fores

has servant agmine denso.

Instaurati animi regis succurrere tectis

auxilioque levare viros vimque addere victis.

Aeneas mounts

to the roof.

Limen

erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus

tectorum inter se Priami postesque relicti a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant,

455

Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde
saepius
1.

parietibus

with

consonantal in second syllable

48
tela

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

manu

miseri iactabant inrita Teucri.


460

Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra


eductam
et
tectis,

unde omnis Troia videri


naves et Achaica castra,

Danaum

solitae

adgressi ferro circum, qua

summa

labantis

iuncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis

sedibus impulimusque

ea lapsa repente ruinam

46^

cum

sonitu trahit et

Danaum

super agmina late

incidit.

Ast

alii

subeunt, nec saxa nec ullum

telorum interea cessat genus.


Conspicuous amony the Greeks
is

Pyrrhus.
in limine

Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque


exsultat telis et luce coruscus aena,
qualis ubi in luceni coluber
frigida sub terra

Pyrrhus
47o

mala gramina pastus,


tegebat,

tumidum quem bruma

nunc

positis

novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa


475

lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga,

arduus ad solem, et linguis micat ore


(Tna ingens Periphas et

trisulcis.

equorum

agitator Achillis,

armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes


succedunt tecto et flammas ad culmina iactant.
Ipse inter jjrimos correpta dura bipenni

limina perrumpit postisque a cardine vellit


aeratos
;

480

iamque excisa trabe lirma cavavit


et atria

robora et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram.

Apparet domus intus

longa patescunt

apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum

armatosque vident stantes in limine primo.

485

AENEIDOS
The enemy pour
in.

LIB.

II.

49

At domus

interior

gemitu miseroque tumultu


aurea sidera clamor.

miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes

femineis ululant

ferit

Tum

pavidae tectis matres ingeutibus errant


iigunt.
490

amplexaeque teneut postis atque oscula


Instat vi patria Pyrrlius
:

nec claustra nec ipsi


labat ariete ^ crebro

custodes sufferre valent

ianua et emoti procumbunt cardine postes.

rumpunt aditus primosque trucidant immissi Danai et late loca milite complent. Non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis
Fit via vi
;

495

exit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles,

fertur in arva furens

cum

stabulis

cumulo camposque per omuis armenta trahit. Yidi ipse furentem


500

caede Xeoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas, vidi Hecubam centumque nurus Priamumque per aras

sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, igms.

Quinquaginta
procubuere

ilii

thalami, spes tanta nepotum,

barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi,


;

tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis.


ready a soldier.
fata, requiras,

505

The aged Priam

is

to die as

Forsitan

et,

Priami fuerint quae

Urbis uti captae casum convolsaque vidit


limina tectorum et niedium in penetralibus hostem,

arma diu

senior desueta trementibus aevo


510

circumdat nequiquam umeris et inutile ferrum


cingitur ac densos fertur moriturus in hostis.
1.

ariete

with consonantal

i.

50
Aedibus in

P.

VERGILI MAEONIS
sub aetheris axe

niediis niidoqne

ingens ara fuit iuxtaque veterrima laurus,

incumbens arae atque iimbra complexa Penatis. Hic Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum,
praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,

515

condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant.

Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis ut vidit, ^Quae mens tam dira, miserrime coniunx, impulit his cingi telis ? Aut quo ruis ? inquit.
'

520

Non

tali auxilio
;

nec defensoribus
si

istis

tempus eget

non

ipse
;

meus nunc

adforet Hector.

Huc tandem
ad sese

concede

haec ara tuebitur omnis,

aut moriere simuL'


et sacra

Sic ore effata recepit


in sede locavit.
525

longaevum

Pyrrhus slays

hini at the altar.

Ecce autem elapsus Pjrrhi de caede Polites,

unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis, porticibus longis fugit et vacua atria lustrat
saucius.

Illum ardens infesto volnere Pyrrhus

insequitur,

iam iamque manu tenet

et

premit hasta.

"

530

Ut tandem

ante oculos evasit et ora parentum,

concidit ac multo vitam

cum sanguine fudit. Hic Priamus, quamquam in media iam morte


*

tenetur,

non tamen abstinuit nec voci iraeque pepercit

At

tibi

pro scelere' exclamat,


est caelo pietas,

'

pro talibus ausis


talia curet,

635

di, si

qua

quae

persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant


debita, qui nati

coram me cernere letura

fecisti et patrios foedasti funere voltus.

AENEIDOS
At non
talis in
ille,

LIB.

II.

51
540

satum quo

te mentiris, Achilles

hoste fuit Priamo, sed iura fidemque

supijlicis erubuit

corpusque exsangue sepulchro


in

reddidit

Hectoreum meque

mea regna

remisit/

Sic fatus senior,


coniecit, et

telumque inbelle sine ictu rauco quod protinus aere repulsum


clipei

545

nequiquam umbone pependit. Cui Pjrrhus: 'Keferes ergo haec et mmtius ibis

summo

mea tristia f acta degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento nunc morere/ Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa trementem
Pelidae genitori
;

illi

550

traxit et in

multo lapsantem sanguine

nati,

implicuitque

comam

laeva, dextraque

coruscum

extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.

Haec

finis

Priami fatorum

hic exitus illum


et prolapsa

sorte tulit,

Troiam incensam

videntem

555

Pergama,

tot

quondam

populis terrisque superbum

regnatorem Asiae.

lacet ingens litore truncus


et sine

avolsumque umeris caput

nomine corpus.

Aeneas, in horror, rememhers his oxon home.

At me tum primum saevus


Obstipui
;

circumstetit horror.
560

subiit cari genitoris imago,

ut regem aequaevum crudeli volnere vidi

vitam exhalantem
et direpta

subiit deserta Creusa


et parvi casus luli.

domus ^
quae

Eespicio

et,

sit

me circum

copia, histro.
565

Deseruere omnes defessi et corpora saltu

ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere.


1.

4-

domus.

52
Tempted
to slay

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
is

Helen, he

restrained by Venus.

lamqiie acleo super unus erara,

cum limina Vestae

servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem

Tyndarida aspicio

dant clara incendia lucem


570

erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti.


Illa sibi infestos eversa

ob Pergama Teucros

et

Danaum poenam

et deserti coniugis iras


fet

praemetuens, Troiae

patriae

communis Erinys,
cadentem
575

abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat.

Exarsere ignes animo


ulcisci
*

subit ira

patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas.

Scilicet

haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas

aspiciet partoque ibit regina triumpho,

coniugiumque domumque patres natosque videbit,


Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris
Occiderit ferro Priamus ?
? ?
'

580

Troia arserit igni

Dardanium
!Non
ita.

totiens sudarit sanguine litus ?


etsi

Namque

nuUum memorabile nomen


habet victoria laudem,
585

feminea in poena

est nec

exstinxisse nefas tanien et sumpsisse merentis

laudabor poenas, animumque explesse iuvabit


ultricis

flammae

et cineres satiasse

meorum.' /
"^-^

Talia iactabam et furiata mente ferebar,

cum mihi

se,

non ante

oculis

tam

clara,

videndam
590

obtulit et pura per nocteni in luce refulsit

alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta sok^t, dextraque prehensum
continuit roseoque haec insuper addidit ore
:

^Nate, quis indomitas tautus dolor excitat iras ?

Quidfuris?

Aut quonam

nostri tibi cura recessit ?

595

AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

53

Non

prius aspicies, ubi fessuin aetate parentem

liqueris Anchisen, superet

coniunxne Creusa,

Ascaniusque puer

Qiios oinnis
et,

undique Graiae
resistat,
600

circum errant acies

ni

mea cura

iam flammae tulerint inimicus

et hauserit ensis.

Kon

tibi

Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae


;

culpatusve Paris

divum inclementia, divum,

has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Troiam. Aspice (namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti
mortalis hebetat visus tibi et
caligat,

umida circum

605

nubem eripiam

tu ne qua parentis
:

iussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa)


hic, ubi disiectas

moles avolsaque saxis


610

saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,

Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem Hic luno Scaeas saevissima portas eruit. prima tenet sociumque furens a navibus agmen
ferro accincta vocat.

lam summas
insedit,

arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas


et

615

nimbo effulgens
ipse deos in

Gorgone saeva.
suscitat arma.

Ipse pater Danais animos virisque secundas


sufficit,

Dardana

Eripe, nate,

fugam finemque impone labori. Nusquam abero et tutum patrio te limine sistam.'
Dixerat et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.

620

Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Troiae numina magna deum.

54
Troy falls
like

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

a mountain ash.

Tum
Ilium

vero

omne mihi visnm

considere in ignis
625
;

et

ex imo verti Neptunia Troia

ac veluti

summis antiquam

in montibus

ornnm

cum

ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant


illa

eruere agricolae certatim,


et tremefacta

usque minatur

comam

concusso vertice nutat,

volneribus donec paulatim evicta

supremum

630

congemuit traxitque iugis avolsa ruinam.

Descendo ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostis expedior dant tela locum flammaeque recedunt.
;

Anchises refuses

to leave.

Atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina


antiquasque domos, genitor,

sedis
635

quem tollere in altos optabam primum montis primumque petebam,


abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia
exsiliumque pati.
sanguis,' ait,
^
'

Vos

o,

quibus integer aevi

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,


640

vos agitate fugam.

Me

si

caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,

has mihi servassent sedes.

Satis

ima superque

vidimus excidia
Ipse

et captae

superavimus urbi.

Sic o sic positum adfati discedite corpus.

manu mortem inveniam

miserebitur hostis

645

exuviasque petet.

Facilis iactura sepulchri.

lam pridem

invisus divis et inutilis annos

demoror, ex quo

me divum

pater atque

hominum

rex

fulminis adflavit ventis et contigit

igni.'

AENEIDOS
Aeneas pleads vainly with
liim.

LIB.

II.

55

Talia perstabat
jS^os

memorans fixusque manebat.

650

contra effusi lacrimis coniunxque Creusa

Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum cimcta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet.

Abnegat inceptoque et seclibus haeret in isdem. E-ursus in arma feror mortemque miserrimus opto. Nam quod consilium aut quae iam f ortuna dabatur ?
^

655

Mene

efferre

pedem, genitor,

te posse relicto
?

sperasti,

tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore

Si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui


et sedet

hoc animo perituraeque addere Troiae


isti

660

teque tuosque iuvat, patet

ianua

leto,

iamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, gnatum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.
alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus utque Ascanium patremque meum iuxtaque Creusam

Hoc

erat,

665

alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam

Arma,

viri, f erte

arma

vocat lux ultima victos.

Eeddite
proelia.

me

Danais, sinite instaurata revisam

Numquam omnes

hodie moriemur
them.

inulti.'

670

Creusa implores Aeneas not

to desert

Hinc

ferro accingor rursus clipeoque sinistram

insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebam.

Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniunx


haerebat parvumque patri tendebat luhim
'

Si periturus abis, et nos rape in

omnia tecum

675

sin

aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis,

56

P.

VEKGILI MARONIS
Cui parvus lulus,
dicta relinquor ?

hanc primum tutare domum.


cui pater et coniunx

quondam tua

The signfrom heaven.


Talia vociferans geniitu tectum

omne

replebat,
680

cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli
fundere lumen apex tactuque innoxia mollis

lambere flamnia comas

et

circum tempora pasci.


685

Nos pavidi

trepidare

metu crinemque fiagrantem

excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis.

At
'

pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus

extulit et caelo

palmas cum voce tetendit;


si flecteris ullis,

luppiter omnipotens, precibus


et, si

aspice nos, hoc tantum,

pietate meremur,

690

da deinde augurium, pater, atque haec omina firma.'


Anchises recognizes the divine

^.

call.

They leave

the house.

Vix ea fatus erat


stella

senior, subitoque fragore

intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per

umbras
tecti,

facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit.

Illam,

summa

super labentem culmina

695

cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva

signantemque vias

tum longo

limite sulcus

dat lucem, et late circum loca sulpure fumant.

Hic vero victus genitor

se tollit

ad auras
700

adfaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat.


^

lam iam
patrii,

Di

mora est sequor et, qua ducitis, adsum. servate domum, servate nepotem.
nulla
;

AENEIDOS

LIB.
in

II.

57
est.

Vestrum hoc auguriiim, vestroque

numine Troia

Cedo equidem
Dixerat
ille,

nec, nate, tibi

comes

ire recuso.'
705

et

iam per moenia

clarior ignis

auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.


'

Ergo

age, care pater, cervici

imponere nostrae

ipse subibo umeris, nec

Quo res una salus ambobus


sit

me labor iste gravabit. cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,


erit.
jVIihi

parvus lulus

710

comes, et longe servet vestigia coniunx.

Yos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.

Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum


desertae Cereris iuxtaque antiqua cupressus
religione

patrum multos servata per annos

715

hanc ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam.


Tu, genitor, cape sacra

manu

patriosque Penatis

me, bello e tanto digressum


attrectare nefas, donec
abluero.'

et

caede recenti,

me

flumine vivo
720

Haec

fatus latos umeros subiectaque colla

veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis

succedoque oneri

dextrae se parvus lulus

implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis

pone subit coniunx.


et

Eerimur per opaca locorum,


ulla iniecta

725

movebant tela neque adverso glomerati ex agmine Grai, nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis
suspensum
et pariter

me, quem

dudum non

comitique onerique timentem.

58
Creiisa
is lost,

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
the gripf-stricken hushand.

Her phantom comforts


portis

lamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito

omnemque videbar

730

cum

creber ad auris

visus adesse
prospiciens,
'

pedum
ISTate/

sonitus, genitorque per

umbram

exclamat,

'

fuge, nate

propiuquant

ardentis clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.'

Hic mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu

735

dum
heu
!

sequor et nota excedo regione viarum,

misero coniunx fatone erepta Creusa


Erravitne via seu lassa resedit ?
:

substitit ?

Incertum

nec post oculis est reddita nostris,


reflexi,

740

nec prius amissani respexi animumve

quam tumulum antiquae


venimus.

Cereris

Hic demum

collectis

sedemque sacratam omnibus una


745

natumque virumque fefellit. Quem non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque,^


defuit et comites

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ?

Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penatis

commendo
ipse

sociis et

curva valle recondo

urbem repeto

et cingor fulgeutibus armis.

Stat casus renovare omnis

omnemque

reverti

750

per Troiam et rursus caput obiectare periclis.


Principio muros obscuraque limina portae,

qua gressum extuleram, repeto

et vestigia retro

observata sequor per noctem et hunine lustro.

Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. Inde domuin, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset,

755

me

refero.

Inruerant Danai et tectum omne tenebant.


1.

deorumque : with -que hj^permetric.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

59

Ilicet ignis

edax

summa ad

fastigia vento

volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras.

Procedo

et

Priami sedes arcemque

reviso.

760

Et iam porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes

praedam adservabant.
incensis erepta adj-tis

Huc undique

Troia gaza

mensaeque deorum
765

crateresque auro solidi captivaque vestis


congeritur.
stant circum.

Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres

Ausus quin etiam voces

iactare per

umbram
vocavi.
770

im^levi clamore vias maestusque Creusam

nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque


Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti
infelix

simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae


^

visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago.

Obstipui, steteruntque

comae

et

vox faucibus

liaesit.
775

Tum

sic adfari et

curas his demere dictis

X-Quid

tantum mfeano mvat induygere ctplori, o dulcis coniunx ? Non haec sine numine divum eveniunt nec te comitem hinc portare Creusam
;

f as aut ille sinit superi regnator

Olympi.
;

vastum maris_aequor arandum et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva Thter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris.

Longa

tibi exsilia, et

780

Illic res laetae

regnumque

et regiajsoniunx

parta

tibi.

Lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae.


sedes

Non

ego

Myrmidonum

Dolopumve superbas
ibo,

783

aspiciam aut Grais servitum matribus


1.

stet^runt.

60
Dardauis
sed
et divae

P.

YEKGILI MAROlSriS
j

Veneris nunis

me magua deum

genetrix his detinet oris/'

lamque vale et nati serva communis amorem.' Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem
dicere deseruit tenuisque recessit in auras.

790

Ter conatus
ter frustra

ibi collo

dare braccliia circum;


ef&ugit imago,

comprensa manus
socios

par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somho.


Sic

demum

consumpta nocte
morning

reviso.

795

The

exiles setforth as the

slar rises.

Atque bic ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque, collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile volgus.

Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. lamque iugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant
limina portarum, nec spes opis ulla dabatur.
Cessi et sublato montis genitore petivi.

800

i::',^IHu

"^JXL,

'

.o-o,,rno,

.^'.n......f'.rxt

.'"r^.-./vr^rnnV,:^"""

FiG.

13.

Tabula Iliaca

(story of

Book

II.).

AENEIDOS
LIBER
The Trojans huild afleet and
set sail.

III.

Postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem immeritam visum superis ceciditque superbum
Ilium et omnis

humo fumat

ISTeptunia Troia,

diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras


auguriis agimur

Antandro
incerti,

et

divum classemque sub ipsa Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae,


sistere detur,
viros.

quo fata ferant, ubi


Anchises dare

contrahimusque
et pater

Vix prima inceperat


fatis vela iubebat

aestas,

litora

cum

patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo


f uit.

IQ

et

campos, ubi Troia


sociis natoque,

Feror exsul in altum


et

cum

Penatibus

magnis

dis.

A toion isfounded in

Thrace.

Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis


(Thraces arant), acri quondam regnata Lycurgo,

hospitium antiquum Troiae sociique Penates,

15

dum

fortuna fuit.

Feror huc et

litore

curvo

moenia prima

loco, fatis ingressus iniquis,

Aeneadasque meo nomen de noihine


61

fingo.

62

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Blood drops from myrtle

shoots.

Sacra Dionaeae niatri divisque ferebam


auspicibus coeptorum

caelicolum regi

operum superoque nitentem mactabam in litore taurum.

28

Forte fuit iuxta tumulus, quo cornea

summo

virgulta et densis liastilibus horrida myrtus.


Accessi, viridemquo ab

humo

convellere silvam
25

conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras,

horrendum

et dictu video mirabile

monstrum.

Nam
et

quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos


huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae

vellitur,

terram tabo maculant.

Mihi frigidus horror


30

membra
Rursus

quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis.

et alterius

lentum convellere vimen

insequor et causas penitus temptare latentis;


ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis.

Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestis Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis,
rite

35

secundarent visus omenque levarent.

Tertia sed postquam maiore hastilia nisu

adgredior genibusque adversae obluctor harenae


(eloquar, an sileam
?),

gemitus lacrimabilis imo


:

auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris


'

40

Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras


tulit,

lam parce
tibi

sepulto,

parce pias scelerare raanus.

Non me

Troia

externum

aut cruoi- hic de stipite manat.

Heu! fuge

crudelis terras, fuge litus avarum.


ego.

Nam Polydorus

Hic confixum ferrea

texit

45

telorum seges et iaculis increvit acutis.'

AENEIDOS

LIB.

III.

6S

Tum

vero ancipiti mentein formidine pressns


^

obstipui steteruntque

comae

et

vox f aucibus

haesit.

fJ

The story of murdered PoJydorus.

Hunc Polydorum
infelix

auri

quondam cum pondere magno


60

Priamus furtim mandarat alendum Threicio regi, cum iam dif6.deret armis
Dardaniae cingique urbem obsidione videret.
Ille,

ut opes fractae

Teucrum

et fortuna recessit,

res
f as

Agamemnonias victriciaque arma secutus omne abrumpit Polydorum obtruncat et auro


; !

55

vi potitur.2

Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, auri sacra fames delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem
monstra deum refero
et,

quae

sit sententia,

posco.
60

Omnibus idem animus,

scelerata excedere terra,

linqui pollutum hospitium et dare classibus Austros.

Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens aggeritur tumulo teUus stant Manibus arae,
;

caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso,


et

circum Iliades crinem de more solutae

65
;

inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulchro

condimus

et

magna supremum voce

ciemus.

Inde ubi prima

fides pelago, placataque venti


70

dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum, deducunt socii navis et litora complent.

Provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt.


1.

stetSrunt.

2.

potitur.

64

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

The Trojans reach Delos.

Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus

Nereidum matri^

et

Neptuno Aegaeo,
75

quam

pius Arquiteuens oras et litora circum


e celsa

errantem Mycono

Gyaroque reyinxit
contemnere ventos.

immotamque

coli dedit et
f essos

Huc
Hex

feror

haec

tuto placidissima portu

accipit.

Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem.

Anius, rex idem

hominum Phoebique

sacerdos,

80

vittis et sacra

redimitus tempora lauro


;

occurrit,

veterem Anchisen adgnoscit amicum


et tecta subimus.

iungimus hospitio dextras


Tlie oracle

of Apollo seems to direct them to Crete.

Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto 'Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum, da moenia fessis serva altera Troiae et genus et mansuranl urbem Pergama, reliquias Danauni atque immitis Achilli. Quem sequimur? Quove ire iubes ? Ubi ponere sedes?
;

85

Da, pater, aiigurium atque animis inlabere

nostris.'
90

Vix ea f atus eram


liminaque"'^

tremere omnia visa repente,


dei,

laurusque
et

totusque moveri
reclusis.

mons circum
*

mugire adytis cortina


et

Summissi petimus terram,


Dardanidae
duri,

vox fertur ad auris

quae vos a stirpe parentum

^
95

prima

tulit tellus,

accipiet reduces.

eadem vos ubere laeto Antiquam exquirite matrem.


oris,
2.

Hic domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur


1.

matrl

et

Neptuno

Aegaeo : hiatus.

Hminaqtie,

AENEIDOS
et nati

LIB.

III.

65

natorum
;

et qui

nascentur ab

illis/

Haec Phoebus

niixtoque ingens exorta tumultu

laetitia et cuncti,

quae siut ea moenia, quaerunt,

100

quo Phoebus vocet errantis iubeatque reverti. Tum genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum,

Audite, o proceres/

ait,

et spes discite vestras.

Creta lovis magni medio iacet insula ponto,

mons Idaeus nbi et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna maximus nnde pater, si rite audita recordor, Teucrus Ehoeteas primum est advectus ad oras
optavitque locum regno.

105

jSTondum Ilium et arces


imis.
110

Pergameae steterantj habitabant vallibus

Hinc Mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaque aera Idaeumque nemus,^ hinc fida silentia sacris, et iuncti currum dominae subiere leones. Ergo agite et, divnm ducunt qua iussa, sequamur ; w
placemus ventos
et

Gnosia regna petamus.


;

115

Nec longo

distant cursu

modo

luppiter adsit,

tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris.'

Sic fatus meritos aris mactavit honores,

taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, rigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.
In Crete they found a new Pergamum, hut are

120

afflicted icith pestilence.

Paraa volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis

Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae, hoste vacare domos sedesque adstare relictas.
Linquimus Ortygiae portus pelagoque volamus,
1.

nemus.

6Q

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
Donusam,
125

bacchatamque iugis

iSTaxon viridemque

Olearon niveamque Paron sparsasque per aequor

Cycladas et crebris legimus

f reta

concita terris.

Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor


hortantur
socii,
^

Cretam proavosque petamus-^


130

Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis

tandem antiquis Curetum adlabimur oris. Ergo avidus rauros optatae molior urbis Pergameamque voco et laetam cognomine gentem hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis. lamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes;
et

135

conubiis^ arvisque novis operata iuventus;


iura

domosque dabam

subito

cum

tabida membris,

corrupto caeU tractu, miserandaque venit

arboribusque satisquelues et letifer annus.

Linquebant dulcis animas aut aegra trahebant


corpora;

140

tum

sterilis

exurere Sirius agros;

arebant herbae et victum seges aegra negabat.

Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso


hortatur pater ire mari veniamque precari,

quam

fessis

finem rebus ferat, unde laborum

145

temptare auxilium iubeat, quo vertere cursus.


In a vision,
tlie

Penates direct Aeneas to Italp.

Nox

erat et terris animalia

somnus habebat;

effigies sacrae

divuin Phrygiique Penates,

quos raecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis


extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare iacentis
in somnis,
1.

150

multo raanifesti hunine, qua


coiiuhlis:

se

trisyllable, the first

beiug consonantal.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

III.

67

plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras

tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictis Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo
^

est,

bic canit et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit.

155

Nos
nos

te

Dardania incensa tuaque arma


te

secuti,

tumidum sub

permensi classibus aequor,

idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tn moenia magnis

magna para longumque fugae ne Mutandae sedes. Kon liaec tibi

linque laborem.
litora suasit

160

Delius aut Cretae iussit considere Apollo.

Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt,


terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae

Oenotri coluere viri

nunc fama minores

165

Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.

Hae

nobis propriae sedes, hinc Dardanus ortus

lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum.

Surge age et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti


liaud dubitanda refer,

Corythum terrasque requirat


tibi

170

Ausonias

Dictaea negat

luppiter arva.'

Talibus attonitus visis et voce deorum


(nec sopor illud erat, sed

coram adgnoscere voltns


176

velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar

tum

gelidus toto

manabat corpore sudor)

corripio e stratis corpus tendoque supinas

ad caelum

cum

voce manus et munera libo


Perfecto laetus honore

interaerata focis.

Anchisen facio certum remque ordine p^ndo.

Adgnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes,

180

68

P.

VERGILT MARONIS

seque novo veternm deceptnm errore locornm.

Tum memorat
sola milii
^

Nate, Iliacis exercit^

fatis,
,

talis

casns Cassandra canebat.

^
183

Nunc

repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro,

et saepe

Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare.


litora

Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventnros


crederet ?

Tencros

Aut quem tum vates Cassandra moveret ? Cedamus Phoebo et moniti meliora sequamur.'
Sic ait et cnncti dicto

paremus ovantes.
relictis
190

Hanc quoque deserimus sedem paucisque


vela

damus vastumque cava


to the

trabe currimus aequor.

Driven by a storm

Strophades^ they are attacked hy the Harpies.

Postqnam altum tenuere

rates nec

iam amplius ullae

apparent terrae, caelum nndique et nndique pontus,

tum mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Continno venti volvunt mare magnaque surgunt
aequora
;

195

dispersi iactamur gurgite vasto.

Involvere diem nimbi et nox nmida caelum


abstulit
;

ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes.


200

Excutimur cursn et caecis erramus in nndis. Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo
nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in nnda.
Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles

erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes.


Quarto terra die primnm se attollere tandem
visa, aperire procul
205

montis ac volvere fnmum.


;

Vela cadunt, remis insurgimus


1.

liaud mora, nautae

mihi.

AENEIDOS

LIB.

III.

69

adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt.

Servatum ex undis Strophadum


excipiunt.

me

litora

primum
210

Strophades Graio stant nomine dictae

insulae

lonio in magno, quas dira Celaeno


aliae,

Harpyiaeque colunt
clausa

Phineia postquam

domus mensasque metu liquere priores. Tristius haud illis moustrum nec saevior ulla pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese extulit undis.
Virginei volucrum voltus, foedissima ventris
proluvies,

215

uncaeque manus,

et pallida

semper

ora fame.

Huc
laeta

ubi delati portus intravimus, ecce

boum passim campis armenta videmus

220

caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. Inruimus ferro et divos ipsumque vocamus
in partem

praedamque lovem

tum

litore

curvo

exstruimusque toros dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt

225

Harpyiae

magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas diripiuntque dapes contactuque omnia foedant


et
;

immundo tum vox taetrum dira inter odorem. Eursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata
arboribus clausa circum atque horrentibus umbris
230

instruimus mensas arisque reponimus ignem

rursum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris turba sonans praedam pedibus circuravolat uncis, Sociis tunc, arma capessant, polluit ore dapes.
edico, et dira

bellum cum gente gerendum.

283

Haud

secus ac iussi faciunt tectosque per


1.

herbam

insulse lonio

semi-hiatus

70

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt.

Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere litora, dat signum specula Misenus ab alta
aere cavo.

Invadunt

socii et

nova proelia temptant,

240

obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres.

Sed neque vim plumis ullam nec volnera tergo


accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae

semesam praedam

et vestigia

foeda relinquunt.
245

Una in
'

praecelsa consedit rupe Celaeno,

infelix vates,

rumpitque lianc pectore vocem

Bellum etiam pro caede boum stratisque iuvencis,


Harpyias insontis pellere regno
?
250

Laomedoutiadae, bellumne inferre paratis


et patrio

Accipite ergo animis atque haec

mea

figite dicta.

Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Plioebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima paudo.
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis
ibitis

Italiam portusque intrare licebit


255

sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem,

quam

vos dira fames nostraeque iniuria caedis

ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas.'


Dixit et in silvam pinnis aWata refugit.

At

sociis subita gelidus


;

formidine sanguis
260

deriguit

cecidere animi, nec iam amplius armis,

sed votis precibusque iubent exposcere pacem,


sive deae seu sint dirae obscenaeque volucres.

Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis numina magna vocat meritosque indicit honores: Di, prohibete minas, di, talem avertite casum
*

265

et placidi servate pios

'

Tum

litore

funem

AENEIDOS

LIB.

III.

71

deripere excussosque iubet laxare rudentes.

Tendunt vela

noti

f ugimus

spumantibus undi%

qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat. lam medio api^aret fluctu nemorosa^ Zacynthos Dulicliiumque Sameque et Neritos ardua saxis.
Effugimus scopulos
Itliacae, Laertia regna,

270

et terrara altricem saevi

exsecramur Ulixi

mox
et

et

Leucatae nimbosa cacumina montis


275

formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo.


fessi et

Hunc petimus

parvae succedimus urbi;

ancora de prora iacitur, stant litore puppes.

j
280

Games are solemnized at Actinm,

ivhence they sail to Buthrotum.

Ergo insperata tandem


Actiaque
Iliacis

tellure potiti

lustramurque lovi votisque incendimus aras


celebramus litora ludis.

Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras


nudati socii
;

iuvat evasisse tot urbes

Argolicas mediosque
Tnterea

fugam

tenuisse per hostis.

magnum

sol

circumvolvitur

annum
:

et glacialis liiems

Aquilonibus asperat undas v

285

aere cavo clipeum,

magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo, 'aeneas haec de danais victoribus arma.'
Linquere tum portus iubeo et considere transtris;
certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt.

h-

290

Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,


litoraque Epiri legimus portuque subimus

Chaonio

et

celsam Buthroti accedimus urbem


1.

nemorosa Zacynthos.

72

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

The meeting

icith

Andromache and Helenus.

Hic

iucredibilis

rerum fama occupat

auris,
295

Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes,


coniugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum,
et patrio

Andromaclien iterum cessisse marito.

Obstipui, miroque incensum pectus amore

compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos.


Progredior portu, classis et litora linquens,
sollemnis
300

cum

forte dapes et tristia


fa,lsi

dona

ante urbem in luco


libabat cineri

Simoentis ad

undam

Andromache Manisque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem caespite inanem


causam
vidit,

et geminas, XJt

lacrimis, sacraverat aras.

305

me

conspexit venientem et Troia circum

arma amens

magnis exterrita monstris

deriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit,


labitur et longo vix
*

tandem tempore fatur


310

Verane

te facies, verus mihi nuntius adfers,


?'

nate dea

Vivisne ?
?
'

Aut

si

lux ahna recessit,

Hector ubi est

Dixit lacrimasque effudit et


y

omnem

implevit clamore locum.

Vix pauca furenti


315

subicio et raris turbatus vocibus hisco


^

Vivo equidem vitamque extrema per omnia duco

ne dubita,

nam

vera vides.

Heu

quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto

excipit, aut

quae digna
?

satis fortuna revisit,

Plectoris

Andromache
una ante

Pyrrhin conubia servas ?


320

Deiecit voltum et demissa voce locuta est


'

f elix

alias

Priameia virgo.

AENEIDOS
hostilem
acl

LIB.

III.

7h
altis

tumiilum Troiae sub moeuibus


captiva cubile

lussa mori, quae sortitas nou pertulit ullos

nec victoris

eri tetigit

Nos

patiia incensa diversa per aequora vectae

325 \vt,*>JU'

stirpis Achilleae fastus

iuvenemque superbum,
;

servitio enixae, tulimus

qui deinde, secutus

Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos, me famulo famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam. Ast illum ereptae magno infiammatus amore
coniugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus Orestes
excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras.
]\[orte iSTeoptolemi

330

regnorum reddita

cessit

pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos

Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit, Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis hanc addidit arcem. Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae f ata dedere ? Aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris ?
Quid puer Ascanius
?
.

335

Saperatne et vescitur aura,


. .

quem

tibi

iam Troia

340

Ecqua tamen puero

est amissae cura parentis ?

Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque virilis et pater Aeneas et avunculas excitat Hector ?'
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat

incassum

fletus,

cum

sese a

moenibus heros

345

Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus adfert,


adgnoscitque suos laetusque ad limina ducit

multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Procedo et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum
et

8B0

adgnosco Scaeaeque amplector limina portae.

74

P.

VEKGILI MARONIS

Nec

noii et Teucri socia siraul iirbe fruuntur.

Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in


aulai'

amplis

medio libabant pocula Bacchi,


355

impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant.

Helenus. as seer^

is

consuUed hy Aeneas.

lamque
his
^

dies alterque dies processit, et aurae

vela vocant tumidoque inflatur carbasus Anstro

vatem adgredior

dictis ac talia

quaeso

Troiugena, interpres divum, qui numina Plioebi,


360

qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis


et

volucrum

liriguas et praepetis

omina pinnae,
dixit

fare age
religio,

(namque omnem cursum mihi prospera et cuncti suaserunt numine divi


dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno
et tristis denuntiat iras

Italiam petere et terras temptare repostas


sola

novum

365

prodigium canit

obscenamque famem), quae prima pericula

vito ?

^Quidve sequens tantos possim superare labores ?

Hic Helenus,
sacrati capitis

caesis primuni de

more

iuvencis,
370

exorat pacem divum vittasque resolvit

meque ad tua

limina, Phoebe,
ducit,

ipse

manu multo suspensum numine

atque liaec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos


The prophecy of Helenus. They must avoid Scylla and Charyhdis^ and seek the Sihyl.
*

Nate dea, nam

te

maioribus

ire

per altum
rex
375

auspiciis manifesta fides (sic fata

deum

sortitur volvitque vices, is vertitur ordo),

AENEIDOS
pauca
tibi e multis,

LIB.

III.

75

quo tutior hospita lustres

aequora

et

Ausonio possis considere portu,


dictis
;

expediam
scire

prohibent

nam

cetera Parcae
380

Helenum

farique vetat Saturnia luno.

Principio Italiam,

quam

tu iam rere propinquam

vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus,

longa procul longis via dividit invia

terris.

Ante

et Trinacria

lentandus remus in unda


385

et salis

Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor

infernique lacus Aeaeaeque insula Circae,

quam
Signa

tuta possis
tibi

urbem componere terra. dicam, tu condita mente teneto.


ad fluminis undam
390

Cum

tibi sollicito secreti

litoreis

ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus

triginta capitum fetus enixa iacebit,

alba solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati,


is

locus urbis

erit,

requies ea certa laborum.

N"ec tu
f ata

mensarum morsus

horresce futuros
395

viam invenient aderitque vocatus Apollo. Has autem terras Italique hanc litoris orani^ proxima quae nostri perfuhditur aequoris aestu,
effuge
;

cuncta malis habitantur moenia Grais.

Hic

et Xarycii

posuerunt moenia Locri

et Sallentinos obsedit milite

campos
ducis Meliboei

400

Lyctius Idomeneus, hic

illa

parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro.

Quin ubi transmissae


et positis aris

steterint trans aequora classes


in litore solves,
405

iam vota

purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu,


ne qua inter sanctos ignis in honore deorum

76

P.

YERGILI MAEONIS

hostilis facies occurrat et

Hunc

socii

omina turbet. morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto,


te aclmoverit orae
410

hac casti maneant in religione nepotes.

Ast ubi digressum Siculae

ventus et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori,


laeva tibi ^ tellus et longo laeva petantur

aequora circuitu

dextrum fuge

litus et

undas.

Haec

loca vi

quondam

et vasta convolsa ruina


415

(tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas)


dissiluisse ferunt,
;

cum

protinus utraque tellus

una foret venit medio vi pontus et undis Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit arvaque et urbes
litore diductas

angusto interluit aestu.


420

Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Cliarybdis obsidet atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus rursusque sub auras
erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda.

At Scyllam

caecis cohibet spelunca latebris


425

ora exsertantem et navis in saxa trahentem.

Prima hominis

facies et pulchro pectore virgo

pube tenus, postrema immani corpore pistrix, delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum.
Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni

cessantem longos et circumflectere cursus,

430

quam semel informem


Scyllam
et caeruleis
si

vasto vidisse sub antro

canibus resonantia saxa.

Praeterea,
si

qua

est

Heleno prudentia, vati


si

qua

fides,

animum

veris implet Apollo,

unum

illud tibi; nate dea,


et repetens

proque omnibus

unum

435

praedicam

iterumque iterumque monebo


1.

tibi.

AENEIDOS
lunonis magnae primura prece

LIB. III.

77

numen

adora,

lunoni cane vota libens dominamque potentem


supplicibus supera donis
:

sic

denique victor
440

Trinacria finis Italos mittere relicta.

Huc

ubi delatus

Cumaeam

accesseris

urbem
silvis,

divinosque lacus et Averna sonantia

insanam vatem

aspicies,

quae rupe sub ima

fata canit foliisque notas et

nomina mandat.
445

Quaecumque
digerit in
Illa

in foliis descripsit carmina virgo,

numerum atque

antro seclusa relinquit.

manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt; verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus
impulit et teneras turbavit ianua frondes,

numquam

deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo

450

nec revocare situs aut iungere carmina curat


inconsulti abeunt

sedemque odere

Sibyllae.
tanti,

Hic

tibi

ne qua morae fuerint dispendia

quamvis increpitent

socii et vi cursus in arfcum


455

vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos,

quin adeas vatem precibusque oracula poscas


ipsa canat vocemque volens atque ora resolvat,
Illa tibi Italiae populos
et

venturaque bella

quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem,


460

expediet cursusque dabit venerata secundos.

Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri. Vade age et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Troiam.'
Helenus gives them rich
gifts.

^_y

Quae postquam vates

sic ore effatus

amico

est,

dona dehinc auro gravia^ sectoque elephanto


1.

gravid.

78
imperat ad navis

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
465

ferii stipatque carinis

ingens argentum Dodonaeosque lebetas,


loricani

consertam liamis auroque trilicem


galeae cristasque comautis,

et

conum insignis arma i^eoptolemi.

Sunt

et sua
;

dona parenti.
470

Addit equos additque duces

remigium supplet; socios simul

instruit armis.

An

affectionate farewell.

Interea classem velis aptare iubebat


Ancliises, fieret vento

^'^

mora ne qua

ferenti.

Quem Phoebi
'

interpres multo compellat lionore


475

Coniugio, Anchisa, Veneris dignate superbo,

cura deum, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis,


ecce tibi Ausoniae telkis
;

hanc arripe

velis.

Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlabare necesse


Ausoniae pars
Vade',
ait,
'

est

illa procul,

quam pandit

Apollo.
480
?

o felix nati pietate.

Quid ultra

provehor

et

fando surgentis demoror austros

Nec minus Andromache,


fert picturatas auri

digressu maesta supremo,

subtemine vestes
cedit honori,
:

et

Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem, nec

textilibusque onerat donis ac talia fatur


'

485

Accipe et haec,

manuum

tibi

quae monumenta mearum

longum Andromachae testentur amorem, coniugis Hectoreae. Cai^e dona extrema tuorum,
sint, puer, et

o mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago.

Sic oculos, sic


et

ille

manus,

sic

ora ferebat;
aeVo.'

490

nunc aequali tecum pubesceret

Hos ego

digrediens lacrimis adfabar obortis

AENEIDOS

LIB.

III.

79

^Vivite felices, quibiis est fortuna peracta

iam sua

.nos alia

ex
;

aliis

in fata vocamur.
495

Vobis parta quies


quaerenda.

nullum maris aequor arandum,

arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro


EflBgiem Xanthi Troiamque videtis,
oi)to,

quam
Si

vestrae fecere manus, melioribus,

auspiciis et quae fuerit

minus obvia Grais.


500

quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva intraro gentique meae data moenia cernam,
cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos, Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor

atque idem casus,

unam faciemus utramque


nepotes.'
505

Troiam animis
Italy at last.

maneat nostros ea cura

Sacriflce offered at

Castrum Minervae.

Provehimur pelago vicina Cerauma


unde
iter

.yr
luxta,

Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis.

Sol ruit interea et montes umbrantur opaci.

Sternimur optatae gremio


sortiti

telluris

ad undam,
510

remos, passimque in litore sicco


;

corpora curamus
ISTecdum orbem

fessos sopor inrigat artus^

medium Nox Horis

acta subibat

haud segnis

strato surgit Palinurus et

omnis
515

explorat ventos atque auribiis aera captat,


sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia caelo,

Arcturum phiviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona. Postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, dat clarum e puppi signum nos castra movemus temptamusque viam et velorum pandimus alas.
;

520

80

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
Aurora
fugatis,

lamque rubescebat

stellis

cum

procul ohscuros collis humilemque videmus

Italiam.

Italiam primus conclamat Achates,

Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant.

Tum

pater Ancliises

magnum

cratera corona

525

induit implevitque

mero divosque vocavit


tempestatumque potentes,
et spirate secundi
!

stans celsa in puppi


'

Di maris

et terrae

ferte

viam vento facilem

Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit

530

iam propior, templumque apparet in Arce Minervae.


Vela legant
socii et proras

ad

litora torqueut.
;

Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum


obiectae salsa
ipse latet
;

spumant adspargine cautes, gemino demittunt bracchia muro


ab
litore

533

turriti scopuli, refugitque

templum.
vidi,

Quattuor
tondentis

hic,

primum omen, eqiios in gramine campum late, candore nivali.


'

Et pater Anchises:
bello

Bellum, o terra hospita, portas


540

armantur equi, bellum haec armenta minantur.


sueti
et frena iugo concordia ferre
ait.
s,

Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere


quadrupedes
spes et pacis,'

Tum numina

sancta precamur

Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantis,


et capita ante aras

Phrygio velamur amietu,

545

praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite

lunoni Argivae iussos adolemus honores.

Haud

mora, continuo perfectis ordine votis

cornua velatarum obvertimus antemnarum

Graiugenumque domos suspectaque linquinius

arva.

550

so

''""

:c^^"l-:w^Rvv,f^feMH|r,^
I

AENEIDOS
Hinc sinus Herculei,
cernitur
;

LIB.

III.

81

si

vera est fama, Tarenti

attollit se

diva Lacinia contra


,^

Caulonisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum.

Tum
et

procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna


655

gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces
exsultantque vada atque aestu miscentur harenae.

Et pater Anchises

'

Nimirum haec

illa

Charybdis

hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat.


Eripite, o socii pariterque insurgite remis.'
560

Haud minus

ac iussi faciunt, primusque rudentem

contorsit 1'aevas

proram Palinurus ad undas


et

laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque


Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite

petivit.

idem
665

subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere,
ter

spumam

elisam et rorantia vidimus astra.

Interea fessos ventus

ignarique viae

cum sole reliquit Cyclopum adlabimur oris.

A night of terror near Mount Aetna. l


Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus
ipse, sed horrificis iuxta tonat
et

ingens

670

Aetna

ruinis,

interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubera,


turbine

fumantem

piceo et candente favilla,

attollitque globos

fiammarum

et sidera lambit;
675

interdum scopulos avolsaque viscera montis erigit eructans, liquefactaqiie saxa sub auras

cum gemitu glomerat, fundoqae exaestuat imo. Eama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus

82

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

urgeri mole hac iugentemque insuper

Aetnam
580

impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis,


et
^^

fessum quotiens mutet

latus, intremere

omnem

murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere fumo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra
perferimus nec, quae sonitum det causa, videmus,

nam neque
^j\

erant astrorum ignes nec lucidus aethra

585

siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo,


et

lunam

in

nimbo nox intempesta

tenebat.

SKiW4S**
FiG. 17.

MouNT Aetna from Taormina.


and

A stai^ved Greek

appears, entreating aid,

tells

a tale of

Jioiror.

Postera iamque dies primo surgebat Eoo

umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, cum subito e silvis, macie confecta sui^rema,
ignoti

590

nova forma

viri

miserandaque cultu

AEXEIDOS
procedit supplexque

LIB.

III.

83

manus ad

litora tendit.

Respicimus.

Dira inluvies, immissaque barba,


;

consertum tegumen spinis


et

at cetera Graius,
595

quondam
procul,

patriis

ad Troiam missus in armis.

Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit

paulum aspectu conterritus haesit continuitque gradum mox sese ad litora praeceps
arma
;

cum

fletu

precibusque tulit

'

Per sidera testor,


600
;

per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen,


tollite

me, Teucri
erit.

quascumque abdueite

terras

hoc sat

Scio ^

me Danais

e classibus

unum,

et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penatis.

Pro quo,
spargite
si

si sceleris

tanta est iniuria nostri,


605

me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto pereo,^ hominum manibus periisse iuvabit.'


et

Dixerat

genua amplexus genibusque volutans


Qui
sit, fari,

haerebat.

quo sanguine

cretus,

hortaraur, quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri.

Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus,


dat iuveni atque

610

animum

praesenti pignore firmat.


:

IUe haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur


^

Sum

patria ex Ithaca,

comes

infelicis Ulixi,

nomine Achaemenides, Troiam genitore Adamasto


paupere (mansissetque utinam fortuna
!)

profectus.

615

Hic me, dum

trepidi crudelia limina linquunt,

immemores
deseruere.

socii vasto

Cyclopis in antro

Domus
talem

sanie dapibusque cruentis,

intus opaca, ingens.

Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat

sidera

di,

terris avertite
2.

pestem

620
hiatus.

1. scid,

pereo,

hominum :

84

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
ulli.

nec visu facilis nec dictu adfabilis

Visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro.

Vidi egomet, duo de numero


prensa

cum

corpora nostro

manu magna medio


;

resupinus in antro
625

frangeret ad

saxum sanieque aspersa natarent

limina

vidi atro

cum membra
;

fluentia tabo

manderet

et tepidi

tremerent sub dentibus artus,

Haud impune quidem

nec talia passus Ulixes

oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto.

Nam

simul expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus

630

cervicem inflexam posuit iacuitque per antrum

immensus, saniem eructans


per

et frusta

cruento
precati

somnum commixta

mero, nos,

magna

numina sortitique vices, una undique circum f undimur et telo lumen terebramus acuto
ingens,

635

quod torva solum sub fronte

latebat,

Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar,


et

tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite atque ab litore f unem
640

rumpite.

Nam

qualis quantusque cavo

Polyphemus

in antro

lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat,

centum

alii

curva haec habitant ad litora volgo

infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant.

Tertia iam lunae se cornua lumine complent,

646

cum vitam
lustra

in silvis inter deserta

ferarum

domosque traho vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio sonitumque pedum vocemque tremesco. Victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque corna,
dant rami,
et volsis

pascunt radicibus herbae.

650

AENEIDOS
Omnia
conlustrans hanc

LIB.

III.

85
classem
fuisset,

primum ad

litora

prospexi venientem.

Huic me, quaecumque

addixi; satis est gentem effugisse nefandam.

Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite


The Trojans
see

leto.'

Polyphemus and

the rest of the Cyclopes.

north

wind saves them from Scylla and Charyhdis.

Vix ea fatus
ipsum

erat,

summo cum monte videmus


mole moventem
nota petentem,
et litora

655

inter pecudes vasta se

pastorem Polypliemum

monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat
lanigerae comitantur oves
;

ea sola voluptas

660

solamenque mali.

Postquam

altos tetigit fluctus et

ad aequora venit,

luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde jcruorem,


dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditurque per aequor

iam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem
verrimus
et proni certantibus

665

aequora remis.

Sensit et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit.

Verum

ubi nulla datur dextra affectare potestas

670

nec potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo,

clamorem immensum
Italiae-

tollit,

quo pontus

et

omnes

contremuere undae penitusque exterrita tellus


curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis.
e silvis

At genus

Cyclopum

et

montibus

altis

675

excitum ruit ad portus

et litora

complent.

Cernimus adstantis np^vnquam lumine torvo

86
Aetnaeos

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

fratres, caelo capita alta ferentis,


:

concilium horrendum

quales

cum

vertice celso
680

aeriae quercus aut coniferae cyparissi

constiterunt/ silva alta lovis lucusve Dianae.


Praecipites nietus acer agit

quocumque rudentis

excutere et ventis intendere vela secundis.

Contra iussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdim


inter,

utramque viam
;

leti

discrimine parvo,
est dare lintea retro.

685

ni teneant cursus

certum

Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori


missus adest
;

vivo praetervehor ostia saxo

Pantagiae Megarosque sinus Thapsumque iacentem.


Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus
litora
690

Achaemenides, comes

infelicis Ulixi.

They reach Drepanum, where AncMses

dies.

Sicanio praetenta sinu iacet insula contra

Pleiriyrium undosum;

Ortygiam.

nomen dixere priores Alpheum fama est huc Elidis amnem


nunc
et inde
695

occultas egisse vias subter mare, qui


ore,

Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis.

lussi

numina magna

loci

veneramur

exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis HelCri.

Hinc

altas cautes proiectaque saxa

Pachyni

'^^
*5

L^V*700

radimus, et fatis

numquam

concessa moveri

apparet Camerina procul campique Geloi

immanisque Gela fluyii cognomine dicta. Arduus inde Acragas ostentat niaxima longe
.

moenia,

magnanimum quondam
1.

generator equorum

constitSrunt.

AENEIDOS

LIB. III.
r

87
705

teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus,


et

vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia

caecis.

Hinc Drepani me portus et inlaetabilis ora Hic pelagi tot tempestatibus actus accipit. heu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen,
amitto Anchisen
deseris,
;

hic me, pater optime, fessum

710

heu

tantis

nequiquam erepte

periclis

Nec

vates Helenus,

cum multa horrenda moneret,

hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. Hic labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum;
hinc

me digressum
tale.

vestris deus appulit oris.

715

Ae7ieas ends his

Sic pater

Aeneas intentis omnibus unus

fata renarrabat

divum cursusque docebat. Conticuit tandem factoque hic fine quievit.

AENEIDOS
LIBER
DkJo confesses
to

IV.

Annaher

love for Aeneas.

At regina
volnus
alit

gravi

iamdudum

saucia ciira

venis et caeco .carprtur Igni.

Mvilta viri virtus


gentis honos
;

animo multusque recursat

haerent infixi pectore voltus

verbaque, nec placidam membris dat cura quietem.

Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras

umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, ^iTm sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem *Anna soror, quae me suspensam insoinnia terrent!
Qais novus hic nostris successit sedibus hospes,
10
I

quem

sese ore ferens,

quam

forti pectore et

armis

Credo equidem, nec vana


iactatus fatis
Si

fides,

genus esse deorum.

Degeneres ahimos timor arguit.


!

Heu, quibus

ille

Quae bella exhausta canebat mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet,

15

ne cui

me

vinclo vellem sociare iugali,

postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit sT noh pertaesura thalami taedaeque fuisset,
huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae.

Ahna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sychaei


coniugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penatis
88

20

AENEIDOS
solus
liic
^

LIB. IV.

89

inflexit sensus

animumque labantem

impulit.

Adgnosco
tellus

veterisjrestigia flammae.

optem prius ima dehiscat vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam,
Sed mihi vel
ante, Pudor,
Ille

25

quam

te violo aut tua iura resolvo.

meoSj primus qui


;

me

sibi iunxit,

amores

abstulit

ille

habeat secum servetque sepulchro.'


30

Sic effata sinum lacrimis implevit obortis.

Anna

counsels Dido to vjed Aeneas.

Anna

refert

'

luce magis dilecta sorori,

"^

solane perpetua maerens carpere iuventa,

nec dulcis natos Veneris nec praemia noris?

Id cinerem aut Manis credis curare sepultos ?


Esto
;

aegram

nulli

quondam
;

flexere mariti,

35

non Libyae, non ante Tyro


ductoresque
alii,

despectus larbas

quos Africa terra triumphis

dives alit; placitone etiam pugnabis amori?

Nec

venit in mentem,

quorum consederis arvis?


40

Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, et Xumidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis,
hinc deserta
Barcaei.
siti

regio lateque furentes

Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam


?
-^

germanique minas

Dis equidem auspicibus reor et lunone secunda

45

hunc cursum

Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas.

Quam

tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes, c[uae surgere regna


1.

hlc.

90
coniugio tali
!

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
armis,
!

Teucrum comitantibus

Punica

se quantis attollet gloria rebus

Tu modo

posce deos veniam sacrisque

litatis

60

indulge hospitio causasque innecte.' liiorandi,

dum

pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion,

quassataeque rates, Idum non tractabile caelum.')


Dido consults
the omens.

Her passion

grows.

His

dictis

incensum animum inflaramavit amore


65

spemque dedit dubiae menti solvitque pudorem. Principio delubra adeunt pacemque per aras exquirunt mactant lectas de more bidentis legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo,
;

lunoni ante omnis, cui vincla iugalia curae;


ipsa tenens dextra pateram pulcherrima

Dido

60

candentis vaccae media inter cornua f undit


aut ante ora

deum

pinguis spatiatur ad aras

instauratque diem donis i^ecudumque reclusis


pectoribus
^

inhians spirantia consulit exta.

Heu vatum

ignarae mentes

Quid vota furentem,

65

quid delubra iuvant ?

Est'mqllis jflamma medullas

interea et tacitum vivit sub pectore volnus.

Uritur infelix Dido totaque vagatur

urbe furens, qualis coniecta cerva sagitta,

quam

procul incautam nemora inter Cresia fixit

70

pastor agens telis liquitque volatile ferrum


nescius
;

illa
;

fuga silvas saltusque j^eragrat


per moenia ducit

Dictaeos

haeret lateri letalis harundo.

Kunc media Aenean secum


1.

pectoribus.

AENEIDOS

LIB. IV.

91
75

Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam;


incipit effari,

mediaque in voce

resistlt;

nunc eadem labente

die convivia quaerit

Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores


exposcit pendetque iterum ^arrantisjab ore.
Post, ubi digressi

"^
80

lumenque obscura vicissim


stratisque relictis

luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,


sola

domo maeret vacua

incubat.

Illum absens absentem auditque videtque,

aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta,


detinet,

infandum

si

fallere possit

amorem.

85

Non

coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma iuventus

exercet portusve aut propugnacula bello

tuta parant

pendent opera interrupta minaeque


caelo.
i/j

murorum ingentes aequataque machina


Juno^s wily plan.

Quam

simul ac

tali persensit peste teneri

90

cara lovis coniunx nec


talibus adprreditur
*

famam

obstare furori,
:

Yenerem Saturnia dictis Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla ref ertis tuque puerque tuus magnum et memorabile numen, una dolo divum si femina victa\duorum est. Nec me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra suspectas habuisse domos Karthaginis altae. Sed quis erit modus, ant quo nunc certamine tanto? Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaeos exercemus ? Habes, tota quod raente petisti ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. Communem hunc ergo popuhim paribusque regamus
;

93

lOO

92
auspiciis
;

P.

VERGILl MARONIS

liceat

Phrygio servire marito

dotalisque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.'

Venus gives assent.


Olli (sensit

enim simulata mente locutam,


'

105

quo regnum
sic

Italiae Libycas averteret oras)


:

contra est ingressa Venus

Quis talia demens

abniiat aut
si

tecum malit contendere bello, m^do, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur
fatis incerta f eror, si luppiter

?
110

Sed

unam
*

esse velit Tyriis

urbem Troiaque

profectis
^{
_

miscerive probet populos aut foedera iungi.

Tu
*

coniunx

tibi fas

animum temptare 'precando;


sic excepit regia

-^'^

Perge, sequar.'

Tum

luno

Mecum

erit iste labor.

Nunc qua

ratione

quod instat

115

confieri possit, paucis, adverte,

docebo._^
ortus

Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido in nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus
extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem.

His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum,

120

dum

trepidant alae saltusque indagine cingunt,

desuper infundam et tonitru caelum omne ciebo.


Diftugient comites et nocte tegentur opaca

speluncam Dido dux


devenient.

et

Troianus eandem
125

Adero et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, conubio^ iungam stabili propriamque dicabo bic hymenaeus erit.' Non adversata petenti
adnuit atque dolis'risit Cytherea repertis.
1.

conuhio

a trisyllable,

being consonantal.

FiG. 18.

Leconfield Venus.

AENEIDOS

LIB. IV.

93

The hunting

scene.

Oceanimjjiiterea surgens Aurora reliquit.

It portis iubare^xorto delecta iuventus


retia rara, plagae, lato

130

venabula

f erro,

Massylique ruunt equites et ocloi-a canum vis. Eeginam tbalamo cunctantem_ad Imiina primi Poenorum^gxspectant, ostroqueJnsTgnis et auro
stat sonipes ac frena ferox

spumantia mandit.

135
^^--.i,.

Tandem

progreditur

Sidoniam picto

magna stipante caterva, chlamydem circumdata limbo.

Cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum,


aurea plirpuream subnectit fibula vestem.

^-

Nec non
incedunt

et
;

Phrygii comites et laetus lulus

140

ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis

infert se socium_^Aeneas atque^agmina iungit.

Qualis ubijiibernam
deserit ac

Lyciam Xanthique

fluenta

Delum maternainjnvisit Apollo


145
;

instauratque choros, mixtique^ltaria circum

Cretesque^^J^ryopesque fremunt pictique_Agathyrsi


ipse iugis Cynthi graditurfmollique fluentem

fronde premit crinem fingens atquejmplicat


tela sonant umeris:

auro,")

haud

illo s"egnior

ibat
150

Aeneas, tantuni^egregio decus enitet ore. Postquam altos ventumjn montis atquejnvia lustra,
ecce ferae saxi deiectae vertice caprae
alia de. parte patentis

decurrere iugis

transmittunt cursu campos atque^gmina cervi


pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt.
1.

153

The

syllable -que here counts as long before dr.

94

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

At puer Ascanius

inediis in vallibus acri


illos,
":>

gaudet equo, iainquejios cursu, iam praeterit

spumanteuique dari pecorajnter inertia votis

pAii^x^

optat apruni_aut fulvum descendere m^onte leonem.


Aeneas and Dido seek refuge from a storm.
claims her love.

Dido now openly pro-

Interea
incipit
;

magno

misceri m"urmure caelum

160

insequitur

commixta grahdine nimbus,


Troiana iuventus
e^
<:^

et Tyrii comites assiii3_^t

.^

Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros ruunt de mbntibus amnes. tecta metu petiere
;

Speluncam Dido dux


deveniunt.

et

Troianus eandem
et

165

Prima^et Tellus
;

pronuba luno

dant signum
conubiis/
Ille dies

fulserejgnes et cbiiscius Aether


ulularunt vertice Nympliae.

summoque
leti

primus

causa

fuit.

primusque malorum Neque^enim specie famave movetur


;

170

nec iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem coniugium vocat lioc praetexit iibinine culpam.
;

Bumor

carries the

news far and wide.


.

LExtemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes, Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum.
Mobilitate viget'Virisque adquiriti^gundoj^
'

<

'

175

parva metu primo, niox sese

attollit in

auras

ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit.

Illam Terra parens, ira inritata deorum,


extreniam, ut perliibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem
1.

conubiis

trisyllable.

FiG. 19.

Apollo Belvedere.

AENEIDOS

LIB. IV.
alis,

95
180

progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus

monstrum hcrrenduin^ingens,

cui,

quot sunt corpore plumae,

tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictu), tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot 'subrigit auris.
ISTocte

volat caeli medio terraeque per

stridens/nec dulci declinat


luce sedet custos aut

umbram, lumina somno


tecti,

185

summi culmine
magnas

turribus aut

altis, et

territat urbes,

tam ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia veri. _J Haec tum multiplici populos sermone replebat
gaudens
et pariter facta

atque infecta canebat

190

venisse Aenean, Troiano sanguine cretum,


cui se pulchra viro dignetur iungere Dido;

nunc hiemem

inter se luxu,

quam

longa, fovere

regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos. Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora.
Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban
incenditque animum. dictis atque aggerat
larbas, Dido''^ rejected suitor,
iras.
,

195

is

angered.

Hic Hammone

satus, rapta
latis

Garamantide Nympha,
regnis,
200

templa lovi centum

immania

centum aras posuit vigilemque sacraverat ignem, excubias divum aeternas pecudumque cruore
;

pingue solum

et variis florentia

limina

sertis.

Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro


dicitur ante aras

media

inter

numina divum
205

multa lovem manibus supplex orasse supinis


'

luppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis

gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem,

96
aspicis haec ?

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
genitor,

An

te,

cum fulmina

torqueS;

nequiquam horremus caecique


terrificant

in nubibus ignes
?
210

animos

et inania

murmura miscent
arandum

Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem

exiguam pretio posuit, cui


reppulit ac

litus

cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nostra

dominum Aenean in regna recepit. Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
subnixus, rapto potitur^- nos

215

quippe tuis

munera templis ferimus famamque fovemus inanem.'

Jupiter sends Mercury to Aeneas.

Talibus orantem dictis arasque tenentem


audiit omnipotens oculosque ad nioenia torsit
220

regia et oblitos

famae melioris amantis.


talia

Tum
*

sic

Mercurium adloquitur- ac

mandat:

Vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pinnis Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc exspectat fatisque datas non respicit urbes, adloquere et celeris defer mea dicta per auras.

225

Non

illuui nobis

genetrix pulcherrima talem

promisit Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis,


sed fore, qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem

Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri


proderet ac totum sub leges mitteret orbeni.
Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria reruni

330

nec super ipse sua molitur laude hiborem,

Ascanione pater Eomanas invidet arces


1.

?
adloquitur.

potltur.

2.

FiG. 20.

Mercury.

AENEIDOS
Quid
struit ?

LIB. IV.
in gente

97

Aiit

qua spe inimica ^


est, hic nostri

moratur
?
esto.'

235

nec prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva

Xaviget
Mercury

haec

summa

nuntius

delivers his message.

Dixerat.

Ille patris

magni parere parabat


talaria nectit

imperio

et

primum pedibus
sublimem

aurea, quae

alis sive

aequora supra
flamine portant.
ille

240

seu terram rapido pariter

cum

Tum

virgam capit

hac animas

evocat Orco

pallentis, alias

sub Tartara tristia mittit,

dat somnos adimitque et lumina morte resignat.


Illa fretus agit

ventos et turbida tranat


et latera

245

nubila.

lamque volans apicem

ardua cernit

Atlantis duri, caelum qui vertice fulcit,


Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atris

piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri


nix umeros infusa tegit
;

tum flumina mento


alis

250

praecipitant senis et glacie riget horrida barba.

Hic primum paribus nitens Cyllenius

constitit; hinc toto praeceps se corpore

ad undas

misit avi similis, quae circum litora, circum


piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora iuxta.
,

255

Haud
litus

aliter terras inter

caelumque volabat

harenosum ad Libyae, ventosque secabat


alatis tetigit

materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles.

Ut primum

magalia plantis,
260

Aenean f undantem arces ac tecta novantem Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva conspicit.
1.

spe

inimica

hiatus.

98

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat miirice laena

demissa ex umeris, dives quae munera Dido


fecerat et tenui telas discreverat auro.

Continuo invadit

'

Tu nunc Karthaginis

altae

265

fundamenta locas pulchramque uxorius urbem Heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum exstruis ?
Ipse

deum

tibi

me

claro demittit

Olympo
torquet,
auras.
270

regnator, caelum et terras qui


ipse haec ferre iubet celeris
Qiiid struis ?

numine

mandata per

Aut qua spe Libycis

teris otia terris ?

Si te nulla

movet tantarum gloria rerum

nec super ipse tua moliris laude laborem,

Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus
debentur.'

275

Tali Cyllenius ore locutus

mortalis visus medio sermone reliquit


et procul in

tenuem ex
to depart.

oculis evanuit auram.

Aeneas prepares

At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens, arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit.
Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, attonitu^s tanto monitu imperioque deorum.

280

Heu

quid agat

Quo nunc reginam ambire f urentem


illuc
285

Quae prima exordia sumat ? Atque animum nunc huc celerem, nunc dividit in partisque rapit varias perque omuia versat.
audeat adfatu ?

Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum,
classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant,

FiG. 21.

Atlas.

AENEIDOS
arma parent
dissimulent
nesciat et
;

LIB. IV.

99
290

et,

quae rebus

sit

causa novandis,

quando optima Dido tantos rumpi non speret amores,


sese interea,
et,

temptaturum aditus
imperio
laeti

quae mollissima fandi


Ocius omnes
295

tempora, qnis rebus dexter modus.

parent ac iussa facessunt.

Dido^ suspecting his purpose^ charges him with

perficjy.

At regina

dolos (quis fallere possit

amantem?)
furenti

praesensit motusque excepit prima futuros,

omnia tuta timens.

Eadem impia Fama


cursumque
parari.

detulit armari classem

Saevit inops animi totamque incensa per


baccliatur, qualis

urbem

300

commotis excita

sacris

Thyias,^ nbi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho


orgia nocturnusque vocat clamore Citliaeron.

Tandem

liis

Aenean compellat vocibus

ultro
305

^Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum


posse nefas tacitusque
ISTec te

mea
te

decedere terra?

noster

amor nec

data dextera

quondam
?

nec moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido

Quin etiam
et

liiberno moliris sidere classem


310

mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per altum,

crudelis ?

Quid

Si

non arva aliena domosque


?

ignotas peteres et Troia antiqua maneret,

Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor

Mene

Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam (quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil" ipsa reliqui),
fugis ?

te
315

per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos,


1.

Thyias

dissyllable.

100
si

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
quicquam

bene quid de

te merui, f uit aut tibi

dulce

meum, miserere domus

labentis et istam,

oro, siquis adliuc precibus locus,

exue mentem.
320

Te propter Libycae gentes Xomadumque tyranni odere, infensi Tyrii te propter eundem
;

exstinctus pudor

et,

qua sola sidera adibam,


deseris, hospes,
? 325

fama

pric::.

Cui

me moribundam

hoc solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat

Quid moror
Saltem

An mea Pygmalion dum

moenia frater

destruat aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas ?


si

qiia

mihi ^ de te suscepta f uisset


si

ante fugam suboles,

quis mihi parvulus aula

luderet Aeneas^.qui te

tamen ore

referret,
330

non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer/


i

Aeneas repudiates
Dixerat.

the charge.

He must

do his bounden duty.

Ille lovis

monitis immota tenebat

lumina

et

obnixus curam sub corde pre^nebat.


refert

Tandem pauca
enumerare

vales,

Ego numquam,
:

'

te,

quae plurima fando

regina, negabo
335

promeritam, nec

me meminisse pigebit Elissae, dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus lios regit artus.
re

-*

Pro

pauca loquar.

Neque ego hanc abscondere

furto

speravi (ne finge) fugam, nec coniugis

umquam
340

praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni.

Me

si

fata meis paterentur ducere vitam

mea componere curas, urbem Troianam primum dulcisque meorum


auspiciis et sponte
reliquias colerem,

Priami tecta alta manerent,


1.

mihu

AENEIDOS
et recidiva

LIB. IV.

IQI

manu posuissem Pergama victis. Sed nuuc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo,
amor, haec patria
est.

345

Italiam Lj-ciae iussere capessere sortes


liic

Si te Karthaginis arces

Phoenissam Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis, quae tandem Ausonia Teucros eonsidere terra
invidia est.?

Et nos

fas extera quaerere regna.

350

Me

patris Anchisae, quotiens

umentibus umbris

nox operit

terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt,

admonet

in somnis et turbida terret

imago
cari,

me

puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria

quem regno Hesperiae fraudo


l!s"unc

et fatalibus arvis.

355

etiam interpres divum, love missus ab ipso

(testor

utrumque

caput), celeris

mandata per auras

detulit; ipse

deum manifesto

in lumine vidi

intrantem muros vocemque his auribus hausi.

Desiue meque tuis incendere teque querelis.


Italiam non sponte sequor.'

360

Dido^sfrenzij.

Talia dicentem

iamdudum

aversa tuetur,

huc

illuc

volvens oculos, totumque pererrat


tacitis et sic

luminibus

accensa prof atur


365

'Nec

tibi

diva parens, generis nec Dardanus auctor,

perlide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens

Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres.

Nam

quid dissimulo aut quae


fletu

me ad maiora

reservo?
fiexit ?
?
370

Xum Num

ingemuit nostro

Num

lumina

lacrimas victus dedit aut miseratus


?

Quae quibus anteferam

amantem est lam iam nec maxima luno

lO^

P.

VERGILI MAKONIS

nec Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis.

Nusquam

tuta fides.

Eiectum

litore,

egentem
375

excepi et regni demens in parte locavi

amissam classem,

socios a
!

morte reduxi.
jSTunc

Heu furiis

incensa feror

augur Apollo,

nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et love missus ab ipso interpres divum fert horrida iussa pe]?,auras.
Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos

soUicitat.
i,

Neque

te teneo

neque dicta

refello

380

sequere Italiam, ventis pete regna per undas.


si

Spero equidem mediis,


saepe vocaturum.
et,

quid pia numina possunt,

^upplicia hausurum scopulis et nomine Dido

Sequar

atris ignibus absens,


385

cum

frigida

mors anima seduxerit* artus,


locis adero.

omnibus umbra

Dabis, improbe, poenas.

Audiam et haec Manis veniet milii fama sub imos.' His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit et auras
aegra fugit seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,
linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem
dicere.
i

390

Suscipiunt famulae conlapsaque

membra

marmoreo referunt thalamo


Aeneas proceeds
to

stratisque reponunt.

carry out the divine commands.

At

pius Aeneas,

quamquam

lenire

dolentem

solando cupit et dictis avertere curas,

multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore,


iussa

395

tamen divum exsequitur classemque


Natat uncta carina,

revisit.

Tum

vero Teucri incumbunt et litore celsas

deducunt toto navis.

frondentisque ferunt remos et robora silvis

AEXEIDOS
infabricata fugae studio.

LIB. IV.

103
400

Migrantis cernas totaque ex urbe ruentis,


ac velut ingentem formicae farris acervum

cum populant hiemis memores


it

tectoque reponunt

nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbas


;

convectant calle angusto

pars grandia trudunt

405

obnixae frumenta umeris, pars agmina cogunt


castigantque moras
;

opere omnis semita fervet.

Quis

tibi

tum, Dido, cernenti talia sensus,

quosve dabas gemitus,


prospiceres arce ex

cum litora fervere ^ late summa totumque videres


!

410

misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor

Improbe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis


cogitur et supplex animos summittere amori,

Ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum temptare precando

ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat.


Dido''^ last appeal.

415

'Anna, vides toto properari

litore

circum;

undique convenere
puppibus
et laeti
si

vocat iam carbasus auras,

nautae imposuere coronas.

Hunc

ego

potui tantum sperare dolorem,

et perferre, soror, potero.

Miserae hoc

tamenunum
ille

420

exsequere, Anna, mihi-: solam

nam

perfidus
;

te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus

sola viri mollis aditus et tempora noras.


I, soror,

atque hostem supplex adfare superbum.

Non

ego

cum Danais Troianam


1.

exscindere gentem

^a^i

Aulide iuravi classemve ad Pergama misi,


fervlre.
2.

mihi.

104

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

nec patris Anchisae cineres Manisve revelli


cur

mea

dicta negat duras demittere in auris ?

Quo

ruit ?

Extremum hoc miserae

det

munus amanti,
430

fugam ventosque ferentis. Non iam coniugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro, nec pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat
exspectet facilemque

tempus inane

peto,

requiem spatiumque

furori,

dum mea me

victam doceat fortuna dolere.


435

Extremam hanc oro veniam (miserere sororis) quam mihi cum dederit, cumulatam morte remittam.'
Aeneas remains unmoved.

Talibus orabat, talisque miserrima fletus


fertque refertque soror.

Sed

nullis ille

movetur
440

fletibus aut voces ullas tractabilis audit

fata obstant, placidasque viri deus obstruit auris.

Ac

velut annoso validam

cum

robore quercum
illinc
'

Alpini Boreae nunc hinc nunc flatibus


eruere inter se certant
;

it stridor,

et altae
;

consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes


ipsa haeret scopulis
aetherias,
et,

quantum

vertice ad auras

445

tantum radice in Tartara tendit:

haud secus adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros

magno persentit pectore curas mens immota manet, lacrimae volvuntur inanes.
tunditur, et
;

Dido longsfor
"-'

death.
450

Tum

vero infelix fatis exterrita Dido


;

mortem orat taedet caeli convexa tuen. Quo magis inceptuni peragat lucemque relinquat,

AENEIDOS
vidit, turicremis

LIB. IV.
aris,

105

cum dona imponeret

(horrendum dictu!)

latices nigrescere sacros


455

fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem.

Hoc visum

nulli,

nonipsi effata

sorori.

FiG. 22.

Death of Pentheus.

Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum

binc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis


visa viri,

460

nox cum

terras obscura teneret

solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo

106

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
;

saepe queri et longas in fletiim ducere voces

multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum


terribili

monitu horri^cant. Aeneas


;

Agit ipse furentem

466

in somnis ferus

semperque relinqui
videtjir

sola sibi/
ire

semper longam incomitata

viam

et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra

Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentbeus, et solem geminum et duplicis se ostendere Thebas, aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes
armatam facibus matrem
et serpentibus atris

470

cum
Anna

fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae.


^" ""

huilds a pyre.

Ergo ubi concepit


exigit et

furias evicta dolore

decrevitque mori, tempus secum ipsa

modumque

475

maestam

dictis adgressa sororem

consilium voltu tegit ac spem fronte serenat:


*

Inveni, germana,

viam (gratare

sorori),

"**

quae mihi reddat eum vel eo


ultimus Aethiopum locus

me solvaj^mantem.
480

Oceani finem iuxta solemque cadentem


est,

axem umero torquet


Hesperidum templi

stellis

maximus Atlas ardentibus aptum U


ubi
:

U/li^v*^

3<T
,

'^^

hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos,


custos, epulasque dracqni

^,,/ /,/.

*'

quae dabat et sacros servabat

m arbore ramos

'--^
\

485

spargens umida mella soporiferu^nque papaver.

Haec
quas

se

carminibus promittit solvere mentes


duras immittere curas;
u^a^X

velit, ast aliis

/^^ p^'S

sistere

aquam

fluviis et vertere sidera retro

u,

^V^

1.

sihu

AENEIDOS
]\Ianis
;

LIB. IV.

107
490

noctumosque movet
sub pedibus terram

mugire videbis

et

descendere montibus ornos.

Testor, cara, deos et te, germana,

tuumque
artis.

dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier

Tu

secreta

erige et

pyram tecto interiore sub auras arma viri, tlialamo quae fixa reliqui^
siiperimponas
abolere nefandi

495

impius, exuyiasque omnis lectumque iugalera,

quo

perii,

cuncta viri

monumenta
;

iuvat,

monstratque sacerdos.'
500

Haec
JSTon

effata silet

pallor simul occupat ora.

tamen Anna novis pmetexere funera sacris germanam credit nec tantos mente furores 7'
coTicipit aut graviora

timet

quam morte

Sychaei.

Ergo iussa

parat.

^^^
the rites.

^ <-*.-*

The priestess performs

At

regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras


505

erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta,

intenditque locum sertis et fronde coronat

funerea; super exuvias ensemque relictum


eflBgiemque toro locat,

haud ignara

futuri.

Stant arae circum et crinis effusa\sacerdos


ter

centum tonat ore deos, Erebmnque Chaosque


tria virginis ora Dianae.

610

tergeminamquejlecaten,
falcibus et messae^ad

Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni

lunam quaeruntur aenis


515

pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni


quaeritur et nascentis equi de f ronte revo-lsus
et matri praereptus amor.

Ipsa mola mauibusque

piis altaria iuxta.

108
uuiinj_exuta

P.-

VERGILI MARONIS

pedem
si

vinclis, in veste recincta,

testatur moritura deos et conscia fati

quod non aequo foedere amantis curae numen habet iustumque memorque, precatur.
sidera
;

tum,

628

Dido^s misei^ and remorse.

Nox

erat, et

placidum carpebant fessa soporem


sidera lapsu,
525

corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant


aequora,

cum medio volvuntur


late liquidos,

cum

tacet

omnis ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres,

quaeque lacus

quaeque aspera dumis

rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti.

[Lenibant curas

et

corda oblita laborum.]

At non
accipit

infelix

animi Plioenissa, neque

umquam
noctem
630

solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore


;

ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens

saevit amor,
Sic
*

magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. adeo insistit secumque ita corde volutat
Eursusne procos inrisa priores
conubia supplex,
?
535

En, quid ago ?

experiar,

Nomadumque petam

quos ego sim totiens iam dedignata maritos


Iliacas igitur classis atque ultima

Teucrum

iussa sequar ?
et

Quiane auxilio iuvat ante levatos

bene apud memores veteris stat gratia facti ?

Quis

me

autem, fac velle, sinet ratibusve superbis


Nescis heu, perdita, necdum

540

invisam accipiet ?

Laomedonteae
Quid tum
?

sentis periuria gentis ?

Sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantis ?

An

Tyriis omnique
et,

manu

stipata

meorum
revelli,
645

inferar

quos Sidouia vix urbe

AENEIDOS
riirsus

LIB. IV.

109

agam pelago

et ventis dare vela


es,

iubebo ?

Quin morere, ut merita

ferroque averte dolorem.

Tu
his,

lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem

germana, malis oneras atque obicis hosti.


licuit tlialami

Non

expertem sine crimine vitam


;

560

degere,

more
illa

ferae, talis nec tangere curas

non servata
Tantos

fides cineri

promissa Sychaeo.'

suo rumpebat pectore questus.

Mercury warns Aeneas against further

delay.

Aeneas celsa in puppi, iam certus eundi,


carpebat somnos, rebus iam rite paratis.
555

Huic

se

forma dei voltu redeuntis eodem

obtulit in somnis rursusque ita visa

monere

est,

omnia Mercurio

similis,

vocemquecoloremque^
decora iuventa
560

et crinis flavos et

membra

^Xate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos,


nec quae te circum stent deinde pericula cernis,

demens, nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos


Illa dolos

dirumque nefas in pectore


hinc praeceps,

versat,

certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu.


ISTon fugis

dum

praecipitare potestas ?

565

lam mare turbaritrabibus saevasque videbis


conlucere faces, iam fervere^ litora flammis,
si te

his attigerit terris


age,

Aurora morantem.
!

Heia

rumpe moras

Varium

et

mutabile semper
570

femina.^

Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae.


1.

coloremque
fervere.

with -que hypermetric.

2.

110

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

The Trojans put

to sea.

Tuni vero Aeneas subitis exterritus umbris


corripit e
'

somno corpus sociosque


citi.

f atigat

PraeciiDites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris

solvite vela

Deus aethere missus ab


incidere funis
te,

alto
575

festinare

fugam tortosque
es,

ecce iterum instimulat.

Sequimur

sancte deorum,

quisquis

imperioque iterum paremus ovantes.


Dixit vaginaque eripit ensem
ferit retinacula ferro.
580

Adsis
dextra

placidusque iuves et sidera caelo


feras.'

fulmineum strictoque

Idem omnis

sirnul ardor
;

babet

rapiuntque ruuntque
;

litora deseruere

latet

sub classibus aequor

adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt.

Dido^s curse.

~~

Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile.

585

Regina, e speculis ut

primum

albescere lucem

vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis

litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus,

terque quaterque

manu

pectus percussa decorum


'

flaventisque abscissa comas,


hic,' ait,
'

Pro

luj^piter

Ibit
?

590

et nostris inluserit

advena regnis

Non arma

expedient totaque ex urbe sequentur


alii

deripientque rates

navalibus

Ite,

ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite

remos!

Quid loquor? Aut ubi sum? Quae mentem insania mutat ? Infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt ? 596

AENEIDOS

LIB. IV,

Tum

decuit,

cum

sceptra dabas.

En

dextra fidesque,

quem secum patrios aiuut portare Penatis, quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem ^c
!

q
6oa

Kon

potui abreptum diyellere corpus et undis

spargere,

non

socios,

non ipsum absumere ferro


?

Ascanium patriisque epulanduiA ponere mensis

....
/r.-^f-''^

f-^

Verum anceps pugnaci^^uefaTfortuna. Fuisset;quem metui moritura ? Faces in castra tulissem

^
605

implessemque foros flammis natumque patremque cum genere exstmxem, memet super ipsa dedissem.
Sol, qui

terrarum flammis opera omnia

lustras,'

'V^

harum interpres curarum et conscia luno, ^QCturmaque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes
tuque,
et Dirae ultiicefe et di morieiitis Blissae,
610

abcipite baec nieritumque m^lis advertile


et nostras audite preces.

numen
,

Si tangere portus

infandum caput ac

terris

adnare necesse

est,

et sic fata lovis poscunt, bic terminus haeret,


"at

bello audacis populi vexatus et armis,

615
.-_-^..-

finibus extorris,

complexu ^vnl^vigMnli^

auxilium imploret videatque ihdigna suorum


.^^^c.

funera nec, cuiu se sub leges pacis iniquae


tra^iderit, regno aut optata luce f ruatur,

^^^^
620

^"j

'"^

sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena.

>"^

Haec

Tum

hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. vos, p Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne f uturum
precor,

exercete odiis^ cinerique haec~mittite liostro

Nullus amor populis nec foedera sunto^ Exoriare, aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, ^'^
qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos.

munera.

623

112
'

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

nunc, olim, quocamque dabunti se tempore vires.


Litora litoribas contraria, fluctibus undas
imprecor,

arma armis; pugnent ipsique nepotesque/*

Her

death.
ait, et

animum versabat in omnis, invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem.


Haec
partis

630

Tum
'

breviter Barcen nutricem adfata Sychaei,

namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater liabebat: Annam, cara mihi nutrix, huc siste sororem dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha
et

ifSS^

pecudes secum et monstrata piacuLa ducat;

sic veniat,

tuque ipsa pia tege tempora

vitta.

Sacra lovi Stygio, quae rke incepta paravi,


perficere est

animus finemque imponere curis


640

Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.'


Sic
ait.

Illa

gradum

studio celerabat anili.

At tfepida

et coeptis

immanibus

eifefa Dido,

^^

sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementis


interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura,
interiora

domus inrumpit

limina, et altos

conscendit furibanda rogos, ensemque recludit


,

"^

Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. Hic, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile
conspexit,

paulum

lacrimis et

mente morata
^

incubuitque toro dixitque novissima verba:


-^'

Dulces exuviae,

dum

fata deusque sinebat,


curis.

accipite

hanc animam meque his exsolvite

Vixi

et,

quem

dederat cursum Fortuna, peregi,


1.

nepotesque

with

-qiie

hypermetric.

AENEIDOS
et

LIB. IV.

113

nunc magna mei sub

terras ibit imago.

iTrbem praeclaram
ulta

statui,

mea moeuia

vidi,

655

virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi, felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum

numquam Dardaniae
sed moriamur,''
ait.

tetigissent nostra carinae


'

Dixit et os impressa toro,


'

^NIoriemur inultae,

Sic, sic

iuvat ire sub umbras.

660

Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto

Dardanus
Anna

et

secum nostrae

ferat

omina mortis/

clasps her dying sister in her arms.

Dixerat, atque illam media inter talia ferro

c^onlapsam aspiciunt comites ensemque cruore


.

spumantem sparsasque manus.


atria
;

It clamor ad alta

665

concussam baccliatur

Fama

per urbem.

\*^<'-:

^Lamehtis gemituque et f emineo ululatu ^


teeta fremunt, resonat

magnis plangoribus aether,


,

non

aliter,

quam

si

immissis ruat hostibus omnis


670

Karthago aut antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes


culmina perque

hommum

volvantur perque deorum^^

Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu

unguibus ora soror foedans

et

pectora pugnis

per medios ruit ac morientem, nomine clamat

Hoc illud, germana, fuit ? 'Me f raude petebas ? Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant ? Quid primum deserta querar ? Comitemne sororem sprevisti moriens ? Eadem me ad f ata vocasses
'

675

idem ambas ferro dolor atque eadem hora

tulisset.
680

His etiam struxi manibus patriosque vocavi


1.

femined

ululatu: hiatus.

114
voce deos,
sic te

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

ut posita crudelis abessem ?

Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque


Sidonios urbemque tuam.

Date volnera lympliis


685

abluam

et,

extremus

si

quis super halitus errat,

ore le^am.'

Sic fata o^radus evaserat^altos


^

semianimemque

sinu

germanam amplexa fovebat


attollere rursus

cum gemitu atque


(deficit;

atros siccabat veste cruores.

IUa gravis oculos conata

infixum stridit sub pectore volnus.


690

Ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit


ter revoluta toro est oculisque errantibus alto

quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque reperta.

Iris releases Dido''^ striiggling spirit.

Tum

luno omnipotens, longum miserata dolorem


Irim demisit Olympo,
artus.
695

difficilisque obitus,

quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret

Nam

quia nec fato, raerita nec morte peribat,

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore,

nondum
Ergo

illi

flavum Proserpina vertice crinem

abstulerat Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco.


Iris croceis

per caelum roscida pinnis,

7^

i^ille trahens varios adverso sole colore^

devolat et supra caput adstitit.

'

Hunc
et

ego Diti
:

sacrum iussa fero teque


sic ait et

isto corpore solvo


;

dextra crinem secat

omnis

una
705

dilapsus calor atque in ventos vita recessit.


1.

semianimemque.

AENEIDOS
LIBEPv y.
The Trojans, sailing away, see the hlazefrom Dido''^ pyre.

Interea

medmm

Aeneas iam

classe tenebat

certus iter fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat,

moenia respiciens, quae iam infelicis Elissae conlucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem
causa latet
;

duri

magno

sed amore dolores


possit,

poUuto notumque, furens quid femina


triste

per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt.


threatening, they

A storm
Ut
olli

make for Eryx

in Sicily.

pelagus tenuere rates nec iam amplius ulla

occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique caelum,

caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,


et inhorruit

10

noctem hiememque ferens,

unda

tenebris.

Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta:


'

Heu

quianam

tanti cinxerunt aethera


?
'

nimbi

Quidve, pater ISTeptune, paras


colligere

Sic deinde locutus


IS

arma iubet validisque incumbere remis obliquatque sinus in ventum ac talia fatur Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi luppiter auctor
'

spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo.

Mutati transversa fremunt

et vespere

ab atro

116

116

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
aer.
20

consurgunt venti atque in nubem cogitur

Nec nos
quoque

obniti contra nec tenclere

tantum
litora longe

sufficimus.

Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur,

vocat,

vertamus

iter.

Nec

fida reor fraterna


si

Erycis portusque Sicanos,


servata remetior'astra.'
'

modo

rite

memor
:

"25

Tum

pius Aeneas

Equidem

sic

poscere ventos

iamdudum

et frustra cerno te tendere contra.

Flecte viam velis.

An

sit

mihi gratior

ulla,

quove magis fessas optem demittere navis,

quam quae Dardanium


et patris

tellus

mihi servat Acesten


?

30

Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa


dicta,

Haec ubi
et

petunt portus, et vela secundi


;

intendunt Zephyri

fertur cita gurgite classis

tandem

laeti

notae advertuntur harenae.

Acestes gives them a royal welcome.

At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes,
horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae,

35

Troia Criniso conceptum flumine mater

quem

genuit.

Veterum non immemor

ille

parentum
40

gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti


excipit ac fessos opibus solatur amicis.

Aeneas proclaims a festival.

Postera

cum primo

stelhis Oriente fugarat


litore

clara dies, socios in

coetum

ab oinni

advocat Aeneas tumulique ex aggere fatur


'

Dardanidae magni, genus

alto a sanguine

divum,

45

AENEIDOS

LIB. Y.
orbis,

117

annuus exactis completur mensibus

ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras.

lamque

dies, nisi fallor, adest,

quem semper acerbum,


habebo.
50

semper honoratum

(sic di voluistis)
si

Hunc

ego Gaetulis agerem

Syrtibus exsul

Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe ^Mycenae,

annua vota tamen sollemnisque ordine pompas


exsequerer strueremque suis altaria donis.

Nunc

ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis

55

(haud equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divum) adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos.

Ergo

agite et laetum cuncti celebremus

honorem
60

poscamus* A^entos, atque haec

me

sacra quotannis

urbe velit posita templis

sibi ferre dicatis.

Bina boum vobis Troia generatus Acestes


dat

numero capita
si

in navis

adhibete Penatis

et patrios epulis et

quos

colit

hospes Acestes.

Praeterea,

nona diem mortalibus almum


65

Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, prima


citae Teucris

ponam certamina

classis

quique pedum cursu valet et qui viribus audax


aut iaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis,
seu crudo
fidit

pugnam committere
et ciugite

caestu,
70

cuncti adsint meritaeque exspectent praemia palmae.

Ore favete omnes


Aeneas

tempora ramis.'

sacrifices at the

tomb of AncMses.

A joijons omen.

materna tempora myrto. Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes,
Sic fatus velat

118

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
quos cetera pubes.
ibat
76

hoc puer Ascanms, IUe

seqiiitur

e concilio multis

cum milibus

ad tumulum, magna medius comitante caterva.

mero libans carchesia Baccho fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine
Hic duo
rite

sacro,

purpureosque
'

iacit flores ac talia fatur:


;

Salve, sancte parens, iterum

salvete, recepti

80

nequiqnam cineres animaeque umbraeque paternae.

Non

licuit finis Italos fataliaque

arva
est,

nec tecum Ausonium, quicumque

quaerere Thybrim/

Dixerat haec, adytis

cum

lubricus anguis ab imis


traxit,
85

septem ingens gyros, septena volumina

amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro

squamam incendebat

fulgor, ceu nubibus arcus

mille iacit varios adverso sole colores.

Obstipuit visu Aeneas.

Ille

agmine longo

90

tandem

inter pateras et levia pocula serpens

libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius

imo

successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit.

Hoc magis
incertus,

inceptos genitori instaurat honores,

geniumne
;

esse putet

caedit

famulumne parentis binas de more bidentis


loci

95

totque sues, totidem nigrantis terga iuvencos;

vinaque fundebat pateris animamque vocabat

Anchisae magni Manisque Acheronte remissos.

Nec non

et socii,

quae cuique

est copia, laeti

100

dona ferunt; onerant aras mactantque iuvencos; ordine aena locant alii fusique per herbam
subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent.

AENEIDOS
The games on the ninth

LIB. V.

119

clay.

Exspectata dies aderat, nonamque serena

Aiiroram Phaethontis equi iam luce vehebant,

105

famaque finitimos et clari nomen Acestae excierat laeto complebant litora coetu,
;

visuri Aeneadas, pars et certare parati.

Munera principio ante


et

oculos circoque locantur

in medio, sacri tripodes viridesque coronae

HO

palmae, pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro

perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta


et

tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos.


the boat race.

^i

The competitors in

Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis quattuor ex omni delectae classe carinae. Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristim, mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi, ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram, urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu
impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi;

115

120

Sergestusque,

domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen,


unde
tibi,

Centauro invehitur magna, Scyllaque Cloanthus


caerulea, genus

Eomane

Cluenti.

They

start

amid

icild

enthusiasm.

Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra


litora,

quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim


condunt ubi sidera Cori
attollitur

125

fluctibus, hiberni

tranquillo silet

immotaque

unda

120

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

campus et apricis statio gratissima mergis. Hic viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam constituit signum nautis pater, unde reverti
scirent et longos ubi circumflectere cursus.

130

Tum

loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro

ductores longe effulgent ostroque decdrij


cetera populea velatur fronde iuventus

nudatosque umeros oleo perfusa

nitescit.

135

Considunt transtris, intentaque bracchia remis


intenti exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit

corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido.

Inde ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes,

haud mora, prosiluere suis nauticus, adductis spumant

ferit

aethera clamor

140

freta versa lacertis,

Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit

convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor.

Non tam
nec
sic

praecipites biiugo certamine

campum
j

corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus

145

immissis aurigae undantia lora

concussere iugis pronique in verbera pendent.

Tum

plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventura

consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant


litora; pulsati

coUes clamore resultant.

150

The struggle betweeu Cfyas and Cloanthns.


Effugit ante alios primisque eLabitur undis

turbam

inter

fremitumque Gyas

quem deinde Cloanthus

i
156

consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus

tarda tenet.

Post hos aequo discrimine Pristis


;

Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem

AENEIDOS
et

LIB.

V.

121

nuuc

Pristis liabet, iiiinc victam praeterit ingens

Centaurus, nunc una ambae iunctisque feruntur


frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carina.

lamque

prox:)inquabant scopulo

metamque tenebant,
160

cum princeps medioque Gyas


^

in gurgite victor

rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten

Quo tantum mihi dexter

abis ?

Huc

dirige

gressum

litus

ama

et laevas stringat sine

palmula cautes
Menoetes
165
'
!

altum

alii teneant.'

Dixit, sed caeca

saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad uudas.

Quo diversus abis cum clamore Gyas


'

'

iterum

'

Pete saxa, Menoete

revocabat, et ecce

Cloanthum

respicit instantem tergo et propiora tenentem.


Ille inter

radit iter

navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantis laevum interior subitoque priorem

170

praeterit et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis.

Tum

vero exarsit iuveni dolor ossibus ingens,

nec lacrimis caruere genae, segnemque Menoeten,


oblitus decorisque sui sociumque salutis,

in

mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab

alta

175

ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister,

hortaturque viros clavumque ad litora torquet.

At

fundo vix tandem redditus imo est, iam senior madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes
gravis, ut

summa

petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit.


et risere

180

Illum et labentem Teucri


et salsos rident

natantem
fluctus.

revomentem pectore

122

P.

VEEGILI MARONIS

Sergestus riins aground.

Hic laeta extremis spes


Sergesto Mnestheique/

est accensa duobus,

Gyan

superare morantem.
185

Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat,

nec tota tamen


parte prior
;

ille

prior praeeunte^ carina;


Pristis.

partem rostro premit aemula

At media
Hectorei

socios incedens nave per ipsos

hortatur Mnestheus: ^jSTunc, nunc insurgite remis,


socii,
;

Troiae quos sorte suprema

190

delegi comites

nunc

illas

promite

vires,

nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi


lonioque mari Maleaeque sequacibus undis,

Non iam prima quamquam o

peto Mnestheus neque vincere certo


hoc,

sed superent, quibus


;

Neptune, dedisti
196

extremos pudeat rediisse


et prohibete nefas.'

hoc vincite,

cives,

Olli certamine

summo

procumbunt

vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis,

subtrahiturque solum;

tum

creber anhelitus artus

aridaque ora quatit, sudor

fluit

undique

rivis.

200

Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem.

Namque

furens animi

dum proram

ad saxa suburget

interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo,

infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit.

Concussae cautes,

et acuto in

murice remi

205

obnixi crepuere, inlisaque prora pependit.

Consurgunt nautae

et

magno cLamore morantur

ferratasque trudes et acuta cuspide contos

expediunt fractosque legunt in gurgite remos.


1.

Mnestheique.

2.

pra^eunte.

AENEIDOS
Mnestheus passes Gyas.

LIB. V.

123

At

laetus Mnestlieus successuque acrior ipso

2iti

agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto.
Qualis spelunca subito
cui

commota columba,
pumice
nidi,
215

domus

et dulces latebroso in

fertur in arva volans

plausumque exterrita pinnis


aere lapsa quieto

dat tecto ingentem,

mox

radit iter liquidum celeris


sic

neque commovet alas

Mnestheus,

sic

ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis

aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem.

Et primum

in scopulo luctantem deserit alto

220

Sergestum brevibusque vadis frustraque vocantem auxilia et fractis discentem currere remis.
Inde

Gyan ipsamque
j

ingenti mole

Chimaeram

consequitur

cedit,

quoniam

spoliata magistro est.

Cloanthus the

victor.

Solus iamque ipso snperest in fine Cloantbus;

225

quem

petit et

summis adnixus

viribus urget.

Tum

vero ingeminat clamor, cunctique sequentem

instigant studiis, resonatque fragoribus aether.

Hi proprium decus
hos successus
alit

et

partum indignantur honorem


230

ni teneant, vitaraque volunt pro laude pacisci


;

possunt, quia posse videntur.

Et

fors aequatis cepissent

praemia

rostris,

ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus

fudissetque preces divosque in vota vocasset.


'

Di, quibus

imperium

est pelagi,

quorum aequora

curro,

235

124

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore tanrum

constituam ante aras voti reus extaque salsos


i

porriciam in fluctus

et

vina liquentia fundam.'

FiG. 23.

A Sea-deity and Family.


fluctibus audiit

Dixit,

eumque imis sub

omnis
virgo,
240

ISTereidum Phorcique chorus


et pater ipse

Panopeaque

manu magna Portunus euntem


volucrique sagitta
et portu se condidit alto.

impulit

illa jSToto citius

ad terram fugit
Aeneas

distrihutes the prizes.

Tum

satus Anchisa, cunctis ex

more

vocatis,
245

victorem

magna

praeconis voce Cloanthum

dechirat viridique advelat tempora lauro,

muneraque

in navis ternos optare iuvencos

vinaque et argenti

magnum

dat ferre talentum.

AENEIDOS

LIB. V.

125
:

Ipsis praecipuos cluctoribus addit honores


victori

chlamydem auratam, quam phirima circum purpura Maeandro dupUci MeUboea cucurrit,
intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida

250

velocis iaculo cervos cursuque fatigat,


acer, anhelanti

simiUs

quem

praepes ab Ida
255

subUmem

pedibus rapuit lovis armiger uncis

longaevi palmas nequiquam ad sidera tendunt


custodes, saevitque

canum

latratus in auras.

At qui deinde locum


loricam,
victor

tenuit virtute secundum,

levibus huic hamis consertam auroque triUcem

quam.Demoleo detraxerat ipse apud rapidum Simoenta sub lUo ^

260

alto,

donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis. Vix iUam famuU Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant

multipUcem, conixi umeris

indutus at

oUm
265

Bemoleos cursu palantis Troas agebat. Tertia dona facit geminos ex aere lebetas
cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera
Sergestus too
is

signis.

rewarded.

lamque adeo donati omnes opibusque superbi


puniceis ibant evincti tempora taenis,

cum

saevo e scopulo

muUa

vix arte revolsus,

27C

amissis remis atque ordine debiUs uno,

inrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat.

QuaUs saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, aerea quem obUquum rota transiit aut gravis ictu
seminecem Uquit saxo lacerumque viator
1.

'273
;

IliS alto

semi-hiatus.

126

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
tortus,

nequiquam longos fugiens dat corpore


arduus attollens

parte ferox ardensque oculis et sibila colla


;

pars volnere clauda retentat

nixantem nodis seque in sua menibra plicantem


tali

remigio navis se tarda movebat;

280

vela facit

tamen et plenis subit ostia velis. Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat, servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos. Olli serva datur/ operum haud ignara Minervae,
Cressa genus, Plioloe, geminique sub ubere nati.
Competitors in the foot-race.

285

The

prizes.

Hoc

pius Aeneas misso certamine tendit


in

gramineum
circus erat;

campum, quem
se multis
tulit

collibus

undique curvis

cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri

quo

cum milibus heros


290

consessu

medium

exstructoque resedit.

Hic, qui forte velint rapido contendere cursu,


invitat pretiis

animos

et

praemia ponit.
Sicani,

Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique


Nisus
et

Euryalus primi,
295

Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, Nisus amore pio pueri quos deinde secutus
;

regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores

hunc Salius simul


alter

et Patron,

quorum

alter
;

Acarnan,

ab Arcadio Tegeaeae sanguine gentis


Trinacrii iuvenes,

tum duo

Helymus Panopesque,

SOfl

adsueti silvis, comites senioris Acestae;

multi praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit.


1.

datur.

AENEIDOS
Aeneas quibus
*

LIB. V.

127

in mediis sic deincle locutus

Accipite haec animis laetasque advertite mentes.

Nemo

ex

lioc

numero mihi non donatus

abibit.

305

Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro spicula caelatamque argento ferre bipennem

omnibus hic

erit

unus honos.

Tres praemia primi


310

accipient flavaque caput nectentur oliva.

Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto alter Amazoniam pharetram plenamque sagittis
Threiciis, lato

quam circum

amplectitur auro

balteus et tereti subnectit fibula g*emma


tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito.'

Nisus and Euryalus.

locum capiunt signoque repente corripiunt spatia audito limenque relinquunt

Haec ubi

dicta,

S15

effusi

nimbo similes

simul ultima signant.

Primus

abit longeque ante

omnia corpora

IS^isus

emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocior alis

proximus huic, longo sed proximus


insequitur Salius
tertius
;

intervallo,

320

spatio post deinde relicto

Euryalus

Euryalumque Helymus sequitur


incumbens umero
spatia et
si

quo deinde sub ipso


325

ecce volat calcemque terit iam calce Diores,


;

plura supersint,
relinquat.

transeat elapsus prior

ambiguumve

extremo fessique sub ipsam finem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus

lamque

fere spatio

labitur infelix, caesis ut forte iuvencis

fusus

humum

viridisque super madefecerat herbas.

330

128

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Hic iuvenis iam


concidit

victor ovaus vestigia presso


solo, secl

haud tenuit titubata

pronus in ipso

immundoque fimo sacroque cruore, non tamen Euryali, npn ille oblitus amorum

nam
ille

sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens

33

autem spissa iacuit revolutus liarena. Emicat Eurjalus^ et munere victor amici prima tenet plausuque volat fremituque secundo.
Post Helymus
subit, et,

nunc

tertia palma, Diores.

All the contestants are rewarded.

Hic totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet
ereptumque dolo reddi
sibi poscit

SiO

honorem.

Tutatur favor Euryalum, lacrimaeque decorae,


gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus.

Adiuvat
ultima,

et

magna proclamat voce

Diores,

S45

qui subiit palmae frustraque ad praemia venit


si

primi Salio reddantur honores.


^

Tum
me

pater Aeneas,

Vestra/ inquit,

certa manent, pueri, et

munera vobis palmam movet ordine nemo


'

liceat casus miserari insontis amici.'

350

Sic fatus

tergum Gaetuli immane leonis


villis
'

dat Salio,

onerosum atque unguibus


*

aureis."

Hic Nisus,
et te

Si tanta/ inquit,

sunt praemia victis

lapsorum miseret, quae munera Niso


355

digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam,


ni me,

quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset


1.

Euryalus,

2.

aureis.

AENEIDOS
Et simul his
turpia
et

LIB. V.

129
udo

dictis f aciem ostentabat et

membra

fimo.

Eisit pater optimus olli

clipeum

efferri iussit,

Didymaonis

artis,
360

Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum


boc iuvenem egregium praestanti miinere donat,
Jhe hoxing match.

Post ubi confecti cursus et dona peregit


<

ISTunc, si cui virtus

animusque in pectore praesens,


365

adsit et evinctis attollat bracchia palmis.' Sic ait et


victori

geminum pugnae proponit honorem,

velatum auro vittisque iuvencum,

ensem atque insignem galeam solacia victo. Nec mora continuo vastis cum viribus effert ora Dares magnoque virum se murmure tollit,
;

solus qui

Paridem

solitus contendere contra,

370

idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, victorem Buten, immani corpore qui se
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat,
perculit et fulva

moribundum extendit harena.


375

Talis prima Dares caput altum in proelia tollit

ostenditque umeros latos alternaque iactat


bracchia protendens et verberat ictibus auras.

Quaeritur huic alius

nec quisquam ex agmine tanto

audet adire virum manibusque inducere caestus.

Ergo

alacris cunctosque putans excedere


stetit

palma
"

380

Aeneae

ante pedes, nec plura moratus

tum
quae

laeva taurum cornu tenet atque ita fatur

'Nate dea,
finis

nemo audet se Quo me standi ?


si

credere pugnae,
decet usque teneri ?

130
Ducere dona

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
Cuncti simul ore fremebant
885

iube.'

Dardanidae reddique viro promissa iubebant.


Dares and Entellus.

Hic gravis Entelluni


^Entelle,

dictis castigat Acestes,

proximus ut viridante toro consederat lierbae

heroum quondam fortissime frustra, tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli dona sines ? Ubi nunc nobis deus ille magister, nequiquam memoratus Eryx ? XJbi fama per omnem
Trinacriam
Ille

390

et spolia illa tuis


:

pendentia tectis

'

sub baec
;

'

Non

laudis

amor nec

gloria cessit
395

pulsa metu

sed enim gelidus tardante senecta

sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires.


Si mihi, quae

quondam
si

fuerat quaque improbus iste


foret illa iuventas,

exsultat fidens,

nunc

haud equidem
in

pretio inductus pulchroque iuvenco

venissem, nec dona moror.'

Sic deinde locutus

400

medium geminos inimani pondere caestus proiecit quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus
ferre

manum

duroque intendere bracchia tergo.


;

Obstipuere animi
terga

tantorum ingentia septem


insuto ferroque rigebant.
recusat,
et ipsa
405

boum pUimbo

Ante omnis stupet ipse Dares longeque magnanimusque Anchisiades et pondus huc illuc vinclorum immensa vohimina

versat.
:

Tum
*

senior talis referebat pectore voces


si

arma vidisset tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam ? Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat
Quid,
quis caestus ipsius et Herculis

410

FiG. 24.

Bronze Statue of a Boxer.

AENEIDOS

LIB. V.

131

(sanguine cernis adhuc sijarsoque inf ecta cerebro ;)


his

magnum Alciden contra stetit his ego suetus, dum melior.viris sanguis dabat, aemula necdum
;

415

temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus.

Sed

si

nostra Dares haec Troius arma recusat,

idque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes,

aequemus pugnas.

Erycis

tibi terga

remitto
420

(solve metus), et tu Troianos exue caestus.'

Haec fatus dui^licem ex umeris reiecit amictum, ^ et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque exuit atque ingens media consistit harena.
The fight hegins.

Tum

satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos

et paribus

pahnas amborum innexuit armis.

425

Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque

bracchiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras.

Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu immiscentque manus manibus pugnamque lacessunt ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa,
hic

430

membris
viri

et

mole valens; sed tarda trementi


inter se vohiera iactant,

genua ^ labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus.

Multa

neqniquam
lateri

multa cavo

ingeminant et pectora vastos


435

dant sonitus, erratque auris et tempora circum crebra manus, duro crepitant sub volnere malae.
Stat gravis

Entehus nisuqae immotus eodem,

corpore tela

modo atque ocuhs


1. 2.

vigilantibus exit.

lacertosque

with -qne hypermetric.

genua : with u consonantal.

132
Ille, veliit

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem


440

aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis,

nunc hos, nunc


arte

illos

aditus

omnemque

pererrat

locum

et variis adsultibus inritus urget.

Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus et alte


extulit
;

ille

ictum venientem a vertice velox


445

praevidit celerique elapsus corpore cessit

Entellus viris in ventum effudit et ultro


ipse gravis graviterque
concidit, ut

ad terram pondere vasto

aut Ida in

quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho magna radicibus eruta pinus.


et Trinacria

Consurgunt studiis Teucri


it

pubes

450

clamor

caelo,

primusque accurrit Acestes


attollit

aequaevumque ab liumo miserans


Dares
is defeated.

amicum.

Tlie victor

shows his strength.

At non
acrior ad

tardatus casu neque territus heros

pugnam

redit ac

vim

susciCat ira.
455

Tum

pudor incendit

viris et conscia virtus,


toto,

praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore

nunc dextra ingeminans

ictus,

nunc

ille sinistra.

Nec mora, nec


creber utraque

requies

quam multa grandine nimbi


heros
460

culminibus crepitant,

sic densis ictibus

manu

pulsat versatque Dareta.

Tum

pater Aeneas procedere longius iras

et saevire animis

Entellum haud passus acerbis,


dictis, ac talia fatur:

sed finem imposuit pugnae fessumque Dareta


eripuit,

mulcens

'Infelix,

quae tanta animum dementia cepit?


conversaque numiua sentis ?

465

Non

viris alias

AENEIDOS
Cede
deo.'

LIB. V.

133

Dixitque et proelia voce diremit.


fidi

Ast illum

aequales, genua aegra trahentem

iactantemque utroque caput crassumque cruorem


ore eiectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes,
470

ducunt ad navis, galeamque ensemque vocati


accipiunt,

palmam Entello taurumque


'

relinquunt.

Hic victor, superans animis tauroque superbus, Nate dea vosque haec/ inquit, cognoscite, Teucri,
*

et et

mihi quae fuerint iuvenali in corpore

vires,

475

qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta.'

Dixit et adversi contra stetit ora iuvenci,

qui

donum

adstabat pugnae, durosque reducta

libravit dextra

media

inter cornua caestus,


480

arduus, effractoque inlisit in ossa cerebro


sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit
Ille
^

humi

bos.

super talis effundit pectore voces


tibi,

Hanc

Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte DaretTis

persolvo; hic victor caestus artemque repono.'

The archery-contest.

Protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta


invitat qui forte velint et

485

praemia ponit

ingentique
erigit et

manu malum

de nave Seresti

volucrem traiecto in fune columbam,


alto.
4fi0

quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab


Convenere
viri

deiectamque aerea sortem

accepit galea; et primus clamore secundo

Hyrtacidae ante omnis exit locus Hippocoontis.

Quem modo

uavali Mnestheus certamine victor

consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva.

134:

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
495

Tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater,

Pandare, qui quondaui, iussus confundere foedus,


in raedios telum torsisti

primus Achivos.

Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes, ausus et ipse manu iuvenum temptare laborem.
The arrow ofAcestes takcsfire in
the air.

Tum

validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus

500

pro se quisque viri et depromunt tela pharetris,

primaque per caelum nervo stridente sagitta


Hyrtacidae iuvenis volucris diverberat auras
et venit

adversique infigitur arbore mali.


505

Intremuit nialus, timuitque exterrita pinnis


ales, et ingenti

sonuerunt omnia plausu.

Post acer Muestheus adducto constitit arcu,


alta petens, pariterque oculos

telumque

tetendit.

Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro

non valuit

nodos

et vincula linea rupit,

510

quis innexa

pedem malo pendebat ab

alto

illa ISTotos 'atque

atra volans in nubila fugit.

Tum

rapidus,

iamdudum

arcu contenta parato

tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit,

iam vacuo laetam caelo speculatus, et alis plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam.
Decidit exanimis vitamque reliquit in astris
aetheriis fixamque refert delapsa sagittam.

Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes; cjui tamen aerias telum contorsit in auras, ostentans artemque pater^ arcumque sonantem.
1.

520

pater.

AENEIDOS
Hic
oculis

LIB. V.

135

subitam obicitur magnoque futurum


cecinerunt omina vates.
525

augurio monstrum; clocuit post exitus ingens seraque


terrifici

Xamque

volans liquidis in nubibus arsit harundo

signavitque viam flammis tenuisque recessit

consumpta

in ventos, caelo ceu saepe relixa

transcurrunt crinemque volantia sidera ducant.


Attonitis haesere animis, superosque precati
Trinacrii Teucrique viri
;

nec maximus

omen

530

abnuit Aeneas, sed laetum amplexus Acesten

muneribus cumulat magnis ac


'

talia fatur

Sume, pater

nam

te voluit rex

magnus Olympi
535

talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honores.

munus habebis, cratera impressum signis, quem Thracius olim Anchisae genitori in magno munere Cisseus ferre sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.'
Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc
Sic fatus cingit viridanti
et

tempora lauro
540

primum ante omnis victorem appellat Acesten. Nec bonus Eurytion praelato invidit honori, quamvis solus avem caelo deiecit ab alto.
Proximus ingreditur
donis, qui vincula rupit;
fixit

extremus, volucri qui


The ludus Troiae.

harundine malum.

^f__

At

pater Aeneas

nondum certamine misso

545

custodem ad sese comitemque impubis luli Epytiden vocat et fidam sic fatur ad aurem

Vade age et Ascanio, si iam puerile paratum agmen habet secum cursusque instruxit equorum,
^

136

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
650

ducat avo turmas et sese ostendat in armis,


dic/
ait.

Ipse

omnem

longo decedere circo

infusum populum et campos iubet esse patentis. Incedunt pueri pariterque ante ora parentum
frenatis lucent in equis, quos

omnis euntis
655

Trinacriae mirata fremit Troiaeque iuventus.

Omnibus

in

morem

tonsa coma pressa corona;

cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro,


pars levis umero pharetras
flexilis obtorti
;

it

pectore

summo
660

per collum circulus auri.

Tres equitum numero turmae ternique vagantur


ductores
;

pueri bis seni

quemque

secuti

agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris. Una acies iuvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem

nomen

avi referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite,


;

progenies, auctura Italos

quem Thracius

albis

665

portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia primi

alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam.

Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini,

parvus Atys pueroque puer dilectus lulo.

Extremus formaque ante onmis pulcher lulus Sidonio est invectus equo, quem candida Dido
esse sui dederat

670

monumentum

et

pignus amoris.

Cetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae


fertur equis.

Excipiunt plausu pavidos gaudentque tuentes

676

Dardanidae veterumque adgnoscunt ora parentum.

Postquam omnem

haeti

consessum oculosque suorum


flagello.

lustravere in equis, signum clamore jiaratis

Epytides longe dedit insonuitque

AENEIDOS
Olli discurrere pares atque

LIB. Y.
terni

137
580

agmina

diductis solvere choris rursusque vocati

convertere vias infestaque tela tulere.

Inde

alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus

adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbis

impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis;


et

585

nunc terga

fiiga nudant,

nunc spicula vertunt

infensi, facta pariter

nunc pace feruntur.


iter

Ut quondam
parietibus
^

Creta fertur Labyrintlius in alta

textum caecis

ancipitemque
590

mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi


falleret indeprensus et inremeabilis error

haud

alio

Teucrum

nati vestigia cursu


et proelia ludo,

impediunt texuntque fugas

delphinum

similes, qui per

maria umida nando


595

Carpathium Libyeumque secant luduntque per undas.

Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus Ascanius, Longam muris cum cingeret Albam,
rettulit et Priscos docuit celebrare Latinos,

quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes


Albani docuere suos
accepit
;

hinc

maxima porro

600

Roma

et

patrium servavit honorem,

Troiaque nunc pueri, Troianum dicitur agmen.

Hac

celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri,


the Trojan

Ins urges

loomen

to

destroy the ships.

Hic primum Fortuna fidem mutata novavit. Dum variis tumulo referunt sollemnia ludis,
Irim de caelo misit Saturnia luno
1.

605

parietibus

with consonantal

in

second syllable.

138

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Iliacam ad classem ventosque adspirat eunti,

multa movens necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. Illa viam celerans per mille coloribus arcum
nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo.
610

Conspicit ingentem concursum et litora lustrat

desertosque videt portus classemque relictam.

At procul in sola secretae Troades acta amissum Anchisen flebant cunctaeque profundum pontum aspectabant flentes. Heu tot vada fessis
^

615

et

tantum superesse maris


orant
;

'

vox omnibus una.

Urbem
Ergo
fit

taedet pelagi perferre laborem.

inter medias sese

haud ignara nocendi


yestemque reponit
620

conicit et faciemque deae

Beroe, Tmarii coniunx longaeva Dorycli,

cui genus et

ac sic

quondam nomen natique fuissent, Dardanidum mediam se matribus inf ert


raanus,' inquit, 'Achaica bello

0 miserae, quas non


infelix, cui te exitio

traxerit ad letum patriae sub

moenibus
?

gens
625

Fortuna reservat

Septima post Troiae excidium iam vertitur aestas,

cum

freta,

cum

terras omnis, tot inhospita saxa

sideraque emensae ferimur,

dum

per mare

magnum
;

Italiam sequimur fugientem et volvimur undis.

Hic Erycis

fines fraterni

atque hospes Acestes

630

quis prohibet muros iacere et dare civibus


patria et rapti

urbem?

nequiquam ex hoste Penates, nullane iam Troiae dicentur moenia ? Nusquam Hectoreos amnis, Xantlium et Simoenta, videbo?
Quin agite
et

mecum

infaustas exurite puppis.

635

Nam

mihi Cassandrae per

somnum

vatis

imago

AENEIDOS
ardentis clare visa faces
hic
:

LIB. V.

139

domus

est," inquit "

Hic quaerite Troiam, vobis." lam tempus agi

"

reS;

nec tantis mora prodigiis.

En

quattuor arae
ministrat.'

Xeptuno; deus ipse faces animumque


Seized with frenzy,
theij set

"'
v

640

them onflre.
vi corripit

Haec memorans prima infensum


et iacit.

ignem

sublataque procul dextra couixa coruscat

Arrectae mentes stupefactaque corda

Iliadum.
P^^rgo, tot

Hic una
vobis,

e niultis,

quae maxima natu,


iiutrix
:

Priami natorum regia


coniunx

645

'NonBeroe
est Dorycli

non haec Rhoeteia, matres,


;

divini signa decoris


illi,

ardentisque notate oculos, qui spiritus

qui voltus vocisque sonus vel gressus eunti.

Ipsa egomet

dudum Beroen
tali

digressa reliqui
sola careret

650

aegram, indignantem,

quod

munere nec meritos Anchisae inferret honores.^ Haec effata. At matres primo ancipites oculisque malignis
ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amorem
praesentis terrae fatisque vocanfia regna,
655

cum dea

se paribus per

caelum sustulit

alis

ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum.


Tuni vero attonitae monstris actaeque furore
conclamant rapiuntque focis penetralibus' ignem
pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque
coniciunt.
66G

Purit immissis Volcanus habenis


^

transtra per et remos et pictas abiete


1.

puppis.
i.

abiete

with consonantal

140

P.

YERGILI MARONIS

Ascanius pleads with the women.

Nuntius Anchisae ad turaulum cuneosque theatri


incensas perfert navis Eumelus, et
respiciunt atram in
ij)si

665

nimbo

volitare favillam.

Primus

et Ascanius, cursus ut laetus equestris

ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit


castra, nec
'

exanimes possunt retinere magistri.

Quis

f uror iste

novus
?

Quo nunc, quo

tenditis/ inquit,

670

'

heu miserae cives

Argivum, vestras
Ascanius
!

Non hostem inimicaque spes uritis. En ego vester


simulacra ciebat.

castra

'

Galeam ante pedes


belli

proiecit inanem,

qua ludo indutus Ast


illae

Accelerat simul Aeneas, siniul agmina Teucrum.


diversa

675

metu

x^er litora

passim

diffugiunt silvasque et sicubi concava furtim

saxa petunt

piget incepti lucisque, suosque


est.

mutatae adgnoscunt, excussaque pectore luno

Sed non idcirco flammae atque incendia


indomitas posuere
;

viris

680

udo sub robore

vivit

stuppa vomens tardum fumum, lentusque carinas


est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis,

nec vires heroum infusaque flumina prosunt.


Thejlames are quenched.

Tum
'

pius Aeneas umeris abscindere vestem

685

auxilioque vocare deos et tendere palmas:

luppiter omnipotens,
si

si

nondum exosus ad unum


classi
61X1

Troianos,
respicit

quid pietas antiqua labores

humanos, da flammam evadere

nunc, pater, et tenuis

Teucrum

res eripe leto

AENEIDOS
I

LIB. V.

141

vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,


si mereoi";

demitte tuaque hic obrue dextra.'

Vix haec

ediderat,

cum

effusis

imbribus atra

tempestas sine more furit tonitruque tremescunt

ardua terrarum

et

campi

ruit aethere toto

695

turbidus imber aqua densisque nigerrimus austris

implenturque super puppes, semusta madescunt


robora, restinctus donec vapor omnis et omnes,

quattuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae."


The aged and timid are
Acestes.
700

left ivith

At

pater Aeneas, casu concussus acerbo,


ingentis,

nunc huc

nunc

illuc pectore curas


arvis,

mutabat versans, Siculisne resideret

oblitus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras.

Tum
quem

senior Nautes,

unum

Tritonia Pallas
705

docuit multaque insignem reddidit arte,

(haec responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira

magna deum vel quae fatorum posceret isque his Aenean solatus vocibus infit
quidquid
erit,

ordo),

^Nate dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntque sequamur;


superanda omnis fortuna ferendo
stirpis
est.

71C

Est

tibi

Dardanius divinae
consiliis

Acestes

hunc cape

socium et coniunge volentem,

huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus et quos

pertaesum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est


longaevosque senes ac fessas aequore matres
et
715

quidquid tecum invalidum metuensque

x^ericli est

delige, et his

habeant terris sine moenia fessi

urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.'

142

P.

YERGILI MARONIS

Aiichises, in a dream, bids

Aeneas

seeJc the Sihyc.

Talibus incensiis dictis senioris amici

tum vero

in curas

animo diducitur omnis.


bigis subvecta tenebat:

720

Et Nox atra polum

visa dehinc caelo facies delapsa parentis

Ancliisae subito talis effundere voces


'

Nate, mihi vita quondam,

dum

vita manebat,
/25

care magis, nate Iliacis exercite fatis,

imperio lovis huc venio, qui classibus ignem


depulit et caelo
Consiliis pare,

tandem miseratus ab alto est. quae nunc pulcherrima jSTautes


730

dit senior

lectos iuvenes, f ortissima corda,

Gens dura atque aspera cultu debellanda tibi Latio est. Ditis tamen ante infernas accede domos et Averna per alta
defer in Italiam.

congressus pete, nate, meos.

Non me impia namque


Huc
casta Sibylhi
735

Tartara habent, tristes umbrae, sed amoena piorum


concilia

Elysiumque

colo.^

nigrarum multo pecudum te sanguine ducet.

Tum
et

genus omne tuum

et

quae dentur moenia disces.

lamque

vale; torquet medios

Nox umida

cursus,

me

saevus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis.'


740
'

Dixerat et tenuis fugit ceu fumus in auras. Aeneas, 'Quo deinde ruis ?
'Queni fugis
?

Quo

proripis ?

inquit,

Aut

quis te nostris complexibus arcet ?

Haec memorans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignis Pergameumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestae
farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra.
1.

745

colo

huc: hiatus.

AEXEIDOS

LIB. V.

143

The colonists are enrolled, and

the

new

city is laid owt.

Extemplo socios primumqne arcessit Acesten et lovis imperium et cari praecepta parentis edocet et quae nnnc animo sententia constet.

Haud mora

consiliis,

nec iussa recusat Acestes.


750

Transcribunt urbi matres populumque volentem


deponunt, aninios nil magnae laudis egentes.
Tpsi transtra novant flammisque

ambesa reponunt

robora navigiis, aptant remosque rudentisque/


exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus.

Interea Aeneas urbem designat aratro

753

domos lioc Ilium et liaec loca Troiam Gaudet regno Troianus Acestes esse iubet. indicitque forum et patribus dat iura vocatis.
sortiturque
;

Tum

vicina astris Erycino in vertice sedes


"

fundatur Yeneri Idaliae, tumuloque sacerdos ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo.
Aeneas again

760

sets sail.

lamque

dies epulata
;

novem gens omnis,

et aris

factus honos

placidi straverunt aequora venti,

creber et adspirans rursus vocat Auster in altura

Exoritur procurva ingens per litora

fletus,

765

complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur. Ipsae iam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam
visa maris facies et non tolerabile nomen, ire volunt omnemque fugae perferre laborem.
1.

rudentisque: with -^ue hypermetric.

144

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
'

Quos bonus Aeneas


et

dictis solatur amicis

770

consanguineo lacrimans commendat Acestae.

Tris Eryci vitulos et Tempestatibus

agnam

caedere deinde iubet solvique ex ordine funem.


Ipse, caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae,

stans procul in prora pateram tenet extaque salsos


porricit in fluctus ac vina liquentia fundit.

775

Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis


certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt,
/

Neptune claims one

life.

At Venus
*

interea

Neptunum

exercita curis
780

adloquitur talisque effundit pectore questus

lunonis gravis ira nec exsaturabile pectus

cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnis;

quam nec

lojiga dies, pieta^

nec mitigat

ulla,

nec lovis imperio fatisque infracta quiescit.

Non media
urbem

de gente

Phrygum

exedisse nefandis

785

odiis satis est nec

poenam traxe per omnem


sciat illa furoris.
testis in
;

reliquias Troiae; cineres atque ossa peremptae

insequitur.

Causas tanti

Ipse milii

nuper Libycis tu
subito excierit

undis
790

quam molem

maria omnia caelo

miscuit, Aeoliis

nequiquam

freta procellis,

in regnis hoc ausa tuis.

Per scelus ecce etiam Troianis matribus


exussit foede puppis et classe subegit

actis

amissa socios ignotae linquore terrae.


1.

795

Mlhi.

AENEIDOS
Quod
si

LIB. V.

145

superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas

vela tibi/ liceat

Laurentem attingere Thybrim, concessa peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae/


Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit
alti
80

Tum
^Fas

omne

est,

Cytherea, meis

te fidere regnis,
;

unde genus

ducis.

Merui quoque

saepe furores

compressi et rabiem tantam caelique marisque.

Nec minor

in terris (Xantlium Simoentaque testor)


tui.

Aeneae mihi cura

Cum

Troia Achilles
805

exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, milia multa daret leto gemerentque repleti

amnes nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset iu mare se Xanthus, Pelidae tunc ego forti congressum Aenean nec dis nec viribus aequis nube cava rap^ui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo structa meis manibus periurae moenia Troiae.

810

Nunc quoque mens eadem


Unus
erit

perstat mihi

pelle timorem.

Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni.

tantum, amissum quem gurgite quaeret,


815

unum

pro multis dabitur caput.'

His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis, iungit equos auro genitor spumantiaque addit
frena feris manibusque omnis effundit habenas. Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru

subsidunt undae tumidumque sub axe tonanti sternitur aequor aquis fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi.
;

820

Tum

variae

et senior

immania cete Glauci chorus Inousque Palaemon


comitum
citi

facies,

Tritonesque

Phorcique exercitus omnis


1.
tibl.

146

P.

VERGILI MABONIS
825

laeva tenet Thetis et Melite Panopeaque virgo,

Nisaee Spioque Thaliaque Cymodoceque.

FiG. 25.

Palaemon.

Palinurus

is lost.

Hic patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim gaudia pertemptant mentem iubet ocius omnis
;

attolli nialos, intendi

bracchia

velis.

Una omnes

fecere

pedem

pariterque sinistros,
;

830

nunc dextros solvere sinus


cornua detorquentque
;

una ardua torquent

ferunt sua flamina classem.

Princeps ante omnis densum Palinunis agebat agmen ; ad hunc alii cursum contendere iussi.

AENEIDOS
lamque
fere

LIB. V.

147
835

mediam

caeli 'Nox

umida metam
quiete

contigerat (placida laxabant

membra

sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae),

cum
te,

levis aetheriis delapsus

Somnus ab

astris

aera dimovit tenebrosum et dispulit umbras,


Palinure, petens, tibi somnia tristia portans
840

insonti,

puppique deus consedit in


similis, f unditque

alta,

Phorbanti
*

has ore loquelas

laside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem,

aequatae spirant aurae, datur hora quieti.

Pone caput fessosque oculos furare labori. Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.'
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur
:

845

'Mene

salis placidi

voltum fluctusque quietos


monstro ?
850

ignorare iubes ?

j\Iene huic confidere

Aenean credam quid enim

fallacibus auris,

et caeli totiens deceptus f raude sereni ?

Talia dicta dabat clavumque adfixus et haerens

nusquam amittebat ^ oculosque sub astra tenebat. Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem
vicjue

soporatum Stygia super utraque quassat


solvit.

855

tempora cunctantique natantia lumina

Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat


et super

artus,

incumbens cum puppis parte revolsa


liquidas proiecit in undas
860

cumque gubernaclo

praecipitem ac socios nequiquam saepe vocantem


ipse volans tenuis se sustulit ales ad auras.

Currit iter tutum non setius aequore classis

promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur.

lamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta


1.

subibat,

amittehdt.

148
difficilis

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
865

quondain multorumque ossibus albos


sale saxa sonabant),

(tum rauca adsiduo longe

cum

pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro

sensit et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis,

multa gemens casuque animum concussus amici

nimium caelo et pelago confise sereno, nudus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis harena/
'

870

AENEIDOS
LIBER
The landing
at

yi.

Cumae.

The temple of Apollo.

Sic fatur lacrimans classique iininittit habenas, \/-^^^^ adlabitur oris. et tandera Euboicis

Cumamm

Obvertunt pelago proras, tum dente tenaci ancora fundabat navis, et litora curvae
praetexunt puppes.
litus in

luvenum manus emicat ardens


;

Hesperium

quaerit pars semina flammae

abstrusa in venis

silicis,

pars densa ferarum

tecta rapit silvas, inventaque flumina monstrat.

At

pius Aeneas arces, quibus altus Apollo


10

praesidet, borrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae,

antrum iramane,

petit,

magnam

cui

mentem animumque

Delius inspirat vates aperitque futura. lam subeunt Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta.
The temple-sculptures.
The summons of the
Sihyl.
t

Daedalus, ut fama e st; fugiens Minoia regna,


praepetibus pinnis ausus se credere caelo,
iter gelidas enavit

ru^^Hy^
13

insuetum per

ad arctos

Cbalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce. Eedditus his primuni terris tibi, Phoebe, sacravit

remigium alarum posuitque iramania templa.


149

150

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
;

In foribus letura Androgeo

tum

pende-re poenas

20

Cecropidae iussi (miserum


corpora natorura
;

!)

septena quotannis

stat ductis sortibus urna.

Contra elata raari respondet Gnosia tellus


hic crudelis

amor

tauri suppostaque furto


25
;

Pasiphae raixtumque genus prolesque biformis Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae
hic labor
ille

domus
l

et inextricabilis error

magnura

reginafi_sed

enim miseratus amorem

FiG. 26.

Daedalus and Icarus.


tecti

Daedalus ipse dolos


caeca regens

ambagesque

resolvit,
30

filo vestigia.

Tu quoque magnam
dolor, Icare, haberes

partem opere in tanto, sineret


bis patriae cecidere

bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro,

manus.

Quin protinus onmia^


35

perlegerent oculis, ni iam praemissus Achates


adforet atque una PhoeV)i Triviaeque sacerdos,

Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi Non hoc ista sibi ^ tempus spectacula poscit
'

1.

oinnia
V*

with

consonantal.
c

2.

slbl.

AENEIDOS

LIB- VI.

151

nunc grege de intacto septem mactare iuvencos praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentis.'
Talibus adfata Aenean (nec sacra morantur
iussa viri) Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.
40

,^

'^

FiG. 27.

The Cumaeax
is felt.

Sibyl.

Tlie gocfs

presence

Aeneas''^ prayer

and vow.

Excisum Euboicae
quo
lati

latus ingens rupis in antrum,

ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum,


voces, responsa Sibyllae.
erat ad limen,
ait:

unde ruunt totidem

Ventum
tempus'

cum

virgo,
'

Poscere.fata

45

^deus, ecce, deus!

Cui talia fanti

ante fores subito non voltus, non color unus,

152

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

non comptae mansere comae, sed pectus anhelum,


et rabie fera

corda tument, maiorque videri


50

nec mortale sonans, adflata est nuraine quando

iam propiore
Tros/
ait,
'

dei.

^Cessas in vota precesque,

Aenea ?

Cessas ?

attonitae
conticuit.

magna

ora domus.'

Neque enim ante dehiscent Et talia fata


55

Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit


f unditque

ossa tremor,
'

preces rex pectore ab imo

Phoebe, gravis Troiae semper miserate labores,


direxti tela

Dardana qui Paridis


tot

manusque

corpus in Aeacidae, magnas obeuntia terras

maria intravi duce

te

penitusque repostas
60

Massylum gentis praetentaque Syrtibus arva; iam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras
hac Troiana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta.

Vos quoque Pergameae iam


gloria Dardaniae.

fas est parcere genti,

dique deaeque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium et ingens

Tuque, o sanctissima vates,


Latio considere Teucros

65

praescia venturi, da (non indebita posco

regna meis

fatis)

errantisque deos agitataque

Tum

Phoebo

et

numina Troiae. Triviae solido de marmore templum


70

instituam festosque dies de nomine Phoebi.

Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia Hic ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata dicta meae genti ponam, lectosque sacrabo,
alma, viros.
Foliis

nostris.

tantum ne carmina manda,


75

ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis


ipsa canas oro.'

Finem dedit

ore loqiiendi.

AENEIDOS

LIB. VI.

153

The prophecy of the

Sihyl.

At Phoebi nondum
bacchatur vates,
excussisse

patiens,
si

immanis
ille

in antro

magnum
;

pectore possit
fatigat
80

deum

tanto magis

os rabidum, fera corda

domans, fingitque premendo.

Ostia iamque

domus patuere ingentia centum


periclis

sponte sua vatisque ferunt responsa per auras

'0 tandem magnis pelagi defuncte

(sed terrae graviora manent), in regna Lavini

Dardanidae venient (mitte hanc de pectore curam)


sed non et venisse volent.
et

85

Bella, horrida bella

Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. ISTon Simois tibi nec Xanthus nec Dorica castra" defuerint alius Latio iam partus Achilles,
;

natus et ipse dea; nec Teucris addita luno usquam aberit, cum tu supplex in rebus egenis

90

quas gentis Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes Causa mali tanti coniunx iterum hospita Teucris
!

externique iterum thalami.

Tu

ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, quam tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis,

95

quod minime

reris,

Graia ^ pandetur ab urbe.'


to visit

Aeneas craves permission

Anchises in the lower world.

Talibus ex adyto dictis

Cumaea

Sibylla

horrendas canit ambages antroque remugit,


obscuris vera involvens
;

ea frena furenti

100

concutit et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo.

Ut primum

cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt,


1.

Graia: with consonantal

i.

154
incipit

P.

YERGILI MARONIS
:

Aeneas heros nova mi

^Non

ulla laborum,

o virgo,

facies inopinave surgit;


105

omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi. Unum oro: quando hic inferni ianua regis
dicitur et tenebrosa pahis Achercnte refuso,
ire

ad conspectum
;

cari genitoris et ora

contingat

doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas.


.

Ilhun ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela


eripui his umeris
ille

lio

medioque ex hoste recepi

meum

comitatus iter maria omnia

mecum
/
115

atque omnis pelagique minas caehque ferebat,


invahdus, viris ultra sortemque seneclae.

Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua huiina adirem,

idem orans mandata dabat.


ahna, precor, miserere (potes

Gnatique patrisque,

namque omuia,'nec

te

nequiquam hicis Hecate praefecit Avernis). Si potuit Manis arcessere coniugis Orpheus
Threicia fretus cithara lidibusque canoris
si

120

fratrem

PoUux

alterna morte redemit

itque reditque viam totiens

quid Thesea magnum,


et nii

quid

memorem Alciden ?

genus ab love summo.'


the golden hough.

Aeneas must hury a dead comradeythen seek

Tahbus orabat

dictis arasque tenebat,

cum

sic orsa loqui vates:

rSate sanguine divum

125

Tros AnchisiadeJ(facilis descensus Averno


(noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis)

sed revocare

gradum superasque evadere ad


est.

auras,

hoc opus, hic labor

Pauci, quos aequus amavit


130

luppiter aut arderis evexit ad aethera virtus,

W H

^
00

AENEIDOS
*

LIB. VI.
silva^,

155

dis geniti potuere.

Tenent media omnia


atro.

Cocytusque sinu labens circumvenit

Quod

si

tantus amor menti,

si

tanta cupido

bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre

Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori,

135

accipe quae peragenda prius.

Latet arbore opaca

aureus et

foliis et lento

vimin6 ramus,
;

lunonil^nfernae dictus sacer

bunc

tegit

omnis
140

lucus et obscuris claudunt convallibus umbrae.

Sed non ante datur

telluris operta subire,

auricomos quam qui decerpserit arbore fetus. Hoc sibi pulclira suum ferri Proserpina munus
instituit
;

primo avolso non

deficit alter

aureus, et simili frondescit virga metallo.

Ergo
carpe
si te

alte vestiga oculis et rite

repertum

145

manu

namque
;

ipse volens facilisque sequetur,

fata vocant

aliter

non viribus
tibi

uilis

vincere nec duro poteris convellere ferro.

Praeterea iacet exanimum-

corpus amici
150

(heu nescis) totamque incestat funere classem, dum consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes.

Sedibus hunc refer ante sms

et

conde sepulchro.
i^
"

Duc
Sic

nigras pecudes

ea prini^a piacula sunto.

demum

lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis

'aspicies.'

Dixit pressoque obmutuit

ore.

^A

155

He

Jinds the bodij of Misenus.

Two
hough.

doves lead

him

to the

golden

Aeneas maesto

defixus> lumina.voltu

ingreditur, linquens antrum, caecosque volutat

156

P.

YERGILI MARONIS
Cui fidus Achates

eventus animo seciim.


it

comes

et paribus curis vestigia figit.

Multa

inter sese vario

sermone serebant,

16a

quem socium exanimem vates, quod corpus liumandum diceret. Atque illi Misenum in litore sicco,
ut venere, vjdent indigna morte peremptnm,

Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter aere ciere viros Martemque accendere cantu.
Hectoris hic magni fuerat comes, Hectora circum
et lituo

165

pugnas insignis obibat

et hasta.

Postquam illum vita victor spoliavit Achilles, Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimus heros addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus.
'

170

Sed tum, forte cava


demens,
et

dum

personat aequora concha,

cantu vocat in certamina divos,


si

aemulus exceptum Triton,


inter saxa

credere

dignum

est,

virum spumosa immerserat unda.


175

Ergo omnes magno circum clamore frem^ant,


praecipue pius Aeneas.

Tum

iussa Sibyllae,

haud mora, festinant

flentes

aramque sepulchri

congerere arboribus caeloque educere certan:t__


Itur in antiquam silvam, stabula alta ferarum;

procumbunt

piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex


fissile

180

fraxineaeque trabes cuneis et


scinditur, advolvunt ingentis

robur

montibus ornos.

Nec non Aeneas opera

inter talia

primus

hortatur socios paribusque accingitur armis.

Atque haec ipse wuo tristi cum corde vohitat, aspectans silvam immensam, et sic forte precatur: * Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus

185

AENEIDOS LIB.
Dstendat nemore in tanto
!

VI.

157

Quando omnia vere


190

heu nimium de

te vates, Misene, locuta est.'

Vix ea fatus

erat,

geminae cum forte columbae

ipsa sub ora viri caelo venere volantes


et viridi sedere solo.

Tum maximus

heros
:_

maternas adgnovit aves laetusque precatur


'

Este duces

o, si

dirigite in lucos,

qua via est, cursumque pep auras ubi pinguem dives opacat

195

ramus humum.
diva parens.'

Tuque o dubiis ne

defice rebus,

Sic effatus vestigia pressit,

observans, quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant.

Pascentes

illae

quantum

acie

tantum prodire volando, possent oculi servare sequentum.

200

Inde ubi venere ad fauces grave olentis Averni, tollunt se celeres liquidumque per aera lapsae
sedibus optatis gemina super arbore sidunt,
discolor

unde auri per ramos aura


silvis

refulsit.
205

Quale solet

brumali frigore viscum


circumdare truncos

fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos,


et croceo fetu teretis

talis erat species auri frondentis


ilice, sic

opaca

leni crepitabat brattea vento.


210

Corripit Aeneas extemplo avidusque refringit

cunctantem

et vatis portat

sub tecta Sibjllae.

The funeral of Misenus.

Kec minus
Principio

interea

Misenum

in litore Teucri

flebant, et cineri ingrato

suprema ferebant.
atris
215

pinguem

taedis et robore secto

ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondibus

158

P.

VERGILl MARONIS

intexunt latera, et feralis ante cupressos


constituunt, clecorantque super fulgentibus armis.

Pars calidos
Fit gemitus.

latices et

aena undantia tlammis


toro defleta reponunt

expediunt, corpusque lavant frigentis et ungunt.

Tum membra

220

purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota,


coniciunt.
triste

Pars ingenti subiere feretro,

ministerium, et subiectam more parentum

aversi tenuere facem.

Congesta cremantur
225

turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo.

Postquam conlapsi cineres

et

flamma

quievit,

reliquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam,

ossaque lecta cado texit Corynaeus aeno.

Idem

ter socios

pura circumtulit unda,


230

spargens rore levi et ramo felicis olivae,


lustravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba.

At pius Aeneas
imponit, suaque

ingenti mole sepulclirum

monte sub
i
\

aerio,

arma viro remumque tubamque, qui nunc Misenus ab illo


235

dicitur,

aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen.

Sacrijice is offered to the gods helow.

His

actis

propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae.


liiatu,

Spelunca alta fuit vastoque inmianis


scrupea, tuta lacu nigro

nemorumque

tenebris,

quam super haud uUae


tendere iter pinnis
:

poterant impune volantes


240

talis sese halitus atris

faucibus effundens super ad convoxa ferebat,

funde locuui
Quattuor
liic

(Jrai

dixerunt nomine Aoru(iu].

primuni nigrantis terga iuveucos

AENEIDOS

LIB. YI.

i(59\

constituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos,

et

summas carpens media

inter cornua saetas

245

ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima,

voce vocans Hecaten caeloque Ereboque potentem.

Supponunt

alii

cultros

tepidumque cruorem

succipiunt pateris.

Ipse atri velleris

agnam
sorori
250

Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque


ense ferit sterilemque
tibi,

Proserpina, vaccara.

Tum

Stygio regi nocturnas incohat aras

et solida imponit

taurorum viscera flammis,


extis.
255

pingue super

oleum f undens ardentibus

Ecce autem primi sub lumina

solis et ortus

sub pedibus mugire solum et iuga coepta moveri


silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per

umbram,

adventante dea.

'
jl

Procul

o,

procul este, prof ani,'

conclamat vates, 'totoque absistite luco; tuque invade viam vaginaque eripe f errum

260

nunc animis opus, Aenea, nunc pectore

firmo.'

Tantum
ille

effata furens antro se

immisit aperto

ducem baud timidis vadentem passibus aequat.

Invocation of the nether poicers.

Di, quibus
et
sit

imperium

est

animarum, umbraeque
late,

silentes
265

Chaos

et

Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia


;

mihi fas audita loqui

sit

numine vestro
-fU^'**-'^'^-^*''^^

pandere res alta

te rra et caligine mersas.


to hell.

The fearfiil forrtis at the entrance

Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per

umbram

perque domos Ditis vacuas

et

inania regna,

1.

super.

160

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
270

quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna


est iter in silvis, ubi

caelum condidit umbra

luppiter et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem.

Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci


Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae,
pallentesque habitant Morbi tristisque Senectus
et
275

Metus

et

terribiles

malesuada Fames ac turpis Egestas, visu formae, Letumque Labosque


;

tuni consanguineus Leti Sopor et

mala mentis Gaudia, mortiferumque adverso in limine Bellum


'

^ferreique

Eumenidum thalami
vittis

et Discordia

demens,

280

vipereum crinem

innexa cruentis.

r
" Gorgons and Hydras and Chimaeras direy

In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia volgo

vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum,
Centauri in foribus stabulant ScyUaeque biformes

285

centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae, horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera, Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae.
et

Corripit hic subita trepidus formidine ferrum

290

Aeneas, strictamque aciem venientibus offert


et,

ni docta

comes tenuis sine corpore vitas

admoneat

volitare cava sub imagine formae,

inruat et frustra ferro diverberet umbras.


1.

ferrei.

AENEIDOS
The road leading
to

LIB. VI.
ghosts.

161

Acheron.

Charon and countless

Hinc

via, Tartarei

quae fert Acheroiitis ad uiidas.


eructat harenam.

295

Turbidus hic caeno vastaque voragine gurges


aestuat, atque

omnem Cocyto

Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat

M'HfflIfflK!MliMlM.HW'ffl/iE'iM/'l

FiG. 29.

Charon.

terribili squalore

Charon, cui plurima mento

canities inculta iacet, stant

lumina flamma,

30fl

sordidus ex umeris nodo dependet amictus.

Ipse ratem conto subigit velisque ministrat


et ferruginea subvectat corpora

cumba,

iam

senior, sed

cruda deo viridisque senectus.


305

Huc omnis

turba ad ripas effusa ruebat,


viri,

matres atque

defunctaque corpora vita


pueri innuptaeque puellae

magnanimum heroum,

162

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum,

quam multa

in silvis

autumni frigore primo


310

lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gargite ab alto

quam multae glomerantur


trans

aves, ubi frigidus

annus

pontum fugat

et terris

immittit apricis.

Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum

tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore.

Navita sed

tristis

nunc hos nunc

accipit illos,

315

ast alios longe

submotos arcet harena.

Aeneas miratus enim motusque tumultu


'Dic,
'

ait,

'

virgo, quid volt concursus


?

ad

amnem
?

Quidve petunt animae


hae linquunt,
illae

Vel quo discrimine ripas


320

remis vada livida verrunt

Olli sic breviter fata est


^

longaeva sacerdos:
proles,

Anchisa generate, deum certissima

Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem,


di cuius iurare timent et fallere

numen.
inhumataque turba
est
;

Haec omnis, quam

cernis, inops

325

portitor ille Charon; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti

nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta


transportare prius

quam

sedibus ossa quierunt.

Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt.'
Constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit,

330

multa putans sortemque animi miseratus iniquam.


Aeneas
sees the shades ofhis lost companions.

^.

Thc

tale

of ralinurus

Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentis

Leucaspim
quos
siniTil

et

Lyciae ductorem classis Orouten,


335

ab Troia ventosa per aequora vectos

AENEIDOS
obruit Auster, aqua involvens

LIB. VI.

163
virosque.

navemque

Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, qui Libyco nuper cursu, clum sidera servat,
exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis.

Hunc

ubi vix multa

maestum cognovit
:

in

umbra,

340

sic prior

adloquitur

'

Quis

te,

Palinure,

deorum

eripuit nobis

Dic age.

medioque sub aequore mersit ? ;N"amque mihi,^ fallax haud ante repertus,

boc nno responso

animum

delusit Apollo,
345

qui fore te ponto incolumem finisque canebat

venturum Ausonios.
Ille

En

liaec

promissa

fides est ?

autem

'

Neque

te Plioebi cortina fefellit,

dux Anchisiade, nec me deus aequore

mersit.

Namque gubernaclum multa


cui datus

vi forte revolsum,
350

haerebam custos cursusque regebam, Maria aspera iuro praecipitans traxi mecum.

non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem,

quam

tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro,

deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis.

Tris Notus hibernas


vexit

immensa per aequora noctes


;

355

me

violentus aqua

vix lumine quarto


sublimis ab unda.
;

prospexi Italiam

summa

Paulatim adnabam terrae


ni gens crudelis

iam tuta tenebam,


360

madida cum veste gravatum, prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera montis, ferro invasisset praedamque ignara putasset.

Nunc me fluctus habet versantque in litore venti. Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras,
per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis
1.

luli,

mihl.

164
eripe
inice

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
malis
:

me

his, invicte,

aut tu mihi terram

365

(namque potes) portusque require Velinos


qua via
est, si

aut

tu, si

quam tibi

diva creatrix

ostendit (neque enim, credo, sine

numine divum
undas,
370

flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem),

da dextram niisero

et

tecum me

tolle per

sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam.'


Talia fatus erat, coepit
^

cum

talia vates
^

Unde liaec, o Palinure, tibi tam dira cupido ? Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum Eumenidum aspicies ripamve iniussus adibis ? Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando.
Sed cape dicta memor, duri solacia casus

'-^
375

nam

tua finitimi, longe lateque per urbes

prodigiis acti caelestibus, ossa piabunt


et statuent

tumulum

et

tumulo sollemnia mittent,


habebit.'

380

aeternumque locus Palinuri nomen


His
dictis curae emotae,
tristi
;

pulsusque parumper

corde dolor

gaudet cognomine terrae.

Charon, on seeing the golden hough, ferries them across the Styx,

Ergo

iter

inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant.


38")

Navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda


per tacitum nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae,
sic prior

adgreditur dictis atque increpat ultro


es,

'Quisquis
y\

armatus qui nostra ad flumina

telidis,

fare age, quid venias,

iam

istinc, et

comprime gressum.
3130

Umbrarum

hic locus est,

Somni Noctisque soporaej

corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina.


1.

tibi.

AENEIDOS
Kec vero
clis

LIB, YI.

165

Alcideii

me

suin laetatus

euntem

accepisse lacu nec Thesea Pirithoumque,

quamquam
ille

geniti atque invicti viribus essent.

Tartareum
hi

mauu custodem

in vincla petivit,

395

ipsius a solio regis, traxitque

trementem

dominam

Ditis thalamo deducere adorti/

FiG. 30.

Hercules and Cerberus.


est

Quae contra breviter fata


nec vim tela ferunt
licet

Amphrysia vates
400

^jSTullae hic insidiae tales (absiste moveri),


;

ingens ianitor antro

aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras;


casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen.

Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis,

ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras.


Si te nulla

movet tantae

pietatis imago,

405

166
at
'

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

ramuin hunc (aperit ramura, qui veste latebat)


ira

*adgnoscas/VTumida ex
iSTec

tum corda

residunt.

plura

his.

Ille

admirans venerabile donum

fataiis virgae, loiigo post

tempore visum,

caeruleam advertit puppim ripaeque propinquat.

410

Inde

alias animas,

quae per iuga longa sedebant,


;

deturbat laxatque foros

simul accipit alveo

ingentem Aeneam.
sutilis et

Gemuit sub pondere cumba


415

multam

accepit rimosa paludem.

Tandem

trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque

informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva.


Cerherus
is lulled to sleep.

Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci


personat, adverso recubans

immanis

in antro.-

Cui vates, horrere videns iam colla colubris,


melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam
obicit.
420

corripit

fame rabida tria guttura pandens obiectam atque immania terga resolvit
Ille
1

fusus humi' totoque ingens.extenditur antro.

Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto


evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae.
\'

425

The ghosts of tJiose whose death was untimehj.

Continuo auditae voces vagitus

et ingens

infantumque animae

flentes, in

limine primo

quos dulcis vitae exsortis et ab ubere raptos abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo..

Hos

iuxta falso dainnati criniine mortis.


1.

430

alveo.

AENEIDOS
JSTec

LIB. VI.

167
sedes

vero hae sine sorte

clatae, sine iudice,


;

(^ f
i

quaesitor Minos urnani movet

ille

silentum
discit.

conciliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina

Proxima deinde tenent maesti insontes peperere manu lucemque perosi


proiecere animas.

loca, qui sibi

letum
435

^
jp

Quam

vellent aethere in alto


!

nunc

et

pauperiem

et duros perferre labores

Fas obstat tristique palus inamabilis unda alligat et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
The Mourning Fields,
loith

theirfair icomen,

among them Dido,

Nec

procul hinc partem fusi monstrantur in


;

omnem

440

Lu^entes Campi
Hic, quos durus

sic illos

nomine dicunt.

amor

crudeli tabe peredit,

secreti celant calles et

myrtea circum
445

silva tegit

curae non ipsa in morte relinquunt.

His Pliaedram Procrimque locis maestamque Eripliylen,

monstrantem volnera, cernit, Euadnenque et Pasiphaen; his Laodamia it comes'et iuvenis quondam, nunc femina, Caeneus
crudelis nati

rursus et in veterem fato revohita figuram.


Inter quas Phoenissa recens a volnere Dido

>

45C

errabat silva in magna.

Quam

Troius heros

ut

primum

iuxta stetit adgnovitque per umbras


u^\.\J^
"

obscuram, qualem primo^cLui surgere mense aut videt aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam,
demisit lacrimas dulcique adf atus amore est
'

455

^lnfelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo

venerat exstinctam, ferroque extrema secutam ?

Puneris heu

tibi

causa

f ui ?

Per sidera

iuro.

168
per superos, et

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
tellure sub

si qiia fides

ima

est,

invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi.

460

Sed me iussa deum, quae nunc has


egere suis
tibi

ire

per umbras,

per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam,


im'.)eriis
;

nec credere quivi


discessu ferre dolorem.
subtralie nostro.
465

liunc

tantum
fugis ?

me

Siste

gradum teque aspectu ne

Quem

Extremum

fato,

quod

te adloquor,

hoc

est.'

Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem


l^nibat dictis

animum lacrimasque

ciebat.

Illa solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat

nec magis incepto voltum sermone movetur,

470

quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. Tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit in nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi pristinus
Nec minus Aeneas, casu concussus
iniquo,

illi

respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem.


475
/

prosequitur lacrimis longe et miseratur euntem.


The souls of warriors.

Inde datum molitur

iter.

lamque arva tenebant

ultima, quae bello clari secreta frequentant.

Hic

illi

occurrit Tydeus, hic inclutus armis


480

Parthenopaeus et Adrasti pallentis imago.

Hic multum
ingemuit,
tris

fleti

ad superos belloque caduci


ille

Dardanidae, quos

omnis longo ordine cernens

Glaucumque Medontaque Thersilochumque,


485

Antenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyboeten,

Idaeumque etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. Circumstant animae dextra laevaque frequentes.

AENEIDOS
Nec
vidisse semel satis est
;

LIB. YI.

ItJi^

iuvat usque morari

et conferre

gradum

et

veniendi discere causas.

Agamemnoniaeque phalanges, ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, ingenti trej)idare metu pars vertere terga, ceu quondam petiere rates pars tollere vocem
proceres
:

At Danaum

490

exiguam, inceptus clamor frustratur hiantis.


Tlie tale

of Deipliohus.

Atque hic Priamiden laniatum corpore toto Deiphobum vidit, lacerum crudeliter ora,
ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis

495

auribus et truncas inhonesto volnere naris.

Yix adeo adgnovit pavitantem ac dira tegentem


supplicia, et notis compellat vocibus ultro
'

Deiphobe armipotens, genus

alto a sanguine Teucri,

500

tam crudelis optavit sumere poenas ? Cui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum
quis

procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum.

Tunc egomet tumulum Ehoeteo litore inanem constitui et magna Manis ter voce vocavi. Nomen et arma locum servant te,^ amice, nequivi
;

505

conspicere et patria decedens ponere terra.'

Ad

quae Priamides

'

Nihil o

tibi,

amice, relictum

omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. Sed me fata mea et scehis exitiale Lacaenae
his mersere malis
;

510

illa

haec monumenta reliquit.

Namque

ut supremam f alsa inter gaudia noctem


1.
t^,

amice

semi-liiatus.

170
egerimus, nosti
;

P.
et

VERGILI MARONIS
est.

nimium meminisse necesse

Cum

fatalis

equus saltu super ardua venit

613

Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo, illa, chorum simulans, euliantis orgia circum ducebat Plirygias flammam media ipsa tenebat ingentem et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. Tum nie, confectum curis somnoque gravatum,
;

620

infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque iacentem

dulcis et alta quies placidaeque simillima morti.

Egregia interea coniunx arma omnia tectis emovet,


et

fidum capiti subduxerat ensem

intra tecta vocat


scilicet id

Menelaum

et

limina pandit,

525

magnum
?

sperans fore

munus amanti

et

famam

exstingui veterum sic posse malorum.

Quid moror

Inrumpunt thalamo, comes additur una


Di, talia Grais

hortator scelerum Aeolides.


instaurate, pio
si

fH
530

poenas ore reposco.


casus, age fare vicissim,

Sed

te qui

vivum

attulerint.

Pelagine venis erroribus actus

an monitu divum ?

An

quae

te f ortuna f atigat,

ut tristis sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires ?

sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis iam medium aetherio cursu traiecerat axem et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus,
vice
;

Hac

635

sed comes admonuit breviterque adfata Sibylla est

'Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo ducimus horas. Hic locus est, partis ubi sc via flndit in ambas: dextera quae Ditis magni sub nu)onia tendit, hac iter P^lysium nobis at laeva malorum
;

640

exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit.'

AENEIDOS
Deiphobus contra
discedam, explebo
I decus,
i,
:

LIB. VI.

171

'^e

saevi,

magna

sacerdos

numerum reddarque
;

tenebris.

545

nostrum

melioribus utere

fatis.'

Tantum

effatus, et in

verbo vestigia

torsit.
9

Tartarus and the sinners there suffering punishment.

Eespicit Aeneas subito et sub fupe sinistra

moenia

lata videt, triplici circumdata muro,


550

quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, Tartareus Phlegetbon, torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adyersa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnae,
vis ut nulla virum,

non

ipsi exscindere bello

caelicolae valeant

stat ferrea turris

ad auras,
555

Tisipboneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque.

Hinc exaudiri gemitus,


verbera,
Constitit

et saeva sonare

tum

stridor ferri tractaeque catenae.


haesit.
560

Aeneas strepituque exterritus


facies ?
?

^Quae scelerum
urgentur poenis

virgo, effare: quibusve


?
'

Quis tantus plangor ad auras


:

Tum
sed

vates sic orsa loqui

<

Dux

inclute

Teucrum,
;
,

nulli fas casto sceleratum insistere limen

Hecate praefecit Avernis, ipsa deum poenas docuit perque omni i duxit. Gnosius haec Pvhadamanthus habet durissima regna

me cum

lucis

563

castigatque auditque dolos subigitqu^ fateri,

quae quis apud superos, furto laetati.s inani, distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem.
Continuo sontis ultrix accincta flage^lo Tisiphone 'quatit insultans, torvosque sinistra
57(1

172

P.

VERGILI MAKONIS

intentans anguis vocat agmina saeva sororura.

Tum demum

horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae


Cernis, custodia qualis
573

panduntur portae.
Quinquaginta

vestibulo sedeat, facies quae limina servet?


atris

immanis hiatibus liydra

saevior intus habet sedem.


bis patet in praeceps

Tum

Tartarus ipse

tantum tenditque sub umbras,


680

quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum.

Hic genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes,


fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo.

Hic

et

Aloidas geminos immania vidi

corpora, qui manibus adgressi superisque

magnum

rescindere caelum

Vidi et crudelis
-O'-^'

lovem detrudere regnis. dantem Salmonea poenas,

685

dum flammas

lovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi.

Quattuor hic invectus equis et lampada quassans per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem
ibat ovans

divumque

sibi

poscebat lionorem,
690

demens, qui nimbos

et

non imitabile fulmen

aere et cornipedum pulsu simularet equorum.

At

pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum

contorsit,

non

ille

faoes nec f umea taedis

lumina, praecipitemqiie immani turbine adegit.

Kec non

et Tityon,

Tc ^rae omniparentis alumnum,

595

cernere erat, per tota

novem

cui iugera corpus

porrigitur; rostroque irnmanis voltur obunco

immortale iecur tondens fecundaque poenis


viscera, rimaturcpie epulis, habitatque sub alto

pectore, nec libris requies datur ulla renatis.


1.

600

sibl.

AENEIDOS
Quid memorem

LIB. VI.

Hh
^

Lapitlias, Ixiona Pirithoumque,

quos super atra silex iam iam lapsura cadentique

imminet adsimilis
aurea fulcra
regifico
toris,
;

? ''Lucent

genialibus altis

epulaeque ante ora paratae


605

luxu Turiarum maxima iuxta

accubat et manibus prohibet contingere mensas,

exsurgitque'facem attollens atque intonat ore. Hic quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat,
pulsatusve parens, et
f raus injnexa clienti,

aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis

610

nec partem posuere suis (quae maxima turba est), quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti

impia nec
inclusi

veriti

dominorum
exspectant.

fallere dextras,
jSTe

poenam

quaere doceri,
mersit.
^615

quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum
districti

pendent
;

sedet aeternumque sedebit

infelix Tlieseus

Phlegyasque miserrimus omnis admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras " Discite iustitiam moniti et non temnere divos.^
:

620

Yendidit hic auro patriam dominumque potentem


imposuit,
liic

fixit

leges pretio atque refixitj^


;

thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos ausi oinnes immane nefas ausoque potiti. ISTon, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum,
ferrea vox, omnis scelerum comprendere formas^

62.5

omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.'


1.

cade7itique

v^ith -que

hYpevmetTicr

174

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

jLeneas places the golden hough upon Pluto''^ threshold.

Haec iibi dicta declit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos, Sed iam age, earpe viaiii et susceptum perfice munus acceleremus, ait. Cyclopum educta caminis
' ' *

630

moenia conspicio atque adverso fornice portas,


haec ubi
iios

praecepta iubent deponere dona.'

Dixerat, et pariter gressi per opaca viarum


corripiunt spatium

medium foribusque propinquant.


635

Occupat Aeneas aditum corpusque recenti


spargit aqua

ramumque adverso

in limine figit.

The BUssfuI Groves of Elysium.

His

demum

exactis, perfecto

munere

divae,

devenere locos laetos et anioena virecta

Fortunatorum

Nemorum

sedesque beatas.
640

Largior hic campos aether et lumine vestit


purpureo, soleinque suum, sua sidera norunt.

Pars in gramineis exercent

membra

palaestris,

contendunt ludo

et fulva luctantur

harena

pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt.

Nec non Threicius longa cum


iamque eadem
digitis,

veste sacerdos

645

obloquitur numeris septem discrimina

vocum
proles,

iam pectine pulsat eburno.

Hic genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima

magnanimi

heroes, nati melioribus annis,


650

Jjjusque Assaracusque et Troiae Dardanus auctor.

Arma
per

procul currusque virum miratur inanis

stant terra defixae hastae, passimque sohiti

campum

pascuntur equi

quae gratia currum

AENEIDOS
armorumque
fuit vivis,

LIB. VI.

1T5

quae cura nitentis


655

pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos.

t^ inter odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne


,

Conspicit ecce alios dextra laevaque per herbam vescentis laetumque clioro paeana canentis

plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis.

Hic manus ob patriam pugnaa^o volnera


quique sacerdotes
casti,

passi,

a^J^iUCvi^^/

dym

vita manebat,
locuti,
artis,

Qr
*%JJLi>t4di
f

quique

pii vates et

Phoebo digna

inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per

/
x.

quique

sm memores

aliquos fecere merendo:

0^^\

omnibVfsliis nivea cinguntur tempora vitta.

'''^' ^^^S

Quos circumfusos

sic est

adfata Sibylla,

Musaeum

ante omnis;

medium nam plurima turba


altis:

hunc habet atque umeris exstantem suspicit


Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates,

quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? IUius ergo venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnis.'

670

Atque huic responsum imucis ita reddidit heros lucis habitamus opacis ^STulli certa domus
'
;

riparumque toros
incolimus.

et prata recentia ri^ds


675

Sed

vos, si fert ita corde voluntas,

hoc superate iugum, et facili iam tramite sistam.' Dixit et ante tulit gressum camposque nitentis
desuper ostentat; dehinc^

summa cacumina

linquunt.

.'

The meeting of Aeneas and AnchiseSo

At pater Anchises penitus


inclusas auimas
1.

c(jnvalle virenti
680

superumque ad lumen ituras


dehinc.

176

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

lustrabat studio recolens,


forte recensebat

omnemqne snornm nnmernm carosqne nepotes

fataqne fortunasqne virum moresqne manusqne.

Isqne nbi tendentem adversnm per gramina vidit

Aenean, alacris palinas ntrasque tetendit,


effusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore:
'

685

Venisti tandem, tuaque exspectata parenti

vicit iter

dnrum

pietas ?

Datnr qra

tueri,

nate, tna et notas audire et reddere voces ?

Sic

eqnidem dncebam animo rebarqne fntnrnm,

690

tempora dinumerans, nec

me mea

cnra

fefellit.

Qnas ego

te terras et

qnanta per aeqnora vectum


!'

accipio, quantis iactatum, nate, periclis!

Quam
Ille

metni, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent


^

antem:

Tua me,

genitor, tua tristis

imago

695

saepins occnrrens haec limina tendere adegit


stant sale Tyrrheno classes.
da, genitor, teqne

Da

iungere dextram,
nostro.'

amplexu ne subtrahe

Sic

memorans

largo fletu simnl ora rigabat.


^

Ter conatns
ter frnstra

ibi

collo dare bracchia circnm,

700

comprensa manns

effugit imago,

par levibns ventis volncriqne simillima somno.


The souls of those who are
to live

again on earth.

Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta

nemns et virgulta sonantia silvae Lethaeumque, domos pLacidas qni praenatat, amnem.
seclusujn

705

Hunc circnm innumerae

gentes popnlique volabant

ac velnt in pratis nbi apes aestate serena


1.

ibi.

AENEIUOS

LIB. YI.

l^T"?

floribus insiclnnt variis et candicla


lilia

circnm

funduntnr, strepit omnis

mnrmnre campus.
71

Horrescit visu subito causasque requirit inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro,

quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. Tum pater AncMses 'Animae, qnibus altera fato
:

corpora debentur, Letbaei ad fluminis

undam
715

securos latices et longa oblivia potant. Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram,

iampridem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum,


ciuo
'

magis Italia

mecum

laetere reperta.'

anne aliquas ad caelum hinc ire putandum est sublimis animas iterumque ad tarda reverti
pater,

720

corpora ?

Quae

lucis miseris
te

tam dira cupido

'

^Dicam equidem nec

suspensum, nate, tenebo/

suscipit Ancbises atque ordine singula pandit.

The doctrine of

the

anima mundi and of


death.

the soiiVs purification after

Principio caelum ac terras camposque liquentis lucentemque globum lunae Titaniaque astra
'

725

spiritus intus alit,

totamque infusa per artus

mens

molem et magno se corpore miscet. Inde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum, pontus. et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aeciuore
agitat

Igneus est
seminibus,

ollis

vigor et caelestis origo

730

quantum non noxia corpora tardant terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra. Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auras
dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.

178
Quiii et

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
735

supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nec funditus omnes
corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est

multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris. ^i^^ Ergo exercentur poenis veterumque malorum
supplicia expendunt: aliae panduntur inanes
740

suspensae ad ventos,

aliis

sub gurgite vasto


'

infectum eluitur scelus aut exuritur igni


quisque suos patimur Manis.

Exinde per amplum


arva tenemus,
745

mittimur Elysiura,

et pauci laeta

douec longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe concretam exeniit labem, purumque relinquit
aetherium sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem.

Has omnis, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fiuvium deus evocat agmine magno, scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant,
rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.^

750

H
Anchises points out the fiitnre heroes of Bome.

Dixerat Ancliises, natumque unaque Sibyllam

conventus trahit in medios turbamque sonantem


et

tumulum
^Nunc

capit,

unde omnis longo ordine posset

adversos legere et v enient um discere voltus.


age,

^*^"^^'

755

Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras expediam dictis et te tua fata docebo.
Ille, vides,

pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta,

760

proxirtia sorte tenet lucis loca,

primus ad auras

aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget,

AENEIDOS
Silvius, Albaniiin

LIB. VI.
proles,

179

nomen, tua postuma

longaevo serum Lavinia coniunx educet silvis regem regumque parentem, unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba.

quem

tibi

765

Proximus
et

ille

Procas, Troianae gloria gentis,


'

Capys

et

Numitor

et,

qui te nomine reddet,


acceperit Albam.

Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis

egregius, si

umquam regnandam
!

'

770

Quantas ostentant, aspice, viris, Qui iuvenes atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu Hi tibi ISTomentum et Gabios urbemque Pidenam,
hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces,

Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. Haec tum nomina erunt, nutic sunt sine nomine terrae. J
Bomulus and Augustus
Caesar.

775

avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Eomulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater Viden, ut geminae stant vertice cristae educet.

Quin

et

et pater ipse suo

superum

iani signat lionore ?

780

En

huius, nate, auspiciis illa incluta


terris,

Roma

imperium

animos aequabit Olympo

septemque una sibi^ muro circumdabit arces, qualis Berecyntia mater felix prole virum
:

invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes,

785

omnis

omnis supera alta tenentis. Huc geminas nunc flecte acies, lianc aspice gentem Komanosque tuos. Hic Caesar et omnis luli
caelicolas,
1.

Numitor.

2. sihl.

180
progenies,

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
axem.
790

magnum
^

caeli ventura sub

Hic

vir,

hic

est, tibi

quem

promitti saepius audis,

Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet


saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva

Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos

'FiG. 31.

Cybele

turrita.

proferet imperium (iacet extra sidera tellus,

79fl

extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer xVtlas

axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum). Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna responsis horrent divum et Maeotia telhis
et

septemgemini turbant trepida ostia

Nili.

Ji

800

Nec vero Alcides tantum

telhiris obivit,
1.

hic.

m
U>

H
oo

<
o
;zi

O
H
K O

o H O M O a
h-l (13

o
<i

co

AENEIDOS
I

LIB. YI.

181

fixerit

aeripedem cervam

licet,

aut Erymanthi

pacarit nemora, et

Lernam

tremefecerit arcu,
flectit

nec qui pampineis victor iuga


Liber, agens celso

habenis
805

Nysae de

vertice tigris.

Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra ?
The kings of Bome, and heroes ofthe Bepuhlic.

Quis procul
sacra f erens ?
regis

ille

autem ramis insignis olivae


crinis

Nosco

incanaque menta
810

Eomani, primam qui legibus urbem


Cui deinde subibit

fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra

missus in imperium magnum.


otia qui

rumpet patriae residesqne movebit

Tullus in arraa viros et iam desueta trinmphis

agmina.

Quem

iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus,


auris.

815

nnnc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus


Vis
et

Tarquinios reges, animamqne snperbam

ultoris Bruti fascesque videre receptos ?

Consulis imperium hic primus saevasque secures


accipiet natosque pater

nova

bella moventis

820

ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit,

utcumque ferent ea facta minores vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. Quin Decios Drusosque procul s'aevumque securi
infelix,
:

aspice

Torqnatum

et

referentem signa Camillum.

825

Caesar and Pompey.


Illae autem, paribus

quas fulgere cernis in armis,

concordes animae nunc et

dum

nocte premuntur,

182

P.

VERGILI MARONIS
lumina vitae
830

heu quantum inter


attigerint,

se bellum, si

quantas acies stragemque ciebunt,

aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci


descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois

r
FlG, 33.

CyESAR AND POMPET


bella,
viris

Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite

neu patriae validas in viscera vertite


proice tela manu, sanguis
^

tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo;

meus

835

Ille

triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho

victor aget ciirrum, caesis insignis Achivis;

eruet

ille

Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas


Achilli,
840

ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis


Quis
te,

ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae.

magne

Cato, tacitum aut

te,

Cosse, relinquat?
belli,

Quis Gracchi genus aut geminos, duo fulmina


Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem

Fabricium vel

te sulco, Serrane,

serentem?
ille es,

Quo fessum
Excudent

rapitis,

Fabii ?

Tu IMaximus

84o

unus qui nobis cunctando


alii

restituis rem.

spirahtia mollius aera,

(credo equidem), vivos ducent de

marmore voltus;
850

orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus


describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent
tu regcre imperio populos,

Romane, memento

AEXEIDOS

LIB. VI.

183

(hae tibi erunt artes) pacique imponere morem,


parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.'
The young Marcellus,

arid the great grief of

Bome.

Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit


*

Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis

855

ingreditur victorque viros supereminet omnis.

Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet eques, sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem,
tertiaque

arma

patri suspendet capta Quirino.'


860

Atque hic Aeneas (una namque ire videbat egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus.armis,
sed frons laeta parum et deiecto lumina voltu)
^
:

Quis, pater,

ille,

virum qui

sic

comitatur euntem ?
?
865

Eilius,

anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum

Qui strepitus circacomitum!

Quantum

instar in ipso!

Sed nox atra caput

tristi

circumvolat umbra.'

Tum
^

pater Anchises lacrimis ingressus obortis:

gnate, ingentem hictum ne quaere tuorum.


terris

Ostendent

hunc tantum
vobis

fata,

nec ultra
870

esse sinent.

Nimium

Eomana propago
si

visa potens, superi, propria haec

dona fuissent.

Quantos
funera,

ille

virum magnam Mavortis ad urbera


!

campus aget gemitus

Yel quae, Tiberine, videbis


praeterlabere recentem!
875

cum tumuhim
Iliaca

Nec puer
in
ullo se

quisquam de gente Latinos

tantum spe

tollet avos, nec

Eomula quondam

tantum tellus iactabit alumno. Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello dextera! Non illi se quisquam impune tulisset

184

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

FiG. 34.

Marcellus the Younger.


880

obvius armato, seu cura pedes iret in hostem,


seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos.

Heu

miserande puer,
!

si

qua fata aspera rumpas,

Manibus date lilia plenis, purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis his saltem accumulem donis et fungar inani
tu Marcellus eris

885

munere.'
aeris in

Sic tota passim regione vagantur


latis

campis

atque omnia lustrant.

Quae postquam Ancliises natum per singula duxit incenditque animum famae venientis amore, exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini, et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem
Aencas and
tlie

890

Sihyl return to

tlie

npper world.

Sunt geminae Sonmi portae; quarum altera fertur


cornea,

qua

veris facilis datur exitus umbris,

AENEIDOS

LIB. VI.

185
895

altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto,

sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes.

His ubi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam


prosequitur dictis portaque emittit eburna

viam secat ad navis sociosque revisit tum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. Ancora de prora iacitur stant litore puppes.
ille
;

900

NOTES
A. = Allen and Greenough's New Grammatical References Latin Grammar ; B. = Bennetfs Latin Grammar ; G. = Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar ; H. = IIarkness's Complete Latln Gram' mar; H. & B. = Hale aud Buck's Latin Grammar.
:

BOOK
The four

The Trojans reach Carthage.


following lines are sometimes prefixed to the Aeneid :
Ille ego, qui

quondam

gracili modulatus

avena

carmen,

et

egressus silvis vicina coegi

ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono,

gratum opus

agricolis

at

nunc horrentia Martis

[arma virumque cano,]


these lines, see Introd. 16. They are imitated by Milton in the opening of Paradise Regained, by Spenser, Faerie Queene 1, 1, and by Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 1, 1.

On

modulatus
Eclogues.

sc.

sum, tuned

my

song.

The

line refers to

the

egressus silvis i.e. leaving pastoral poetry. vicina coegi, etc. constrained the neighhoring jields to serve tke husbandman, however grasping. This refers to the Georgics. opus accusative in apposition with the sentence. A. 397, f
:
:

G. 324
lines

H. & B. 395. horrentia this word, agreeing with arma, shows that these
;
:

foiir

were written as introductory to the Aeneid. They were quite probably Qomposed by Yirgil, when entering upon the composition of the poem, but rejected by his literary executors in accordance with the poefs more mature jadgment. In antiquity
187

188

NOTES

the words arma viriimque were regularly regarded as the opening


vvords of the epic,

and must have been

so given in the first edition.

Lines 1-7.

The

Poet's Theme.

The poem is an epic of war (arma), and its hero (virum) is a Trojan, who, working out the destiny (fato) of his people, notwithstanding terrible trials due to unfriendly gods (vi superum), reached Italy (Italiam), andfouaided the Roman race (Romae). Tlie ernphasis of this stately exordium culminates in Romae, but note the several important ideas which it suggests for an understanding of the poem as a whole.
probably no words are more commonly cited from the Latin classics than these. To take two examples, they supply a title for Thackeray's Virginians, Vol. II. ch. 14, and for
1.
:

arma virumque

a play of Bernard Shaw's.


tioned by

According to tradition, Antenor had already founded Patavium (Padua) in Cisalpine Gaul, which was not included in Italy until 42 b.c, but the fact is unimportant, and had nothing to do with the Roman race. 2. Italiam acc. of the limit of motion. In prose a preposition (ad or in) would be required. A. 428, g; B. 182, 4; G. 337, n. 1 H. 419, 3 H. & B. 385, c. fato belongs to both profugus and venit. Laviniaque venit litora note how the more general exuntil line
:
:

name

virum note that 92. primus Jirst.


:

the hero

is

not men-

pression (Italiam)

is

followed by the more special (Lavinia

litora^,

the sense being the Lavinian shores of Italy. The region about Lavinium is Latium, the name Lavinium being due to Lavinia,

daughter of Latinus, and wife of Aeneas. Lavinia is pronounced Lavinya, i (before the a) being treated as a consonant A. 603, c, n. B. 367, 4 G. 723 H. 733, 3, n. 2 H. & B. 656, 2. alto much hnffeted he both hy land and sea, 3. multum
;

multum
einpliasis.
alto

is

used adverbially.
of
1,

ille

repeats

the subject qui for


tei-ris

iactatas is a participle, not a

finite verb.

and

are

ablatives

tlie

place where,
1
;

without a preposition
II.

A. 429, 4; B. 228,

d; G. 385, n.

H. 485, 3;

&

B. 433, a.

BOOK
4.

189

superum

gen. plu., -um

Poetry delights in
emphatic.

being an earlier form of -orum. The phrase vi superum is very archaisnis.


so

The power which caused

much

trouble to Aeneas

was no vis hiimana, but a vis divina. saevae memorem lunonis ob iram note the artistic arrangement, by which both adjectives
:

precede both substantives. 5. multa quoque et bello passus


in
ivar
also.

much

too

having suffered

These words find their best commentary in the second half of the poem, which tells the story of Aeneas's wardum conderet urbem ere he might found fare on Italian soih The dum clause expresses the object kept in view throughhis city. A. 553; B. 310, I; G. 572; H. 603, II, 2 H. & B. 507, 5. out. i.e. the Penates, the gods of the Trojan state, whose 6. deos images Aeneas carried away from Troy. Latio dative with a verb of motion. A. 428, h B. 193 G. 358 H. 419, 4 H. & B. From this word a locative expression is to be supplied with 375. conderet, for the iirbs is to be in Latio. unde = e quo, and referring back to virum, the main subject of thought throughout the paragraph. In Aeneas, of course, are embraced his followers. Lati:

num

a Latin race existed in Italy before Aeneas, but he gave the

iiame Latini to the united Trojans and Latins. So in XII. 837, Jupiter assures Juno faciamque omnis uno ore Latinos, I will make
them
7.

all

Latins of one speech.


:

Albani patres many of the great senatorial families of Bome, including the Julii, claimed descent from the families of Alba Longa. Romae note the reference to the three stages of Lavinium founded by Aeneas, Alba Longa by Ascanius, growth Rome by Romulus and Remus.
:

(In the opening verse " our author seems to sound a charge, and bescarce a word without an r, like the clangor of a trumpet gins (Dryden). Note the sonorous" part, the greater for the vowels, and Rnd in superuin saevae ; alliterative effects in Laviniaque vejiit litora, the prominence of the t sound in hne 3, emphasizing the thought the midta ; and the rhetorical repetition, called anaphora, in midtum abundance of connectives in lines 3 and 5, suggesting an abundance Especially effective is the last verse of material for poetic treatment. with its rich vowel sounds.)

190

NOTES
Lines 8-11.

Invocatiox of the Muse.


This invocation follows the regular epic method. invoked at the opening of both the lliad and the
" Of maii's first disobedience, and the fmit Of that forbidden tree, ...
Sing, heavenly niuse
8.

So the ^[use
Odijssey.

is

Cf.

Milton, Paradise Lost:

*** *****
!

"

mihi:

Virgil here preserves the original quantity of

the

final vowel.

quo numine laeso


numen
naught.
is
'

wliat

purpose being thwarted


will,

ablative absoUite.

the goddess's

wish, or purpose

"which was set at

She had aimed at making Carthage


at u-hat.

greater than

Rome. dolens or grieved 9. quidve H. 416, 2 H. & B. 397. G. 333


:

deum =

A. 390, c B. 176, 3; deorum. Cf. note on


;

superum, 4. 10. pietate


Introd.
5.

the virtue most characteristic of the hero. See tot adire labores toface so viamj toils. The expres:
:

acomparison with Hercules, the hero of twelve hibors, and such a comparison runs through the epic. Both Hercules and Aeneas were persecuted by Jujio, botli explored the world and founded cities, both visited Hades alive, and both were deified. 11. impulerit subjunctive of indirect question. A. 573 ff. 1. 30U G. 467 II. 649, II H. & B. 537, b. irae sc. sunt. The phiral of an abstract noun may give an idea of abundance. Translate as angry passions. For the thought, cf IMilton, Paradise Lost 6, 788
siou suggests
: :

*'

In heavenly breasts could such perverseness dwell

"

Lines 12-33.

TiiE Causes of Juno's IIatred.


12.

antiqua
tense is

The

fuit iras. not is. from the poefs point of view. Tyrii expressive. So in II. 325, fuimus Troes.
:
:

BOOK

191
tenuere
A.
:

Cavthage was founded by Phoenicians from Tyre.


eam.
13.

sc.

Italiam
:

contra

an instance

of

anastrophe.
is

640.

Tiberina ostia

again the general expression


:

followed

by.

the

longe modifying conira, facing Italy far away, Carthage and Rome being on opposite shores of the great Mediterranean Sea. 14. dives opum a poetical construction. A. 3i9, a, d; B. 20-i; G. 374 H. 452 H. & B. 347. On the commerce and wealth of

more

specific, as in 2.

Carthage,

see

]\Iommsen's History

of Rome,

VoL

11.

p.

27

f.

studiisque asperrima helli :siern in her pursuit ofwar, as seen in Ronie's great Punic wars. Latin often uses a superlative where
in the colder Englisli the positive
15.
is sufficient.
i.e,

terris
:

magis

omnibus
:

ierrarum

omnium

maxime.

unam
16.

often used to strengthen a superlative idea.

posthabita Samo ablative absolute. On the island of Samos was a famous temple of Juno. In connecting Juno with Carthage, Virgil identifies her with the Phoenician Astarte (Ashtaroth). Note the hiatus in Samo hic, which is allowed because of the caesura and the break in the sense. A. 612, g; B. 366, 7, a; H. 733, 2 H. & B. 647. illius: thus often scanned in G. 720 arma Juno is spoken of in II. 614 as armed {ferro Virgil. She was thus sometimes represented in art. accincta). hoc described in IIomer's Iliad V. 720-731. 17. currus fovetque that this should he the capiial of ihe regnum The combination of nations is even then her aim and cherished hope.
; ;
:

tendii (intransitive)

andfovet (transitive) is a strong expression of hoc by desire, and so governs an accusative with the infinitive. attraction for hanc (urbem). A. 296, a; B. 246, 5; G. 211, 5; H. iam tum i.e. even H. & B. 326. si qua 396, 2 ifin any way.
:

time when Aeneas sailed from Troy (line 1). There is no ellipsis; en/m is retained 19. sed. eninw hut indeed. in certain expressions with its original force. 20. quae verteret ichich icould overihrow. The verb is used The subjunctive is due to in the sense of its compound everterei. indirect narration and represents a future indicative. A. 580; B.
at the
:

192
314, 2; G. 650; H. 643;
II.

NOTES
&
:

B. 534,

2.

arces

for urhejn,

and
is
is

implies military strength.


a people of wide rule. The populus the progenies of 19, but the redundancy in this line and the next
21.

populum

late

regem

pardonable, uot only because the statenient involved

is

tnade clear

and emphatic, but also because the poet thus glorifies the populus Romanus. late modifies the verbal idea vvhich is prominent in
:

regem
22.

(=

regnantem).
: :

excidio dative of purpose. Libyae possibly dative, but more probably genitive, as Servius ^ took it. sic volvere Parcas so
:

the Fates decree; literally, spin or 23.

unwind,

i.e.

the thread of destiny.

belli

i.e.
:

the Trojan War.

24.

prima

Jirst,

used freely for prior, formerly, or of


force.
is

old,

and

having an adverbial
25.
vs^ar.

irarum For the

this

the anger shown at the time of the Trojan


ir^ae,

plural, cf.

11.

dolores

a more specific term

for causae

irarum,

which are
:

set forth

in

26-28;
lier

cf.

note on

Tiherina ostia, 13.


26.

alta

mente repostum
:

deeply stored in

mind, literally,

in her deep

mind ; repostum for repositum by syncope. 27. iudicium Paridis the famous judgment of the Trojan Paris, who awarded the golden apple, " ingrav'n for the most fair,' " to Venus, her rivals being Juno and Minerva. See Tennyson's Oenone. spretaeque iniuria formae the ivrong of slighting
' :

her

heautij.

The second
is

lialf of

the line exphiins the

first.

The
;

genitive formae
440, 4;

appositional.
341.

A. 343, d

B. 202

G. 361

II.

A. 497; H. 636, 4; H. & B. 608, 2. The expression has become proverbial. Thus ^lrs. Humphry Ward, speaking of a young woman who took offence at the way her portrait was painted, says " It was an odd variety

H. & B.

For

spretae, see

of the spretae iniurin formae " (Fenwick^s Career, p. 113).


28.

genus invisum

thehatefulrace,ovherhatredfort]ierace.
froni Dardanus, the son of Jupiter

Tt

was hated, because sprung


1

and

Rervius was an ancieiit commciitalur ou Virgil and lived in the fourtb cen tury of the Empire.

BOOK
Electra, Judo's rival.

193
:

rapti

Ganymedis honores
Trojan youth,
;

the honors o)

ihe translated Gamjinede, the beautiful

whom au

eagle

carried
in a

ofl:

to

Oljmpus

to be Jove's cupbearer

rapti is here

used

good

sense.
:

accensa super injiamed hy these (causes) besides. The construction of 23 is resumed after the parenthesis. iactatos as
29. his
:

iactatus in 3.
30.

66,
left

Troas a Greek accusative form. A. 81, 5; B. 47, 3; G, 4 H. 109, 5 H. & B. 95. reliquias Danaum the remnants
:

hy the Greeks.

Danaum

is

subjective genitive.
cf.

For the form,


first

supervm,
is

4.

In reliquias the

syllable
is

naturally short, but

lengthened to allow the word

to appear in hexameters.

Latio: ablative of separaA. 428, tion, without preposition. g; B. 214; G. 390, 2; H. 466;
31.

H. & B. 410,
32.
i.e.

2.

actifatis: drivenhythefates,

until thev reached Italv.

The
FiG. 35.

fates drive

them toward Latium, while Juno keeps them from it.

Ganymede and the


Eagle.
:

This*idea of anta<2onistic forces maria circum should be borne in miiid.


contra, 13.
33.
it

cf.

note on Italiam

tantae molis
;

so vast a loorh

it

was, literally, of such effort

ivas.

molis is a predicate genitive of quality.

A. 343, c

B. 203,

1,

5; G. 366

H. 447, 3

H. & B. 340.

(This paragraiDh, being expository, is comparatively free from artishic hoc) Note, however, the aiiaphora (Jiic retinements. after the foot diaeresis second with the strong combined 16 and in 17, (tum tendit), 26 (manet 18 . Alliterations are rare, but see in 17. The three slow spondees at the beginmente), and 31 (longe Latio). ning of 32, combined with the open a sounds of the line, are picturesque, and the complete sentence in 33, summarizing the main theme of the poem, makes a powerful and effective close.)
tic
.

194

NOTES
Lines 34-49.

JUNO PLANS

TIIE

DeSTRUCTION OF THE TrOJAN FlEET.

In true epic fashion, the poet plunges at once medias res. Aeneas has already reached Sicily and is now setting sail for Italy. His earlier adventures are recounted by the hero hiniself in the second and third books. Cf. other epics in this respect.
35.

dabant:

loere

spreading.
:

The

iniperfect

is

j)icturesque.

spumas

salis aere

ruebant

note the alliterative effects.

aere
:

because the prows were sheathed with bronze.


ploufjhing
;

ruebant

were

used transitively in poetry. 36. aeternum volnus i.e. the undying hatred explained in *the previous paragraph. sub pectore deep down in.Jier heart.
ruere
: :

may be

37.

haec secum
incepto,

in anirnated narrative the verb of saying is

oftenomitted.

mene

etc.

What ! I
;

resign niy purpose haffied !


-ne.

mene

the personal pronoun with the enclitic


tive of indignant exclamations
"

desistere

the intiuie.g.

contrast the form in English,

that nien should put an


!

their brains

enemy in their mouths to steal away " (Shakespeare, Othello). A. 462 ; B. 334 G. 531
;

H. 616,3; H.
38.

& B. Teucrorum
:

596.
:

the Trojans are so called as being descendants

of Teucer, the first king of Troy.

quippe ironical, douhtless. Pallasne -ne is used where nwn might have been expected, Sureli/ Pallas could not hurn up the /leet? She surely could not do what I liave failed to accomplish. 40. Argivum = Argivorwn ; cf. superum, 4, Danaum, 30. ipsos
39.
:

ihe

men, as contrasted with classem.

41.

unius: of one

alone, as

opposed to
illius, 16.

ipsos,

number

of

meu.

For the quantity, see note on


dent
011

et furias Aiacis Oilei:


Oifei is a genitive, dej^en-

eren the frenzi/ of Ajax, son of Oileus.

Aiacis

the

ei

is

N.; B. 367, 1; G. 727; II.

one syllable b}'- synizesis. A. 603, c, 733; U. & k\]'^H. The second half
cf.

of the line explains the first;


fall,

27.

On

the niglit of Troy's

Ajax attacked Cassandra

iu the

sauctuary of Minerva.

The

BOOK
goddess, in anger, destroyed
Greece.
42.

195

him

witli his fleet

when returning

to

ipsa

loith

her

own hands, because Jupiter was the god who

properly wielded the lightuing-bolts.


43.

ignem
. .
.

the lightning.

44.

-que illum

-que

et

et,

both

and.

him, hoioever.

In prose, a sed or tamen would be


is

needed, but here the strong position


is

enough.
;

The asyndeton

A. 640 B. 34(3 G. 473 H. 657, 6 H. & B. 305, I, a. transfixo with the thunderbolt. impaled on a sharp rock. 45. scopulo infixit acuto an archaic f orm, and furnishing a long syllable instead 46. ast
forcible.
;

of the short

at.

It is
'

therefore coramonly used before vowels.

incedo

'

stately tread

(Milton).

The word

is

picturesque, denot-

ing stateliness or majesty of movement. Minerva was only a daughter of et soror et coniunx 47.
:

Jupiter's.

bella: the plural in accord with the idea of many varied attempts to effect the destruction of the Trojans. et introduces
48.
:

Trelawney quisquam used in a question when a negative answer is die ? " H. & B. 276, 7. G. 317, 1; H. 513 expected. A. 312; B. 252, 4 lunonis more effective than m.eum here. adorat a present for a
an indignant question.
:

So in Engiish

<'

And

shall

f uture tense,

which

in vgrbs of tlie first or second conjugations is

a comparatively lengthy form for verse. honorem 49. praeterea: hereafter.


because
it

sacrijice,
;

by metonymy,
B. 632,
9.

confers honor.

A. 641

H. 752, 3

H.

&

(In the above paragraph, note the slow spondaic rhythm of several of the hnes, notably 36 and 37, in which some terrible experience for the hero is suggested. Eapid action is imphed by the dactylic rhythm of 42 and 45, to which the spondaic rhythm of 44 stands in sharp
contrast.

Lines 50-64.

She visits Aeolus, the King of the Winds.


51.

nimborum

the

storm-winds.

They

are

regarded

ai

persons,

and therefore have a native land (patriam), and

are gov-

196
:

NOTES

erned by a king. Austris s^outh loinds. Poetry prefers specific rather than general ternis. Here ventu might have been used cf
;

" And every shepherd


52.

tells his tale

under the hawUiorn in the dale."


Lipari,
tlie

Aeoliam:

identified
Sicily.

by Virgil with

volcanic

In Honier, Aeolus dwells in a floating island. (The student should compare Homer's account of Aeolus, at the beginning of Odyssey X, with Virgirs.) antro ablative of place with preposition omitted. Cf. note on
:

islands north of

terris

and

alto,

3.

The word

is

distinctly poetical, unlike spe-

lunca, 60.

picturesque line, sound and sense in harmony. with prison honds, or the restraint of a 54. vinclis et carcere The use of two parallel siniple expressions for one prison.
53.
:

complex phrase
(

is

called hendiadys

vinclis

should not be taken


is

of actual chains.

The

-early

form (vinclum)
;

used,

vincuUs

w
55.

being impossible in hexameters.


:

illi

hut they (the


:

winds)

cf.

note on illum, 44.

magno

cum murmure montis

note the expressive alliteration with m. circum claustra the poet probably has in mind the 56. Roman chariot races, the horses being confined behind the barriers
:

movnenb of starting, when they swept fortli like a whirlwind cf. Aeneid V, 144-7, or Georgics I, 512-4. celsa arce like a Greelc tyrant, Aeolus occupies a citadel on lofty ground overuntil the
;
:

looking the carcer.


57.

sceptra

anotlier case of a plurai used for

tlie

singukar

cf

irarum, 25.
syllabh^. for

Here the plural allows the poet


a long one.
sc.

to substitute

ashort

58.

ni faciat:

hoc, but for this, surely (quippe).

Tlie condi'

regarded as still possible of fulfibuent. The form of the condition contrary to fact might havo been used, but would have been less vivid.
tioii is

60.

pater omnipotens

Jupiter.

speluncis

cf.

note on antro,

52.
61.

molem
:

hendiadys

et montis: a jnass of mountains. cf. note on 54.

Alliteration and

BOOK
62.
:

191

foedere certo Explained by under a jixed covenant. iussus, for only when bidden was he to release theni. The ablative is *a form of the modal ablative. A. 418, a; B. 220, 3 G. 399 H. 475, 3; H. & B. 445. to tigJiten and loosen tlie 63. premere et laxas dare habenas
;

reins.

sciret

subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose.

(This paragraph well illustrates the accommodation of sound to We have alliteration in 51 (feta furentibus) In 5.3 the slow seuse. spondaic rhythm, combined withthe t and s consonants, is imitative of the sounds described. In 54, besides an alliterative effect in p and c sounds, there is an intentionally harsh rhythm, due to diaeresis after In 55, besides the laboring spondaic rhythm, we have double premit. alHteration (illi indignantes ; magno cum murmure montis). AlliterThe three successive bnes, 58, ation of c heiglitens the effect of 56. fashioned alike, having the same succession of dacexactly 59, 60, are tyls and spondees.)
.

Lines 65-80.

He
65.

promises her his Aid.


;

namque
call) for.

gives the reason for appealing to liim


tibi
:

Aeolus (on

vowel has its original quantity. Cf mihi, 8. divum = divorum. Cf note on superum, 4. rex monoHere it is probably due to his syllabic endings are rare in Yirgil. adopting the expression used by an older poet. 66. mulcere the infinitive is used like a direct object of dedit. Cf 79, 523. the mare Tuscum (or inferum), to the 67. Tyrrhenum aequor
thee
.

tlie

final

north of Sicily.
aequor
68.
is really

As

navigare

is,

strictly speaking, intransitive,

an inner object.
:

Ilium portans victosque Penatis carrying tlie vanqiiisTied Penates 0/ Ilium (Troy). For the hendiadys, cf. 54, 61. For the meaning, cf. 6. 6g. incute vim ventis rouse the winds to fury ; literally, strike fury into the winds ; ventis is dative. A. 370, a; B. 187, III. 2; G. 347 H. 429, 1 H. & B. 376. submersas obrue sinh and over' whelm; a compressed idiomatic expression. In suhmersas we have an instance of prolepsis or anticipation. The form implies that
:
; ;
:

198

NOTES
it

the action precedes that of ohrue, but logically


B. 371, 5; H. 49:3; H.
70.

follows.

'

A. 640i

&

B. 631, 11.
eos-

age diversos

sc.

(the

men),

clrive^

/%.'?^

liither

and
is"

thither ;' dicersos,

another instance of prolepsis.

The expression

literally drive the scattered ones, nieaning, so ihat they heconie scattered.
71.

praestanti corpore
;

A. 415, a
72.

B. 224
:

G. 400

of icondroas heauty, ablative of quality. H. 473, 2 H. & B. 443.


;

forma

ablative of specification.
;

Deiopea

word

of five

sylhibles (De-i-o-pe-a)

we should have expected

the accusative,

but the word


73.

is
:

attracted into the relative clause.

conubio a trisylhible, with i consonantal (pronounced conuhyo). propriamque dicabo and make her thine forever. A variation on the first half of the line. Juno herself presided over
:

marriage as pronuha (cf. IV. 166). 75. pulchra prole parentem fatlier of afair offspring :
:

jyrole is

ablative of quality.
76.

haeccontra:

sc.

loquitur
:

ci.

wote on haec seciim, 37.

tuus

quid optes explorare labor thine is the task to desire; i.e.her only task is to examine into her own
:

search out thy


desires, to see

whether they should be entertained. in strong contrast to tuus ; thy part, my duty. 77. mihi 78. tu mihi in strong juxtaposition. quodcumque hoc regni this kingdom, such as I have. This expression is one of modesty. With ho(: understand est ; regni is a partitive genitive with hoc^ like sceptra: see note on 57. lovemque id temporis, 'that time.*
: : :

i.e.

the favor of .Tove.

79.

das accumbere
is

see note on 66
;

thou grantest
;

me apJace
II.

at;

epulis

A. 370 and a B. 187, ni;'G. 347 B. 376. Aeohis is one of the minor gods. 80. nimborum governed hy potentem ; see note on
dative.
:

429

II.

&

divcs

opum,

14.

(Alliterative effects are seen in 68, 69, 70, 75. The broken rhythin of 70, with thn'(i diaereses, accords with tlie violenco urgod by the speaker. Juno^s promise is emphasized by tlie spondaic beginning of three successive hnes, 72, 73, 74. The H<;hter opening of 71 and 75 is an artistic contrast. The anaphora in 78 and 71> {tu tu . tu) is strongly rhetorical. Line bU is very resonant, and makes an effective close.)
. . .
. .

BOOK

199

Lines 81-101.

A
3i. 82.

Storm bursts upon the Trojaxs.

dicta

sc. sunt.
:

impulit in latus smote on its side. The spear-thriist opens the claustra (56). ac and lo ! more emphatic thaii et. velut agmine facto as tlwugh an ordered hand, a military expression agmine facto is an ablative absolute. porta exit. sc. est. 83. data The perfect (from they sweep doivn upon. 84. incubuere totum sc. mari: dative. incumbo) expresses rapid action.
: ;

mare.

Africus all the winds are abroad at once, a poetical hyperbole. ruunt upheave, creber procellis i-ich in storm transitive as in 35, unlike 83. For proceUis, see A. 409, a B. 218, 8 G. 405, 3 H. 477, Uasts.
85.
:

una

adverb.

Eurus

Notus

II; H.
87.
88.

&B.
:

425.

virum = virorum. diem daijliyht.


incubat
:

8g.

hroods over.

Xote the

difference between incuhare

and incumbere, 84. it thunders from pole 90. intonuere poli fect tense see note on incuhuere, 84.
:

to pole.

For the perYirgil often

91.

viris

practically

=
:

eis,

^iiich

is

rare in verse.

nses vir hke a pronoun.


cf " The relaxed with a chdl (of dread) night-mare Life-in-Death was she, who thicks man's blood with
92.

solvuntur frigore
(Coleridge,

',

cold."

A ncient

Mariner.)

The

hero,

who

in this line is

named for the first tinie, is presented to us in a state of terror. Biit we must remember that Aeneas has passed through many previous perils, and uow faces death at a time when his goal seemed almost in sight, Moreover, on him depends the fate of a
whole race. See Introd. 34. A suppliant prayed 93. duplicis = amhas. hands, pahns upwards. See Fig. 48, p. 330.
with
extended

200
94.

NOTES
talia

voce

refert

thus crles,

literal]y,

utters

such

tJiings

with his voice.

terque quaterque beati: a translation froni


706.
;
*

Homer, Odyssey V.
95.

i,,.

.,

quis
;

quihus

dative with contigit.


;

A. 150,
c.

c"^

B. 89

,Gr.
:

105, N. 2

H.

182, footnote 3

H. & B.

140,

ante .ora patrum


i^

a pathetic tonch, characteristic of Virgil.


96.

^.

oppetere

ac.

niortem

literally, /0

??2eei!

(death).

97.

Tydide

thou son

of

Tydeus,

i.e.

Diomedes.

c^se

of-.

Diomedes and Aeneas fought in singie combat before Troy, and Aeneas would have been slain but for the i^xterven^icyi .'non' of his divine mother. See Homer, //mrf V. 239 ff. mene potuisse ahlthat I coidd not ! Exclamatory infiniti^va ^onstrucapostrophe.
. .
:

tioii

cf.

note on 37.

occumbere
:

tojhll hefore (deatJi)


i.e.

cf. tl. 62.


liis
.\

occumhere morti.
mies.
99.

saevus
:

te)'Tihle,

in

the

eyes of

ene-

Aeacidae
:

Achilles, son of Peleus,

telo iacet

falls prostrate

under

the spear,
is

and graiis^soii^of Agacus. a compre^ed jexpression


:

f or telo ictus iacet.

The
:

present tense

natural enough, being used


of

of

what
100.

is still

fresh in niemory.

ingens

mighty

stature.

Sarpedon king of the Lycians, and ally of the Trojans. He was slain by Patrockis, the companion of Achilles, and hi.-s body was taken to Lycia for buriah See Iliad XYI. 580 ff., 834 ff.
ubi tot Simois, etc. ichere the Simois hath caught up heneath his waves and sweeps onward so many shields and helms and hodies of the hrave. Cf Iliad XH. 22 ff., where, however, " the many shields and helms and generations of men half divine " had fallen in the dust
:
.

of the river-banks.

Virgil often takes suggestions

from Homer,

without reproducing with precision.


(This passage has been carefully elabnrated,
;

There are numerous

alliterations (81, 82, 83,86); the sharp diaeresis in 82 coincides with the violent act of Aeolus the leadinfj verbs in the description of the storm are placed with strongeffect at the beginning of the Hne (84, 87, 88, 90); an abundance of connectives (polysyndeton) is exprossive of the confusion of tlie eleinents (85, 87, 88); the nunierous syllables with

the r sound echo the din (87; cf. 83, 85), and the anaphora (99 and nhi is very rhetorical. Note the picturesque 100) of uhi nhi rhythni, especially of 86 and 92.)
.
. .

BOOK

201

Lines 102-123.

The Fury of the Gale


102.

Increases.

Dative A. 378, 2; B. 188; G. 850; H. 425, 4; H. & B. of refeience. stridens Aquilone procella a gale howling from the north. 369. The winds mentioned above ^^ujYo^e, ablative of place whence.
iactanti
:

sc.

Aeneae

as

lie

Jiiing forth sucli words.

more or less from the south. Now comes the counter-blast from the north. strikes the sail full in front ; adversa 103. velum adversa f erit (lit.facing) agrees v,'ith. pj^ocella, though adverbial in sense.
(85)

were

all

104.

avertit

swings round, intransitive use.


:

dat latus presents the side {of the ship). cumulo in a aquae mons cf. note on rex, 65. Hert; heap^ modal ablative. the monosyllabic ending is onomatopoetic, being expressive of the
105.
: :

fall of

water.
hi
. . .

106.

his

some

to

others

the crews of
with

diiferent

ships are referred to.


107.

furit aestus harenis

the

surges seethe

sand

(Billis

son).

The sands
means.
:

are hiirled about

bj the water; harenis


:

ab-

lative of
108.

tris

i.e.

navis.

abreptas torquet

cf.

correpta

volvit

(100, 101).
109.

Aras

Altars,

name

given

to

rocky reef

off

the

African coast.
iio.

dorsum:

in apposition with Aras.

means an animaFs back.


in the

There are

at least

The word properly a dozen Hog Islauds

United States. See Century Atlas. on the shallows and sand banks. The III. in brevia et syrtis famous Syrtes (Gulfs of Cabes and Sidra), possibly referred to here, are considerably to the east of Carthage, but poets are often vague in their geographical references. miserabile visu misA. 397, f erahile is an accusative, in apposition with the sentence.
: :

G. 324; H.

&

B. 395.

For

visu, see

A. 510; B. 340, 2; G. 436;

H.

635, 1

H. & B. 619.

202
113.

NOTES

unam
ipsius

sc.

navem.

Oronten

name

rot found in Homeij


feels for his suffer-

but coined by Virgil.


114.
:

Aeiieas,

who, as the pius hero,


5,

ing followers.

See Introd.

and

cf.

ante ora patrum, 05.


:

For the

a ver1;ice toppUng. The prepositional phrase is equivalent to an adjective and so qualifies a substantive. This use js comparatively rare, and is largely due to Greek influence.
ipsius, cf. illius, IG.

quantity of

excutitur: sc. e navi. pronusque magister volvitur in caput and the steersman is hurled forii^ird headlong, i.e. heud foremost.
115.
:

116. 117.

ast:

cf.

note on 46.

illam
:

the ship.

torquet agens circum whirls round and round ; circumhelongs to both verbs. 118. apparent rari men are seen here and there. An amusing application of this verse is made by Scott in his Heart of Mid:

lothian (preliminary chapter).

and leather helmets. The addition of virum prevents us from taking arma the sense of armamenta, the gear of a ship.
119.
/.e.

armavirum:

light shields

120.

Ilionei

the

ei is

The

Ilioneus of

Homer
:

one syllable by synizesis see note, line 41. was killed in the Trojan AVar. So too Abas.
;

121.
122.

qua

i.e.

eam, qua.

vectus

sc. est; sailed.

vicit

hiems

the slorm overcame.

laxis

laxatis,

the con-

struction being an ablative absolute.


123.

accipiunt: the metaphor

is

taken from a conquered city


witliin its walls; cf. vicit
sea,

which surrenders and receives its foes and inimicum. imbrem liere of the
:

but usually of rain.

rimis

with chinks, ablative pf attendant circumstances.

(In this description, onomatopoetic effects are secured in stridens (102), of the hovvHng uale, and in rapidus vorat acjuore vertex (117), where the r and v s^hukIs are prouiinent. Dactylic and spondaic rhythins are used with artistic variation, cf. 104 with 105, Tlie latter line has a strong pause after tlie first foot, and closes with an abrupt monsyUable, in keepini,' witli tlie tlion-xht. Line lOG, aj]jain, has the spondaic rhytlan, wliich continues into 107, the latter half of which becomes dactylic, when the an^ry swirl is described. In 115 and IKJ the abrupt diaen^sis after the second foot aecords with the violenee depicted. The sluw spundaic movement of 118 is iu striking contrast

BOOK

203

with the accelerated rhythras which precedeand follow. Anaphora his ; 108-9, saxa . saxa ; 120, iam . (106, hi iam ; 121, et qua etqua) and alliteration (lOZ.feritfluctus; 122. laxis laterum ; 12:3, inimicum imhrem) are couspicuous both at the beginning and at the close of the paragraph.)
.

Lines 124-141.

Xeptune rebukes the Wixds.


124.

magno
:

misceri
is

murmodal

mure

is

in the turmoil

of a loud
a

nproar;
ablative.
125.

murmure

emissam
stagna
at
sc.
:

sc. esse.

126.

still

icaters,

i.e.

the

water refusa
: :

great

depth.

esse,

upheaved.

vadis ablative of separation; A. 400; B. 214; G. 390, 2; H. 464 H. & B. 408 ff. alto pro;

spiciens
deep.

gazing
is

out

over the

alto

most

uaturally

taken as ablative of the place wliere. prospiciens is not a verb of motion, and tlie dative would mean, 'caring for the deep.'
127.

placidum caput
is

ever angry, the god


serene.
129.

howoutwardly
:

caeli ruina

the

falUng

keavens; literally, the downfall of the sky, a bold expression.

nec latuere, etc. nor did the wiles ofJuno escape her hrolher. As soon as he saw the Trojans, he knew what was wrong. Neptun^ and Juno w.ere cliildren of
130.
:

^aturn.

Fig. 3G.

Neptune.

204
131.
:

KOTES
dehinc one syllable, "by synizesis; cf. note on 120. tanta generis fiducia vestri note tlie careful chiastic
:

132.

order.

The

alliteration
:

in

tanta

tenuit

emphasizes the

iroiiy.

generis vestri
Astraeus,

the winds were sons of Aurora an-d the Titan

who had rebelled against Jupiter. audetis i.e. unruly as you have been, do you 133. iam now dare ? caelum terramque miscere proverbial of general
.
. .
: :

confusion, yet used here almost

iii

a literal sense.

meo

sine

numine
134.

without

commands of mine.
:

tantas tollere
:

note the alliteration, similar to that in 132.


shall findthe

moles
,

confusion.

We

word thus used

in connection

with this very scene in V. 789. lohom Pll This is the most familiar 135. quos ego instance in Latin of the figure called aposiopesis, common in passionate outbursts. A. Q\l G. G91 H. 751, 1, n. 1 H. & B. 632, praestat it is hetter. 16. icith no adverb another time. non. simili poena 136. post

like penalt//, i.e. ver>/ dijferent,

no mean city." rebuke. A. 326, c B. 375, 1 /.e. Aeohis. 137. regi vestro
citizen of
;
;
:

by the figure called litQtes The only poena at this time G. 700; H. 752, 8; H. & B.
;

cf.

"

is

the
1.

632,

138.

non
sorte

illi

note the empliatic position of tliese important

words, which are contrasted with sed mihi.

According to the myth, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto divided the empire of their fatlier Saturu by
139.
:

datum

sc.

esse.

lot.

See 7//rtr/XV. 187ff.

140.

vestras
it.

domos

home of you and

yonrs.

se iactet

let

him lord

(In the above passage, tlie striking alHteration of the opening hne descriptive of the storm. The rhytlim of 127 is suggestive of the peaceful heariui^ of the liod. The slow openiui,^ of 128 accords well with the thou,t;ht. In 132 the dactylic rhythm indicates impatience. Note, too, the alHteration. In the next two Hnes the movement becomes slower, as the ^od's deep indiijnation tinds utterance. The very slow rliythm of 134 is accentuatcd l)y the (hiuble alHteration Note, too, the slow movemeut after tlie dactyl and strung (ahha). pause in 135.)
is

BOUK

20&

Lines 142-156.

He
142.

stills

the Waves.
i.e.

dicto citius

sooner than his word,

ere

liis

order waa

given.
144.

Cymothoe
Cf.

a Nereid or sea-nymph.

Triton

Neptune^a

truinpeter.

Wordsworth's

" Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn."

simul adnixus loith common effort. ipse the god himself. see 108. 145. navis i.e. makes a way through. 146. aperit and just as. ac connects the whole paragraph 148. ac veluti with what precedes. This famous simile, drawn from a Roman mob, is remarkable as ilkistrating nature (or a god of nature) by means of man, instead of the opposite. The central figure iu the picture is one with whom even a god may fitly be compared, and indicates the true Roman reverence for the great and good citizen. magno in populo in a great nation, such as Rome. animis in their minds ov inwardly. Local i-iot. 149. seditio
: :

ablative.
150. 151.

arma:
pietate
:

i.e.
:

thefaces

et

saxa,

goodness

or nohle character.
of the qualities
:

See

Introd.

5.

most admired by the Romans. si forte virum quem if haply some man. quem is the A. 149, b; indefinite pronoun often used after si, nisi, ne, num. B. 91, 5 G. 315 H. 186 H. & B. 276, 1. phiral, notwithstanding volgus (149), because 152. conspexere the individuals are thought of corresponding to veluti (148). aequora prospiciens 154. sic
graviias

gravem

was one

looking forth upon ihe ivaters;


155.

cf. alto prospiciens,

126-7.

genitor: so ISTeptune

is caWed.

pater in V. 14.

caeloque

invectus aperto: riding under a clear sky ; caelo, ablative of attendant circumstance. Neptune does not ride through the sky, but over the water. invectus has a present meaning. A. 491 B H. & B. 601, 2. 336, 5; G. 282, n. H. 640, 1
; ;
;

206
156.

NOTES
fleutit,
:

dat

historical
reins
to

presents.
his

curru dat lora se


car.

cundo
form.

qicex (Jree)

willing

curru,

a dative

secundo, literalh^ following or offering no resistance.

(Note the adaptation of sound to sense in the smootli line 147 and harsh verse 154. In the former tlie li(juid l is prominent, in the latter the liard c. In the former dactyls and spondees alternate (as also in 148, 153, 150), inthe latter the sudden pause at the end of the fourtli foot (bucolic diaeresis) empliasizes tlie pause in tlie action. In 152 uotethe striking alliteration and tlie prominence of the s sound.)
tlie

Lines 157-179.

Aeneas lands on the Coast of Libya.


157.

defessi
:

de as prefix

is

intensive.

Aeneadae
extended

followers of Aeneas.

The patronymic
litora
is
;

is

used in an

seiise.

quae proxima

litora

sc.

sunt.

a nominative case

attracted into the relative clause.

A. 307, b
:

B. 251, 4; G. 616;

H.399, 5; H. & B. 284, 6. 159. est in secessu longo locus


stands
first in

the substantive verb often

descriptions.

The

x:)lace

here described

is

probably

Robert Louis Stevenson found its duplicate in the Bay of Oa in Tutuila (now American territory), which he describes as "a bay of thQ Aeneid'' and "Virgirs bay," where he "feasted on solitude, and overhanging woods, and the retiring
imaginary.
sea."

by Graham Balfour, pp. the chapter on South Sea Cruises.) secessu longo
(Life of Stevenson,
:

118, 120, in
:

in

a deep

portum efficit makes a perfect harhor. than facil. The island lies across the enti-ance
inlet.

effcit is

stronger

of tlie inlet.

ab alto cf. note on a vertice, 114. 161. inque sinus, etc. parts into receding ripples. So in Georgicfi IV. 420, wheie the wave daslies against a rocky sliore, and there is no inlet with retired nooks,' which is the sense given by some to sinus reductos here. The whole expression is a variation cn o7nnis
160.
: :

'

ah allo frangitur (undo).


162.

Cf. 27.
:

hinc atque hinc

on either side

rupes

sc. sunt.

liire

BOOK
of rocky
cliffs (rupes')

207

terminates on.either side of the harbor in two similar (gemiiti) peaks or crags {scopuli). minantur in cae:

lum

looin

164.

up toward heaven. tuta silent are safe and


:

still.

tum

then ioo, or further,

introdiicing

a fresh

point

in

the

description.
silvis is

silvis

scaena

coruscis
quality.

a scene of shimmering woods.

The

scaena

is

an ablative of properly the scene or back wall of a

Roman
theatre.

stage, the

rupes corresponding to the side walls of the

coruscis is

used of the waving tree-tops gleaming in the


etc.

sunlight.

dark with gloomy Virgil carefully contrasts the dark grove with the sunny shade. tree-tops. He was the son of a forester, and in many places sliows a deep interest in the woods. See Introd. 2. 166. fronte sub adversa under the brow (of the cliifs)/acm^
165.
:

horrentique,

a7id a grove overhangs^

one,

i.e.

as one enters the harbor.

167. 168.

dulces
fitly

i.e.

fresh.

vivo
:

natural,

i.e.

untouched by man.

nympharum domus
dwell there.

i.e.

a place so beautiful that

nymphs

might

So in Rome, a fountain of running water,

with a costly basin and beautiful surroundings, was known as a Nympheum. fessas navis by a natural personification the ships
:

are regarded as living things.

We,

too, personify ships in every-

day speech, saying " she sails," etc. i6g. ancora a slight anachronism, as stones, not anchors, were
:

used in the Homeric days.


171.

numero
optata

there were twenty in

all,

according to 381.

subit

take shelter.
172.

= quam
1
;

optaverant, ichich they

had prayed for, a sense


:

which
173.

optare often has.


;

see A. 410

B. 218,

potiuntur harena f or the construction G. 407 H. 477, I H. & B. 429.


;
;

sale tabentis

drenched with hrine

tabentis

is

a strong

word, suggesting defilement or polhition. 174-176. In these three lines Virgil describes the early process ol making fire. First a spark is struck from flint. Secondly, the tinder
is

ignited (succepit

dedit).

Thirdly, the ignited fuel

is

waved

riolently in the air, until the smouldering fire bursts into a flame.

208

NOTES

R. J. Bonner (Classical Journal, Jan., 1906) elucidates this passage and compares the practice of tlie North American Indian, by whom " the smouldering punk was enclosed in a bundle of frayed cedar
bark,
if

possible,
silici:
b.

and waved rapidly


A. 381
:

to

and

fro until
;

it

burst intc

fiame."

B. 188,

2,

d; G. 345, k. 1

11.

427; H.

&

succepit an archaic form for suscepit. For the meanThe metaphor from infancy is continued in ing, see Vocabuhiry. rapuit used of rapid nutrimenta, used of leaves, twigs, etc. motion to and fro, as (metapliorically) in IV. 285, animum in parB. 371,
:

tisque rapit varias, hurries his thoughts in various directions.

177.

Cererem by metonyniy
:

ior frumentum, the goddess of grain


tlie

for the grain itself.

So cerealia arma, or implements of Ceres, f or

mill, pestle, mortar, etc.


178.

Thus homely
trials.

subjects are dignified.

fessi
:

rerum

weary of

Poetic use of

tlie

genitive.

receptas
179.

rescued.
:

torrere et frangere

in preparing meal, the grain

wascom-

monly steeped, then parched, then crushed. Here the grain needed no steeping, being wet already. saxo used probably of a stone
:

and mortar. In California one may often see stones hollowed out by the early Indians for the bruising of acorns, and one large rock will often have many such liollowed places.
pestle

(In 161 the diaeresis after frangitur and the alliteration echo the The three opening spondees of 162 harmonize with the idea sense. of vastness, while the sense of isolation is w^ell expressed in the spondees of 170, and the strong diaeresis of 171. Note the alliteration in 159, 164, 169, 174, 176, 177, 179.)

Lines 180-207

Aeneas slays Seven Deer.


interea: while the rest are concerned about commonplace matters, the hero is busy witli weightier ones. omnem pro180.

spectum
181.

vieio in all directions.


:

pelago

locative ablative.

Anthea

si

quem

videat

in

cdse he
videat is

may

of Antheus ; WtevwWy, soiiie Antheus. Si a conditioual clause, to be taken as virtual oblique narrasee somcthing

BOOK
tion.

209
The
clause resembles an

The

hero's thoughts are reported.


'

indirect question,

he may,' etc., but genuine indirect questions with si (unKke 'if in English and el in Greek) are comparatively rare, and ahnost confined to colloquial style. A. 576, a
(to see) if
'

B. 300, 3.'a
182.

G. i60,
:

1,

b; H. 6^9,

Only Phrygias i.e. Trojan. ships with one bank of oars were known in the Homeric days. 183. arma Caici at the stern were hung up the far-gleaming
: :

H. & B. 582, 2, b. biremis an anachronism.


11,

shields (fulgentia

longe scuta,\l\l. 92).

Tiierefore to say

ama

Caicum alone. adds a picturesque touch. note the chiasmus and the 184. navem nullam, tris cervos asyndeton to point the contrast; cf. note on -ii. A. 598, f B. 350,
Caici, instead of
:

II, c

G. 682. r.
vallis
:

186.

H. & B. 628. the plural is used probably of the parts of a single


;

H. 662

valley.

the adverb, with temporal force. introduced, as savoring 188. fidus quae tela gerebat Achates Thus as Hercules had his faithful armor-bearer of heroic times. Hylas and Achilles his Patroclus, so Aeneas has his/rfus Achates.
187.

hic

The

expression has long been proverbiah Thus in Thackeray's Virginians (Vol. II. ch. 32) George. calls Sampson his fdus
tela is

Achates.
189.

attracted into the relative clause

cf.

157.
ivith

capita alta ferentis, etc: carrying

their

heads high

hranching antlers.

volgus common herd, object of sternit. turbam routs, driving, or drives in rout. 191. miscet agens no longer an agmen (186), but a disordered host. quam often separated, but hardly a case of 192. prius See A. ^31 B. 291 G. 574; H. & B. 507, 4, footnote. tmesis.
igo.
: :

fundat: for the mood see A. 551, b, n. 2; B. 292; G. 577, The subjunctive is used because 2; H. 605; H. & B. 507, 4. Aeneas aims at or designs this result. humi locative. in = inter, among. The hero provides after this. 194. hinc
193.
: :

generously for his followers. next, with dividit (197). It 195. deinde
:

is

in an unusualposition.

cadis onerarat

had stowed

in Jars.

cadis is an ablative of place.

210

NOTES

more natural construction would have been vino cados onerarai^ had laden the jars with wine,' but poetry favors unusual turns ot (In view of the meaning of onerare, it is unnatural to expression.
'

take cadis as a dative.)


196.

litore

Trinacrio

i.e.

Sicily.
is

heros

HL-e

a hero.

Note

the emphatic position.


of the heroic age.
guests.

Virgil

anxioiis to reproduce the tone

Honier's heroes often give presents to their

for iceJiave not heen ignorant lieretofore of neqiie almost = non, but strictly for not before this either,* evils. sumus ante an adverb of time with a present tense (to be etc. translated by a perfect) is a common idiom in most languages,
198.
etc.
:

neque enim,
:

'

though not in English.

A. 466; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 533; H.

&

B. 485.
igg.

famous for its depth of expression. Note the feminine caesura and the alliteration (jlahit deus). She was a montlie fury of Scylla. 200. Scyllaeam rabiem See ni. ster who was said to dwell in the Straits of IMessina. 431 ff., and Homer, Odyssey XII, 73 ff. peliitus sonantis deepechoing ; i.e. the barking of Scylla's dogs echoes through the
line
:

caverns.

shortened by syncope for accessistis. Such forms (used by Virgil only in speeches) are admitted as archaisn:s. Cyclopia saxa the rocks amid whicli the Cyclopes (phiral) dwelt.
201.

accestis

See

III.

655

ff.
:

experti 203. mittite


202.

sc. estis. omittite,

as

often.

chance even

this 'twill

some day be

forsan et haec, etc. pcra joy to recall. Tliis famous and


:

much quoted
208
ff.),

line is suggested

by a passage

in the Odyssey (XII.

where, after they have escaped from the Sirens and are approacliing Scylla and Charybdis, Odysseus thus counsels " INIy friends, since not heretofore have we been unhis men
:

versed in evils (see 198), truly this is no greater woe besetting us than when the Cyclops penned us in his hoUow cave by might

and main; yet even from there, by my valor, my council and wit, we escaped, and some day, mcthinks, this trial we shall

BOOK
remember." maeus says
time,

211

lu another Homeric passage (^Odijssey


:

XV.

400) Eu-

'

Eveu

iu sorrows a

mau

fiuds delight iu the after

aud waudered much abroad." These literary remiuisceuces, far from detracting from Virgirs geuius, are a source of pleasure in a cultivated age, just as Tennysou's mauy Homeric echoes " give delight to educated readers.

wheu he has

suffered much,

*'

See Introd.
205.

2^6.
:

teudimus
is

sc. iter, ice

are pursuing oiir icay.

in

Latium

Aeneas Latium.
if

not supj)Osed to know anythiug at this poiut about The slight blemish would probably have been removed, See Introd. 15. Virgil could have revised his poem.
fas
:

206.

sc. est, His destined.

207.

The

spirit displayed here is

that of Stoicism, which well

accords with

Romau

character.

(lu 181 the bucolic diaeresis, aided by alHteration of j9 sounds, accords with the note of expectaucy. In 184 there is a tone o disappointment in the spoudaic rhytbm, while in 186 the sarae rhythm is picturesque
. agmen). Tlie prevaihng dactyls of 19:3-7 are joyful. Stoical appeal (198-207) shows careful, artistic structure. Four successive hnes (199-2^2) open with a spondee, a recognition of the sorrows referred to, but the dactyls which commonly follow are exIn 203, pressive of the hope, which the men are urged to entertaiu. appeal. emphasizes the strong pause, the opening dactyl, followed by a The two following Hnes strike a hopeful note in the opening dactyls, but the tone cannot be maintained. and the spondaic rhythm, so striking in 206-7, merely reflects the idea that the cheerful tone is feigned (see 209). Alliteration is to be noted in 181 (p), 182 (v), 183 (c), 197 {d and m), 199 (fZ), 200-1 (s), 206 (?), 207 (s). Note tbe anaphora in 198-9 vos et), 204 {per . . . per).) (o . . . 0), 200-1 (vos et

(Jongum

The

Lines 208-222.

The
2og.

Tro.jans

mourx for the


dolorem
:

Lost.
note
the
effective

spem
illi:

simulat.

premit

asvndeton. and
210.

cliiastic order.

i.e.

the followers of Aeneas.

praedae

dative of

purpose.

212
211. 212.

NOTES
tergora
:

liides.
.

-viscera.
:

Jiesh.
is collective,

pars

secant
It

to alii (as in 213).

and equivaleut niay therefore take a plural verb. trementhe subject

tia: (juivering, indicating tlieir haste.

aena sc. vasa, brazen kettles, for boiling some of the meat. Though Homer makes no reference to boiled meat, it is probably
213.
:

known
214.
215.

to all primitive peoples.

from implentur
viris
: :

vis.

fusi

stretched out.
Jill.

take their

The

voice is really middle or

reflexive

(^

= fill
177.

themselves), Jiot passive.

Bacchi
;

ivine
;

cf.
;

note

on Cererem,
458, 2
216.
is
;

For the
:

case, see

A. 356
the

B. 212

G. 383

H.

& B. 347. mensae remotae


H.

sc. sunt,

when

used by

metonymy
:

for the food itself.

meal was over. mensae So mensae secundae =

Of course the shipwrecked Trojans had no tables. they sorrow for, 'pro\)ev\j miss,feel the icant of. 217. requirunt sounds in the expression of woe. Cf. Note the prominence of Tennyson's little poem, " Frater Ave atque Yale." 218. inter: placed by anastrophe after the nouns it governs; seu sive in prose, utrum or -ne cf. contra, 13. an. 219. extrema pati suffer the last (doom), a euphemism for vocatos wheji called. The a7id no lotiger. death. nec iam conclamatio, or three-fold call upon the dead, was a solemn feature lu this line, the two cases of feminine of Roman funeral rites. eaesura, viz. extrema pati and exaudire vocatos, assist in the
dessert.
.
. .
: .

expression of pathos.
220.

praecipue
5.
:

ahove

all,

modiiymg

gemit,

uot pius.

pius: see
grief of
sin-

Tntrod.
221.

secum
is

literally, with himself,

hence

silentbj.
it

The

Aeneas
222.

unexpressed.

We
:

are to recognize

as even

more

cere than that of the rest.

fortem fortem the repetition has a pathetic Both were brave men, and both are gone.
. . .

effect.

BOOK

213

Lines 223-253.

VeNUS INTERCEDES WITH JUPITER.


223.
224.
finis erat
:

all ivcis
:

ended, viz. their inoiirning.

velivolum sall-winged, a purely ornamental epithet. The compound is inherited by Virgil from older writers. In classical Latiu the coining of fresh compounds is avoided. iacentis
:

outspread.
225.
It

sic

i.e.

sic

despiciens.

gathers

up

the

previous

clause

and may be rendered,


vertice caeli:
ablative
of

looking stood.

on

heai'en's height.

226.

regnis

place.
227.

atque
:

and

lo !

This
cf
.

is

often the f orce of atque.


82.

ac,

talis
^

explained best by
someivhat sad,
FiG. 37.

Servius

as de rebus humanis.
:

228. tristior

an unusual condition for the


laughter-loving goddess.
;

Venus di Milo.

the force of the comparative see A. 291, a; B. 210, 1 G. 297, 2; H. 498; H. & B. 241, 2. oculos suffusa her eyes Jilled (with tears). The accusative is really the di:

On

rect object of the passive participle,

which

is

used with a niiddle or

reflexive force, a construction strongly influenced

by Greek usage.

H. & B. 390, b. Virgil often carries the construction beyond logical bounds. thou that rule.st. 229. O qui regis This has really the same obcausest them terror. 230. terres A. 397,
c
;

B. 175,

2,

G. 338, 2

H. 407

ject as regis, viz. res.


231.

quid tantum
1

ichat great

offence.

Aeneas

sc. potuit,

from

potuere, 232.

See the note at the foot of p. 192.

214
232.
:

NOTES
quibus dative of disadvantage, with n, a; G. 346; H. 426, 1 H. & B. 362.
; :
:

clauditur.

A. 367;
disasiers.

B. 187,
233.

funera

ob Italiam hecause nf Italy, i.e. because Juno tries to keep them from Italy. clauditur tlie indicative, used where the subjunctive of characteristic might have been employed, emphasizes the fact.

hinc from these, i.e. Aeneas and the Trojans. olim volventibus annis some day, as tlie years rolled on. infinitive of indirect narration, governed hj pollicitus 235. fore revocato a sanguine Teucri added to explain Jtinc. (237). Teucer was the first king of Troy, and his line is to be restored.
234.
:

used in three other passages in Yirgil (V. 627, Vlir. 26, IX. 224), but for omni (with dicione), as given by tenerent represents the soitie Mss., no parallel can be found.
236.

terras

omnis

future indicative of direct narration. sc. es. Servius distinguishes poUiceri from pro237. pollicitus
;

mittere

thus

pause after
purpose.
238. 239.

poUicemur sponte, rogati promittimus." The strong sententia p)ollicitus gives emphasis to the statement.
:

"

hoc

with
:

tJiis

promise.

equidem

to he sure.

solabar / sought comfort for. solarl is poetical for consolari, which Cicero often uses with an impersonal object, e.g. fatis contraria fata redolorem, egestatem, hrevitatem vitae, etc.

pendens
3. 11.

literally, with fates

halancing

(offsetting)

hostile fates.

fatis is not dative,

49), ut
;

but ablative of instrnment; cf. Ovid (Tristia munus munere penses. fatis means the happier future

promised
240. 242.

fata, the past misfortunes.


:

nunc ^MMJOit'; effective asyndeton. Antenor cf. note on primus, 1. mediis elapsus Achi:

vis

i.e.

at Troy.
:

243.

Illyricos sinus

Illyrian gulfs,

i.e.

the Adriatic along the


living
in

shores of Illyricuni.
244.

Its navigation is troublesome.


:

Liburnorum
:

savage
:

people,

lllyricum. flows intc

superare
245-6.

to

pass.

Timavi

the small river

Timavus

the Adriatic near Trieste.

unde, eic. :from

lohich Ihrough nine mouths, with a

mountains

BOOK
miqliiy roar,
it

215
loitTi

comes a burstinrj sea and

a resounding Jlood huries

thejields.

The Timavus, which

vises in the

Julian Alps, after flow-

ing for eighteen miles underground, reappears in several springs and then pursiies a short but swift course to the Adriatic. unde = a quo fonte. per ora novem i.e. the springs where the
:

subterranean stream reappears. vasto cum murmure moutis the water would burst forth with great violence at the time of a
flood.

This flood

is

here called niare proruptum, which at times

spreads over the surrounding


247.

Patavi
is

i.e.

meadows {arva). Padua, some twenty miles west

of

Yenice.

The
the

genitive

appositional, like foi^CB, 27.


:

248.

nomen

the people were called Veneti (hence Venice'), but


to
is

probably Trojan, inasmuch as Livy says that the pagus Troianus was so called because Troia was the place fixit: i.e. he dedicated his where Antenor first landed. arma
.

name here aUuded

arms

in a temple, a sign that his warfare

was

over,

and he could
Jie

live in peace.

249.

nunc

quiescit

settled in tranquil

peace

enjoys rest.
f

The words

are iTsed, not of the peace of death, but of rest

rom
;

toil
cf.

and danger.
repostum, 26.
250.

compostus, a syncopated form


hut
ice,

of coviposiius

note on 240), the word being strongiy contrasted with Antenor, 242. Yenus idenarcem tlielieiglds oflieaven, caeli tifies herself with Aeneas.

nos

effective

asyndeton

(cf.

i.e.

immortality.

Aeneas, according to tradition, was deified, and


heaven.

taken up alive

adnuis: thou dost promise. The word involves a reference to the solemn nod of assent, with which Jupiter could shake Olympus; cf. IX. 106, adnuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. shame unspeakahle ! an accusative of ex251. infandum clamation. unius Juno. for hoc, but attracted by the predicate noun honos 253. hic sceptra: empire ; cf. reward. Jionos cf. note on hoc, 17. note on .57.
iiito
:

(Note

and Aeneas.

how carefuUy Yirgil elaborates the contrast between Antenor Antenor^s name (2-12) is not quaUtied, but Aeneas la

216
meus Aeneas
genies).

NOTES
(231),

and
of

identified with

Venus

(250,

nos, tua pro-

Antenor are mentioned, but the fate of Aeneas involves tlie Trojan people (232). To Antenor no assurances were given, but to Aeneas tlie niost solemn promises. Antenor escaped from his foes (242), and in safety (tutns, 243) went to a more inaccessible and inhospitable country tlian Aeneas aims at (243-()), yetfounded a city (247), and is now settled in peace (249). Aeneas and tlie Trojans have suffered terrible disasters (232), are still pursued by misfortune (240), have lost their sliips (251), are lcept far from tlie promised land of Italy (252), and are even, it would seem, barred from the whole world (233). Besides asyndeton (240, 249 (nunc), 250), and anaphora (231-2, 234-5, 23G) note the effective alliteration iu 245 (m), 246 (p), and 249 {p).)

No foUowers

Lines 254-296.

Jupiter's Prophecy.

an archaic form for the dative iUi; cf. the adverb olim in antiquity Jupiter was known not only as Jupiter 255. serenat Pluvius (god of rain), but also as Jupiter Serenus or Serenator
254.
olli
:

(god of a clear sky).


256.
olli,

libavit

gently

kissed.

natae
:

unnecessary, in view of
It is the affection
;

254, but inserted with a delicate touch.


f ather f or

of a

a daughter.
dative

dehinc

monosyllable by synizesis

cf

deinde, 195.

Cytherea Yenus was called the Cytherean, b^cause she sprang from tlie sea-foani near the island
257.
:

metu

cf.

curru, 156.

of Cythera,^ south of Greece.


258. tibi
:

tuorum
;

A. 380 II. 432 H. & B. 372. urbem et promissa Lavini moenia both promissa and Lavini belong logically to urhem as well as to moenia. Nate the quantity of Lavim as compared with Ldvijiia, 2. So Italus and In poetry there is considerable freedom in tlie quantities Italus. of proper names. ( 250. sublimem caeli note cacli arcem, cf. on . 259. 260. magnanimum used by Cicero. See note on velivolimi, 224. neque me sententia vertit the answer to the question in 237.
etWcal dative.
;
;

of thy people. B. 188, 2, b G. 351


:
:

261.

Hic

tibi

this thy

son lo

.'

tibi is <it\nc-d\ diiiiye.

Ci. tibi,2oS.

BOOK
The pronouns
side.

217

are

Thou shalt

made emphatic through being placed side bj remordet the prefix is insee him as victor.
:

tensive, deephj.

longius et volvens: and further unroUing {the scroll). The volvens = secrets of fate are conceived as written on a roll. movebo ivill reveal. evolvens ; cf. our word volume. 263. bellura ingens: the second half of the Aeneid is mainly
262.
:

devoted to this subject.


264.
set

Italia

ablative of place where.


:

moresque

viris et
ivalh.

up laws and

citi/

moenia ponet and for his people The phrase mores et moenia (note

will

the

both (moenia) the outward and visible sign, and (mores) the inward spirit of a settled community. Though mores ponere is a rare expression, leges ponere is comraon. B. viderit f uture perfect. A. 553, n. 2 until. 265. dum
alliteration) expresses
:
:

293,

IH; G.

266.
in

H. 603, II; H. suhactis ternaque


571;
.
.

&
:

B. 507,

5, a.

and
:

thrice the winters


i.e.

have passed

camp

over

the

cunquered Rutulians

after

conquering the

Rutulians Aeneas spends three winters in camp before founding Lavinium. terna (in prose trina), because castra (uiiderstood with A. 137, b B. 81, 4, b hiberna) is a noun used only in the plural.
;

H. & B. 247. Rutulis is probably a dative of G. 97 H. 16i, 3 reference, a construction common in Greek with expressions of
; ;

time;
sonal,

cf. iactanti,

102.

An

ablative absokite

would be

less per-

and therefore less vivid. The Rutulians, under Turnus, were the ehief opponents of Aeneas ou his
267.
iiilo
:

their king
arrival in

Latium.
Dative by attraction. A. 373, a; B. H. & B. 326, 3. Augustus, the 190, 1; G. 349, r. 5; H. 430, 1 This central figure of imperial Rome, belonged to the gens lulia. Julian familv claimed descent from Aeiieas, and in this passage the poet attempts to connect even the nanie with that of Aeneas's
a trisyllable.
;

son, Ascanius.
268.

res

Ilia

the Ilian state,


;

i.e.

Troy.

stetit

stood

frm

in sovereigntij
;

a; B.293, II; G. 569

on the past tense with dum, see H. 533, 4 H. & B. 550, b. regno ablativa
;
:

regno A. 556,

of specification.

218
269.

NOTES
magnos
orbis
is
:

great circles {of years)

icitli

their revolving

months.
07^bis

Tlie toiie

oracular.
:

orhis

annuus
is

orbis

(V. 4G) or

annorum.

volvendis the geriuulive


.

occasionally used like


cf. 71.

apresent participle.
271.

mf^nsibus is an ablative of quality;


.

Longam
hio
:

Albam
:

Alba Longa.

Xote the

alliteratiou

in multa muniet.

marking another stage. totos sine regnabitur an intransitive verb used intermissione (Servius). impersonally in the passive. According to A^irgil, Aeneas was in Latium three years before fouudiug Lavinium. Thirty years later Ascanius f ounded Alba Longa, and again three huudred years later Romulus founded Rome. 273. Hectorea i.e. Trojan, because Hector was the great Trojan hero in the war with*the Greeks. regina sacerdos Ilia (or Rhea Silvia) was a member of the royal house of Alba Longa and also
272.
liere.

iam

next,

a vestal virgin.

Marte gravis pregnant bij M/irs. geminam prolem Romulus and Renms. partu dabit = pariet, shall bear.
274.
:

275. inde: then^ thereupon.


nurse.

lupae nutrici^:
to.

the

she-icolf, his

Mavortia moenia the city of Mars, i.e. Rome. Mars was the father of Romuhis and Remus. Corssen derived by Virgil froni Romulus. 277. Romanos holds that Roma (connected with Greek pcw, "fiow") is " the town bv the river," aiid Romulus is " the man from the river-town." nec metas rerum nec cf. note ou hic tibi, 26L 278. his ego tempora pono I assign neither boundaries nor periods to empire,i.e.
276.

excipiet

shall succeed

no

liinits in

space or time. rerum belongs to both metas and tempora.


:

279.
280.

quin

na/y
:

more.
i.e.
:

metu

in

her fear,

for Carthage.

Cf. id metuens, 23.


better.

281.

in melius referet

ivill

change forthe

282.

rerum
:

of

the world,

Note the various ways iu


cf.

whicli res

can he translated, according to the context;

278.

gentemque

togatam
:

was the distinctive garb of tiie Romans. lustris labentisc. est ; thus it is decreed. 283. sic placitum bus as the seasons slip by. Kote the alliterative phrase.
the toga
:

BOOK
284-5.

219

domus Assaraoi
Phthiam
. .

i.e.
.

descendants.

the Trojan race, in their Roman Argis these places Mycenas


.

represeut Greece, and from

memnon, and Diomedes.


146 B.c.
286.

them came respectively Achilles, AgaGreece became a Roman province ia


:

pulchra Troianus origine Caesar note the artistic order. The two adjectives precede the two substantives. This refinement of style is nsed rather sparingly in the Aeneid, and always in striking passages with a view to securing emphasis. Here the prophecy
reaches
287.
its

climax in Angnstus Caesar.


:

qui terminet

destined to bound, a relative clause of pur-

pose.

A. 531, 2; B. 282,2; G. 630; H. 590; Cf. Milton {Paradise Lost, 12, 369)
:

H. & B. 502,

2.

"

And bound

his reign

With
288.

earth's
:

wide bounds, his glory with the heavens."~

lulius

the fnll

Octavianus Augustus. Roman reader the connection of Augnstus with Julius Caesar, but 289 and 294 show that Augustus is the Caesar of the prophecy.
lulo: see267. 289. hunc tu
spoliis
cf.

name of Angustus was Caius lulins Caesar The w^ord lulius doubtless suggested to a

261, 278.
:

caelo

ablative of place where.

Orientis

onustum

the power of Octavius was finally


battle of

Actium, after which he reduced Egypt, traversed Syria and Asia Minor, and finally celebrated a great triumph in Rome in b.c 29. In emphatic position before the 290. secnra. freedfrom care. pause. hic quoque he too (as well as Aeneas, 259). cf., for the order, 286. 291. aspera positis saecula bellis Angustus was not only " first in war," but also "first in peace."
established in b.c. 31

by the

The

Altar of Peace, in some respects the noblest work of art of the Angnstan age still extant, was set up six years after Virgirs death.

cana: hoary, veneraUe. The epithet goes with Vesta as well as Fides ; cf 711. Quirinus i.e. Romulus, no longer opposed to but now at peace with Remus. Civil wars shall cease. The reign of Fides and Vesta and Reraus and Romulus shaU
292.
.

220
return, that is to say

NOTES

being trath, faithfulness, and sinYesta, the domestic cerity in men's dealings with each other
;

Fides

sanctuary, the sanctity of

home; and Remus and Romukis,

just

primitive times shall return, and men beand equal government come again honest and of good faith in their deahngs with each other, secure in and attached to their homes, and loyal subjects of a (Henry.) just and paternal government."

dirae ferro et compagibus artis grim with close-Jitting A case of hendiadys. Cf. notes on 54, 61. artis is hars of iron.
293.
:

an

adjective.

294.

Belli portae: the reference

is

to

the temple of Janus,

whicli was closed in time of peace and stood open in time of war.

Augustus clpsed it in b.c. 29, after it had remained open more than two centuries. Furor inipius i.e. civil strife, when the citizen, with his hand against his neighbor, is no longer pms. Introd. 5. Pliny tells us that Augustus placed in his forura 295. vinctus a painting by Apelles, representing the god of war in chains. he is frantic in his impotence. ore cruento 296. fremet
:
:

causal ablative with liorridus.


(In this passage, the poefs vision embraces the history and development of Ilome from tlie earhest days to the establishment of the empire under Augustus, when war and civic strife gave way to a reign of The rhythm is in close touch with the thought, and many of peace. In the slow spondees the Unes are pecuharly impressive and sonorous. in 2(59 of 255 is expressed the noble majesty of the king of the gods of llome's The prophecy expressed. similarly is tiuie of 272 len,ii;th and eternal power is emphasized by the transition from the prevailing spondees of 278 to tlie three consecutive dactyls of 279. Another weighty The comWTie is 282, with its numerous spondees and sonorous vowels. emspecial impressive lines and in foretold (286-8), is ing of Caesar acconiiianying its position and phasis is <j;iven to the name lulius by pause. AUiteration is freely used, as in 257 (manent immota tuorum moenia), 269 (ma<jnis . i.e. aahh), 261 (mores tihi, nutricis tegmine iaetus, i.e. ahha), 283 mensihus), 275 (lupae fulvo 2'.>4 and 295 (impius i}itus, saeim (lustris lahcntihus), and especially Finally the broken rhythm of 2!>6 aeni.^). sedens stiper, arma (diaeresis after tlie third and fourth feet) empluisizes the hai'shuess of the description.)
;

BOOK

221

Lines 297-304.

Mercury
297. 298.
:

is

sent to Carthage.
i.e.

Maia genitum the son of Maia, novae with Karthaginis, as is


:

Mercury.
Karthago

seen from 366.

means
299.
;

"Xew
;

town.'*
:

hospitio Teucris

double dative.
:

A. 382,

B. 191,b; G.

356 H. 433 H. & B. 360. fati nescia as Jmio may interrupt the course of destiny, so too may Dido. 300. arceret the historical present (demittit') may take either primary (pateant) or secondary sequence (ai-ceret). Of the two subjunctives, the former expresses the more immediate purpose in
:

view, the second the


2, 1
i

more remote.
1, 2.
;

H. 516
;

H.

&
;

B. 491,

A. 485, e B. 268, 3 G. 509, aera for the form, see A. 81, 2 ;


;
;

B. 47, 1
301.

G. 66, 3

H. 109, 3
:

H. & B.

95.

remigio alarum br/ tlie oarage of wings. Metaphors from the sea and ships are much more common in Greek than in Roman literature, and this one is first f ound in a Greek author ( Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 52). adstitit: cf. note on incubuere, 84. 302. iussa facit: how the god does this we do not hear, but the subjoined clause ponuntque, etc, shows the result accomplished.

Note the parataxis instead of a subordinate


303.

ut clause.
:

quietum

animum mentemque benignam

a gentle

mood and kindly

intent.

(This short paragraph effects a transition from the lofty sentiment preceding to the vivid narrative which follows, It thus serves an aes thetic purpose, and tends to allay the emotion aroused by an appeal Note the peaceful ending and the prominence to Roman patriotism. of the m and n sounds in the final words.)

Lines 305-324

Aeneas encounters Yenus.


305.

volvens

in poetry the present participle

is

used more

freely

than in prose.

Here

it is

used for the (missing) perfect

222

NOTES
cum
volvisset.
2.

participle active, or for a claiise,

A. 496

B. 337,

2-,

G. 665
306.

H. 638

H.
:

&

B. 603, aiid 604,


:

lux alma kindly light. exire depends on conslituit, 309. depending on 307. quas vento accesserit oras, qui teneant vento ablative of See note on iinpulerit, 11. ]uaerere, 309.
: :

cause, literally, by reason ofthe wind.

videt an archaism, the earlier qnantity of the final sylhominesne feraene: sc. lable being- admitted before the caesura. an is an or iilrum -ne for -ne This use of -ne sint.
308.
:

poetical.
309.

exacta:

results, liter ally, ?7i/^s

done ;

cf. his

demum

exactis,

VI. 637.
310.
i.e.

convexo nemorum

" hollow bight of groves " (Morris)

where the bay narrows and the trees on either shore meet overhead cf. 164. cf. horrenti umbra, 165. 311. horrentibus umbris comitatus, tliough from a dep)onent 312. comitatus Achate
;
: :

verb, has a full passive sense.


; ;

A. 190, b; B. 112, b; G. 167, 2, H. 222, 2 H. & B. 291, d. It also denotes contemporary N. 2 action. Achate is an ablative of accompaniment, without cum. A. 137, d; 313. bina: used for duo with objects taken in pairs.

H. 164, 4 H. & B. 247, 3. lato ferro ablative of quality. literally, opposite ichom his 314. cui mater sese tulit obvia mother jJresented herself, i.e. across his path came his mother; obvia
G. 97, N.
; ;
:

poetical for obciam.

Avoid the transkition


.

"whom"

at the begin-

ning of a sentence.
315.

virginis

virginis

repetition f or emphasis.
:

habitum

appearance, not dress.


316.

gerens

xcith.

Spartanae vel qualis,

etc.

a Spartan maiden, or such an

one as Thracian Ilarpalyce, ichen she wearies horses. Spartan womon were atliletic, and Harprdyce was a Tliracian huntress. fatigat
i.e.

tires

by outrunning; an hyperbole.
for talis qualis

Note the idiomatic brevity


quaefatigat, etc.

of the
317.

(ftalis claiise,

II(irj)<d//ce est,

Hebrum
it is

the Hebrns

(now

Miiritza) is a river of Tlirace,


is

and being
111

in a niountainous country

thought of as

swift,

though

reality

rather sluggish.

BOOK
318.

223
See note on vadis, 126.

humeris
:

ablative of separation.

de more after the ciistom {i.e. of hnnters). 319. dederatque comam diffundere ventis and had given her hair to the winds to scatler. The infinitive of purpose is poetical.
:

Here = diffundendam. H. & B. 598, b. 2


;

A. 460

B. 326, x.

G. 544, r. (8)
is

H. 608,

320.

nuda genu

her lcnee hare.

genu

a Greek accusative

A. 397, b; B. 180, 1; G. 338; H. 416; H. & B. 389. nodoque sinus collecta fluentis having her Jlowing rohes gathered in a knot ; cf. note on oculos suffusa, 228. On the descrip:

of specification.

tion here see Introd. 35.


321.

monstrate
vidistis si

sc.

eam
:

point her out.

322.

quam

not a subordinate question, but a pui"e


girt icith quiver,
i.e.

conditional clause.

succinctam pharetra fastened on by a belt.


323.

with a quiver

how

(Xote how the dactyls of 317 indicate the maiden's fleetness, and the spondees of 322 reflect the speaker's tone of assumed con-

cern.)

Lines 325-334-

He
325.

prays her to tell him where they are.


et Veneris
.
.

Venus

filius

the juxtaposition brings

into relief the fact that they do not nieet as


326.

mother and
3.

son.

audita mihi
;

heard hy me
;

mihi

is

dative of agent.

A.

375, a

B
8.

189, 2

G. 354
te

H. 431, 6

H. & B. 373,
cf
.

For

mihi, cf

note on
327.

O quam
is

memorem
tlie

note on 135.

After

the
is,

vocative

suppi-essed, because he

is

not sure what goddess she

and

it

was believed that


H.

memorem:
559, 4
328.
;

gods were jealous of their titles. deliberative subjunctive. A. 444; B. 277; G. 265; H.

nor has thy voice a human ring. hominem is an inner (so-called cognate) accusative with soyiat. A. 390, b; B. 176; G. 333, 2, x. 6; H. 409, 2 H. & B. 396, 2, a.
;

& B. 503. nec vox hominem sonat:

224

NOTES
:

dea ccrte

Thackeray introduces Lady Castlewood as a dea

certe.

(Esinonfl,

Book

I,

ch.

1.)

Cf.
I,

Ferdinand's address to
Sc. 2

Miranda

in Shakespere's Tempest,

Act

On whom May know

" Most sure, the goddess these airs attend Vouchsafe my prayer
!

if

you remain upon

tliis

island,

prime request, Whicli I do last pronounce, is (O you wonder " If 3"ou he maid or no ?
329.
330.

My

!)

Phoebi soror
sis felix
; :

z.e.

Diana:
sis

sc.es.
is

be gracious.

an optative subjunctive. A.

441

B. 279

G. 260; H. 558; H.
:

&

B. 510.

quaecumque

sc. es.

tandem indeed. It is simply a particle of emphasis. -que is elided bef ore the vowel at the begin332. locorumque ning of the next line. The syllable so elided is called liypermetric. A. 612, e, N.; B. 367, 6 G. 745, 3; II. 738, n. 2; H. & B. 641,
331.
: ;

C,

N. 4.
334.

multa

dextra

i.e.

if

thou wilt grant what we ask.


religions,

Such bargaining with the gods, not uncommon in ancient is a survival from the animismof primitive peoples. On
see {e.g.) Tylor, Antliropology, ch. 14.

this topic

(The uncertainty of tlie speaker is well expressed, not only by th^ broken utterance in 827, but also by the sudden pause after the fourth foot in 328, and by the diaereses after the second and fourtli feet in The spondaic rliythm of 333 accords witli the tliouglit.) 329.

Lines 335-371-

The Stoky of
335-

Dido.

Venus
Tyriis

sc. dixit

cf.

note on 37.

336. 337.
338.

tlie
:

Cartliaginians were colonists from Tyre.

purpureo Tyre was famous for lier purple dye. Agenoris urbem Agenor, wlio had founded the Phoe
:

nician kingdom, was a ])rogenitor of


339.

])i(h)'s.
\\'d\i Lihyci,

fines

t/ie

country.

geuus

a loose ai^i^osition

BOOK
340.
341.

225

imperium

regit
:

wields the Fiovereignty.

loiiga est iniuria

long would be the {story of) wrong.

The

indicative is in accord with Latin idiom.


342. 343.

summa

fastigia
:

chiefheads.

ditissimus agri

richest in land.

As an

historical fact, the

Phoeiiicians were a comniercial, not an agricultural, people.


gil,

Yir-

however, transfers to them a


:

Roman

characteristic.
mihi, 326.

miserae dative of agent, like explained by the sequel. iugarat 345. intactam: a maiden.
344.

The

epithet

is

syncopated form for

iii-

gaverat.
346.

ominibus

steps in

by metonymy, since one of the first a Roman marriage was the taking of th6 oniens. The
niq)tiis
is

Roman custom
347.

here transferred to the Phoenicians.

scelere ante alios

immanior omnis

in

crime heyond

all

others (inore) hrutal.


alios

A strengthened

comparative, conibining ante


cf. 13.

immanis and aliis immanior. for the anastrophe, 348. quos inter
:

medius repeating
:
:

but strengthening the idea of mutual hatred. Sychaeum but Sychaeus in 3^3; cf. note on Lavini, 258. the coUocation shows that impiety 349. impius ante aras toward the gods is the leading idea here in impius. The altars are those of the Penates (cf. IV. 20). Biit Pygmalion was also impius
inter,
:

(unnatural) in his relation to Dido and her husband.


350. 351.
352.

securus

careless.
:

amorum

objective genitive.

aegram amantem pining hride, amantem being multa simulans with many a pretence. He had
:

a noun.
to account

for the absence of Sychaeus.


353.

inhumati

the ghosts of the unburied were supposed to

wander about
354.

restlessly.

ora modis attoUens pallida miris


modis miris
is

ivondrous wise.

face pale in a quaint alliterative phrase from the


:

raising

its

In another passage (Georgics 1. 477), Yirgil, speakingof the portents attending tlie murder of Julius Caesar, sa,js, " et simulacra modis pallentia miris visa sub obscurum noctis "
older poet Lucretius.
(i.e. ghosts

were seen in the dimness ofnight').

See Introd.

8.

226
355.
slain.

KOTES
crudelis aras
:

i.e.

the household altars, where he was

They

are cruel, because they did not prevent the cruel

deed.

nudavit laid hare. caecum secret or hidden, a common meaning in poetry. domus genitive. iii prose an ut clause would be used 357. celerare, excedere
356.
:
: :
:

cf.

diffundere, ol9.

358.

auxilium viae

as aid for her journey.


:

In prose, viaticum
light

would be used.
359.

tellure recludit

hrought

to

from

earth

tellure is ablative of separation.

ignotum
his
:

untold,

immense, because

it

was such

as

was

before unknown.
360. 361.
i.e.

this revelation.
:

conveniunt
: :

sc. ei

or

illi,

antecedent of quihus.

cdium

crudele cruel (i.e. relentless) hatred. paratae sc. su7it. keen. 362. acer i.e. probably the wealth which became Pygmalion's 364. opes when he murdered Sycliaeus. Tacitus (Annals, XYI. 1) tells us that the emperor Nero sent commissioners to Carthage to look for the gold which Dido had brought to Africa and there buried.
:

dux femina
365.

facti
:

sc. est.

locos

accusative of limit of motion.

In prose ad or

in

would be used.
366. 367.

novae Karthaginis
mercati
:

cf.

298.

sc.

sunt.

facti
is

de noniine Byrsam

(called)

from
bosra

the

deed Bijrsa.

facti

genitive oifactum.
vvas

The Phoenician

confused witli the Greek word " bull's hide " hence probably the myth thatthe Phoenician ftvpa-a, settlers bargained with the Libyans for as niuch ground as could be covered by a bulFs hide. This was cut into very fine strips,

meant "citadel," but


;

which enclosed a large tract 368. quantum possent


:

oi land.
tlio

niood

is

due to virtual oblique

narration, possent representing possumus in the original bargain.


369. 370.

vos qui
talibus
:

hc. estis.
sc. verbis.

tandem
ille
:

cf. -531.

sc.

respondit.

Cf. 335

and note

on haec secum,

37.

BOOK
(In this passage Venus's
first

227

words have the ring of good cheer, and dactyls are therefore numerous. See especially 388. Note the
artistic eSect of the short sentences in 341, 348, 364. In 341 the anaxjhora (longa lonf/ae) is impressive. in 348 the strong pause after the fourth foot bucolic diaeresis fitly precedes the tale of blood in 304 the double alliteration portantur Pygmalionis pelago strengthens the epigrammatic tone. In 349 femini facti the accumulated spondees are in marked contrast with the opening word impiufi which they amplify, and the idea of horror is stillfurther "emphasized hy the alliteration ante aras atque auri amore. Otlier alHterations are sed summa seqnar (342), magno miserae (344), superat securus (ZbO), multa malus (352), modis mi7'is (354), vine veteris (358). The opening spondees of 355 are noteworthy the slow rhythm of 359 gives expression to the marvellous, while the same rhythm in 368 is perhaps due to the oracular tone.)
.
.

Lines 372-401.

Venus reassures Aexeas.


Aeneas is not misled by her statement in 335. si prima repetens ab origine pergam if, tracing hack from the first heginning, I should go on. and should there he leisure. The verb is im373. et vacet
372.
: : :

dea

personal.
374.

ante

Olympo
The

sooner will heaven close and evening


is

lay the daij

to rest.

poetical conception

that of day issuing

from the gates


sky
is

of the sky, to return again in the evening.


.

The
:

a great palace, closed at night, open in the day.

Cf Keats

" Now morning from her

orient

chambers came
liill."

And
Troia

lier first

footsteps touch'd a verdant

componet instead of componat emphasizes the certainty of the result.


375.
:

with

vectos, 376.

vestras

thus including her

Here Aeneas takes her at her word (335-6). literally, bi/ its own chance, i.e. hy the merest 377. forte sua chance. It w^as not in accord with anyplan formedby the Trojans. / am Aeneas the good. Assuming the 378. sum pius Aeneas
fellow-countrymen.
:
:

naive tone of early epic style, Virgil puts into his hero's mouth
the epithet by which Aeneas was

commonly known.

By so

doing,

228

NOTES

he emphasizes the distinguishing qnality which is illustrated in nunierous ways throughout the poem. In this passage, pius is explained by the qui clause which follows.
379.

super aethera
the
.
.

in heaven above;

literally, ahove

tlie

sky.

Cf. with

boast,

Odyssey IX. 19, " I

am

Odysseus, son of

fame reaclies heaven." patriam Italy is so called because Darda380. Italiam nus, founder of Troy, was said to have come from there. genus ab love summo Dardanus was the son of Jupiter and Electra.
Laertes
.

and
.

my
.

381. bis

denis

the distributive

is

used for the cardinal because

of the idea of muhiplication.


IGtt,
i.e.

II.

&

B. 247, 2

cf.

the sea near

Troy

cf.

A. 137, c; B. 81, 4, c; G. 97, 2; H. note on 318. Phrygium aequor 182. conscendi cf. Tennyson
. .

" Is there any peace In ever climbing up the chmbing wave


382.
:

"

{Clioric Song')
:

matre dea my goddess-mother. data fata guided by destiny. Cf. fato profugus, 2. cf. note on Austris, 51. 383. Euro
:

Aeneas

is

384.

ignotus

unknown,

i.e.

unrecognized, tliough

fama

notus, 379.
385.

Europa atque Asiapulsus


.

a rhetorical exaggeration;
;
:

cf.

cunctus

terrarum chiuditur

orhis,

233

Asia because of Troy, and

Europa because of Italy. querentem a variation for the inlinitive queri, due to Greek influence (cf. Treptopco with participle). not hateful to the gods. For the 387. haud invisus caelestibus litotes, cf. 13(3. auras vitalis thebreath oflife. 388. qui adveneris causal relative clause. A.535, e; B.283, 3;
:
:

G. G33;
390.

II.

592;

II.

&

B. 523.
:

reduces socios

the return

of thy comrades
socios.

reduces
:

is

grammatically in a predicate relation to


hack, recovered.
391.

relatam

hrought

in

tutum

to

safe haven.

versis Aquilonibus

hy a changc

in the wimls.

Ablative absohite.
:

392.

ni frustra, etc.

unless

my

deceitful parents taught

me augur^

for nought.

vani false.

BOOK
393.
being-

229
because reunited aftei

laetantis agmine
scattered

in exultant array,

by the

eagle.

cycnos
:

swans were sacred

to

Venus.

from the skyey expanse. eagle, the " feathered king " described by lovis ales i.e. an Gray as "perching on the sceptred hand of Jove." (^The Progress of Poenj.^ aperto turbabat caelo was (just now) scattering in The caelum turhabat, of an action just completed. the open air.
394.

aetheria lapsa plaga


:

sicooping

is

lower than the aether or aetheria plaga; caelo


395.

is

ablative.

terras aut capere aut captas


to he settling in their

iam despectare videntur


now gazing down on
idea
is still f urther

seem either
the places

places or ecen
i.e.

(where others have) settled ;

some have alighted on the

ground, while others are about to do


explained in iOO.
397.

so.

The

iam modifies despectare, not captas.


ihey, returning, sport, etc.
:

ut reduces, etc: as
et coetu
. . .

398.

dedere

and

uttered their songs.

cinxere

and in covipany have circled the sTcy and dedere are in the perfect tense,

because the actions precede that of ludunt. Tlie line applies, not to the panic of the swans when pursued by the eagle, but to their freedom from alarm after the eagle's disappearance. Lines 397

and 398 are both an expression


399.

of joy.

haud

aliter:

sc.

reduces, with like joy (returning); literally,

no/ otherwise.

The climax

in the comparison lies in the joyful re-

turn to safety of both the swans and the Trojans.


the

pubes tuorum

men ofthy company. Tn the comparison 400. subit ostia draw near to its moiith. here given, the twelve swans are the twelve ships. As the swans have been scattered by the eagie in the open air, so have the ships been dispersed by the storm in the open sea. As the swans have either alighted, or are now winging their flight down to earth, so the ships are either in the haven or are on the point of entering. And as the swans are happy in their deliverance, so are the Trojan
:

sailors.

(In the above passage, contrast the rhythm of .375, bednning a tale of woe, or of 088, expressing grief, with that of 390, which brings tidings of joy. In 393 the openiug dactyl excites attention and the

230

NOTES

spondees followinir express intensity of gaze. In 394, descriptive ol the eagle's swoop, dactyls prevail, but in 895 the tone of 398 is re. sumed. The alliteration in 898 (coetu cinxere cantus) and 399 (puppesque tuae puhesque tUQrum, i.e. ahab) is expressive of joy, which is further emphasized by the assonance (similarity of sound) of pnppes and puhes, and by the redundance of connectives (-q2ie Tlie repetition in tlie last line -que) sometimes called polysyndeton. of perge modo f rom 889 has tlie effect of a refrain, and rounds off the paragraph.
.

Lines 402-417.

The Goddess reveals


402.

iierself,
;

then Disappears.
refulsit
:

avertens: intransitive

cf. acertit,\0^.

Jlashed

back.

For translation, make


In

cervice

(which

fication) the subject.

Homer
:

(^lliad III.

an ablative of speci396) Helen notes " the


is
:

beauteous neck, lovely breast, and sparkling eyes of the goddess." " His anicf. Iliadl. 529 (of Zeus) 403. ambrosiae comae
brosial locks flowed

down from

the king's immortal head."

di-

vinum odorem
divinity.
404. 405.

f ragrance is

often associated with the notion of

pedes et vera
dea
is

imos dea
.

see Introd. 35.


:

and

in lier tread

was revealed, a very


hiatus, cf.

goddess.
hic, 16.

a predicate nominative.
as well as

For the

Samo
falsis

407.

tu quoque:
:

i.e.

Juno and other gods.


disguise,

imaginibus with vain phantoms. words without 409. veras voces


:

410.
411.

talibus:

sc. verhis.
:

obscuro aere
mist,

^cith

a mist.

In Greek the word

di^p

alone

may mean

but in Latin the word witliout an epithet would mean simply air. Tn the Odyssey (YII. 1-i) Athene shed a deep
mist about Odysseus, lest any of the Phaeacians should meet and
liini.

taunt
412.

gradientis

plural, because

Achates

is

with Aeneas.

et

multo
192.
is

ivas, in

a thick
cf.

amictu: and enveloped them, goddess as she mantle of cloud. circum is separated ivoxwfudit by
.
.

tmesis;
f/ea,

See A. 640; B. 367, 7; G. 726; H.

&

B. 631, 15.

which

in apposition

with Venus, acquires special emphasis

BOOK
from
its

231

position with the verb.

This line repeats and emphasizes

the sense of the preceding.


413.

eos

the pronoun
:

is is

rare in elevated poetry.

414.

moliri moram.

7noliriioT facere, 'prohahly because of the

alliteration.
415.

Paphum
:

a city in Cyprus,

famous for

its cult of

Venus.

sublimis aloft, like an adverb. sc. est. 416. ubi templum illi
:

centum

arae

cf. vrith

this passage Odyssey VIII. 362

"

Laughter-loving Ax:)hrodite went

to Cyprus, even to Paphus.

Here she has a temple and fragrant Sabaeo Note liow Virgil expands and exaggerates. altar." " ture this is the "incense from Sheba to which there are numerEzekiel xxvii. 22 ous BibJical references, as Jeremiah vi. 20 Isaiah Ix. 6 1 Kings x. 10.
:

brief yet beautiful passage, note tlie perfectly balanced 404-5 pedes dea (10 syllables each), imos et in 408-9 cur datur voces (11 syllables each), and 411ac V2 at saepsit et . amictu (15 syllables each). In 405 the striking hiatus, coinciding with the marked pause bucolic diaeresis emphasizes the hero's astonishment at the revelation of his goddess-

(In

tliis

claiLses: in

mcther.)
Lines 418-440.

Aeneas enters Carthage.


418.

corripuere viam
to

they have sped on their way.


;

The verb

corripere is properly
II. I. 1. 47:

snatch up

cf.

Shakespere, Henry IV. Part

" He seemed iu running to devour the way."


419.
420.
site.

plurimus urbi imminet looms in a mass over the city. adversas arces the towers thatface it, i.e. are rising oppo:

421.

magalia
strata

quondam
:

mere huts once,

i.e.

where huts once

stood.

viarum emphasizes the mode of


422.
is

the form of expression


construction.

(=

st7^atas

vias')

In portae and viae the poet

thinking of the famous gates of Ronie, and the great roads which

232

NOTES
all

converged upon the city from

parts of Italy.

Between these
to tlie

two

visible features he iiiserts a reference to

what appeals

ear, the noise

and bustle

of the great city.

Virgil adniired

Rome,
huild

but loved the country.


423.

instant, etc.

eagerly the

Tyrians press on, some

to

walls, etc.

pars

pars (425), in apposition with Tyrii ; ducere,

depending on instant, as in instant eruere, II. 627. Dative of purpose. Ao 382, 2; B. 425. tecto for a diuelUng. sulco i.e. for the 191, 1; G. 340, 2; H. 425, 3; H. & B. 360.
:

foundations.
426.
(enact).

legunt
It is

this implies,

with

iura,

a verb like constituunt

an example of zeugma. A. 640; B. 374, 2, a; G. 690; H. 751, 2, n. II. & B. 631, 7. This line lias been criticised as out of place between details of building, but Virgil is rather fond of this order of ideas. Line 422 is slightlv similar. See note. In any case, the thought embodied here is necessary for the
;

complete picture of civic lif e, as known to the the harbor of Carthage was 427. portus
:

Romans

cf . 507.

artificial,

but again

Virgil

probably thinking of the construction of harbors by Agrippa, whom we might almost call Secretary of tlie Xavy under Augustus. alta: deep. theatri: here again it is the Ronian idea
is

of a complete city,

which the poet has in view.

In Virgirs day
city.
the

a theatre was an essential feature of every


429.

Roman
lofty

scaenis
qualis

decora alta futuris


is
.

adornments for

future stage.
430.

scaenis
.

dative of interest.

decora, plural of decus.

.labor: the corresponding /aZw is not expressed. For the simile (already found in Georgics IV. 162 ff.), cf. Milton, Paradise Lost I. 768 " As bees In springtime, when the sun with Taurus rides, Pour forth their populous youth about the hive.
:

For VirgiFs knowledge of bees, see Introd. 2. aestate nova early summer. mella stipant this froni hqiior, not IXqueo. 432. liquentia expression seems to be explained by tlie words following, (hdci
: :

distendunt nectare cellas, but it is possible that Virgil uses mella of

BOOK
the pollen or bee-bread.

23S

Every bee-keeper has seen the bee back


f

into the cell

and unload the pollen

rom

his poUen-baskets

very

soon afterward another bee will go into the same cell head first, and carefully pack down {stipo) the lumps of plastic pollen just deposited there.

venientum: Wliy? venientium.


434. 435,

forni

easier

to

handle

in

verse

than

fucos

drones.
at.

438.

suspicit: looks up

We

thus learn that Aeneas has

descended froni the hill (-119). 440. 439. se governed by both infert and miscet, Dative. A. 413, a, N. (2); B. 358, 440. viris: icith the people.
:

3; G. 346, x. 6; 11. 428, 3; H. agent; cf. m?7a", 326.

&

B. 363,

2, c.

ulli: dative of

of 418 suggest rapid motion, while the The opening opposite is plainly expressed in the slow rhythm of 419. dactyl of 420, running over from the preceding hne, seems to imply

(The introductory dactyls

that thelabor

Then the successive past, the hill-top being reached. and the tone is gaze, steady of notion spondees harmonize with the This of 422. feet initial continued in the slow^ rhythm of 421 and the {adversas aspectat^ is emphasized by the raarked alhteration of 420 and the repetition magalia) molem . arces) and 421 (miratiir
is
. .

(anaphora) of miratur.

Note the simile (430-6) involves many subtleties of rhythm. smoothness of the opening line (alternating dactyls and spondees), of effort reached tlie shcditly labored tone of the second, and the cli.max in 434 (wdth lightened again inthe next hnes (432-3). The tone is of the lazy its three initial dactyls), becomes heavier with the mention

The

'

drones, and returns to its lightness in the closing hne. The si;h of the liero for the fulfilment of his own dream is beautiThe fully expressed in the spondaic rhythm of the famous line 437. indicate numerous dactyls of 440, emphasized by alliteration, seem to the absence of all difficulty in the action described.)

Lines 441-493.

SCULPTURED SCENES FROM THE TrOJAN WaR.


laetissimus umbrae for the genitive, with loco (443), the spot in which 442. quo Jirst dug up the token.
441.
:
;

cf.

dives opum, 14.

the

Phoenicians

234
caput Carthage, and
444.
.

NOTES
.

acris equi

a horse's head was the symbol ol

is

commpii

011

Carthaginian coins.

See Fig. 38.

acris is a generic adjective, the

spirited animal, not a spirited

animal.
iiidirect

sic

nam

fore

narration, dependent

on a verb of saying implied in monsfj-arat, for {sJie had FiG. 38. Coix OF Carthage. ^^y^ ^j^^^ fj^^^ ^j^^ ^,^^^^ ^.^^^^^ be famous in war. sic i.e. if they found the head. rich in suhstance. victu, ablative of respect. 445. facilem victu That it is not a supine is clear from facilem victum used by Virgil
: :

in Georgics II. 460.

It is

interesting that in Ronie, too, the horse

was associated with the cult both of Mars and of Consus, the ancient god of fertility. Virgil is, of course, primarily interested in Ronian customs. ingens Sidonia Dido note the chiastic 446. templum order of nouns and adjectives. Sidonia : cf 340. Tyre and Sidon are regarded as practically one and the same. i.e. votive offerings. numine presence. The 447. donis
.

teraple

is

rich in the special presence or favor of the goddess,

and

in the gifts

which are made aere 448-9. aerea


.

to her because of her presence.


. .

aenis

the special point empha-

sized

is

the use of costly bronze such as the Roinans employed in

grand temples. There is perhaj)s a reference to the Pantheon, which was built by Agrippa in 27 b.c, but the existing Pantheon is a restoration of the time of the Emperor Iladrian. cui gradibus surgebant limina its threshold uprose on sfeps. cui
of their
:

many

a dative of interest; gradihus ablative of means. nexaeque aere trabes its lintel-beams were riveted of hronze. There is much
is
:

doubt as to whether

trabes are the door-posts or the


II.

beams
'l'lie

of the

superstructure, but auratas trahes in

448

is

in favor of the latter,


picture.
trahes

and

this rendering gives us a

more complete

consist of bronze plates riveted together, aere being an abhitive of

materiaL

foribus

dative of interest.

The expression

is

a varia-

tion ioT fores cardine stridehant.

In these tvvo lines, Virgil describes

BOOK
(1) the whole entrance, limina
itig
;

235

(2) the superstructure, trabes, cover-

the lintel over the huge doors, as well as the


;

beams

of the

architrave

and

(3)

tlie

doors themselves, fores, through which

Aeneas enters the temple.


450.

res

sight

cf.

note on 282.

timorem

i.e.

as

to his

reception.
452.

adflictis
;

rebus
;

shattered fortunes.
;

B. 219, 1 B. 187, ii

G. 401, x. 6 H. 476, 3 H. & G. 346 H. 426, 1 H. & B. 362, ii. because they are under the dome. 453. sub witli miratur (456) 454. quae fortuna sit urbi
;

Either ablative, A. 431 B. 437, or dative, A. 367

marvels at the
:

citfsfortune.

a fortune the city has


455.
artists

Indirect question, of exclamatory character "


!

"

What
the

artificumque

manus
i.e.

inter se

literally, the

hands of
artists.

among

themselves,

the handiicork

ofthe several

The

expression implies that different artists have combined to produce

unity of
in his
458.
side.

effect.

For

inter se, cf.

note on a

vertice, 114.

Virgil is

thinking of the intense interest in art and architecture manifested

own

dav.
:

See Introd. 35.


the Greek
to

Agamemnon and Menelaus, leaders on ^evum ambobus i.e. both to the Atridae and
Atridas
:

Priam,

friends and foes alike.

"

Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring

Of woes unnumbered" (Pope)


is

the main subject of the Iliad.


460. 461.

nostri laboris
. .
.

our sorrow.
:

sunt la.ndi here,too, worthhas its (due^ reivards. laudi is used by metonymy of that which wins praise. 462. sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt a matchless line, often referred to by modern poets. Thus Wordsworth
:

" Yet tears to human suffering ai-e due, And mortal hopes defeated and o'erthrown

Are mourned by man, and not by man alone,

As

fondly he believes." {Laodamia.)

236
Matthew Arnold

NOTES

'
'

the Virgilian cry

The
Tennyson

sense of tears in mortal things." (Geist^s Grave.)

" Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind."

rerum
463.

an objective ^genitive,

7'es

nieaning

res

adversae, sorrow.

mentem
object
464.

mortalia
:

tibi

the alliteration heightens the effect of pathos. ethical dative cf note on tibi, 258. As an indirect
:

we should probably have had


pictura pascit
uti
hoiv,
.
. :

nohis.

cf

note on mentem mortalia, 462.

inani

unsubstantial, notliing
466.
:

467-8.

hac
;

contrast victories

more than a picture. followed by indirect questions. hac Jiere there, The first two pictures of the Trojans and of the Greeks. Phryges i.e.
.
:

Trojans
469.

sc.

fugerent.
:

nec procul hinc

i.e.

in the next picture.

Rhesi

the

book of the Uiad, and in the Rhesiis, a play of Euripides. Rhesus was a king of Thrace, who carae to Troy to aid Priam. As an oracle had declared that Troy could not be taken, if the horses of Rhesus should graze there or drink*of the Xanthus, Ulysses and Dioniedes waylaid hini and seized the horses. tentoria huts, not tents, were used in the Honieric age cf note
story is told in the tenth
:

on ancora, 1G9.
470.

primo somno frst


:

(i.e.

deepest) sleep.

Note the
:

allitera-

tion in primo prodita.

Diomedes. caede cruentus note the eniphasis given by aditeration and the position of the adjective. the change frora the iniperfect tense Is probably 472. avertit due to the nietrical difficulty of handling the long iniperfect forms
471.
:
:

Tydides

gustassent ere they should taste. The pluperfect subjunctive is due to virtual oblique narration, and represents a future-perfect indicative, which wa? perhaps used in tlie original wordsof the oracle cf. note on 469. The ordinary explanation that it is tlie idea of purpose or of an act anticipated inay account for the niood, but not for the tense,
avertebat
:

(like

w).

priusquam

BOOK

237

which in that case would naturally be an imperfect. See A. 551, H. 644, 2; H. & B. 535, a. n. 2 B. 323 G. b, X. 1 the youngest son of Priam, slain by Achilles. 474. Troilus the second 475. iiifelix atque impar congressus Achilli part of the line explains the first, unliappy because no match for congressus participle, with impar a predicate nominaAchilles. Achilli see A. 413, b, n. B. 358, 3 G. 346, x. 6 H. 428, 3 tive.
; ;

m,

H. & B. 363, 2, c cf vins, 440. dative. 476. curru dative of reference cf iactanti, 102. 477. huic hy his inverted spear, which 478. versa hasta pulvis this quantity of the final syllable car.
; .
: :

trails after the


is

probably
is

its

original quantity
479.

cf

jnihi,

videt,

308.

interea

the incident illustrated in the next scene

con-

ceived as contemporaneous with the preceding, because the two The account pictures are side by side. non aequae unfriendly.
:

is

taken f rom Homer, lliad VI. 297 fi^. i.e. in their distress. 480. crinibus passis
:

481.

tion,

tunsae pectora cf. note on oculos


ter
.
.

heating their hreasts.


suffusa, 228.

For the construcis

The

perfect participle

here used in the sense of a present.


483.
.

raptaverat

i.e.

according to the story.

The pic-

ture could only


486.

show
:

the

effcects

of this action.

currus
is

poetic plural, as curruni

would not

suit the metre.

Tiie chariot

refer to him.

probably that of Hector, for both spolia and corpus There is a climax in the thought, assisted by the
{iit
. .
.

striking anaphora
488.

ut

ut).

principibus permixtum

in close

comhat
.

ivith.

Note the
of

alliteration.

For the case


:

of principihus, cf
j-anks.

viris,

440.

489.

Eoasque acies
was leader
:

Eastern

Again the second half


:

the line explains the


of Aurora,
slain
490.

first.

nigri

Memnonis Memnon,
nigi-i.

the son

of the Aethiopians, hence

He was
lunatis
to

by
:

Achilles.

Amazonidum
with

more

commonly Amazonum.
such
being
peculiar

peltis

crescent

shields,

the

Amazons.

238
491.

KOTES
Penthesilea
:

she, too,

was

slain

by

Achilles.

furens

warlike fury.
492.

subnectens
viris
.
. .

here the present participle

is

used freelj for

a perfect.
493.

Contrast 481.

virgo

the assonance emphasizes the contrast

in ideast (Lines 441 and 442 afford a good inustration of alternation of rhythra, and an impressive tone is imparted to the account of the temple by the rhy thra of the opening line 44G. The dactyls of 463 are Tlie slow line 471 tells a tale expressive of good cheer (solve metus). after the second foot, and striking diaeresis Line 477 lias a of blood. the pathetic fate of Troilus is stiil furtlier emphasized by the alliterative phrase cervixque comaeque, with its polysyndeton, as well as by Alliteration is comraon. the slow spondees of 478. The pictures described are intended merely as specimens, and are We have, it is true, a Trojan not systeraatically arranged in pairs. victory contrasted with a Greek one (467, 468), but the slaugliter in tlie camp of Rhesus (469) is not offset by the deatli of the single liero Again, the suppHant Trojan Troilus, whicli is parte alia (474). women, bearing the pephis to Pallas, would hardly afford a suitable parallel to Priara's supplication of Achilles for the body of Hector. In the remaining pictures Aeneas, the Atridae (cf. 458 and 488), Memnon, and the Araazons figared, but we are not told how they were grouped.)

Lines 494-519.

QUEEN DlDO ENTERS THE TeMPLE.


494.
it

Dardanio
:

tliis

particuLar epithet

is

here selected because


for the
cf. ulU,

indicates

hero.
496.

how much meaning Aeneae dative of agent


forma: ahlative
II.

these

Dardan scenes have


;

witli videntur

440.
;

of specification.

A. 418; B. 220

G. 397;

H. 480;
498.

&
tlie

B. 441.
:

qualis

in the Odyssey (VT. 102) this simile is applied to

Nausicaa,
Sparta.

daughter of Alcinous.
:

Eurotae

tlie

river

of

Cynthi

the mountain of Delos, wliere Diana and Apollo


(juides her

were

borii.

499.
?,

exercet choros
sliort,
is liere

dancing hands.

Diana

tlie

usually
:

long;

cf.

note on Laritii, 208.

quam

Becutae

literally,

yb//owm^

lohoin, i.e. in ichose train.

BOOK
500.
:

239

glomerantur a passive, witli middle sense, throng. illa: (hut) she. Xote the eniphaLic asyndeton after the bucolic diaeresis. See note on nos, 250, and (for tlie diaeresis) cf. 348. i.e. the Oreads. 501. deas the mother of Diana and Apollo. tacitum 502. Latonae pectus i.e. she is possessed with unspeakahle joy. pertemptant
: :

thrill.

503.
504.

talem anaphora. instans operi regnisque futuris


talis
. .
. :

pressing on the work oj

her kingdom
505.

to he.

case of hendiadys
:

see note

on

54.

of the goddess (i.e. of her shrine), not the outer doors of the teraple, but the doors of the inner
ceUa, wliich enclosed the

foribus divae

at the door

dine templi
local.

heneath the

image of the goddess. media testutempWs central dome. The ablative is

armis i.e. armed men. Note the many s sounds in this line, which is expressive of majesty. the laivs and ordinances, a single idea ex507. iura legesque pressed by two words, which are here synonymous. For the thought see note on 426. viris to the people. aut sorte trahebat i.e. if possible, she 508. aequabat
506.
: : :

assigned the work in equal portions

otherwise, she distributed

it

by

lot.

510.

Anthea
penitvLS

cf.

181.

<^

512.
513.

far aicag.
.

oras: accusative o limit of motion.'^' a variation for


et
,
. .

v^-^

simul
(e.g.

simul

et,

found even in

B. G. IV. 13). 514. avidi coniungere dextras ardebant; they hurned ivith The infinitive depends on ardehant, which eagerness to join hands.

Caesar

is

a strong verb of desire.

A. 456

B. 328

G. 423

H. 614

H.

&

B. 586.
515.

res incognita

the uncertainty

of

their state.

They do not
for syntax

know how
516.

they will be received.


:

dissimulant

they
is
:

keep hidden.

Understand

praesentiam.
enfolding.

The word

explained by nuhe cava amicti.


look
to see.

cava

speculantur

240
517.

JSIOTES

quae fortuna

viris
:

sc. sif.

quid veniant wlnj they come. lecti: cJiosen men. Their 519. orantes veniam crninng fp-ace, or sulng for/avor. actual appeals are giveii in 525-6. clamore sc. suo. It is a variation on orantes veniam, aiid is a modal ablative.
518.
: :

in 490 the slow spondaic rhythm introduces the noble lines descriptive o^ Dido^s stately entrance. The easy movement of 601 well accords with the thouglit.)

(Note

how

Lines 520-560.

Ilioneus pleads for


520.
521.

1'he

Trojans.

introgressi

^c. snnt.

data
gentis
.

sc.es/.

maximus
dedit
:

hc.

natu.

Ilioneus: see 120.


.

523.
tribes.

has granted.

superbas

i.e.

the Libyan

524.

ventis
:

vecti

note the alliteration, wdth pathetic effect.

maria
525.

accusative of extent of space.


:

infandos ignis horrible Jlames. The Carthaginians have threatened to burn their ships. pathetic alliteration, continued in jwopius. 526. parce pio propius aspice looJc more kindlg upon. 527. populare the infinitive of purpose. A. 460, c B. 826, n. G. 421, N a II. 608, 1 II. & B. 5!)8, a. Penatis homes, by nietonymy; cf. 461. Another alliterative plirase. vertere to drire stolen hootij to the shore. A 528. raptas condensed expression. no sucJi riolence is in our hearts ; animo 529. non ea vis animo is a (hitive of possession. nec victis nor Jiave the ranquisJied
:

sucJi

assnrnnce

victis like ajiimo.


:

530.
is

Hesperiam
Italy
;

this

Greek name, signifying 'western laud/


poets,

used of

by the

largely

to

avoid

Jtalia

(prop-

erly

vy

w w)

cf.

notes on 258 and 172.

Note the poetic omis-

sion of couuectives, such as quem locum.

BOOK
531.

241
snil.

ubere glaebae
Oenotri
Italiam
'
:

rlcliness

of

Virgil

is

the poet oi

Italy, as well as of

liome.
the
:

See Introd.
Is

11.

532.

word
sc.est;

probably associated
the story is.

with

00/05

(wine).
533.
Italus,

nunc fama
:

now

according to this account, the


it

name comes from

a leader of the Oenotrians, but


of
'

is

usuallj thought to

oxen from iraA.o? = vitulus, a bull. 534. hic cursus fuit the first of fifty-five incomplete verses in the Aeneid. Of these the largest number (ten) occur in the second book, the smallest (one) in the sixth and twelfth books.

mean land

See Introd.
535.
sicell.

14,

1.5.
:

cum

subito adsurgens fluctu


sea.

lohen,

rising with

sudden

adsurgens suggests the rising not merely of the constellation

but also of the His rising


is

nimbosus Orion

the rising and the setting

(especially the latter) of Orion were often attended

by storms.

about midsummer.
sc. nos.

Ilioneus, of course, could not

know
536.

that

Juno sent the storm.


:

penitus tion continued in the next line. suggests rapid movement.


tulit
537.

afar;

cf.

512.

Note the

allitera-

The

dactylic rliythm of the verse

perque

perque
Another

note the repetition and the poly-

syndeton, to eniphasize their perils.


surge sweeps o'er us.
538.

superante salo
;

while the

alliterative phrase.
cf.

oris

dative of place to which

Latio, 6.

In this verse,

note the effect of the opening dactyl and pause, followed by


spondees.
539.
541.
the

hunc morem
cient
:

explained in the next

line.

sc.

isti,

Hhose people of

yours.'

prima terra

on

edge of their land. the simple temnere 542. temnitis


:

by archaism

for contemnere.

used by Virgil four times, always in speeches. sperate properly, looh forivard 543. at yet. nefandi memores sc. fore. fandi assured.
It is
:
: :

to;
:

hence, he

used as gehi-

wrong. and nefas ; right whether he is still alive, is uncertain. quo iustior 544. erat alter, etc. and no one was either more righteous in his goodness or
tives oifas
.

242
greater in icar than he.
of Aeneas.
iustior

NOTES
pietas

and

virtus are

the two great qualitie?


is

does not imply a third quality, but

delined

by

pietate, wliich is

546.

the air

an ablative of sj)ecification. sivescitur aura aetheria: if he feeds on the air of heaven, being a source of life. For the construction of aura, see

note on potiuntur harena, 172.


547.

neque adhuc occubat

and does

not yet

lie.

umbris
:

i.e.

the shades of the lower world.


548.

Local ablative.
nohis.
f.he

non metus

sc.

est

officio

paeniteat

nor

would you repent ofhaving taken


i.e.

lead in the rivalry of good deedsj

you should now be kind to us. officio, ablative of specification. certasse = certavisse, by syncope. i.e. if Aeneas is dead, there is also another 549. sunt et land, where we may settle, viz. Sicily. Tlie et carries tlie reader
if
.
. . :

back to 530,
550.

witli
:

its.

ref erence to Italy.


tillage.

arva
urhes

lands for
cf.
.
.

So

in VIT.

45 Latinus ruled over

arva

et

also III. 418.


.

Many

editions read

arma

here.

Troianoque
551. 552.

Acestes:
:

another circumstance favorable for

their settlement in Sicily.

subducere

to
:

heach.
to

aptare trabes
si

fashion planls.

stringere

remos
.

to

trim hranclies into oars.

datur Italiam tendere


553.

tendere

subordinate to ut
to

petamus.

jmrsue our course

Italy.

554.

Italiam

note the emphatic repetition of the


te,

name;
:

cf.

note on 531.
555.

absumpta
nec iam
is
:

sc.

est.

pater optime

Teucrum

apos-

trophe.
556.

and no

longer.

spes luli

hope in lulus.
live to

The
into a

genitive

objective.

They hope that he niay

grow

man.
557.

at

cf.
:

543.
king, instead of Aeneas.

558. 559. 560.

regem a predicate noun, to he our ore fremebant shouted applause. Dardanidae cf note on 534.
: :

BOOK

243

Lines 561-578.

DiD0's Friexdly
561.

Welcome.
face.

voltum demissa:

ivith

doicncast

Dido, thougli a
coiistructiou, cf.

shows the modesty of a woman. note on ocidos suffusa, 228.


qiieen,

For the

562.

solvite corde
res dura
stern

metum

poetical variation for solvite corda

metu.

She is surrounded by perils, fear of her being threatened by savage peoples and living in tueri talia moliri explained hy late brother Pygmalion.
563.
:

necessity.

talia is

explained in 539-541.
:

custode collective singular. Kote the prevailing spondees in this and the preceding line. who could he ignorant. The subjunctive is 565. quis nesciat quis. Aeneapotentiah Xote the rhetorical repetition of quis dum cf. note on Aeneadae, 157. Note hrave deeds and hrave men. 566. virtutesque virosque the assonance and polysyndeton. not so dull are our Punic hreasts, i.e. 567. non obtusa adeo, etc.
564.
:

as to be ignorant of the Trojans.


568.

nec tam aversus


city does the

urbe

and not
;

Tyrian

sun yoke

his steeds

i.e.

far from tJiis we do not live so far


so

out of the world.


569.

Saturniaarva:
Erycis
finis
:

i.e.ltalj,

where Saturn

lived during the

golden age.
570. 571.
i.e.

Sicily.
;

auxilio tutos: guarded hy a furce


voltis et
or
.

sC
.

vos.

tutos

has

its

participial force.
? literally, do you do you wish The question is prefer to use '^or" in English. wish also? line would be equivalent to a condition, to which the following

572.

We

the apodosis.
573.

urbem quam statuo vestra

est

a striking instance of

244
inverse attraction,
i.e.

NOTES
where an antecedent noiin
.

is

attracted into

the case of the relative pronoun.


574.

Tros Tyriusque
no
distitiction.

treat icith

Trojan and Tyrian I shall The^ line has been chosen as the motto of
. .
:

agetur

the North Americun Review.


Tijriusve
is

Cf.

Thackeray

"

As

for Miles, Tros

all

one to

him"

(^Virgiyiians, II. ch.

24).

Ti/rius

ifi

probably adopted for the sake of the assonance with Tros. Their names are alike they shall be treated alike. mihi is dative of
;

agent.
575. 576.

Noto =
adforet
:

vento,

by metonymy.
tense, see
;

For the raood and A. 442; B. 279, 2; G. 260; H. 558, 1 H. & B. 510.
poetical for adesset.
trusty
^'j'j.

certos

men.
si

quibus

errat

in case the shipwrecJced

man

is

stray-

ing in any forests or


quis.

cities.

quibus is

from

tlie

indefinite

pronoun

Lines 579-612.

The Revelatiox of Aeneas.


579.

580.

animum Greek accusative of sioecification iamdudum ardebant had hmg been eager.
:
:

cf

320.
;

A. 471, b

B.
:

260, 4; G. 234;
burst forth

H.
the

535, 1;
cloiid.
'

H. & B. 485.

erumpere nubem
irregiilarly

to

from
it is

The verb
burst forth.'

is

transitive.

Regularly
582.

intransitive,
:

nate dea Appropriate address, imthou goddess-born ! plying that Aeneas is under his mother's care cf. 585. 584. unus abest: i.e. Orontes. of, 300 ff. 585. dictis matris encircling. With this scene should be com586. circumfusa
;
: :

pared Odyssey \\\.


587.

se

governed by purgat as well as


stood forth.
tlie line.

scindit.

se

purgaf

vanishes.

588.

restitit

Note how the similar


0^/_y.s\sTy

verl*s restitit

and

This is an in Virgil. Cf. witli this whole passage, where Athene transforms Odysseus.
refulsit

frame

artificial onhM*, frciiiient

XXIII. 156-162,

BOOK
589.

245
like a god.

os

umerosque deo

similis

inface and shoulders

For tlie case of beauty hevself.

os, cf. iiote 011

nuda genu, 320.

ipsa

the goddess of

decoram caesa-

riem

tJie

heauty of Jioicing locks.


youth's

590.

lumenque iuventae
:

ruddy hloom. lu this connection, English poets have often retained from VirCTil purple the word cf Gray
'

purpureum

'

(^Progress of Poesy)
*'

The bloom

of

young

desu-e,

and

purple light of love."


591.
lustre.

laetos honores
adflarat
:

joyous

Jiad shed, literis

ally, breathed,

a word which

applicable only to the last object.

FiG. 39.

case of zeugma.

Apollo.
as the

592.

quale
is

manus addunt ebori decus


hand
gives to ivory,
'S^irgil
i.e. tale

eve7i

heauty

ichich the artisfs

decus quale, etc.

How

Perhaps the ivory was merely polislied perhaps it was set in dark wood. aut ubi flavo auro the coustruction changes. Or (as the beauty added) when silver or Parian marble is set in yelloic gold. The island of Paros, south of Delos, in the Aegean Sea, still yields a beautiful
given
;

this beauty

does not say.

marble.

cunctis with improvisus. thou icho alone hast pitied ; miserata is 597. O sola miserata the participle. In view of the help given by Acestes, the statement is an exaggeration.
594.
:
:

598.
tn.f ^jty

quae nos urbe


and home.

domo socias reliquias Danaum


: :

thou that givest us a share in


:

cf.

30.

omnium ( w ^) is a of all. difficult form to liandle in the hexameter, and tliis is the only Here the final -um is elided place where it is found in Virgih
51J9.

omnium egenos

destitute

before the vowel.

246
600.

NOTJiS urbe

domo

ablatives of instruraent.
:

Xote the emphatii


opis is a

asyndeton.
601.

persolvere pay non opis est nostrae


cf.
tlie

to thefull.
:

it is

nol in our poicer.

icate

geuitive;
:

tantae molis erat, 33.

pred nec quidquid ubique


Trojan race there
is

est, etc.

nor (in

power of) whatever of


nec
est gentis

the

anywhere.

The expression =
est.

Dardaniae quidquid
sc. est.

eius

gentis ubique

602.

magnum quae
III.
etc.
:

sparsa per orbem

Besides Sicily,

there were Trojan exiles in Crete

and Epirus,
is

as

we

shall learn

from Book
603.

di tibi,

the verb with di

ferant (G05).

dl is

Man cannot both by position and asyndeton. si qua pios fitting gratitude, (but) the gods may reward her. respectant numina if any divine powers have regard for the good. si quid usquam iustitia est if justice has any weight anywhere.
phatic,
:

emshow

As often
deities
604.

in Virgil, tlie second clause explains the first:

if

any

reward the good, and if those deities are just. et connects mens with di; et mens sibi conscia recti
:

may the gods and the consciousness of right hring thee ivorthy rewards. That " virtue is its own reward " was a Stoic doctrine. sihi belongs
but need not be translated. recti is objective genitive with conscia. A. 347 ff.; B. 204; G. 374; H. 450 fE.; H. & B.
to conscia, 354.
606.

qui tanti talem genuere parentes


a child
?

what iUustrious parents


literally,

gave

hirth to so nohle

607.

dum montibus umbrae

lustratant convexa

while on the mountains the shadows shall course the slopes, i.e. " shadows sweep the mountain-sides" (Rhoades). Tlie poet
as long as

While meaus

shadows on tlie mountain-sides move with the sun, or as long as the sun shines. From childhood Virgil was famihar with mountains, and evidently noted liow tlieir appearance changed
lere. with the chaiiging liours. montibus is an ablative of place ivhile heaven feeds the ^i<i(if{t 608. polus dum sidera pascet Tlie slars are conceived of as a flock grazing in tiie sky. Tlie.n.nt
I

of tlie stars

whom

the fiery particles of aclhcr, so that Lucretii_iG2, Virgil was largely dependent for pliilosophic teachinp
is

BOOK

247

unde aether sidera pascit (De Rerum Natura I. 231). See Introd. Shelley in The Cloud compares the stars to "a swarm of 8.
golden bees."
6io.

quae

cumque

tmesis; see 412.

6ii.
6i2.

Iliouea: Greek aceusative form (-^a).


Cf. 222,

and note that these

lines

occupy the same relative

position in their respective paragraphs,

The present joy

is

con-

trasted strikingly w^ith the former grief

(The prevailing tone of this irapressive passage is tliat of joy and gratitude. The spondaic rliytlim is conspicuous therefore only in 585, \vhere the hero sighs for Orontes, and in 597, vv^here the Trojan sorElsewliere dactyls are prominent. Ehetorii-ows nmst be mentioned. Thus the exclamatory questions 605-6 cal devices are numerous.
anaphora 599 (onmibus
.
.
.

omnium), 603
.

(si

si), 605-6
.
.

(quae

dum . . dum,), Q12 (fortem qui), 601-8 {dum . . fortem); chiasmus asyndeton 600, 603; 611 (llionea dextra, laevaque Serestum), and aUiteration 605 (te tam . tiderunt) ; cf. 607 idum
. . . . . . .

montibus umbrae),)
Lines 613-642.

DlDO GIVES THE TrOJAKS A RoYAL WeLCOME.


613.

primo aspectu;
or I was the Jirst
viri
:

first at the sight ; pritno,

thongh. agreeing

witli aspectu, lias


itjirst,

an adverbial
to

force.

So primus
:

id feci
cf.

means / did

do

it.

Sidonia Dido

446.

614. 615.

to go with aspectu as well as casu.


lines

nate dea:

617-18 show

why

this

form

of address

is

appropriate here.
616.

immanibus

savage, because of the barbarous tribes round

about.

tune ille Aeneas sc. es ; art thou that famous Aeneas? Dardanio Anchisae here we liave hiatus, and a spondee in the fifth foot. Such an unusual combination accords with tlie ^i^aker's astonisliment. Yirgil allows it only three times, and
617.
:
:

-^in
f\[^('

proper names.

Teucrum memini Sidona venire


^o

/ rememher

Teucer's

nlace^ l^g^Qj.^alamis because he returned

Sidon.

Teucer was a son of Telamon, who drove him home from Troy without his

248
brother Ajax.
of Sidon.

NOTES
Teucer therefore sought refuge with Belus, king venire for the present iufinitive see A. 684, a, n.
:

G. 281,
621.

2, X.

II.

618, 2

H. & B.
is

593, b.

Beli

this

word

Semitic,

aud Baal.

According to Virgil, Teucer is said to have founded in Cyx^rus 622. Cyprum


:

meaniug <Lord,* akin Belus was Dido's father.

to Beel

another Salarais. 624. reges Pelasgi

Greek princes, including Agamemnon Tlie Pelasgi are supposed to have inhabited and Menelaus. Greece prior to the Hellenes yet in Ilomer the Pelasgi are allied with the Trojans. ferebat used to extol. altliough an enemy. 625. hostis Teucer's molher Hesione was would have it. 626. volebat daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, and the Trojans were known
:

ihe

as Teucri because of Teucer, first

king of Troy.

His

own

nanie

bespeaks his Trojan origin.


after heing storm-tossed per multos labores iactatam throwjh many toils. Note the brevity and picturesqueness of the

629.

expression.

which Yirgil is famous. So Thackeray makes Dick the Scholar qut)te tliese words in Latin to cf. Scott (^The Pirate, Harry Esmond (^Henry Esmond, ch. YI)
630.

One

of the pathetic lines for

ch. Y).
631.
632.
at
the

simul at once. simul divum


:

Note the asyndeton.


. .

honorem

at

once j)roclaims a sacrifice


:

temj/Ies
is

Virgil
giving.
633.

of the gods. templis local ablative. honorem thinking of a Roman supplicatio, or sacrifice of thanks:

nec minus mittit


horrentia
:

not less careful

is

she to send, etc.

634.
635.

brislling.

centum

merely a round number.

suum

genitive plural of sus.

Note the adjectives and

nouns in chiastic order

maqnorum
'

horrentia

terga

suum

BOOK
636.
:

249
tlie

case

munera laetitiamque dii gifis for The accusatives are iu of hendiadys.


aud agnos.
dii,

dafs merriment
genitive of
dies.

predicate appositiou
diei,

to terga

an archaic fonn of
cf.
:

Tlie line is incotnplete;


637.
639.

534.
jjalace within.

domus

interior

tJie

arte laboratae vestes ostroque

superbo

sHlfully

em

hroidered coverlets there are,

and of roycd purple.


massive silver plate.

Tlie vestes are the

coverlets of banqueting couches.


640.

ingens argentum
emhossed in gold,
fortia facta

caelataque in

auro

i.e.

gold vessels with figures carved in

relief,

representiug national heroes.


:

641.

note the alliteration.

(In tbis passage, in contrast with tbe prevailing tone we must note sucb a reraarkable line as 617, in wliicli besides the general spondaic rhytlim we bave the spondaic fiftb foot. Tbus tbe tone of astonishment is empbasized, and in contrast we have a very Hgbt one succeeding, Surprise is also expressed in tbe striking coiiplet 62;j-(3, witb its spondaic rhytbm, contrasting witb tbe succeeding hnes. Tbe same rbythm in 634 and 640 accords with tbe notion of tbe magnitude and splendor of the gifts. Note tbe use of anaphora in 6.31-2 {simiil simid), and 634-5 {centum . . centum). There are several cases of alliteration.)
.
. . .

Lines 643-656.

Aeneas sends Achates to bring Ascanius and Royal


643.

Gifts.

patrius

644.

amor rapidum an
:

a father's

love,

i.e.

his

own

love for his son.


;

adjective with adverbial force

cf.

primo,

613.
645.

ferat,

ding in H. 562, 1,
646.

ducat: the subjunctives depend on the ideaof bidpraemittit. See A. 565, a B. 295, 1 and 8 G. 546, r. 2.
;
;

N.

H.
:

&

B. 502,

3.

ipsum
ferre
:

i.e.

Ascanius.
i.e.

648.

sc.

ewm,

.4c^a^en.

signis

auroque
:

icith

fgurea

wrought in gold.
649.

Hendiadys.

circumtextum croceo
i.e.

acantho

acanthus;

the design of the

fringed with yelloiv border was taken from the

250

NOTES
acanthus
f leely

leaf.

This

leaf

fifirures

in Greelc decorative art,

and

is

seen in Corinthian capitals.


650.
:

Argivae Helenae the expression comes from Ilomer (Iliad II. 161), where tlie adjective simply means*
similarly,
'

Grecian.'

Mycenis

though Helen came from Sparta, yet Mycenae was the principal seat of Greek power, where

Agamemnon ruled. 651. Pergama


:

strongly

con-

trasted
FjG. 40.

by position with Mycenis.


:

ACANTHUS ON CORINTHIAN CaPITAL.


cf. videt,

peteret

note the final long

s^^lla-

ble, the original

quantity retained
:

by archaism

308.

inconcessos hymenaeos

i.e.

lier

marriage with Paris. 653. gesserat olim


654.

i.e.

as wifeof Polymnestor,
eldest.

maxima

i.e.

niaxima natu,

kingof Thrace. collo monile a collar


:

for

the neck,

necHace.
:

655.

bacatum

Jiung with pearls, so called because they

were

shaped like berries (bacae).

duplicem gemmis auroque corocirclet


i.e.

of jetvels and gold, bly) one circlet of gold and a second of jewels.
:

nam

a coronettvith a douhle

(proba-

656.

haec celerans

speeding these commands.

Lines 657-694.

The Plan of Venus.


658.

Cytherea
ut
. :

cf.

257.

novas
2l28.

nova

note the anaphora.

658.

how, introducing an indirect questiou.

faciem mutais

tus

cf

notc on oculos suffusa,

659.

furentem incendat
cf.

fre

to

madness; fureniem

a case of

])i-()l(']isis;

note on suhiiiersas obrue, 69.


:

660.

ossibus

dative with the comi^ound implicet.

Tlie

marrow

"was regarded as tlie seat of feeling.

BOOK
66i.

251
:

quippe

in

trutJi.

ambiguam
:

uncertain,treacherous.

The

entertained a popular idea that the Carthaginians were a treacherous people. bilinguis properly applies to snakes, which

Romans

were supposed to have two 662. urit atrox luno


:

tongMies.
the vindictiveness

of Juno chafes

her,

i.e.

the thouoht that she


664.

is

vindictive.

solus

attracted into the nominative, because thought of


es, etc.

as ei^uivalent to a relative clause, qui solus


665.

note the repetition at the beginning of successive lines. patris summi: i.e. Jupiter. tela Typhoia i.e. the thunderbolts, called Typhoia, because with them Jiipiter slew the Titan

nate

Typhoeus.

Since amor omnia

vincit,

Cupid may scorn even


is

these.

temnis
667.
thee.

cf.

note on 542.
etc.
:

frater ut,

how

thy hrother

tossed about,

is

known

to

ut iactetur is a

668. 669.

iactetur

subordinate question. the last syllable is lengthened before the caesura.


sunt, for
.

nota

sc.

influence.

doluisti

verbal idea, a
671.

common
.
. .

notum est. The phiral is due to Greek dolore note that the noun repeats the rhetorical pleonasm.
: :

quo se

hospitia

what

may

he the outcome

of

.7uno's

hospitality;

an indirect deliberative question. quo is an interrogative adverb. lunonia Carthage is dedicated to Juno. 672. haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum she tvill not he idle
:

of fortune ; cardine, properly.A in^rg, and so turningpoint, crisis. It is an ablative of time. Note the alliteration in cessaThe subject for cessahit is to be supplied from lunonia. hit cardine. uote the parallel expres673. capere dolis. cingere flamma Both are military nietaphors from the sions with alliteration.
at such a crisis
:

storming of a
674.

flamma i.e. the flame of love. ne quo se numine mutet literally, lest she change
city.
:

herself

through any power, or


675.
676. 677.

lest

any power change


ut

her.

Juno

is

referred to.

teneatur

understand
the

fromthe preceding

ne.

qua

how.
at

accitu:

summons.

only in the ablative, e.g. B. 57, 1 G. 70 H. 143, 1


; ;

Certain verbal nouns are used accitu, iussu, iniussu, rogatu. A.lOSjb, 5j
;

H.

&

B. 106,

1.

252
679.

NOTES
pelago et flammis
:

from

the sea

and

the Jlamen.

Ablatives

of separatioii.

somno being ablative of Tlie expression is a pleonasm (somnus is from an earlier ni^irus. super alta Cythera cf. doluisti dolore, 0(59. sop-nus, from sopio) on the heights of Cythera; cf. note on Cytherea, 257. sacrata sede i.e. in a 681. Idalium: a lofty site in Cyprus.
680.
:

sopitum somno
;

lulled to sleep,

temple.
682.

ne qua

lest in

any

ivay.

mediusve occurrere
:

or thwart
;

them hy intervening.
683.

The

adjective has adverbial force

cf.

613.

faciem illius falle dolo assume hy strqtegy his appearance. noctem non amplius unam for no more than a single night. For the construction see A. 407, c; B. 217, 3; G. 296, r. 4; H. 471, 4;
:

H.

& B.

416, d.
:

684.

pueri puer

emphatic repetition
art.

causal claiise, boy that thou


line explains the first.

puer has the force of a Note that the second half of this
;

of her joy. Lyaeus note the alliterative phrase. 686. laticem Lyaeum (from Xv(x> = solvo), here used as an adjective, is a name for Bac685.
:

laetissima

in the fulness
:

chus, the
688. 690. 691. 692.

god who frees frojn


:

(solvit) care.

fallas

heguile

sc.

eam.

luli: Ascanius.

Ascanio dative of reference. f otum gremio fondled in her


:

hosom.

dea

cf

note on

dea, 412.

and the breath of its sweet shade ; liiQv^Wy, breathing upon him with its fowers and Note in 693-4, the melodious verses due to soft l and sweet shade. vowel sounds, and compare
694.

floribus

umbra

enwraps him

in flowers

" She sent the gentle sleep That sHd into my soul."

froni Ileaven

(Colerldge, Ancient Mariner.)

of 600 and 088 emphasizes the idea of love's strongly ^vith the dactylic rhythm contrasting lino forrner X)Ovver, the of 001. Assonance and alliteration are very commonly employed. Thua

(The spondaic rhythm

BOOK

253

662 {cura reairsat), 663 (adfatur amorem), 664 (raea magna), 665 (tela Typhoia temnis), ()'2 (cessabit cardine), 618 (pner parat, mea inaxima), 680, 681 (many s soimds), 686 (laticem Lyaeum), 690 (gressu gaudens), 693, 694 (see note on 694). Thus 664-5 (nate Repetitions in expression are common. . nate), 669 (doluisti dolore), 683-4 (see note on 684), 685-7 (cum

M
.

Lyaeum, cum

Jiget).)

Lines 695-722.

DlDO GIVES A GrAND BaXQUET.


dicto parens ohedient to the command. rejoicing in Achates as guide ; duce, 696. duce laetus Achate a causal ablative. A. 404 B. 219 G. 408 H. 475 H. & B. 444. when he comes, the queen has already, amid 697. cum venit, etc.
695.
: :

royal hangings, laid herself on a golden couch ; venit is an historical aulaeis superbis ablative of atteiidant circumstance. present.
:

The

aulaea were the curtains which liung from the ceiling iu a Roman dining room, and under which the couches were arrauged.
698.

aurea sponda

i.e.

a couch inlaid with gold.

aurea

is

dissyllable

by

synizesis.

mediam

locavit

sc.se.

She placed

herself in the centre of the hall.

stratoque super discumbitur ostro and the gnests recline on the purple outspread, i.e. outspread on the couches. Over the couches were laid purple coverlets; discumhitur is used imper700.
:

sonally, the dis implying careless ease, not distribution.


701.

manibus:
tonsis

dative.

Cererem
villis
:

canistris expediunt:

and
177.

serve thehread from haskets.


702.

Cererem, a case of

metonymy;

cf.

mantelia
i.e.

napkins close-shorn.

villis is

an
:

ablative of quality.
703.

intus

in the inner rooms.

quibus cura
:

(sc. est)

ichose tasJc

it is.

ordine longo
the

penum
:

struere

to set

out the feast

in long array,

i.e.

many

courses in due order.


literally, to

704.
the

flammis adolere Penatis

honor or magnify

Penates with flames, i.e. to keep the hearth ablaze with fire. The poet attempts to dignify a commonplace idea. " Many Pompeians painted representations of the household gods upon an inner \vall,

254

NOTES

often upon a wall of the kitcheu, near the hearth. There wa iisually a painted altar underneath, witli a serpent on eitlier side

coming
p. 268.)

to partake of the offerings."

(Mau and

Kelsey, Pompeii,

706.

qui onerent: a rehative clause of purpose.


ff.

For a

parallel

account of a feast in Hoiner, see Odyssey I. 136 moreover the Tyrians 707. nec non et Tyrii
:

too.

limina laeta

festal halls.

frequentes
:

thronging.

708.
709.

toris pictis

emhroidered couches.

lulum

in reality Cupid.
:

Appropriate to the god of love. pesti rmn, 712. infelix: explained by the clause following. i.e. her ruinous passion for Aeneas. satisfy hersoul ; expleri is a passive with 713. expleri mentem
710.

flagrantis

ghncing.

middle force.
lative of the

ardescit tuendo

taJces jire

as she gazes.

The

ab-

gerund expresses means. in the emhrace and on the neck. 715. complexu colloque The ablatives are locah abstract and concrete are mixed.
:

Tha

717.
718.
719.

reginam petit

note the diaeresis after the second foot.


Translate, j90or
to Z)V/o.
;

Dido

a pathetic addition.
:

insidat miserae

settles

vpon her

her sorrow

miserae

is

a case of prolepsis.
in this line
ille
:

JSTote

the diaeresis after the fourth foot both

and

in the preceding (the so-called bucolic caesura).

Cupid.

720.

matris Acidaliae

Yenus

is

so called

Acidalia in Boeotia, a favorite haunt of


:

from the spring herself and the Graces.


:

abolere to hlot out the memory of. praevertere i.e. love for the living Aeneas. 721. vivo amore
:

surprise.

722.

iam pridem,

etc.

her long-slumhering soul and heart un-

used.

(An impressive hne of spondaic rhythm opens the passnge, and^the same rhythm voices the wonder of the jj:;azlng Carthaginians in 709.
'rhn*e (liacreses, coinciding with

pauses in each of

tln-ee successive

Hnes (717-9), perhaps betoken the tragedy in which Dido is soon to be Note too tlie anai^liora in 700 and 717. Alliteration occurs involved.
in 700, 701, 700, 707, 710, 711, 714, 715.)

BooK

255

Lines 723-756.

DlDO TOASTS THE TrOJANS.


723.

ThE SoNG OF
:

IoPAS.
lull

postquam prima quies


:

epulis
:

whenjirst there came a

in the feasting

sc. est.
:

remotae

sc. sunt.
.

724.

crateras

for the form cf

Troas, 30.

Wine and water

were rnixed in the crater. At a Roman dinner the wine was brought in with the mensae secundae (= dessert). vina coronant: crown the wine ; i.e. place wreaths about the bowl.
725.
fit

strepitus tectis

a hum arises in

the hall, i.e.

the noise

of conversation.

lychni magnificent chandeliers or candelabra were niuch in vogue in imperial llome, some being cast in the shape of trees which bore lamps instead of fruit. Pliny tells us that the finest specimen of this kind was in the temple of Apollo built by Augustus on the Palatine. laquearibus aureis t?ie fretted roof of gold. Such a ceiling was of ten found in the grand halls of
726.
:
:

imperial Rome.
727.

aureis
:

is

a dissyllable by synizesis.

incensi
hic

the feast

was held

in the daylight,

and only
it

aftei

the wine was brought in were the chandeliers lighted.


728.
:

hereupon.

gravem gemmis auroque


:

was a golden

cup

set witli jewels.

729.

quam

Belus,

etc.

which Belus and all ofBelus's line had heen


{erant} supply implere.

wont

to vse.

With

soliti

omnes

a Belo

brief for omnes a Belo

orti.

This Belus

is

not the father of Dido,

hospitibus nam, etc. for they say that thou dost appoint laics for host and guest. nam explains why Jupiter is invoked. hospites applies to both the entertainers and the entertained. may it he thy will that, etc. huius it, i.e. diei. 733. velis
:

but sorae distant ancestor. the god of hospitality. 731. luppiter

minores
735.

children.

coetum celebrate faventes: honor the gathering with The last word is the most important. friendly spirit. 736. laticum libavit honorem: offered a lihation of wine. The

256
idea of an offering
is

NOTES
in honorem, that of libation in Uhnvit; laticum

= vi7d.
737.

primaque

libato, etc.

and
is

.after the Uhation

toas first to

touch the gohlet with her Ups.

Uhato

ablative absolute with iniper;

sonal use.

A. 419, c; G. 410, x. 4; 11. 489, 7 H. & B. 421, 8, a. summo ore cf. prima ierra, 541. idth a chaUenge. Bitias is some Phoenician 738. increpitans
:

noble.
739.

drank deep (\itersi\ly,Jloodedhim' As often, the second half of the self) in the hrimming gold. sentence repeats the first. The poet gives us a humorous contrast with Dido's dainty sip; cf. Scotfs Lay ofthe Last Minstrel:
:

impiger hriskly. pleno se proluit auro


:

" The attending maidens smiled

to see

How
The
740.

long,

how

deep,

how

zealously

precious juice the minstrel quaffed."


:

crinitus
;

the bard has long hair like his patron god


39.

ApoUo

see Fig.
is

Allan-bane
I.

have " tresses gray.'' " white-haired " (Lady ofthe Lake). lopas Yirgirs
Scotfs minstrels
:

counteri^art of the bards of the Odyssey, viz. Pheniius (Odyssey

and Demodocus (Ib. VIII. 73). makes (the hall) resound. Atlas he is the god of 741. personat Mount Atlas in Africa and therefore associated by Virgil with
3-26)
:
:

a Carthaginian bard.

In the Odyssey
"

(I.

52) Atlas

is

the fatlier

knows the depths of every sea, and uphoids the tall pillars which keep earth and sky apart." Virgil regards him as a wizard wlio has instructed lopas in the wondrou
of the sorceress Calypso,
secrets of nature.
742.

hic

i.e.
:

lopas.

errantem lunam
:

i.e.

the

moon

in its revohitions.

solis

labores
743.

i.e.

tlie
:

eclipses of the sun.

ignes

Ughfning-fires.

744.

pluvias

Hyadas

plurias

(rainy)

is
*

a translation of

JI yadas, \v\iich coines

ing of the Ilyades in

from a Greek verb iJtiv, to rain.' The risMay was attended by rains. Cf. Tennyson

" Thro' scudding drifts tlie rainy Ilyades Vext the dini sea." (Ulysses.)

BOOK
geminos Triones
Bear.
745.
:

257
the Great and the Little

the iwin Bears,

i.e.

quid tantum, etc. i.e. why the days of winter are so short, what delay stays the slowly passing nights, 746. quae tardis, etc. According to a principle frequently illustrated in i.e. in ^vinter. this book, the second clause is but a variation on the first, there being, however, a contrast between the short days and the long This and the preceding line have already been used by nights.
: :

Virgil in his Georgics (II. 481-2).


748. 750.

super multa: note the epanadiplosis (repetition at the beginning and end of a line) and the chiasmus The dactylic rhythm well expresses Dido's eagerness. see 184. nunc note the emphatic anaphora. nunc 751. nunc
. . .
.

nec non et cf multa super


:

707.

Aurorae filius: Memnon. 752. Diomedes equi


:

See 489.
i.e.

the horses of Rhesus ah'eady


in 472.

men-

tioned in connection with


scenes

Diomedes

and persons depicted


iiQK S/2e

in her temple.

Dido asks about See 466 ff quantus:


.

the stiUups-of.

753.

immo

age

nay come

QUESTIOXS ON BOOK
When was
Virgil born ?

I.

AVas he older or younger than Julius Caesar? than Augustus? than Cicero? than Horace? Was he a Ronian citizen from birth? What are the essentials of an epic poem? AVhat are the great epics? What was VirgiFs main purpose in writing the Aeneid?
Is

Book

clironologically first?

Why

arrangement? What were the reasons for the strife between Juno and Venus? Why was Juno hostile to the Trojans? What other divinities were hostile to Troy, and why? What purely descriptive passage of five or more lines do you like best? What passages show the character of Aeneas ? What characterWhat are the essential qualities istics do you find emphasized ? Does Aeneas possess them? [Cite passages to show of a leader?
this

258
reasons for your opiiiion.]
tradition say
it

NOTES
Where was Carthage?

When

does

was founded?

How

western Sicily
cover this

How long woiild it distance ? Why does the poet cause


?

niany miles was it from take a storm-driven vessel to


his hero to land at

Carthage rather than at some other poiut? From what country did the settlers of Carthage come? AVhere in the poem are the annales lahorum mentioned in 373 ? AVhere did Aeneas first

he have? Who were Priam? Achilles? Hector? the Atridae? Tydides? What was Hesperia? Libya ? Where was the Tyrrhenum aequor f What j)art of Jupiter's promise to Venus is authentic history? In how many passages

embark?

How many

vessels did

does Venus actively appear in this book? What traits does she manifest? [Give passages which support your answer.] What were the principal scenes depicted on the walls of Dido's temple ?

Why

are they introduced

Wiiy did these pictures arouse hope in


passage 494-519 furnish suitable
five familiar

the heart of Aeneas?

Would the
?

material for a picture


this book.

Why ?
What

Give

quotations
?

rom

How

does Latin verse differ from English

Describe

the metre of the Aeneid.


translate
it ?

English verse-forms are used to

IIow does Tennyson describe it ? Show how Virgil secures variety of rhythm. What is the effect of a prevalence of
spondees in a verse ? of dactyls ?
Cite a good illustration of
lines
iii

al-

literation.

Why

do we find incomplete

the Aeneidf

Quote

five

reminiscences of Book I in English writers.

BOOK

n.

THE FALL OF TROY.


Lines 1-12.

Aeneas egins
I.
. .
. :

IIis

Story.

conticuere tenebant note the change of tense. The sudden husli is followed by prolonged attention. The prefix iii
rondcuere has an intensive force.

intenti
l.

used instead of an

adverb with tenebant

cf.

rdjiidKm,

044.

BOOK
2. 3.

II

259

orsus

sc. est.
. .

infandum
and
tlie ine.

dolorem

note

the

artificial

order,

tlie

adjective

substaiitive
line.

being respectively the


is

words of vare sc.


:

The

inverse order

rare in

and last Virgil. renofirst


is

4.

ut: Jiow, introducing an indirect question, which


'

dependla-

ent on the sense of

telling

'

implied in renovare dolorem.

mentabile 5. quae

icoful.
:

tlie

sights

tliat.

Tlie relative refers loosely to the

substance of the previous clause.

-que

et

a poetical usage,
-que
for transla-

corresponding to re
tion.
6.

Kai in Greek.

Omit

quorum pars magna


is
.

fui

iclierein

I took a large part.


all

The

story

limited to the hero's personal experience.

For the expresthat I have met."

sion, cf

Tennyson's Ulysses : "


in telUng.

am a
713.
:

part of

fando
7.

Cf. tuenclo,

I.

Myrmidonum Dolopumve
Acliilles

these were Thessalian tribes,

under the generalship of


Achilli,!. 30.
8.

and his son Pyrrhus.

Ulixi

cf.

caelo praecipitat is speeding from tJie sky ; i.e. into the ocean from which night and day both come. The night is far
:

spent.
9.

cadentia

setting, sinking.
est.

10.

amor

sc.

The word has

here the sense of desiderium.


is

cognoscere
ical.

this use of
it

In prose

an infinitive with a substantive would be cognoscendi.


:

poet-

11.
12.

supremum laborem
meminisse horret
u.
:

last

agony.
to

sTiudders

recall

horret governs

an

in:

finitive,

on the analogy of verbs of fearing

like veretur.

refugit

note the quantity of

The

tense

is

a perfect, has shrunk hack.

(So famous is the opening of this book, that many of these lines bave become tlie common property of modern writers. Thus Tliackeray gives Conticuere omnes and Intentique ora tenehant as the headings of two chapters (III and IV) in his Virginians (Vol. II). As for qiiorum pars magnafui (6), their general use may be illustrated from Kobert Louis Stevenson, who speaks familiarly of "the bourgeois (^quorum pars) " in his Letters, Vol. II. p. 24.)

260

NOTES

Lines 13-20.

TlIE
14.

WOODEN HORSE.

ductores = duces. Archaic tone. Danaum = Danaorum. tot labentibus annis ablative absolute, expressive of cause. The siege of Troy had lasted ten years. Palladis like a mountain. Minerva was 15. instar montis
:
:

the patron goddess of handicrafts.


16.

sectaque intexunt abiete costas


the ribs loith

line

(literally, inter-

weave)
dactyl
17.

planks of fir

(literally, wiih cut fir).

abiete

( ww). votum simulant


Cf.

they feign
is

it

as a votive offering ;

i.e.

they

pretend that the horse


return to Greece.
tive.
18.

an offering to a god, to ensure a safe note on I. 334 votum is a predicate accusa;

huc

motion.

and usedbecause the verb iniplies delecta virum corpora a periphrasis for delectos viros,
:

in

it,

literally, hither,

the corpora, however, iniplying bodily vigor.


19.

caeco
milite

lateri

explaining huc, in itsdark


verb.

sides.

Dative of

in-

direct objecfc with a


20.
:

compound

soldiery, a coUective singular.

As

is

often the case


first,

in Virgil, the second part of the sentence explains the

and
Tu

the delecta corpora (18) are identical with the armato


the sequel, Virgil

milite.

names only nine Greeks who were


criticisni,

in the horse.

See 261.
size,

Napoleon's

that even

if

there were only one

hundred Greeks within, the horse would have been of enormous


thus loses

much

of its force.

Lines 21-39.

The Trojans roam fkekly outside the


21.

City.
It
is

Tenedos

the island

still

retains this
:

name.

only four

miles fiom the main shore.


of Apollo.
22.

notissima
regna
cf.

because of

its

temple
T.

dives

opum

cf. I. 11.

note on sceptra,

57.

BOOK
23.

II

261
carinis

tantum

onhj.

male

fida

non Jida, unsafe.

navibus
24.

by synecdoche.
:

condunt
abiisse
:

i.e.

the Greeks.
rati
:

25.

sc.

eos.
:

sq.

sumus.

vento

ablative of in-

strument.
26.

used for Graeciam. omnis longo Teucria luctu note the careful
:

Mycenas

artistic order

cf. I. 4.

27.

panduntur portae
iuvat:
:

in

Roman
:

poetry open gates

commonly
Cf.

indicate peace.
29.

sc.

Troianos.

Dolopum

cf.

7.

tendebat

encamped ;

sc.

tentoria.

note on I. 469. 30. classibus


sc. ei^at
;

navibus, an archaic use

cf ducfores, 14.
. :

locus

here the ships icere beache.d.

certare

i.e.

in their engage-

ments with the Trojans. 31. stupet used transitively, like miratur. innuptae Minerva was the maiden goddess (TrapOevos), whose temple was called the applied to donum by prolepsis. It was Parthenon. exitiale
:
:

destined to bring ruin to the Trojans.


objective genitive.
32.

Minervae

to

Minerva,

The

line explains votum, 17.

mirantur

note the freedom

of

constriiction,

the pkiral

being used here, but the singular in


33.

stupet.
is

duci, locari
ut.

the prose construction

a subjunctive clause

with
34.

Aeneas suggests treachery, because, when an oracle had declared that a child born on a certain day would prove the ruin of Troy, Priam put to death a son of Thymoetes, since he, iam: now at as well as Paris, was born on the day in question.

dolo

last.

ferebant

loere tending, or setting.


.

35.

quorum
ei
;

menti

ichose

minds

icere

iciser
is

in

counsel.

Understaiid
possession
36.
I. 6.

as an antecedent to quorum.

menti

a dative of

sc. erat.
:

pelago

dative, with a verb of

motion

cf.

note on Latio,

-que here equivalent to -ve, having disjunctive force. the first plan (aut, 36) is to destroy the horse 38. aut secoud (aut, 38), to exaraine its interior. temptare: probe.
37.
: :

the

262
39.

NOTES
studia in contraria
:

into

opposing parties.

(With Virgil's story of tbe woodeii liorse should be compared the soiig of Demodocus in the Odyssey, VIII. 401) ff. In Homer, the discussion among the Trojans takes place after the horse has been dragged up to the citadel Virgil more wisely represents it as occurring while
;

the horse is still outside the city walls. Note the simple, concise, and vivid style of the narrative. Vividness Thus the speaker identifies himself is increased by the personal tone. with the citizens (cf. nos, 25), tbe various remarks of the people are quoted (29, 30), and individual Trojans are named (32, 35). AlliteraSee 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 (note the many c tion is carefully employed.

sounds), 32, 34, 38, 39. In 29 and 30 the diaereses (after maww.s and locus) and the anaphora hic hic) strongly emphasize the excitement (hic hic
. .
.

of the people.

Note the rhythm of 24, 26, and 26.

gests the terrible snare thus laid for of 25 harmonizes with tlie joy of the besieged, but the return to the spondaic tone in 26 implies that the speaker is only too well aware that the joy is shortly to be turned into grief .)

The spondaic rhythm of 24 sugthe Trojans. The dactylic tone

Lines 40-56.

Laocoon Intervenes.
40.

primus

i.e.

he takes the lead.


;

ibi
cf.

temporal, at

this

moI.

ment.
497.

magna comitante caterva


As there the queen
is

Dido's appearance at

attended by magna iuvenum caterva,


is

so here the expression indicates that the priest

a leader, vvho

commands
41.

a large following.

why, when most of the Trojans were outside the walls, had Laocoon been on the citadel? Probably to get a commanding view of the country and sea, so as to detect signs of the enemy, because he did not believe they had
decurrit ab arce
:

summa

returned to Greece.
42.

et procul
;

verbs of saying are frequently omitted in narra-

tive styl('
43.
44.

cf. T.
:

37.
sc. esse.
:

avectos

Danaum

with dona.
etc.

Ulixes
is

Ulysses represents Greek


huilt

cunning.
46.

aut haec,

or this

an engine of war which has heen

BOOK
to

II

263

asmil our walls.


is

Tlie

alhides

the

turris,

form of macJiina to whicli Laocooii here which was oii wheels and coiild be moved

aoaiust
47.

tlie

walls of a town.

inspectura: the future participle expresses purpose. ventura desuper urbi fall from above on the city ; urhi for in urhem
:

after a verb of motion.


48.

Cf. pelago, 36.

error

tricJc.
:

49.

timeo Danaos et dona ferentis


:

a favorite quotation

cf.

Tiiackeray

" F. B.,

sir,

fears the Greelis

and the
:

gif ts they bring

"

(^Newcomes, Yol.
50.
51.

II. ch. 32.)

et

etiam.
cf.

validis
in
. .

ingentem viribus hastam


inque
:

note on 26.
latus as well

the repetition of the preposition emphasizes


feri

the force of the blow.


as alvum.
vnth joints,

equi, to

be taken with
:

curvam compagibus alvum


i.e.

literally, the helly

arched

the

arched frame of the

helly.

Yirgil has countless

variations of this sort.

implying concentrated utero recusso stetit stuck ; emphatic position. effort; cf. 1. Yirgil is fond of comablative absolute expressive of cause. pounds in re-. Here recussus is used of the reverberation, and the compound enables the poet to emphasize the idea by the doub52.

contorsit

the prefix is intensive,


:

ling of the sound of


53.

which was a trilled letter. cavae cavernae note the striking repetition
r,
:

of both

sound

and with
54.

idea.

The

adjective,

however,

is

to be taken predicatively

insonuere.
si

fata

deum

sc.
;

non laeva fuissent.

laevus, as applied to

fata,

means

unpropitious

as applied to mens, misguided.

The word
(^si
.

amiss will satisfy both clauses.

Xote the anaphora

si),

with rhetorical force. used for impulisset for vividness, he had surely 55. impulerat driven us. The condition is contrary to fact. foedare poetical
:
:

use of the infinitive for wtand subjunctive.


56.

staret,

maneres

note the change from the third to the


cf . I. 555.

second person.

For the apostrophe,

fln 45, the spondaic rhythm emphasizes the solemnity of Laocobn's warniug. Lines 52 and 53 are ouomatopoetic. The expressive spon-

264

NOTES

dee which opens the couplet is followed by dactyls, which with the The vivid help of assonance strikin2;ly depict the effect of the blow. narrative of the paragraph reaches a climax in the emotional apostrophe (56), which makes an effective close.)
Lines 57-75.

Enter
57.

Sinon.
effect of

ecce

we do not

and

action, for

what is the our attention (as was the


learn

Laocoon*s advice
is
:

case with the Trojans)

diverted by the appearance of a prisoner.

manus revinctum

having his hands hound behind him.

This

is

an iniitation of a Greek
is oculos suffusa,

passive participle with the accusative case retained froni the active
voice.
I.

Similar in form, but logically diiferent,

228.
58. 59.

regem Priam. Dardanidae adjectival, with


:

pastores.

venientibus

to

them as
60.

theij

approached.

ultro

with
:

ohtulerat, 61.

hoc ipsum ut strueret to compass this very end, viz. tliat of being admitted in some way into TroyOnce witliin the cit}'', he would rely upon his cunning. The verb struere implies
craftiness.
61.

fidens animi

confdent in
:

spirit

animi

is

a locative genitive.

utrumque paratus i.e. for success or death, as exphiined in the next line. The words have become proverbial, and furnish (e.g.) a title for one of Matthew Arnold's poerns.
in
62.

versare dolos
ruit
:

to

pbj his crafty wiles


for tlie

versare is in apposi-

tion with utrumqiie.


64.

certantque

change in number,
is

cf.

note on 32.

inludere
1.

the use of the infinitive

poetical

cf contendunt petere,
.

158.
65.

Danaum
:

omnis
Virgil.

crimine ab uno disce tlicse are among the most frequently quoted words of The crafty Sinon is to be regarded as a type of tlie Greek
insidias
:

cf.

T.

751.

race

cf. 44.

66.

67.

disce omnis cf note on T. 534. turbatus thoiigli at the outset Sinon wasjidetis animi (61),
:

BOOK
yet he

II

265

may
nunc
:

well

have been

agitated,

when

suiTOiinded by the

Phrygia agmina.

nunc of purely present tinie, but iam of relalively present time, i.e. time as compared with preceding time, by this time.' Here this sense is still f urther de*69.
cf.
'

lam in the next Ime.

fined
71.

by denique. neque
. .
'

et

like ovre
.

rein Greek.

We

cannot say
if it

in English
vrere non.

neither
:

and.'

Translate neque, therefore, as


call

super besides. 72. poeuas cum sanguiue poscunt life, i.e. the extreme form of yengeance.
73.
74.

for vengeance and


(sc. est).

my

compressus et hortamur fari


sc. sit,

poetical order for


cf
.

et

compressus

duci hortatur, 33.

quo sanguine

cre-

tus

tive of creo,
75.

of what stock he is sprung. The verb cresco is a derivaso that cretus and creatus may have the sanie meaning.
:

quidve ferat or ichat (tidings) he hrings, i.e. what he has to say for himself. memoret, quae sit fiducia capto tell us on
:

ichnt

you rely as prisoner.


;

direct discourse
tihi

memoret represents an imperative in thecapto agrees with ei understood, which represents

of the original remark.

Sinon has surrendered himself readily

he must therefore have some ground for assurance.


(Xote the alternation of rhythni, dactylic and spondaic, in the first two lines of the paragraph. In 68 we have an instance of the rare spondaic hne (the fifth foot being a spondee). This is followed up by the slow spondaic rhythm of 60. The effect secured is an emphatic expression of the seeming hopelessness of Sinon"s positiou. Xote, too, the harsh effect of the accumulated c and g soimds in the former hne. In 74 and 75 the full pause and diaeresis after impetus, and the disjointed style of expression harmonize with the excitement of the
'

'

scene.)

Lines 77-104.

Sixox's Story.
77.

fuerit

quodcumque
adverbial in

whatever comes.

The future

perfect is

used instead of the future for metrical reasons.


78.

vera

its force.
is

-Cf.

note on

intenti, 1.

This

solemn assurance of truthfulness

emphasized by the striking

266

NOTES

position of vera, viz. at the end of the sentence and the beginning
of

a line.

me

sc.

esse. first

Argolica

=
is

Graeca.

Virgil skilfully

represents Sinon as

stating wliat

undoubtedly true:
note
Tlie
tlie

Thus

he

is likely to

win credence
:

for the rest of his story.

79.

hoc primum
of
usiiig

sc.

fateor.

Sinonem
name

rhetorical

effect

the

name

instead of me.

prisoner thus

strengthens his case by giving the

a sort of fictitious value.

Others
lunonis,
80. 81.

may be
I.

meudacious, but certainly not Sinon. See note on 48. Indirectly, too, the Trojans learn who their prisoner is,
:

improba
fando
:

wantonly ;

ct. iiera, 7S.


. . .
:

aliquod si nomen literally, // any nanie, etc, i.e. i/ the name has at all reachtd your ears ; cf. Anthea si quem, I. 181. Sinon cleverly assumes a doubtful tone, though he knows well that tlie story of Palamedes would be f amiliar
hy report ;
cf. 6.

to

tlie

Trojans.

Palamedes, of Euboea, who was descended from Belus, king of Egypt, had incurred the enraity of Ulysses by exposing his pretence of madness and compelling him to take part in the Trojan war. The story is not found in Ilomer. incluta
82.

Palamedis

fama

renown spread abroad by fame. under false information. This was 83. falsa sub proditione furnished by a forged letter, purporting to come from Priam,
gloria
:

his

which Ulysses concealed in the tent of Palamedes. note tlie emphatic repetition of 84. insontem infando indicio the prefix in-, and the double elision. Thus Sinon drives home his infando indicio on hldeous statement with aifected horror. quia bella vetabat Sinon invents this reason so as testimony. to win the favor of the 1'rojans for Palamedes and indirectly .for
:
: :

himself.
85.

nunc
illi

note the as^mdeton,

{but)

now.

cassum lumine
;

archaic expression.
86.

me,

etc.

this is the apodosis to the si (81) chause

////

is

a dative

of reference.

Sinon
pater,

is

sent as a dei^endent on Pala-

medes.
87.

et

et

quidem.

pauper

in

arma

etc.

note the details artfuUy given

to arouse compassion.

Ailileration emphasizes the effect.

primis

BOOK
ab annis: i.e. of the military enough to leave children behind
88.
:

II

267
manhood.
Sinon
is

age,
;

or
138.

old

cf

stabat the siibject is Palamedes. regno incolumis .^ecure specification. in princely power ; regno is ablative of we ioo. After the death of Palamedes, Sinon was '89. etnos
:

left friendless.
90.

invidia
is

postquam

asyndeton

cf. 85..

invidia,

an ablative

of cause,
91.

emphasized by position. haud ignota loquor i.e. you knoio


:

the story loell.

mission helps to gain the confidence of his hearers.


cessit ab oris
:

This adsuperis con-

i^assed

from
;

tlie

ivorld above,

i.e.

froin the earth to

the world below.


93.

mecum
et
:
:

in secret

ci.

secum,J.

'221.

94.

qfered

tulisset translate as but, in view of the preceding nec. The form is due to indirect narration after projnisi, sc. se.
tulerit

and represents
96.

(future perfect) in the direct, as remeassem

represents remeavero.

ultorem
hinc
:

in predicate appositionto

me (9^),promised myself

as avenger.
97.

hence,

i.e.

from

tliis

cause.

prima mali labes

the

beginning of eviVs taint. terrere: this and the following infinitives are historical. 98.

spargere voces
99.

volgum:
:

sow rumors. here masculine.


to

conscious of guilt. vious clauses, as well as to quaerere arma.

conscius
fensive?

Elsewhere in Virgil neuter. The word is ^plicable to the pre'

arma

offensive or de-

put Doubtless the former, the object of Ulysses being to plots or Sinon out of the way. The word arma, however, includes stratagems as well as weapons.
100.

enim

iiideed

cf

sed enim,

I. 19.

Calchante ministro

Sinon skilfully cuts short his story, when the utmost. This is curiosity of his hearers has been aroused to the an instance of aposiopesis cf I, 135.
ablative absolute.
;

loi.

sed quid autem


:

nay, but tchy? or bul

why

praij?

The
style.

combination sed autem is elsewhere confined to the colloquial haec ingrata this unwelcome tale.

268
102. 103.
to

NOTES
uno ordine habetis
that, viz. tliat
:

liold in
:

one class,

i.e. all
:

alike. if
it is

idque audire sat est


I aiu

continue the

si

and
:

enough

hear

a Greek.

iamdudum

literally, this

long
is

ivhile,

but practically

at once.

It implies tliat the punishineiit

ab-eady long delayed.


104.

Ithacus

i.e.
:

Ulysses,
i.e.

who came from


is

the island of Ithaca.

magno meroentur

the Atridae would be willing to pay a


;

large reward for his death

magno

ablative of price.

The

line

contains a clever plea.


will please their

If the

bitterest foes.

Trojans put Sinon to death, they Note the emphatic position of

A tridae.
(The spondaic rhythm of 93 echoes the thouoht expressed. The telhng aposiopesis in 100 is followed by a sudden descent to an everyday style (cf. note on 101). The ejnculations in 101 and 102 accord with the tone now assumed. Note tlie frequent eiisions in the latter
line.

Alliterative effects are frequent.

See 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 104.)

Lines 105-144.

His Pretended Escape from Death.


107.

prosequitur

pergit, continues, a rare use.

ficto

pectore

Note the double alliteration in the line. X 108. fugam Troia cupiere relicta moliri longed to quit Troy and compass a retrei^; Troia relicta, an ablative absolute moliri
wilh feigned feeimgs.
:

parare, but iniplies effort.


iio.

fecissent utinam
{saepe

cf.

utinam adfnret,

T.

575.

saepe,

etc.

adversative asyndeton.

The
sacpe)

contrasted ideas are empliasized by

and by the use of two simple sentences instead of one complex one, the idea being, as often as {quam saepe = quoties) they desired, so often (tam saepe = toties) storms prevented.' aspera ponti hiems a fierce tempest of the
. . . *
:

anaphora

deep.
111.

euntis

ichen essaying a start.

The

participle lias a conative

force.
112.

contextus
iir.

ci. intexunt, 16.

acernis

in 16 the

wood was

pine or

BOOK
113.

II

269

more picturesque than es.seL the present participle is used instead 114. scitantem awkward future or the prosaic supiue. A. 490, 3 H. 638,
staret
:
:

of tho
3,

and

533, 2
N.
2.

H. & B. 606 also (in reference to the supine) G. 435, oracula Phoebi the chief oracles of ApoUo were at
;

Delos and Delphi.


116.

sanguine

caesa

referring to the sacrifice of Iphiat Aulis, because an oracle

genia, daughter of

Agamemnon,

had

declared that only by such means could the Greeks secure a favorable

wind

to carry their ships to Troy.

The

story

is

referred to in

Tennyson's Dream of Fair Women " I was cut off from hope
placastis
118.
:

in that sad place," etc.

a syncopated form of placavistis.


:

reditus

the pkiral, perhaps because the Greek chiefs re-

turned, not to one place, as Aulis, but to their several homes.

animaque litandum Argolica


favor
ivith the life

sc.

est,

you must win Heaven^s

of a Greek ; litandum est is impersonal. emphatic position of Argolica ; cf. vera, 78.
iig.

Note the

when this utterance. 121. cui fata parent indirect question dependent on the idea of doubt in tremor. V^ lih. parent, sc. hoc, i.e. this doom. cf. 104. Calchanta Calchas 122. hic temporal. Ithacus was a famous seer in the Greek army. thatwill. 123. ea numina Note the double alliteration (jnihi 124. canebant: forehoded.
:
:

quae vox ut

multi
125.

crudele canebant).
:

artificis

schemer.

ventura videbant
{canehant
. .

another case of

alliteration.

The assonance

videhant) accords
air.

with
what

theidea thatgloomy forebodings were in the


would come.
126.
his tent,

ventura
:

bis quinos

cf. I.

381.

ille: Calchas.

tectus

keeping

to

127.
is

but suggesting the metaphorical sense, secret. aut: we should rather have expected et, but, conversely,

et

often used for aut.


128.

vix tandem

hut at length.

The redundant

expressiou is

emphatic.

270
129.

NOTES
composito
:

aii

biall y

cf lihdto,
.
:

I. 7'37.

impersonal ablative absolute used adverIn prose we sliould have ex (de) composito.
Tlie verb has
to

rumpit vocem
131.

breaks into utterance, hreaks silence.

a causative sense, causes

hreak forth.
:

unius
to

conversa tulere

they hore (i.e. acquiesced

m)

when turned
132. 133.

one poor
:

mans

ruin.

Sinon

aitects a cynicai tone.

parari

historical infinitive.
:

salsae fruges

before sacrifice, salted nieal


:

(mola salsa)
:

on the victim's head. tempora tempjles. vittae fillets, which adorned a sacrificial victini. Sinon wins confidence through this display of 134. fateor candor. It was sacrilege for him, devoted as a victim to the gods,
vvas sprinkled
:

to escape.

136.
siil,

dum

vela darent,

si forte

dedissent
liave

until they

should

set

if haply they icould.

Here we
I.

implied oratio ohliqua,

i'presenting an original delitescam,


cf.

dum
472.

vela dent, si forte dederint;

note on priusquam gustassent,


tlie

(116-119), the sailing of

According to the oracle Greeks depended on the sacrifice


tlie

liich

Siuon's escape has frustrated.

137-8.

strong appeal to the compassion of


:

audience.

patriam antiquam my dear old country. So we speak of " old Ireland," " old Kentucky home," etc. of (chom jjerchance too they icill demand 139. quos illi fors et, etc. due punislimenl for my fliglit. The verb reposcent governs two accu:

satives.

See A. 396
'

B. 178

G. 339

II.

411

II.

&

B. 393.

The

prefix re- implies


aiid the

in return.'

fors (=fors

sit) is

used abverbially,

combination/ors et is archaic, literally, 'there would be a chance and they will deniand.' This use of quod, as a particle of transiwherefore. 141. quod te governed by oro, 143. It tioii, is common in adjurations. conscia numina veri powers that knotv the truth. refers to Priam.
: : :

142.
still

per

si

qua est

fides

hy tvhatecer inviolate truth

may

he

found anytvhcre among


)\y per, is

mortals.

Tlie accusative fidem, govsi

erned
143.

attracted into the clauso with


.
. .

qua.

miserere
;

miserere
G. 377
;

p;itlietic

anaj^hora.

laborum

A. 354, a

B. 209, 2

II.

457

II.

cSc

B. 352,

2.

BOOK

TT

271

(In the above paragraph there are several lines with a marked spondaic rhythm. 105 expresses intense curiosity; 109, weariness 138 and 139, deep pathos. On 138. grimness of the sacrificial details dactylic character of 120 is expressive the other hand, the strikingly of shudderiug f ear.
; ;

Lines 145-161.

Priam sets him Free.


145.
besides.

his lacrimis

dative,

Sinoni lacrimanti.

ultro

further,

The
viro
:

hearers have been brought from an attitude of curi-

osity to one of
146.

genuine pity.
Translate,
/i/s

dative of reference.

^nfmac/es;

cf.

note

on
the

I.

91.

148^.

hinc iam

from

he^iceforth.

obliviscere Graios

forget

Greeks.

The

accusative, instead of the usual genitive, with


1,

obliviscor.

A. 350, a; B. 206,

b; G. 376, 2
general,

H. 454, 2

H. & B.

350.
149.

nostereris: a

Roman
es,

when receiving
vera
:
:

a deserter,

used the formula, quisquis


150.

noster eris.

as in 78.

quo

to ichat

endf
it?

quis auctor

sc. fuit,

who was

the con-

triver? or,
151.

who suggested
religio
:

quae

tvhatreligious ojfering
is

(properly a religious scruple)

here

The word religio used by metonymy for the


is it?
:

thing offered on account of such a scruple.


152. 153.

dixerat he ceased. arte Pelasga


:

cf. artisque

Pelasgae, 106.

exutas vinclis freed from shackles. Note that the forni viuculis (_w would be impossible in the hexameter. ad )
:

sidera. ad caelum.
154.

It is day-time.
all

ignes

i.e.
:

the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, and stars.


i.e.

non

violabile

inviolahle,
:

not to be profaned by perjury.

arae ensesque the plural is an exaggeration, such as may be expected from the mendacious Sinon. as a victim. 156. hostia Graiorum sacrata iura solemn ohligations to sc. est. 157. f as
155.
: : :

the Greeks.

sacrata iura
of the

is

a poetical equivalent of sacramenta,


soldier's oath of f ealty.

The poet thinks

Roman

272
158.
159.

NOTES
viros = o.<?;
si
cf. viro,

140.

qua

whatsoever.

sub auras to reveal. teneor patriae nec = nec teneorpatriae.


ferre
:

promissis maneas ablative is local. servata


160.
:

stand Jirnily hy thy


causal
seiise.

jjroiiiises.

Tlie

^vitli
:

161.

si

magna rependam

i/

shall

Jiuche

a large return,

i.Cc

for keeping faith with me.

(Note the skill shown in this narrative. Priam^s excitement is evident from his brief statenients and rapid fire of questions (148-151). Sinon's oath is dramatic and effective, yet when exaniined is seen to be either vague (igiies) or empty, for lie invokes the altars which had no existence. There is a climax in liis renunciation (157-159), for he pretends to break all ties, whether as soldier, friend, confidant, or vos 154, 155 fas Force is secured by anaphora (vos citizen. si 161) and by the apostrophe of Troy in 160, 161.) fas 157, 158 si
.

Lines 162-198.

SlNON EXPLAINS THE MySTERY OF THE HoRSE.


162.

fiducia belli

confidence in the toar.


:

163.

Palladis auxiliis semper stetit


;

hy the aid of Pallas ever

stood Jirm

literally, stood

locative ablative.

ex quo
:

on the aid of Pallas, auxiUis being a Tydides sed enim hut indeed from the
:

time that Diomedes, etc.


165.

For sed enim, see I. 19 and note. This was a tJie fateful Palladium. fatale Palladium statue of Pallas (Minerva), which stood ui^on the
citadel of Troy.

wasfatale because the safety of Troy depended on its preservation in the city. Ulysses and Dionredes succeeded in stealing 'it.
It

See Fig. 41.


166.

summae
.

arcis

tlie

acropolis.
:

FiG.41.

DroMEDEs,

Ulysses, and

jgg
,,

virgineas divae vittas


.

THE Palladium.
169.

goddcss, virynieas

bemg
,

!"
,

a transierred epithet;

fllets ofthe virgin j -41 r


4.

ct.

ex

illo

note on innuptae, II. 31. fnnn that fime, corresponding to ex quo, 103.
:

fluere

ac retro sublapsa referri

ehhed atid, hackward stealing, receded.

The

intinitives are historicah

170.

fractae

sc. sunt.
I.

deae mens

on

tlie

inonosyllabiG end-

ing, cf. note 011 rex,

65.

BOOK
171.

ir
with no doubtful portents.

27^
ea

nec dubiis monstris


:

and

signa
172.

signs thereof,

i.e.

of her displeasure.

arsere

(ichen) there hlazed forth.

Note the force given by


i.e.

asyndeton.
173.

luminibus arrectis from


:

the upraised eyes;

upraised

in anger.
176.

temptanda

sc. esse,

must he essayed.

Possibly Minerva's

anger would prevent the voyage.


178.

canit
:

proclaims.

omina
Again

ni repetant Argis
A^irgil is

unless ihey seek neic omens at

Argos.

thinking of a

Roman

custom.
to

If

ill

suc-

eess attended a general in the field, he

would return

take the aaspices afresh (auspicia repetere or captare).

Rome to numenque

i^educant

meaning is much dispiited, but surely after hearing about the sacrilege and the anger of Minerva we ought to learn
:

the

something about the restitution of the Palladium. The Greeks, then, have taken it away, in order that, after seeking fresh auspices and purifying themselves from the pollution, they may escort the deity hack with due honor, and so finally conquer Troy. 8ee note on 165. ichich they have taken away. The words 179. quod avexere are added by Sinon and are not part of the oblique narration.
:

Hence the
180.

indicative.

et

nunc quod,
etc.
;

etc.

and now

as

to
;^

their

having sought
;

For the syntax, see A. 572, a B. 299, 2 G. 525, 3 --H. 588, 2, 3, N. H. & B. 552, 2. owing to their sacrilege the gods have deserted 181. deos them, and they are now trying to win them back. remenso tliis participle f rom a deponent verb is here used as a passive.
Mycenae,
:

182.
183.

digerit

interprets.
it is

hanc
.
.

in emphatic position, because


question,
:

the keynote to
(150)
?

the answer of Priam's

quo

statuere

pro

Palladio ation on the


of;
185.

pro numine laeso the second expression is a varifirst, though the first pro must be rendered in lieu the second,^o atone for. For numine laeso, cf. I. 8.
.

they were to build a statue, but nevertheless thia was to be so large that it could not be taken into Troy.
:

tamen

i.e.

;2i74

NOTES
roboribus textis
;
:

i86.

of tlmhers interlaced ; under


slielter

cf.

112.

caelo

dative
i88.

cf j^ekujo, 30.
.

The

of their ancient faith. structuie, beiug pro Paliadio, might f urnish the same protec-

antiqua sub religione

tion as the Palladium.


igo.

igi.

ipsum ^.e. Calchas. futurum sc. es.se. Indirect


: :

navration, governed

by a verb

of saying, iniplied in iussit above.


ig2.

nius,

vestram and the emphasis secured by the

manibus

vestris

urbem

note the chias-

collocation of vestris vestram.

ig3.

ultro: actualhj,

i.e.

the people, hitherto on the defensive,


:

Pelopea ad i.e. Troy. would assume tlie offensive. Asiam moenia: i.e. to the cities of Greece. Pelops (from whom tlie Peloponnesus is named) was the ancestor of the kings of Mycenae, and Mycenae represents Greece.
ig4.

ea fata

such a doom,

i.e.

magnum

exitium.

manere

an

instance of the vivid present for the future. the story of Sinon ig5. arte Sinonis
:

is

often alluded to in

later literature.
Sc. 3,

Thus

in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus,

Act V.

Marcus, addressing Lncius

"Speak, Rome's dear friend, as erst our ancestor, When with his solemn tongue he did discourse

To love-sick Dido's sad attending ear, The story of that baleful burning niglit,

When
Tell us

subtle Greeks surpris'd kingPriam's Troy,

what Sinon hath bewitch'd our

ears,

Or who hath brought the fatal enghie in, That gives our Troy, our llome, the civil wound."
See also Cymheline, Act 111. Sc.
Sc. 2.
ig6.
igy.
4,

and Ilcnry VI, Part


sumus.
:

111.

Actlll.

res

the storj/.
:

capti

hc.

coRCtis forced.

Larissaeus apjiropriate, not because Acliilles canie from A still better Larissa, but because Larissa was in Thessaly.
reason for
ig8.

has a stately sound. Note the combination of anaphora (non


its

use

is tliat it

non), asynde*

BOOK
ton,
B,i\d

TT

275
.

chiasmiis {anni decem

lines are strikingly siniple,

These last two yet contain a world of meaning.


.

mille carinae^

(In the above passage, note that the diaeresis in T63 coincides with The account of the the break in the enemies' relations witli Pallas. sacrilege opens with a line expressive of liorror, in spondaic rhythm (1(35), which passes into the dactylic (167), when the hasty act of Another clactylic line (181) suggests a rapid pollution is described, journey, and the early return of the Greeks.)

Lines 199-227.

Laoco6n's Terrible Fate.


" This prodigy
is

not merely ominous, but typical, of the destruction

about to come upon Troy. The twin serpents prefigure the Grecian armament, which, like them, comes from Tenedos like them, crosses and, going up straight to the like them, lands tlie tranquil deep city, slaughters the surprised and unresisting Trojans (prefigured by
; ; ;

Laocoon's sons), and overturns the religion and drives out the gods Hexrt. (prefigured by the priest Laocoon)."

199.

aliud: anotlier

(porteiit).

maius miseris multo the


:

allit-

eration emi^hasizes the effect of the statement.

miseris is to

be

taken with nohis understood. on the prosody of this word, see A. 603, f. n. 200. obicitur 3 B. 362, 5 G. 703, 2, n. H. 688, 2 H. & B. 30. magis the nat:

ural order
heedless.

would be multo magis tremendum.

improvida

hlind or

ductus sorte: draicn (i.e. cliosen) hy lot. Hence his appointment had met with the approval of the gods. Neptuno dative of reference. According to tradition, Laocoon was a priest of Apollo, but thisposition isgiven by Virgil to Panthus; see 319. the regular sacrifices to 202. sollemnis mactabat ad aras Neptune, whose shrine would naturally be near the seashore, had doubtless been neglected during the war. Laocodn therefore takes
201.
:
:

the earliest opportunity to offerthe rites due the god.


f ect

The imper-

mactahat indicates that he set about his task even while Sinon wastelling his story. It is a plausible view that he wished to sup

plicate

Neptune

to destroy the

Greek

fleet.

276
203. 204. 205.
206.

NOTES
alta
:

tlie

deep.

Tn this sense, the singular


:

is

more comrnon.

immensis orbibus incumbunt pelago


iubae sanguineae
I,

loith
:

huge

cotls,

ablative of quality.

are hreasting the sea.

manes

(i.e.

crests^

hlood-red.
cf.

Tliese

sea-serpents are creatures of the iniagination;

Milton's Satan

(Paradise Lost
*'

192)

Thus Satan,

talking to his nearest mate


his other parts besides
large,

Witli head uplift above the wave, and eyes


Tliat sparkling blazed
;

Prone on the

flood,

Lay
207. 208.
their

floatiug

many

extended longand a rood."

pars cetera
legit
:

asyndeton.

skims.

sinuat

immensa voluraine
:

terga

rolls

huge hacks in many a fold.

209.

sonitus spumante salo


is

alliteration to imitate the sound,

translated by Morris " while sends the sea great sound of foam."

spumante salo
210. 212.

ablative absohite.
:

oculos suffecti agmine certo


:

cf.

note on oculos suffusa,

I.

228.

in steadfast course.

Note the contrast with


petunt primum

diffugim us.
213.

Laocoonta
:

a Greek accusative form.

parva

another striking case of alliteration. poetic brevity, for miserorum natorum artus. 215. miseros artus corresponds to primum. In Virgil the sons are 216. post
:

then the father. In the Vatican group (Fig. 10) the serpents, perhaps ovving to the limitations of sculpture, assail all simultaneously. Poetry can always tell more than sculpture or painting. Note further discrepancies between A'irgil's account and
slain
first,

the sculptured group.


tive of purpose.
218. bis
.

ipsum

the father himself.

auxilic

da-

bis

note the anaphora.


.
.
.

collo

dative of indi-

rect

object.

circum
:

dati

tmesis for circumdati.

219.

terga
:

direct

capite

for c/ipitihus

middle participle; cf. 210. (v^wwi^)? which could not be used in the
object of the

hexameter.

BOOK
220.
ille
:

II

277
.

simul emphatic asyndeton. anaphora and asyndeton; cf. I. 6.31. his Jillets steeped ; 221. perfusus vittas
:

simul (222)

cf.

210.

The

priesfs

saci^ed dress is not spared.

223.
is

qualis mugitus

sc. tolllt,such

hellowings as a hull raises.


est

It

also possible to take mugitus

asa nominative case with

under-

For the sound of the line, however, the long vowels of the accusative are an advantage. ill-aimed. 224. incertam 225. lapsu effugiunt gJide aioay and escape, literally, escape with a gliding motion. delubra summa: i.e. the shrines on the acropolis. 226. arcem here used for templum, because the temple is on
stood.
: :

the acropolis.

pedibus deae i.e. under Minerva's statue. This must have been set up by the Trojans when the Palladium was stolen. VirgiFs idea was perhaps suggested by statues of Minerva, which sometimes have a serpent at tlie base. teguntur hide theinselves ;
227.
:
:

middle voice. Note that Virgil does not describe the actual death of Laocoon and his sons. This reticence is in accord with the spirit of the
best classic art.

(This Laocoon scene has been very carefully composed. Alliterative effects are especially common. Thus besides the striking lines 199, 209, 213 (see notes) Ave have im-provida pectora 200, sorte sacerdos 201, Tenedo tranquilla 20.3, pelago pariter 20.5, sanguineae superant 207, suffecti sanguine 210, lambebant linguis 211, miseros morsu 215, capite ce7'vicibus 219. Note, too, the expressive assonance in horresco referens 204, clamores horrendos 222, and incertam excussit cervice securim 224. The spondaic rhythm lends a solemn tone to the act of sacrifice (202) and has an onomatopoetic effect in 223, while the dactylic line at the close (227) accords with the idea of easy motion.)

Lines 228-249.

The Trojans draw the Horse


228.

into the City.

cunctis ofall; dative of reference. 229. expendisse paid the penalty of. In prose, more fully sceleris poenas expendisse. merentem in emphatic position.
:

novus

strange.
:

278
230.

NOTES
robur
:

note the variety of terms which Virgil applies to the horse in this book. qui laeserit causal relative clause. sedes i.e. the temple of Minerva. sc. esse. 232. ducendum
:

233.
234.

conclamant all doubt has now been silenced. dividimus muros the city gates would not be
: :

as high as

would be continuous ^bove them. Hence, even if the gates were wide enough to receive the horse, the wall above would
the walls, which

have to be removed. This is not a distinct

moenia pandimus
act.

open the fortijications.

up

of the city's

Parting the walls involved tlie opening fortifications and so leaving it exposed to assault.

235.

accingunt
:

se accingunt.

pedibus rotarum subiciunt


its

lapsus
236.

place (jlkUng ivheels heneath


:

feet.

collo intendunt

literally, slretch

upon

the

neck;

collo is

dative.
238.

armis
:

armatis,

armed men.

canunt

chant sacred songs.

circum the adverb. sacra gaudent note the tragic irony of


:
:

the situation.

If the joy of the

Trojans

is

now

accented, so pres-

ently will be their grief.


242.

quater

243.

substitit

quater note the anaphora. to stumble on the threshold was an


.
:

evil
is

omen.
really

Here the machina even stuck


prior to that of inlahitur, 240.
244.

fast.

The time

of substitit

immemores

unmindful (of the omen).

See preceding

note.
246.
sions, fates,

tunc etiam at this time ioo, as well as on previous occatn predict the f atis futuris e.g. wlien Helen came to Troy. Cassandra Cassandra, the most a dative of purpose.
:
:
:

beautiful of the daughters of Priam, rejected the love of Apollcn who by way of punishment endowed her with the gift of ju-ophecy,

but decreed that her utterances should never be believed. Teucris dative of agent 247. credita: with ora ; cf. 19(5.
:

with a passive verb. delubra deum allitor248. nos: sc..sef/,emphaticasyndeton. Ihat ddi/ was our last. ation. miseri, quibus, etc. poor wretches ! for For the subjunctive see A. 5:35, e; B. 28;i, 3, a; G. (J;W H. 592;
: :

H.

&

B.

52;3.

BOOK
249. festa
:

II

279
:

fronde alliteratioii. velamus i.e. cover so thickly with festoons and garlands as to hide from view or veil the altars.
terrible significance of the admission of the horse within the walls is implied in the spondaic rhythm of 237 and 245. There is a tone of expectancy and a llutter of excitement in 2-43, with its dactylic. rhytlnn and diaeresis after the ominoiis substitit. The strilving pathos of the beautiful apostrophe in 241 loses none of its force, though we lear\i that the line is a reminiscence of one in

(The

the older poet Ennius. The anaphora (0 . 0), and double alliteration (diviim domus, Ilium incluta) increase the effect.)
. .

Lines 250-267.

The Greeks emerge from the Horse.


250.

vertitur caelum
ocean;

the

sky revolves,
it.

i.e.

as

if

the earth were


:

stationary

and the sky revolved about


cf. 8.

ruit

Oceano
is

rushes

from
to

the

nox

the monosyllabic ending


:

here due

imitation of
;

an Homeric rhythm
cf.

opwpcL

8*

ovpavoOev vvi

{Odii^sey V. 294)
252. 253.

note on
:

I.

65.
7.
cf.

Myrmidonum
amica
11.
:

cf.

note on
:

moenia
note on

city.

conticuere. complectitur
:

co;z/o;-s/7,

52.
:

255.
it

lunae was au old tradition that Troy was taken on a moonlight night.

frlendly, because favorable for the attack.

See Fig.
256.

flammas

the beacon light served perhaps as a signal to

the otlier ships for starting, but was mainly intended for Sinon, wlio would have to know the proper moment for opeuing the
horse.
ship
liere

cum

regia puppis extulerat


raised.

when (or

after) the royal

{i.e.

Agameninon's) had

The

indicative extulerat is

used for extulisset ( _v^ w), a form not available for the hexameter. The indicative was originally used in all cw7n-clauses,
so that Virgil here

A. 546, N. 257. iniquis


259.

employs an archaism; qL cum fugarat,Y H. 601 H. & B. 527. 4; G. 578, x.


;
; :

^2.

unkind,

i.e.

to the Trojans.

used in two senses, releases the Greeks and opens the barriers. This is a zeugma. laxat is an historical present, and is connected with ibat (254) by -que. Sinon, after seeing the
:

laxat

280

NOTES

signal, doubtless allowed a certain interval to elapse before open.


iiig

the horse.

To

act too sooii


:

would have been dangerous.


or the nohle Machaon.

261.
263.

Thessandrus see note on 20. primus Machaon the leader Afachaon,


:

.The epithet probably represents Hoiner's d/oto-TewWra, doing nohle deeds (^lliad XI. 506), applied to Machaon, the physician, son of
Aesculapius.
266.
'

portis patentibus

ablative of the route taken, a variety


4,

of the ablative of means.

A. 429,

B. 218, 9

G. 389

H. 476

H. & B. 426. Note the alliteration. confederate. 267. conscia


:

(The heavy spondees of 251, following the unusual rhythra of 250 similar Hne is used of (see note), strikingly accord with the sense. the steady movement of the sliips in 254, and is followed by the li,<j:ht dactylic rhythm of 255 to harmonize with the peaceful scene there described. Another case of alternation of rhythm is in 264 and 265, where the active movements of the (ireek chiefs are in marked contrast with the heavy sleep of tlie doomed Trojaus.)

Lines 268-297.

Hector's Ghost appears to the Sleeping Aeneas.


268.

mortalibus aegris

see note

on ante ora jmtrum,

I.

95.

269.

dono divum

hy the gods' grace (Sidgwick).

Note the
the

alliteration, followed

by the
:

soft s sounds, in

harmony with

thought.

raptatus bigis i.e. by the chariot of Achilles. Cf. I. 483. tumentis note the 273. pulvere perque pedes traiectus double alliteration, to emphasize the horror. traiectus lora literally, having the thongs pnssed through, another imitation oi: a Greek passive participle with the accusative case retained from the active
272.
.

manus revinclum, 57. A. 379, 380 274. ei mihi ah me ! mihi is a dative of interest. Ji. IS.S, 2, l); (;. 351; H. 432; H. & B. 372. 275. redit tliej^resentfor vividness. exuviasindutus Achilli clad in the spoils of Achilles, i,e. the armor of Achilles, which the hero lent to his friend ratroclus, wlio was slain by Hector. Tlie
voice;
cf.
: :

BOOK
story
is

II

281
XVI.

told in Iliad
is

The

partici-

JJ-

ple here

middle and governs a direct


I. 2'2S.
:

accusative, as in
276.
>I:S

iaculatus ignis

after liurUng frefi.

In the Iliad (XXII. 370) the Greeks lookwith admiratioii on Hector's corpse. However, they stab him as they pass by and remark, "Truly Hector is easier to handle than when he burnt the ships with con-

suming
pxippis.

fire."

puppibus
:

dative,

in

concretos matted. The construction is ivith. 278. gerens circum continued from qualis erat, 274. muros i.e. when dragged about the walls.
277.
:
:

plurima: attracted, as often in prose, from the antecedent into the reLative
clause.
279.

ultro
i.e.

ipse

modifying compellare. flens myself weeping as well as he.


:
:

H
d M

280.

expromere
lux
:

the vevb implies effort.


is

281.

the metaphor

commou

in all

languages.

exspectate vocative by attraction. ut exclamatory, how ! i.e. Jiow gladly foedavit voltus 286. quae causa the pathos of tlie passage is increased by the fact that Aeneas, in his dream, remembers Hector only in his unmarred beauty, not as he was in death. Hence these ques283.
:
:

tions,
fate.

which imply ignorance of Hector's


ille

287.

nihil

sc.

respondit.

Cf

note

on

42.

moratur
:

heeds.

289.
peal.

note how direct is this apfuge Hector disregards the previous

questions.

282
290.
lost.

NOTES
ruit alto a

culmine falhfrom her


:

lofty height,

i.e. is

utterly

291.

sat patriae

Priamoque datum

sc.

all clainis to

king and counlry.

satisdare is

you have paid a legal term. Aeneas


a
te
est,
'

has done his duty and need not reproach himself with cowardice.

Pergama
iiote

note the variety of terms

f or

'

Troy and
'

Trojan

'

cf

on rohur, 230.
:

dextra

hy strength ofhand.

etiam hac hy mine also, i.e. as well as by 3'ours. explained in 296, Penatis the household gods 293. sacra of the state, for as each family had its hearth and its Penates, so too the state had its city hearth and city gods. 294. fatorum fortunes.
292.
: : :

plurima (278) in the relative clause; A comma after magna the great city whicJi you loill found, etc. would furnish a rare punctuation for Virgil, i.e. within the iirst foot.
295.
:

magna

placed,

\\k.Q

296.
fillets.

vittas

an image of Vesta adorned witli The worship of Vesta was associated with that of the
:

Vestamque

i.e.

Penates.

on the hearth of Vesta, in the mother city, was carried to the daughter city. lu Rome this fire burnt continually on the altar of Vesta. effert i.e. seems to bring forth, for Aeneas is in a dream.
297.
:

aeternum ignem

the

fire

(This is one of the best scenes in Virgil, " Can one read this passage without being moved ? " wrote F^nelon. Chateaubriand called the scene " a kind of epitome of VirgiPs genius." The rlietorical devices used in the passage to secure pathos should be carefuUy noted. These include tlie use of exclamation in qualis erat, quantum mutatus (274)', nt a.^ipiciimts (28;>); of anaphora, 6 7?n'6?<s (282); of alliteration (^.(/.209,278, o (281); quae rhythniical effects. Thus the prevalent spondees and of 293, 29(5) in 272, 277, 285, 280 emphasize the tone of horror.)
. . . .
.
.

Lines 298-317.

Aeneas rushes Fouth.


298.

diverso

translate as

if

an adverb, hcre and

there, every-

wlurc, ov, with the rest of the line, the city hecomes a confused scene

of widespread grief

For

iniscentur, see I. 124.

BOOK
299.
300.

II

283

secreta obtecta

retired, iised

predicatively with recessit.

hidden.

301.

armorumque
The
line,

ingruit horror

siveeps on.

with

its

several r

dread din of war sounds, adapts the sound to

and

the

the sense.
302.

summi
f or

fastigia tecti

the top

ofthe sloping roof a poetical


bg cUmbing surmount.
alliteration.

variation
303.

sumnium tectum fastigatum.


:

ascensu supero arrectis auribus adsto


304.
incidit.

clhnh
cf. I.

to,

literally,

152.

Note the
IV. 452

veluti

cum

even as lohen, veluti with stupet


cf.

and cum with


winter's

For the

siniile,

Iliad

" as

when

torrents stream dow-n

mountain

sides into a valley basin, joiiiing

mighty floods from their great springs within a hollow canyon, and the shepherd hears their roar afar off in the hills." instrumental ablative with either 305. montano flumine rapidus or sternit. In prose, however, it wonld have been a geni:

tive with torrens.


306.

sternit, sternit: emphatic anaphora

sternit agros et sata.

sata laeta

and asyndeton, for a favorite personal metaphor of

His opening words in the Georgics are, quid faciat laetas segetes, ichat makes the joyous cornfields, his subject being tillage. See Introd. 11. boum labores : lahors qf oxen, i.e. the fruits of
Virgirs.
their labor.
307. 309.

stupet inscius
fides
:

is

heioildered

and dazed.

truth, sc. est.


:

dedit ruinam has fallen, = ruit. The periphrases with dare are comnion; cf. sonitum dedere, 243. Probably the Greeks attacked Deiphobus thus early, because after the death of Paris This attack is mentioned in Homer he had married Helen.
310.

{OdysserjyiU.^Vi). thefre; 311. Volcano


:

cf.

note on Cererem,
for his

l.

177.

312.

Ucalegon: the owner put


:

house.

In Homer,

Ucalegon is one of Priam's counsellors (Iliad III. 148). exoritur is here of the cf. with this line I. 87. 313. exoritur
third conjugation.
314.

nec sat

rationis, etc.

the idea

is

concessive

(=

though.

284

NOTES

etc), but such short paratactic (independent) clauses are often

stronger and

moie
:

effective

than hypotactic
cf.

(dependent)
bello

ones.

See Introd.
315.

38.

glomerare

for the infinitive,

105.

dative of

purpose.
317.

pulchrum mori succurrit


it

in armis

literally,

it

occurs (to
esse,

me)

that
is

is

f/(orious to die in arms.

AVith pulchrum supply

which

the subject of succurrit.

(In this vivid description, note the adaptation of sound to sense. Thus we have onomatopoetic effects in 301 and 313, very pronounced
in 303, 306, and 307, and less striking aUiteration in 208, 302, 304, 308, 310, 314, 317. Note, too, the large number of dactyls in the simile (304-8), and especially the effect of the diaeresis after incidit in 305.)

alliteration

Lines 318-369.

Panthus rescues the Sacred Relics.


318.

Panthus

the u

is

long, because it represents a

Greek

diphthong', Ilai/^ovs.
319.

Panthus

note the repetition, called (when in this form)

anadiplosis.

It is

employed sparingly by
arcis

Virgil, to heighten the


:

emotional tone of a passage.


of

Phoebique

i.e.

of the temple

Phoebus on the acropolis. 320. sacra these are the victos deos vision (293).
:

sacra^ of wiiich
:

Hector spoke in the

i.e.

tlie

Penates of 293.
city.

They

are

victi,

because they are

tlie

gods of a vanquished

Panthus

carries statuettes of them.

parvum nepotem

a toucliof Virgirs

tenderness.

thonght with manu (320), with his own hand. trahit drags. The little boy cannot keep up witli Panthus. With deos the verb means hears, and thus it is a case of zeugma. how fares the stafe? res summa, the 322. quo res summa loco
321.

ipse

to go closely in
:

'

main
A.
.52,

interest,'

=
;

res puhiica.

Panthu
89, 5;
shall
II.

a (ireek form (Ilar^oiO.


B. 73,
a.

B. 27, 3

G. G5

H.

&

quam

prendi-

mus arcem:
ative
is

what stronfjhold

we seize?

The

present indic-

used with the force of a future indicative, or a deliberative

1500K
subjunctive.
Tt is clear to

II

285.
tlie

Aeneas that

arx proper

(cf. arcis,*

319)

is lost.

324.

come

venit
the last

one of Virgirs noblest lines day and inevitahle hourfor Troy : cf. Gray's
.
.
:

tempus

'tis

" Awaits alike


325.

tli'

inevitable liour" {Elegy, 35).


:

Dardaniae: dative. fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium one of The j^erfect of siim is used Virgil's most famous utterances. idiomatically for is no more.' So Cicero announced the execution of the conspirators by vixerunt. omnia the main idea involved is that in wrath. 326. ferus Argos accusative of limit of motion. Argos is used of empire.
'
: :
:

for Greece.
327.

incensa

urbe

note the brevity of the Latin, which


in ea dominantur.
:

implies incenderunt urhem


328.

et

sized

arduus armatos, etc. the momentous statement is emphaby means of the double alliteration in this line. mediis in
:

moenibus
329.

in the centre ofthe city


:

cf.

240.

Troy has been conquered, not by the sword, but by deceit and perjury. incendia miscet scafters fames ahout. The gates at the ivide-open gates. 330. portis bipatentibus are two-leaved (Jji-) and open (patentes). as if none of as many thousands as. venere 331. milia quot the Greeks had been slain in the long war. For the terror-stricken
victor Sinon
:

Panthus to exaggerate is but natural. 332. angusta viarum = angustas


c.onvenient.
333.

vias,

Grecism, metrically

stat
;

the position of the verb makes the picture more im-

pressive
sheathed.

standing line of

parati neci
is useless.

fashing point un ready for massacre, not for a battle.


steel

there

is,

loith

Resistance
334.
hattle,

vix primi proelia temptant

scarce

do

the first

essay

much

less those
:

who

are attacked later.


(i.e.

335.
cf.

caeco Marte

in hlind

useless) warfare.

For Marte,

note on 311.

336.

numine divum

i.e.

he

is

impelled by some divine force.

.286
"

NOTES
tristis
. .
.

337.

Erinys

whither
340.

ivhilher.
:

of war. Note the anaphora.


:

tJie

fell Fury,

i.e.

quo

quo

per lunam
illis

in the moordight
:

cf.

255 and note.

341. 342. 343.

adglomerant
:

this verb, as well as addunt, governs se (339).

diebus: in those (last fatcd) days (Page). insano desperate. The epithet implies an overpowering

passion.
344.

Cassandrae objective genitive. gener as a son(-in-laic). In Latin,


: :

gener, socer, etc, are

often used not of an actual, but of a j^rospective relationship.

do not learn that Coroebus was married to Cassandra. Phrygibus i.e. Trojans. The word is chosen because of the alliteration with Priamo.
:

We

345.

irfelix, qui, etc.


is

lucUess one, not

to

have heeded, etc.

The

subjunctive

causal in a characteristic relative clause.

See 248.

furentis
347.

inspired.
:

quos ubi a^ o^'d the use of a relative pronoun in the trauslation. audere in to be eager for. The word avidus is
:

coiinected with this verb.


348.
349.

super adverbial. his = his verhis. pectora in apposition with iuvenes.


: :

It is

used with a
etc.
:

tone of affection, like our


desire
last.'
is

'

dear

liearts.'

si

vobis,

if your

fixed

to

follow

me

in

my final

venture, literally 'daring the

350.

audenlem agrees with me understood. A\'ith cupido supply est. quae sit rebus fortuna videtis you see what is the fate of
:

our cause.
possession.

sit

is

subjunctive of iiidirect question; rebus, dative of

excessere di note the order, throwing emphasis on both subject and verb. through ivhom. For the case, cf. note on 163. 352. quibus ruamus an ilhistration of hysteron jiro353. moriamur teron (reversal of ideas). Its use is often due to a desire to seciire a paratactic arrangement of ideas. See Introd. 38. Here moriamur may well come first, as it contains the more important idea. sperare in apposition witli salus. sc. est. 354. salus rarening. Ilere used as an adjective. 356. raptores improba ventris rabies the belly's lawless rage. improbus is used by Virgil
351.
. . .
: :

BOOK
in

II

287
tlie

many
357.

connections, but always implies

absence of

all

seem-

liness or restraint.

exegit caecos

Jias

driven forth in hlind fury, caecos being

used predicatively. 359. mediae urbis iter


arx.
360.

tJie

road

to tJie

heart ofthe

citt/, i.e.

to the

The
is

genitive

is

possessive.

nox

to

day,

thought.
of death.
361.

not inconsistent with 340. Night, as opposed dark, and here the idea of horror is the prominent The same expressions are used in VI. 866 of the shadow

atra

363.

fando cf. 81. dominata: a queen ;


:

literally

'having ruled.'

The

line is

singularly impressive.
365.

religiosa

deorum limina
:

people are cut

down even

in

the sanctuaries of the gods.


366.
367. 369.

sanguiiie

icilh their life-blood.


:

quondam
pavor
:

at times.

victis
is

dative.

the final syllable

long, according to the original


:

quantity.

An

archaism.

plurima

many

a.

(In this fine scene, note the more prominent stylistic features, The rapid questions in 322, the brief, pithy sentences throughout, the abrupt but natural style of 348 ff., the frequent epigrammatic tone, as all add to the vividness of poitrayal. in 352-5. fuit), 337-8 Anaphora is a common feature, as in 325 {fuimus quis), 364-5 per), 361 (quis quo), 358 (per (quo Alhteration is iibique). perque), 368-9 (uhique (perque freely employed, e.y. in 327, 328, 343, 344, 348, 353, 354, 360, 361,362, 364, 367-8, 369. Mark the solemnity of the opening spondees (318), the alternation of rhythm in 343, 344, 345, corresponding closely to the thought, and the ferus omnia weighty tone of 361. The broken rhythm of 326-7 is impressive, as is also the diaeresis luppiter Argos transtulit In 353, note the after additus in the picturesque dactylic verse 355. effect of the initial spondee, followed by the rapid dactyls.)

.
.

Lines 370-401.

DisGuiSED As Greeks, the Trojans work Great Havoc.

with caterva rather than with primus. comitante caterva cf 40, with note.
370.
:

Danaum

magna

288
371.

NOTES
socia agmina credens
inscius
:

deemhig our

lines frlendly^

i.e. niis-

taking us for Greeks.


372.
cf.
:

note the empliatic position.

ultro compellat:
practically the

279.

373.

nam quae

wh/,ivhat?

The

expression

is

same as quaenam. So, m Greek, yap may be used with a question. ravage and pillage. 374. rapiunt feruntque The replies excite distrust. There is trustivorthy. 377. fida perhaps a reference to the military watchword. sensit delapsus a Gi'ecism for se delapsum esse (j^aBero 7rpi7reau)v) So Milton, " She knew not eating death " (Paradlse Lost IX. 792). (d?-awing) back. Not a mere redundancy with 378. retro
:
: :

repressit.

379.

aspris
:

asperis,

which could not be used in the


:

verse.

veluti qui
380.

like one icho.

pressit

humi nitens

has crushed as he steps hearily on the


:

ground.

trepidusque repente refugit note the adaptation of sound to sense. The rhythm is accelerated, the weak caesura is twice employed, tlie syllable re- is repeated, and the perfect tense,
used for the present, expresses instantaneous
sitive, starts

actioii.

refugit is tran-

hack from

it.

381.

attollentem iras

as

the abstract for the concrete.


its

up in trrath; iras is a case of caerula colla tumentem puffs out


it

rises

dark-blue neck.

colla is

a Greek accusative of specitication

cf.

nuda genu, I. 320. 382. abibat: begaji been true.


383.
cf.

io

move

off.

Note that

abiit

would not have

circumfundimur
:

ive

pour around (fAm), a middle sense;

teguntur, 227.

384.
385.

passim with sternimus. sternimus iiote the enipliatic


:

diaeresis

and pause
:

after

the

first foot.

adspirat
tempoiul.

breathes (favorably) upon, or favors.


exult-

386.

hic

successu exsultans animisque


i.e.

ing in the
success.
387.

success

a/td courage,

in

the courage iuspired by

qua

where.

BOOK
388.

II

289
dextra is a

ostendit se dextra

shoics herself propitious.

predicate nominative,
390.
in

by

attraction for dextrani.


etc.
:

dolus au virtus,

whether deceit or valor, who would ask


sit

warfaref

With an supply
11.

(indirect qnestion).

Tliis is anit

other famous line.


in

Oliver AVendell

Holmes quotes
its

very aptly

Mortal Antipathy, ch.


clipei insigne

392.
393.

decorum

the shield icith

comely device.

induitur
ipse

cf.
:

275 and 383 above.


greater prominence
is

394.

Dymas
:

given to

Dymas
:

for

the sake of variety.


396.

Danais

cf. viris, 1. 4J:0.

haud numine nostro


it,

led not

by our gods, but by those of the Greeks, for the Greek armor whicli

they donned had figures of Greek gods engraved upon they fought under alien auspices. in close confict. 397. congressi
:

and thus

multos emphatic asyndeton and anaphora (multa Orco = ad Orcuni. midtos). .mfs shores, where their ships were. 399. litora fida cf. note on 383, 401. conduntur
398.
: : :

Lines 402-437.

Yain Effort to rescue Cassaxdra.


402.

heu
;

nihil, etc.

alas

in naught
nihil is

may

one trust the gods against

an inner object with fidere. See A. 390, d, x. 2 B. 176, 3; G. 332, 333; H. 409; H. & B. With /rt.<, understand est; divis is dative. A. 367; B. 396, 2. H. 426 H. & B. 362, 2. 187, II G. 346 streaming hair, which would befit her 403. passis crinibua
their will
cf.
;
; ;

note on 396.

either as a suppliant (see

I.

480) or as a prophetess.

Priameia

virgo
404.
the

Priam^s maiden daughter.


:

a templo adytisque Minervae from the temple and (even) shrine of Minerva. adytum is tlie inner sanctuary, where the
of the

god stood, while templum applied to the whole sacred enclosure, including the building (aeu'es). The tradition was that

image

290

NOTES
See
I. 41,

Ajax, son of Oileus, was guilty of this outrage. (below) 414.

and

tendens lumina a pathetic and striking phrase suggested ardentia by the conimon expression tendere manus (pahnas).
405.
:

blazing,

406.

mas

with anger. palluniina for the repetition, cf. note on Panthus, 319. in supplication, the hands were extended with open pahns.
i.e.
:

See Fig. 48,


407.

p. 830.

non

tulit

hanc speciem
by the poet
et,

did not

(i.e.

could not) endure

this sicjht.

See 343-4.
ff.)

AVe now see that Coroebus was skilfully


to increase the draniatic interest

introduced (341
408.

of Cassandra's fate.

et:

cf.

note on

94.

now pause
solved
409.

to urge on his

Coroebus does not periturus reconirades, as in 386.


sese iniecit
: :

to die.

densis armis
delubri:
i.e.

ablative, following

up and emphasizing

con-

and

cuncti ; cf. 383.

410.

the temple of 404, in the citadel, which Tro-

jans are trying to defend. 411. obruimur: the final syllable


668.
412.

is

lengthened;

cf. iactetur, I.
,

miserrima
f acie
: :

because Trojans are slaughtering Trojans. 7^S Graiarum errore appearance ; ablative of cause.
:

iubarum
413.

the confusion

of

(i.e.

due

to)

our Greeh
:

crests.

/^(s-i^Tl

gemitu

atque ereptae virginis ira

loith

a shout ofrageat
is

the maiden^s rescue.

The

genitive vir(jinis,\\ke iuharum (412),


is

one of source.
414.

gemitu atque ira


see note
liis

a case of hendiadys.

Aiax:

on 404.
cf. I.

He

is

n aturally /erces^, because


cf 7.
.

Cassandra was
415.
416.

prize.

gemini = r/wo ; adversi from


:

162.

Dolopum
:

opposite qnarters, diverse.

rupto turbine
his

ivhen a hurricane hursts forlh.


417.
strcds.

quondam
:

as in 367.

laetus Eois Eurus equis


Tlie
e(/ui
:

Eurus, proud of

Eastern

are the wiuds whicli the god


of the third conjugation.
:

Eurus

drives.

418.
419. 420.

stridunt

spumeus
si

steeped in foam.
cf. si qua, 142.

quos = quoscumque ;

BOOK
421.

ir

291
i.e.

fudimus

insidiis
:

routed hy our stratagem,


citg.
;

by the

chaiige
see

of arnior.

tota urbe
1,

throughout the

A.

4-29,

422.

b; G. 338; H. 485, 2 mentita tela our lying iceapons.


2; B. 228,
:

For the syntax, H. & B. 436,"^a.

The

participle is used

in its ordinary active sense.

The weapons
:

falsely proclaim that

those
423.

who

carry theni are Greek.

ora sono discordia signant marh our speech as differing in tone (from theirs). Tlie Greeks and Trojans are supposed to speak the same language, but with a ditference in accent. i.e. Minerva. 425. divae most righteous of all. m/ii^s is often used 426. iustissimus unus
:

to streng-then a superlative.

On

the strength of this passage, Dante

places Ripheus, though a Pagan, in Paradise {Paradiso, Canto

XX).
1,

aequi justice. On the genitive, G. 375; H. 451, 3; H. & B. 354, c.


427.
:

see A. 349,

B. 204,

428.

dis aliter

visum

sc. est.

Tlie thougbt

is

that he,

if

any

one, surely deserved to live.

The

poet, however, is not rebelling

against the gods


to understand.

he simply acquiesces in what he does not profess

The words have become proverbial; cf. Thackeray's use of them a vropos of "the expedition that might have saved the doomed force of Burgoyne" (^Virginians, Vol. II, ch. 43). for the apostrophe, cf. note on 429. te tua plurima, Panthu From this line we are to infer that Panthus had left te, I. 555.
:

the holy relics (sacra) of 320 in the house of Anchises (300), and then had accompanied Aeneas.
430.

Apollinis infula
sacrifice.
:

for the appearance

of infulae, see Fig. 43, wliich shows a victim

ready for
431.

cineres vocative. flammaextrema:


!

Ofuneral fire
432. 433.

The burning
:

city

became the

funeral pyi'e of his kindred.

testor

sc. vos.
:

vitavisse
assaults.
'

sc.

me.

vices

return
'

hlows,

change
tela as

of

The word implies intersome sort. Danaum belongs to


vices.

FiG. 43.

YicTiM

well as

For the thought,

cf

per

wiTH

infulae.

292
tela,

NOTES
per
hostis,

358.

si fata fuissent,

ut caderem

liad

il

heen

fated that I should fall.

For

ut caderem, see
3, a.
it (i,e.

A.

563, d;

B. 295, 4; hy

G. 546
434.

H. 565, 5 meruisse

H.

&
:

B. 502,

manu

/ earned

the

riglit to fall)

my

sword.

The
is

iiifinitive

represeiits Jiierui of direct narration,

aud

merui

vi^id for meruissem.

With mnnu supply mea;


et
is
:

cf.

manu
:

mortem inveniam, 645. 436. gravior somewhat hurdened.


:

too.

volnere Ulixi

icound receiced from Ulysses.


343, N. 1
crippled.
437.
;

Ulixi
;

a subjective geiiitive.
1
;

A.

B. 199

G. 363, 1
sumus.
in 416

H. 440,

H. & B. 344.

tardus

vocati

sc.

It opens (416) carefully elaborated. with impressive spondees, which are carried over into 417 (conjligunt), The intervening (lactyls and then resumed in 418 (afler the first foot) -qne, et), and niarked alliterapolysyndeton by {-que, accompanied are toWowing words stridnnt silvne In the tion {Eois Emnis equis). we have a striking case of onomatopoeia, saevitque tridcnti spumeus depicting the straining of the forest trees and the surge aud roar of

(The storm-simile

ff. is

the sea.
to otlier features, note the pathos in the repetiti<m of luminn The spondees of 410 open a tale of disaster the dactyls of 42 l 406. Alliteration is employed in 40lJ, describe the sudden onset of the foe. (double), 433 (double), and 434, 429 (double), 403, 409, 411, 414, 425

As

while in 423 alliteration and assonance produce a strikiug verbal effect, in keeping with tlie thought.)

Lines 438-452.

FlERCE FlGIIT ABOUT TIIE AVaLLS AND EnTRANCE-GATE TO Priam's Palace.


438.

pugnam goyernedhy cernimus


:

(\[l).

Note the solemnity


conditional coniB. 504, 3.

of the spondaic

rhythm
;

in tliis line.

ceu cetera nusquam bella


II.

forent
439.
440.

as if there were no hattles elsewhere.

parison.

A. 524

B. 307
:

G. 602

584

A II. &

nulli, etc.

note the asyndeton.


:

sic

Martem indomitum

so nncontroUed the

god of ivar ; a

loose apposition with puf/nnm (438).


441.

obsessum acta testudine

beset with the attack

ofa shielded

BOOK
column.
aii

II

293
formatioii, in

Tlie testudo

was a familiar Roman

which

attacking force locked shields above their heads. ence is, of course, an anachronism.
442.

Tlie refer-

scalae

scaling ladders, also


:

common
the

in

Roman

warfare.

postisque sub ipsos


443.

close

under

very door-posts, the postes

being the posts of the entrance-gate.


nituiitur gradibus
:

they force their

way on
is

the steps,

i.e.

those of the ladders.


444.

protecti

in self-protection.
i.e.

The

participle

middle.

fas-

tigia

hattlements,

of the walls.
;

445.

contra

in their turn

adverb.

tecta

domorum culmina
is

the roofcovering
ticiple,

of the house. The word tecta, which might have been used alone as a substantive.
his telis
:

here a par-

446.

icith ihese

as missiles

his is too far


:

from

telis

to

be taken with

it directly.

ultima cernunt

they see (that) the

end

(is near).

449.
451.

imas fores

the doors below.

instaurati aninii

again.

succurrere

our spirits are quicke^ied, or rise dependent on the idea of desire implied in
:

sc. sunt,

the preceding words.


452.

vimque addere

victis

hring fresh force

to the

vanquished.

Note the

alliteration in the liue.

Lines 453-468.

EXTERING BY A POSTERX-GATE, AexEAS MOUXTS THE RoOF.


limen erat, etc. there was an entrance, with secret doors, a passage common to the seceral wihgs of Priam's palace, even a gateway apart in the rear. The limen is defined by the three follovving
453.
:

expressions.

It is secret

(i.e.

known
a used or

to only a few), affords a

thoroLighfare, and stands at the


literally, a thoroughfare use,
i.e.

back of the palace.

pervius usus
thoroughfare.

common

454.

inter se

i.e.

connecting one with another.


relicti:
i.e.

The phrase

is

here used adjectivally.

secluded, for the next verse

shows that
455.

it

was not ahandoned.


:

infelix

because of the loss of Hector and her son.


:

dum

regna manebaut

cf.

22.

294
457.

NOTES
soceros i.e. Priam.
:

her husband's parents,

i.e.

Priam and Hecuba


tecti,

avo

458.
460.

summi
turrim
:

fastigia culminis

= summi fastigia
tectis
:

302.
:

governed by convellimus, 464.

in praecipiti

on

the sheer

edge (of the roof).


sc. sunt.

summis

from

the rooftop

ablative of separation.
462.

solitae

During the long

siege, it

was a good
(i.e.

watch-tower.
463.

adgressi: the participle, assailing.

ferro:

with iron

croivba7-s).

qua summa,
:

etc.

whei-e the topmost stories offered

weak

fastenings.
464. 465.

convellimus perfect tense cf. impulimus, sedibus ablative of separation.


;
:

465.

467.

alii

i.e. f resh

assailants.

(Observe the alternation of rhythm in 455-7. Andromache's misery (note infelix and the spondaic rhythm of 455) is contrasted with the happiness of the olden days, when Astyanax was often taken in eager haste (note trahebat and the dactyhc rhythm of 457) to visit his
grandfather. Note further how the slow spondees of 463, expressive of the labored efforts of the besieged, pass gradually (464) into the accelerated rliythm of 465-6, the sentence closing with an abrupt pause (iiicidit, 467), expressive of the crash.)

Lines 469-485.

TlIE
469.

YOUTHFUL PyKRHUS.
Pyrrhus
:

vestibulum
for

a sort of entrance court.

another

name

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. literally, gleaming with ar^ns 470. telis et luce coruscus aena and (their) brazen light, which is a Virgilian way of saying, gleaming ivith the sheen ofbrazen arms. light comes 471. qualis ubi in lucem, etc. even as ivhcn into the wriggling its slippery bodi/. qualis ubi coluber = t(dis a snake in lucem with convolvit (474), but emphaqualis coluber est uhi.
:

sized by position.
lerbs,

mala gramina pastus

havingfed on poisonous

and therefore dangerous. It was an ancient idea that a suake's poison canie from its food.

BOOK
472.
473.

II

295

tiimidum

sicoJlen, i.e.

with the poisons engendered.


ifs

nunc
ijouth.

positis

etc.

now,

slough cast

off,

fresh and
line.

glisten-

ing with
475.

Xote the accelerated rhythni of the


:

arduus ad solem towering toward the sun. et linguis. etc. and darting from his mouth a three-forked tongue ; literally, in its mouth icilh tongues, ore being a local ablative, and linguis, instrumental. A serpenfs tongiie has only two, not three, forks. As the serpent, waking in the spring to new life, is fresh and vigorous, so Pyrrhus, "no less in his spring " (for he is young and has just conie to Troy), " fresh and vigorous and agile, exults and sparkles and flashes in the brazen light of his brandished weapons."
(Henry.)
476. 478.

una:
tecto
of

with him.
:

the dwelling, not, as often,

the roof.
is

The spondaic
great

rhythm
elfort.

this

and the foUowing


:

line

indicative of

479.

dura limina

the

hard doors.
itself,

The word

entrance, whether the opening

means the or the doors which bar the


limina

opening.
481.

excisa trabe
out, i.e.

haring hewn out a panel.

cavavit:

literally,

has hollowed
482.

forced an opening.
:

483. 485.

ingentem lato ore fenestram a huge ivide-mouthed gap. apparent anaphora, w4th pathetic effect. apparet vident sc. Grai.
.

Lines 486-505.

LlKE A RlVER BURSTIXG ITS BaNKS, THE GrEEKS POUR


487.
:

IN.

cavae aedes vaulted halls. miscetur in an uproar. there is a tragic contrast between the bril488. aurea sidera Cf. Matthew liant heavens above and tlie terrible scene below. Arnold " and Yalballa rang Up to its golden roof with sobs and cries." (Balder Dead.)
{.s
:
:

490. 491.

osculafigunt: imprint
vi patria
:

kisses

(i.e.

oi farewell).
i.e.

wilh his father's might,

the might of AchilleSi

296
492.

NOTES
sufferre
:

sc.

eum, withstand
blows.
:

liim.

ariete crebro

under

the

hattering 7'am's

many

emoti cardine lorenched from their sockets. "Aiicient doors were not hung on hinges but turned on two pivots, wliich formed part of the door itself, and of which the lower one turned in a socket iu the limen or sill and the upper one in a socket in the
493.

limen superum or lintel." (Page.)

via vi note the assonance. rumpunt aditus force As rumpunt is properly intransitive, adiius is an inner anentrance. see 402. object, an accusative of the effect produced
494.
fit
: :

495.
496.

milite

collective force.
:

suchfury when afoaming river, hursting its barriers, has overfiowed and with its torrent 0'erwhelmed ihe resisting hanks, does it sweep over the felds.
sic, etc.

non

not ivith

497.

exit

contracted from
:

exiit.

498.
501.

cumulo
nurus
:

as in

I.

105.

daughters.

The term

here includes both daughters

and daughters-in-law, for of the latter, according to Homer, Priam had but fifty. per aras amid the altars. ihe famous fifty chamhers, 503. quinquaginta illi thalami which are mentioned by Homer (liiad VI. 244) and occupied by the rich Priam's sons aud their wives. spes tanta nepotum
:

promise of offspring, in loose apposition with thalami.


504.

barbarico
:

alien,

foreign,

i.e.

taken

from barbarians.

word determines the meaning of harharico auro. It was an ancient custom to hang upon doors the spoils taken in war.
spoliisque
this

(The dactylic rhythm of 486 and 488 reflects the terrible confusion and grief depicted. In the latter verse note the onomatopoetic word The dactyls ululant, the niany r sounds, and the frequent diaereses.
of 498 describe the rush of waler.)

Lines 506-525.

Priam, tiiougii Old, would fain die as a Soldier.


506.

fuerint

subjunctive of indirect question.


really/ors
sit

So too

recpiiras,

because

/6/-.s7Van is

an.

Note the

alliteration

(/and

sounds) in thc

lirst

two

lines of the paragraph.

BOOK
508.
509.
:
:

II

297

limina doors. medium a poetic variation for mediis. diu with desueta. senior veri/ old. More eniphatic
: :

than

senex.

511.

cingitur
:

a middle voice,

girds
tries
to

on;
rush.

cf.

induitur,

393.

fertur
512.

note the conative sense,

nudo sub
is

aetheris axe
etc.

beneath the open height of heaven.

The

scene

in the atrium,
:

which was open to the sky.


the spondaic rhythni
suggests

514.

incumbens,
natae
:

solemn

associations.
515.
516.
cf.

note on nurus, 501.


:

praecipites tempestate

sicept hefore

a storm,

517.

condensae

huddled
:

together.

518.
519.
520.

iuvenalibus

the

arms of

his youth.

mens
cingi
:

dira
to

infatuate thought.
cf. cingitur,
i.e.

gird thyself;
istis
:

511.

521.

defensoribus

those arms of thine,

the demonstrative of the second person.

being For the ablative with


istis

verbs of want and plenty,

cf.

carere dolis, 44.

Thackeray makes skilful use of this verse in his Virginians (Vol. II, ch. 39), where George Warrington objects to the hoards " Was onr great quarrel," he of Hessians and Indian murderers. '* asks, " not to be fought without tali auxilio and istis defensoribus ? Cf. Tennyson, Becket, Act II, Sc. 2. expressive of tenderness. adforet = adesset. 522. meus The apodosis is not expressed; 'even his arms would be of no avail.'
:

523.
524.

tandem
:

of entreaty, //jm^.

525.

simul icith us. sacra longaevum in sede locavit

note the double

allit-

eration (in the order abab) closing the paragraph.

Lines 526-558.

He
526.

is

slain at the Altar by Pyrrhus.

ecce
:

the

word brings the scene

vividly before us.

Pyrrhi

de caede from
436.

the

murderous attack of Pyrrhus.

Cf. volnere Ulixi^

298
527.
528.
:

NOTES
per tela, per liosLis cf. 358. porticibus longis doivn the long colonnades.
:

Ablative oi
icith in-

the route
529.
tent to

see 206.
:

saucius
wound.

in

emphatic position.

infesto volnere

volnus is a substitution for telum, that

which causes

the wound, a bohi use of metonymy.


530.

iam iamque
in at
:

noiv, even

now ; the repetition makes the


presses close.

scene extremely vivid.


533.
535.

premit
:

media morte

of death. (Sidgwick.) oflen used to introduce a curse, and implying indignain the very grip
!

tion.

Translate by nay

536.

pietas

righteousness.

See Introd.
fecisti,

5.

curet

subjunc-

tive in a clause of characteristic.


538.

me

cernere

governed by

which

in prose

would

necessitate ut cernerem.
539.

fecisti

the indicative for emphasis, thougli in a causal


thou ivhose son thou falsely sayest thou art;

relative clause.
540.

satum

sc. esse,

an ablative of source. in the case of his foe, toivard his foe. Priamo 541. in hoste note the effective use of the third person; cf. lunonis, I. 48. iura fidemque supplicis erubuit for a suppUatifs rights and trust had
quo
is
:

respect.

For the story referred


sine ictu
:

to, see lliad

XXIV.
;

160

ff.

544.

univounding ov with feehle force


:

metonymy.

repulsum sc. esi. 546. summo clipei umbone from the top of the shield's boss. The umbo is the projecting knob in the centre of the shield. It was probably covered witli leather, which the spear pierced.
545.

rauco

clanging.

547.
force.

referes et ibis

the future indicative has an iniperative


353.

For the oider,


genitori
altaria
:

cf.

548.
550.

Achilles.
:

mea

tristia facta

said with scorn.

ad ipsa
:

an

iin[)c)rtant detail in tlie

brutal crime.

trementem not from fear, but old age. the frequentative forni 551. lapsantem
here.
553.

is

very appropriate

lateri

= m

latus.

The

ablative

would be natural, but

BOOK
latere

II

299
capulo tenus
is

(www)
the hilt.

is

inadmissible in the hexameter.


fiuis

up

to

554.

haec
tulit
:

predicate.

the feminine gender

an ar-

chaism.
555. 556.
the
tool: ojf, i.e. befell.

tot

quondam,

etc.

once lord of so
is

many

trihes

and

lands,

monarch of Asia. populis


prefer to take
so
it

Some
'

ablative of cause with superhum. as a dative of interest with regnatorem,


tribes.'

proud ruler over


natural.
:

many

The former

is

simpler and

more
557.

his
still

Asiae {.e. Asia Minor, the Roman province of ^.s*rt. iacet: body was thrown out on the beach^ and Aeneas pictures it as
lying there.

According

to Servius, Virgil here thinks of the

fate of

Pompey.

(In this tragic scene of Priam's death, we sbould note the realistic vividness of description, the dramatic tone,* as illustrated by the use of dialogue, and the thoroughly Yirgilian pathos in the contrasted ideas of the last lines. verse in spondaic rhythm (526) opens the story, and the same rhythm emphasizes the curse in 5o7. Accelerated rhythm marks the fliglit of Polites in 528, but closes abruptly with the telling pause after saucius (528), to be resumed for a moment in 530. as the hfe and death race is pictured. The terrible excitement of the scene reaches its climax in the dactyhc line 55o.)

Lines 559-566.

The Sight reminds Aexeas of


559.

his

Own Home.

at

me =

me autem.

who

trembles for his


subiit

These words bring us back to Aeneas, own father's fate. Xote the spondaic rhythm,
or

expressive of horror.
560.
:

sc. ine,

animum meum, occurred


a^e with Anchises.

to

me, rose hefore

me.
561.
562.

aequaevum

f;/Z/A:e

Xote the rhythm.

subiit: emphatic anaphora.

563.

domus
copia
:

the final syllable

is

irregularly lengthened before

the caesura.
564.

force.

300
565.

NOTES
deseruere, misere, dedere
deserted {me), etc.
:

picturesque present perfects,

have
566.

(Benuett.)

aegra

faint, agreeing vvith corpora.

Lines 567-623.

He
567.

is

tempted to slay Helen.


The word
.

adeo

in

truth.

ofteu

emphasizes pronouus
:

and adverbs of time. super limina Vestae the approach left.


.
:

eram
to (the

tmesis.

/ alone

v:as

domestic) Vesta, in the

iunermost part of the palace.


568.

servantem
erranti
illa
:

keeping close

to.

Note the accumulatiou of


on the roof of the palace.

expressions of secrecy.
570.
:

sc. mihi.

Aeneas
sibi
:

is still

571. 572.

?.e.

Helen.
:

yf\ih. infestos.

Danaum
:

at the

hands of
the

the

Greeks ; subjective genitive.


scourge.

coniugis
573.

]\Ienelaus.
:

communis Erinys
invisa
:

common

574.

the hated crealure,


.s

with the predicate.


cf . note

Note the
:

prominence of the hissing 575. ignes fire offury.


:

sound.

subit

on

560.

ira

an angry
suhit

desire.

576.
ira.

ulcisci

dependeut ou the idea of wishinginvolved in


:

sceleratas poenas

literally, guilty

punishment,

i.e.

punish-

ment of guilt, a transferred ei^ithet. here begins a powerful soliloquy. 577. scilicet, etc.
:

sciHcet is
:

ironical

Is she forsoolh to see

Sparta

? etc.

Mycenas

used for

Greece in general.

parto triumpho ablative absohite. Translate, /n /m/w/)/?. The idea of a Roman triumph is, by an anachronisin, transferred
578.
:

to the heroic age.

coniugium = coniugem, by metonymy, the abstract for the patres = parentes. Only tlie father, however, vvas ahve, concrete.
579.
viz.

Tyndareus.

580.

comitata

581.

deponent participh^ usod as a passive. occiderit, arserit, sudarit futnie-perfect forms,


: :

shall he

BOOK

II

301

have perished? etc, because prior to the time of the simple futures
aspiciet, ibit, videbit.

583.

memorabile nomen
exstinxisse nefas,

glorious renown.
:

584.
the

etc.

yet

I shall winpraisefor
;

hlotting oui

unholy thing and exacting a just recompense.

585.

merentis poenas

meritas poenas

cf.

sceleratas poenaSy

576.
586.

animum
to

explesse iuvabit ultricis flammae

it

will give
is

me joy
587.

have Jilled

my

soul

icith the Jire

genitive with a verb of pleiity;

cf.

of vengeance. flammae note on Bacchi, I. 215. of

cineres
talia

meorum:
:

the ashes

my

kindred ; the dead cry


102.

aloud for vengeance.


588.

iactabam
to
:

cf.

talia

iactanti, I.

ferebar

was

rushing on,
589.

i.e.

do the deed.
neverhefore.

non ante

videndam

to

my sight ;

literally,

to be seen,

the gerundive expressing purpose.


inanifesting the goddess, not in ordinary

591.

confessa deam:

hunian form, but as explained in the words following. qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet in heauty and stature such as she
:

is

wont
59?..

to

appear

to the

heavenly beings.
sc.

dextra prehensum continuit: hand and stayed me.


594.
595.

me, caught

me

hy the

dolor

resentment.

quonam

nostri tibi cura recessit


"

whither has thy regard

for me vanished?

had

lost

Aeneas by losing self-command ghowed that he confidence in his mother and sense of his relation to her."
nonne.

(Conington.)
596. 597. 598.
599.

non =

prius

frst.
survives.

superet coniunxne whether thy ivife quos omnis governed by circum.


: :

ni resistat

logically, a condition contrary to fact,


it
.

but

in

the forni (adopted either for vividness, or because

is

easier to
I.

handle metrically) a contingent or ideal condition


58.
600.

cf ni faciat,

carried

iam flammae them off. The

tulerint

sc.

eos,

ere
is

noiv

the

fames had

perfect subjunctive

often used instead of

302

NOTES
be hauserit

the present, just as the perfect iudicative


ent,
ilieir

may

iised for the pres:


'

to

denote instantaneous action.

sc.

eos,

dralned

blood.

6oi.

luoman, daughter of Tyndareus


is

non

tibi, etc.

know

that itis not


it is

tJie

liatedface ofthe Laconlan


is to

not Paris that

hlame
est.

tibi

an ethical dative.

With

facies,

understand culpata

Sonie

editors prefer to n\?ike facies


evertit
;

and Paris,

like inclementia, subjects of

(603) but brief, pointed statements are more forcible here, and Virgil has in mind a famous passage in Homer {Iliad III. 164), where Priam says to Helen " Thou, I ween, art not to blame;
:

'tis

the gods that are to blame,

who brought on

us the woful war

of the Achaeans."
602.

culpatus Patis

sc. est.
is

Paris has not been mentioned iu


a plural.
It is

the lines preceding, but he

naturally associated in thought with


force of

Helen.

The two have the

no human
:

gods themselves who are responsible for Troy's dovvnfall. divuni inclementia divum note the rhetorical effect of asyndeton and repetition. 603. sternitque a culmine Troiam and m.akes Troy topple from
It is the
:

agents you must accuse.

her pinnacle.
604.
tibi.

obducta tuenti

draivn o'er thy siyht, tuenti agreeing with

605.
606.

umida circum caligat and ichose dank jmll enshrouds thee. tu ne qua parentis iussa time hut for thee, fear not any
:

commands of
be
noli timere.

t/iy

mother; tu

is

emphatic.
is
:

In

j^^rose,

ne time would

fate is

you thus see that Troy's hopeless, do not give up your efforts to escape with your
even
if

The meaning

family.
609.

mixto pulvere: an
i.e.

ablative absolute.

Translate, mingled

with dust,
610.

from the
:

falling buildings.

Neptunus
:

the very god

who

built the walls is

now destroy-

ing them.
611.

Note the impressive spondaic rliythm of the line. quatit in Homer, Posidon (=Neptune) is the " earthCF^vo(Ti)(Oixiv, 'Ei/i/oo-ryaios).

shaker,"
612.

eruit: note the effective pause after

tlie first foot.

613.

prima

being foremost.

BOOK
615.

II

303

616.

was regularly dedicated to Pallas Athena. nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva gleaming with sto7-marces
:

the arx

cioud and grim Gorgon.


aegis

The storm-cloud emits


see

lightning.

The
had a

of

Pallas (for

which

Homer,
is

lliad V. 738 ff.)

Gorgon's head in the centre.


is

saeva

not noraiiiative, for Gorgone

improved by an epithet, and saeva of Pallas, after saevissima of Juno, would be very weak. 617. ipsepater: the poet wisely refrains from depicting Jupiter.

secundas
eripe

auspicious.
:

619.

fugam

literally, snatch thy Jiight,

i.e.

he must act
etc.

at

once.
622.

apparent,

etc.

there are seen

dread forms,

inimica:

in the predicate.

Aeneas has been carefully composed. Thus we may note the beautiful balance between the three questions in the simple future, aspiciet (578), ibit, and videbit (579), and the three m the future-perfect, occiderit (581), arserit, and sudarit (582), the correspondence being in inverse order. As Page puts it: "3. 4. her home happy, my king murdered 2. 5. she in triumph, Troy in flanies she safe at Sparta, the Dardan coast reeking with blood." Note, 1. 6.
(The soliloquy
of
; ;

assonance with c sounds in 577-8, the polysyndeton in 579, aud the strong pause af ter non ita (583) expressive of determmation.)
too, the
,

Lines 624-633.

624.
625.

Troy falls like a Mouxtain-ash. omiie emphatic. The final moment seems to
:

have come.

walls

Neptunia Troia: Xeptune (with Apollo) had built the for Laomedon, king of Troy, who refused to pay the gods
ac veluti,
to

their reward.
626.
tree,

etc.

even as when on mountain-tops an ancient ash

which has been hacJced with


overturn
: it

manyablow of iron

axes, the

woodmen

emulously strain

ever ihreatens

to fall, etc.

See Introd.

2.
627.
629.

ferro crebrisque bipennibus

hendiadys.
;

tremefacta

comam:

with trembling leafage

comam

is

Greek accusative of
030.

specification.
:

supremum congemuit

it

gives one loud last groan.

supre-

304
miim
is aii

NOTES
inner accnsative.
Tn congemuit, the conis

intensive,

and the perfect denotes iiistantaneous action. 631. iugis avolsa uptornfrom the ridges, i.e. of the mountains. i.e. froni the palace roof 632. descendo Note the alliteration
:
:

with

d.

633.

expedior

a middle voice, clear (make)

my

way.

Lines 634-649.

Anchises
634.

is

loath to Depart.
Anchises could not walk, as

perventum
:

sc. est^

impersonal, when I had reached.


tollere
:

635.
is

autiquas explained below

cf.

137.

in 649.
:

636.

primum, primuni

emphatic repetition.

With

Roman,

love for one's father took precedence over all other formsof affection.
637.

abnegat producere
integer aevi
:

a poetical construction for negat se

producturum.

sound in point of age, i.e. in full vigor ; aevi is a genitive of respect. A. 349, d; B. 204, 4; G. 374, H. 451, 2 H. & B. 354, c. N. 6 sc. est. 639. sanguis
638.
literally,
;

note the empliatic position and the contrast with the vos preceding.
641.
:

me

servassent = servavissent. enough and more tlnin enough is it


642.

satis
that

una

superque,
etc.

etc.

Once before had Hercules, when deceived by Laomedon, taken and


is

The Latin

brief for saiis

I have seen one superque est quod vidirnus,

destruction.

destroyed Troy.
643.

et captae
city.

superavimus urbi
sense of una
is

and have survived one capture


;

of the
644.

The

to be continued

superavimus has
say

the construction and


sic o sic

meaning
i.e.

of superesse.
:

positum,

etc.

to

my
in

hody thus iying, yea


iinal farewell, tlie

thus,

farewell and depart,


laid out for burial,

treat

me

my

helplessness as a corpse

and pronounce the

sad ave

atque vale addressed to the dead.

(See Tennyson's poeni, ^'Frater

ave atque vale.")

BOOK
645.
foe, as

II

305
but by provoking the
the cruel act of the

manu

hy

my

hand, not

by

suicide,
:

miserebitur enemy will, in his eyes, be one of inercy. light 646. facilis iactura sepulchri

Priam had done.

i.e.

expression of absolute despair

is,

This of course, utterly at variance with


:

is

the loss

of

hurial.

Ronian sentiment.
647.

invisus divis
:

explained by ex quo

igni.

annos de-

moror
648.
cf. I.

I stag

the
:

years (in their flight), a very poetic expression.

ex quo

ever since.

divum pater atque hominum rex


:

65 with note.

649.

fulminis adflavit ventis

hreathed upon

me

tvith the

winds

of his bolt. Anchises was blasted by a lightning bolt, because he had boasted of the love of Venus.

(The slow rhythm


the note on the line. and 649.)

See of 636 intensifies the expression of feehng. Mark, too, the alliterative effects in 639, 642, 645,

Lines 650-670.

Aeneas vainly pleads with


650.
ciple
:

his Father.

perstabat memorans continued in his speech, the partifor an infinitive by a Grecism; cf. note on querentem, I. 385.
effusi lacrimis
:

651. 652.

sc.

sumus, were dissolved in

tears.

ne vellet
:

a substautive clause of purpose, depending on

the idea of entreaty involved in effusi lacrimis.

vertere

secum

cuncta
653.

The others will not leave him. fato urgenti incumbere add weight to the pressing doom,
ruin
all loith

him.

a very expressive plirase.

Fate presses heavily enough even aside

from him. ahides in his pur654. incepto et sedibus haeret in isdem pose and his place. Sucli a combination of abstract and concrete In English, it is used mainly ideas is not uncommon in Yirgil.
:

with comic
656. 657.

effect.
:

quae iam fortuna dabatur

ivhat

chance vjas offered now

mene
?

efferre^ etc.

didst thou deein that


is

I could go
ablative.

forlh

leaving thee

me (accusative)

emphatic

te

is

Note

306

NOTES

the abruptiiess of the words, with no verb of saying to introduce

them.
658.

660.

tantum nefas sucli a monstrous thought. sedet hoc aninio if this (^purpose) is Jirmhj
: :

set

inthy mind,

animo being ablative.


thy pleasure
662. iniplies 663.
to cast
:

perituraeque
nnd

iuvat
is

this clause ex;

plains hoc, so tliat the -que in perituraeque


thyseJf
thine into the
:

explanatory

if

it

is

coming ruin ofTroy.


steeped in the hlood
;

iam
'

soon.

multo de sanguine
Polites.

de

coming from.'
:

gnatum
hoc

i.e.

patrem
it

i.e.

Priam.

Note the scan-

sion of patris
664.

and patrem.
:

erat, etc.

ivas

for

this,

gracious mother, ihat thou

savesi me, in order ihat I


eripis, the

may

see, etc.

The

substantive clause quod


is

fact of ihy saving me, is the subject of erat; hoc

the

by ut cernam. past appearance of Venus, that of


predicate, explained

The
eripis

due to tlie to the continuance of her


tense of erai
is

protection in the present.


665.

ut,

utque

note

tlie

repetition, indicating the excitement

of the speaker.
667.

alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine

slain each in the

other's hlood.

668. 669.

lux ultima
the

ihe last light

of

life.
:

sinite instaurata

revisam proelia

let

me

seek again

and

renew

fghi.

after siniie,
tive force.
670.

In this construction of a subjunctive witliout ut the subjunctive was originally independent, with voli-

numquam

an empliatic non.

Keep the

translation never.

Lines 671-678.

Creusa implores
672.

iiim
it

not to leave

II

ek axd

iiis

Son.

aptans ftiing
:

on.

The

loft liand

took hold of a leather


alliterative

handle
674.

in tlie centre of tlie shiekl.

patri
et

i.e.

inihi,

but niore toucliing, also


in

with

parvum.
675.

nos

us

ioo.

omnia for any


:

fite.

BOOK
676,

II

307

expertus

sc.

armn, having trled them.


:

678.

couiunx quondam tua dicta

once called thy vnfe.

bitter reproach.

(The prevailing spondees imply retarded movement, but contrast


the accelerated rliythm of 675.)

Lines 679-691.

The Knot cut by a Yeritablk Deus ex Machina.


680.
681.

dictu

with mirabile.
inter, etc=
is

manus

parents.

Aeneas

hands and faces of his sad bending over the kneeling Creusa, who is hold:

hetiveen the

ing out to
682.

him the child. The levis apex a light tip


:

picture

is

very dramatic.

explained
683.

hyfamma

(of fame) : /)e:p is more definitely in the nextline. visus sc. est, seemed.
: :

tactu innoxia
trepidare

harmless

to the

touch.

mollis

agrees with

comas.
685.
:

historical infinitive; so too excutere

and

restin-

guere.
686.

sanctos

holy.

It

is

soon seen that they are of divine


lie is

orioin.
687.

pater Anchises

as paterfamilias
tlie

the priest of the

house, and therefore interprets


690.
:

omens.
sign; deinde
is

691.

hoc tantum this onhj (do I ask). da deinde augurium grant then n
:

ineans

properly in
follow.

the next

place

i.e. if
:

the condition

true, let the sign

haec omina firma

these words explain da augurium, for

a previoiis

omen

(here the tongue of flame) should be confirmed


impetrativum.
m

by a second.
confirmation,

In technical language, an auspicium oblativum, on

became an auspicium

Lines 692-729.

All leave the House.


692.
693.

-que

translate

by
:

ichen.
it

Xote the parataxis.


left,

intonuit

laevum

thundered on the
I.

laevum being an

inner accusative.

See note on

328.

308
694.

NOTES
stella

facem ducens

a sfnr drminng a

trail

of Jire.

Tbe
a

omen

here given was the niost favorable possible (called ampicium


viz.,

maximnm),
696.

thunder on the
i.e.

left

with lightning,

or, as heie,

meteoric light.

Idaea silva

an escape to the woods of Mt. Ida


its
tJie

is

indi-

oated.

signantem vias mnrhing (clarnm). longo limite sulcus


697.
:
:

path,

i.e.

by

its

brightness
(in the

long-drawn furrow

heaveiis).

longo limite is ablative of quality.


to the light.

Note the variety


:

of terms
699.

which Virgil applies


:

victus

i.e.

he yields to the gods.

se tollit ad auras

rises up.

702.

The expression belougs to the laiiguage of augurs. di patrii: gods of my fathers. servate nepotem upon
:

Ascanius depeuds the future of the Trojan race. under your protection. 703. vestro in numine ceased. per moenia through the 705. dixerat surging heat, accusative. 706. aestus
:
: :

city.

707.

imponere
subibo
:

place thyself on, a passive form M'ith middle


support thee.
:

sense.
708.
709.
sc. te, will
.

quo

cumque

tmesis

hoiveiierf literally,

'wliitherso-

ever.'
711.

longe servet vestigia coniunx


at

footsteps, (hut)

a distance,

i.e.

for

my wife Tceep in my her own safety. A group


:

let

would
712.

attract attention.

quae dicam
egressis
:

sc. ea,

governed by

advertite;

dicam

is

future

indicative.
713.

as you leave, literally,

to

you, haring
;

left the
;

city,
;

a dative of reference.
II.

A. 378, 2

15.

188, 2, a

G. 353

H. 425, i

&

B. 30n.

714.

desertae
religione

lonely.

Tcmples
:

to Ceres

were often bnilt in


of
oiir

unfre(iuented
715.

]hicos.

patrum
:

hy

the

reverence

fifhers

the

ablative
716.

is caiisal.

ex diverso from

different directions.

BOOK
719.
721.

II

309

flumine vivo

in a

running stream.
:

latos umeros, etc.

over

mij

hroad xlioulders and Uowed


veste is

neck I spread the covering ofa taivny lion's pelt. svper is aii pelle, so that -que is explanatory.
adverb.
insternor
is

detined by

used as a middle voice,


direct accusative;

and therefore governs a


cf. cingitur,

511.
:

723.

clasp

tool: Jirm dextrae se irnplicuit of my hand ; dextrae is an indirect

object.
724.

non passibus aequis


is

the

poefs
FiG. 44.

tenderness
725.

seen in these siraple details.


loca.

Af.neas,

opaca locorum = opaca

These

they would purposely choose.


726. 727.

AXCHISES, CANIUS.

AND

As-

dudum

lately.
:

adverso glomerati ex agmine thronging in opposing mass. he feels fear only when the 728. nunc omnes terrent aurae safety of his dear ones is involved. And now the mere sighing of the wind brings terror. Yirgirs analysis of the situation shows a
:

fine insight into

729.

human character. suspensum to a thrill (of


:

fear).

suggested by the dactyls of the opening In 717-8, note the alterthose of 724-5. verse me). nation of rhythm, coinciding with the contrast in thought (tu Trembhng fear is well reflected in the rhythm of 726-9. Alliterative effects are common.)

(Hopeful expectancy
;

is

rapid

movement by

Lines 730-795.

The Loss
730,
is

of Creusa.

videbar evasisse

thought

I had passed

safely over; evasisse

here transitive.
731.

cum

creber ad auris

when crowding on my ears seemed


trepido,
etc.
:

to

come a tramp of feet. 735. hic mihi nescio

quod

at this in

my alarm

some unfriendly power hereft me of my hewildered wits ; i.e. bewildered and bereft me, etc. mihi is a dative of reference with a verb of

310
taking away.
(literally,
'

NOTES
nescio

quod

is

know not
:

what,'

compound pronominal expression i.e. some one or other). male amicum


a
(vid).

inimicum.
736.

avia

hi/tvat/s, i.e.
:

ways apart from () the main way


:

737.

regione direction, course. 738-9. heu! misero, etc. snntcJied

awai/, alas

hy an unJinppy
the path, or sink

fate, did

my

xnife

Creusa halt? Or did she stray from


not.

doion weary? I
tically

know

mental agitation. phrase, in which that noun

The disjointed utterances expressrealisThe -ne is appended tofato, because the


is

so iinportant a word, belongs in

coiiimon to the three verbs following.


interrogative, implies closer connection

The

seu,

used instead of an
last

between the

two verbs
lost,

than between suhstifit and erravit. 741. neo prius amissam, etc.

nor, tliough she

was

did I

amissam agrees with eam understood. Aeneas, of course, did not know tliat she was lost until he reached the rendezvous. i.e. they missed her. 744, fefellit: fniled (them) the use of three monosyllables, to form the 746. aut quid in
look hack forher, or cast a thought hehind, until, etc.
;
:

first foot, is

749.

very rare in Virgil. repeto et cingor: note the order of thought; hysteron
sc. mihi,

proteron.
750.

stat: impersonal, etc.

I am

resolved.

751.

caput obiectare:

to

risk life freely ; ohiectare is a frequen-

taiive.

753.

vestigia retro observata sequor

mark and follow hack


Note the assonance,

my

steps.

754.

lumine lustro

scaji

ivith

my

eyes.

as well as the intentional redundancy of expression.


755.
756.

animo
si

sc. est,

possesses

my

mind.
:

pedem, si forte tulisset ifhaply, ifhaply she had The repetition accords with the pathos of made her way thither. the situation. The plnperfect subjunctive is due to virtual oblique
forte
narration
761.

(=

tulerit

of the direct).
:

lunonis asylo

in Juno's sanctuary^

now put

to a

mostpro-

fane use.

BOOK
764.

II

311

mensae deorum
The

i.e.

tables 011 whicli offerings to the gods

were placed.
770.

line is onomatopoetic.
. . .

Xote the repetition and the

-que). polysyndeton (-que 771. tectis urbis sine fine furenti: as I ruslied madly and endlessly

among

the dwellings

ofthe
:

city.

772.

infelix

simulacrum
:

the

sad phantom ;

infelix voices the

feelings of Aeneas, for she, as the sequel shows,

was not unhappy. The dead 773. nota maior imago a form larger than her wont. become superhuman, and the ghosts are tlierefore of more than
liumxan size.

steterunt: a case of systole. H. 733, 6 H. & B. 652, 3.


774.
;

A. 642; B. 367, 3; G. 722;

775.

adfari,

demere
sc. ^e.

historical iniinitives.
:

776.
777.

iuvat

indulgere

yield
:

to.

non

sine

numine divum
;

not without the will of

Heaven ;
A.

i.e. it is

certainly with the will of

641; B. 375, 1; G.700; H. 752, 8 it may not he 778. nec te comitem, etc.
:

Heaven; a case of H. &B. 632, 1.

litotes.

that thou shouldst take

Creusa hence in thy company. aut = nec. sc. est. 779. fas
:

ille

the

mighty one.
is

780.
sc. est,

longa

tibi exsilia

sc. sunt,

long exile

thy

lot.

arandum:

with ships. 781. In the next book, where Aeneas narrates the story of his wanderings, he seems to know nothing about this prophecy of Had Creusa's, though he does ultimately reacli Italy (Hesperia). Virgil revised his work, lie would probably have rectified the inconsistency. Lydius the Tiber is called Lydian, because it is
thou must plough,
i.e.
:

the river of Etruria, which, according to tradition, was colonized

by Lydians.
hushandmen.
783.
784.

arva inter opima virum

amid

the rich

tilth

of

An

echo of the Georgics, in wliich the poet sang the


See Introd.
:

glories of rural Italy.

11.

regia

coniunx
:

i.e.

Lavinia, danghter of Latinus.


:

from pario. lacrimas Creusae iears for Creusa, Creusae being an objective genitive. supine, with a verb of motion (i&o). 786. servitum
parta
sc. est, is

in store,

312
788.

NOTES
magna deum genetrix
detinet
: :

Cybele, often called

tlie

Magna

Mater.

tlie

poet invests Creiisa's disappearance with an

air of mystery,
life

but she secures imniortality, some higher form of

in the service of the goddess.

792-4.

206

ff.,

These verses are translated from Homer, Odyssey XI. where Odysseus tries to embrace the shade of his inother.
:

circum
793.

adverbial.

The

exj)ression

is

a variation of circumdare

bracchia collo.

comprensa =

comprehensa.

(The dactylic rhythm of 732 echoes the tramp of marching men, 733 and 755 it voices the mental excitement, and in 791 it accords with the rapidity described. Verses of spondaic rhythm are 762, expressive of vigilant care 775, of calm following terror 783, of solemn assurance 787, of conscious
; ; ;

dignity.

Note the effect of the pause and diaeresis in 739 after snbstitit (the sudden halt), in 743 after venimus (the goal at last), ana in 744 after defuit (the sense of loss), as well as of the hypermetric syllable in 745 The assonance of 734 is expressive of terror. (overflow of emotion). There is fine onomatopoetic effect in 770, while 794, with its double alliteration and soft liquid sounds, is one of VirgiPs most musical hnes. Other cases of alliteration are 730, 731, 742, 747, 754, 755, 757, 759,
766, 771, 779, 790, 791.)

Lines 796-804.

The Morning Star


797.
798.
799.
(to (jo).

Rises.

admirans

astonished.

pubem

n band.
:

animis opibusque parati

with heart

and fortune ready

800.

deducere

the technical

word

for leading out a colony.

Thus Aeneas is to fonnd in Italv a colony froin Trov. note the double 801. iamque iugis summae surgebat
:

allitera-

Observe the true poetic feeling with which A'irgil ends this splendid but tragic description of the fall of Troy with the rise of the Daystar on the dawn of a uew cahn and
tion.

Lucifer

"

hope."

(Sidgwick.)

BOOK
802.

II

313
Note the
alliteration in

obsessa

used in the predicate.


Jiope

t?ie line.

803.

spes opis

ofhelp.

QUESTIONS ON BOOK
What is
the snbject of the book?
interesting to

II.

Why would it be
parallel

particularly
Vii'gil's

Roman?

What

cases

might

contemporaries have had in mind? What special merits does the narrative of this book exhibit? AVhat are its most dramatic passages? What initial difficulty, involving the character of his How has the poet overcome hero, here presented itself to Virgil?
the difficulty?

Who

are the chief actors in Aeneas's story?

How

do the Greeks compare with the Trojans in moral excellence? What passages show the direct interposition of the gods ? What character is most heroic ? Why ? What different forms of moral excellence are exemplified? In what passages ? How long a time does the action cover, beginning with line 26? What are its major
limits?

On what
are

passages do you base your answer?

How many
signifi-

women
cance,

mentioned by name ?
is

How many men ? What


Where

if

any,

there in the fact that the


is

two serpents came from


does Shakespeare

the sea?

In what respects
of
it

Sinon's story artfuUy constructed?

What

liiies

state his real

purpose?

refer to Sinon's story?


of Hector's

AVhat was the Palladium?

What words

shade anticipate the subject of Book III.? V\hy is the signal raised in line 256 ? What purpose does the vision of Hector What do the words of line 297 imply as an serve (270 ft'.) ? omen? Why is Panthus introduced (318 ff.) ? Does line 320 imply that Panthus intrusted the sacra mentioned to Aeneas? Why
is

What line in Book I. What words or phrases alludes to the action in lines 403 et seq. ? What its richness and suggest the size of Priam's palace? beauty? What qualities of Pyrrhus are admirable? What the
Coroebus made prominent (341
ff.) ?

reverse?

Priam's murder chosen as the last scene in the conflict between the Trojans and the victorious Greeks? Does

Why

is

314
the Helen episode (567
ff.)

NOTES

improve or mar the story? Would it have been a mistake for the poet to permit Aeneas to kill Helen? Why? Why is Anchises mentioned first in line 597? What is the circumstance alhided to in lines 648-9 ? Wliat does the poet gain by making Anchises refuse to leave Troy? What characteristics of Creusa may fairly be inferred from her short speech, 675 Why does Virgil invest her loss with an air of mystery ? et seq. ? What materials for a great painting may be found in lines 761 et aeq. ? What heroic quaHties does Aeneas manifest in this book ?

Did Virgil invent the story of the wooden horse? As told by Virgil, what features of it make the deception of the Trojans fairly plausible? What artistic purpose is served by the introduction of Laocoon ? Why has Virgil separated the first Laocoon scene from the second? Was tlie Laocoon group of statuary in existence in VirgiPs day? Does VirgiPs story involve a description of that group? AVhat purpose is served by the revelation of the gods made to Aeneas in lines 604 ff. ? Why? Is there any
poetic significance in the rise of the Daystar in line 801
?

Point

outtheprincipal styhsticfeatures of some of the best scenes. Cite good examples of the artistic use of numerous spondees and of

numerous

Whicli are the best ononiatopoetic lines? Wliich are the lines most commonly quoted by modern writers ?
dactyls.

BOOK

IIL
TIIE TROJANS.

THE WANDERINGS OF
Lines 1-12.

The Trojans
1.

sail

from Troy.
res

res Asiae

fhe

power of Asia,

being used like

Trpay/juxra

in Greek.
2.

For the sense of Asiae,


:

cf. ref/natore^n

Asiae, II. 557.


guilty.

immeritam
:

guiltless,

for Taris alone


to tlic f/ods f
;

was

visum
1

superis
3.

sc. est,
:

it

seetned f/ood

cf. dis nliter visuni,

1.

lliS.

humo

f?-om the fjround.

umat

the ruins are supposed

BOOK
to

III

32^5

be smoking
4.

still.

Neptunia Troia
:

a variation on Ilium, as

seen already in

II. 625.

diversa exsilia distant scenes of exile. Note the pliiral. The Trojans wander from land to land. quaerere the infinitive with agimur is poetical. just under. 5. sub ipsa
:
:

7.

incerti

cf.

note on

II.

781,

ubi sistere detur: where

it

is

yranted us
8.

to settle.
:

prima inceperat aestas tJie beginhi^if/ of summ^r had come. The winter after Troy's fall had been spent in the mountains. It
is

now
g.

the following spring. et


:

pater Anchises as long as he lives, Anchises is the head of the honse (^paterfamiUas): dare fatis vela spread sails to Fate (Morris); cf. note on II. 687. a beantiful variation on dare ventis vela, and expressing an absolute dependence on destiny. 10. cum = et tum. The pathos of the line is emphasized by an
ichen
;

cf.

II.

692 and

note.

artistic use of alKteration.


11. 12.

ubi Troia fuit

strikingly concise.
:

Penatibus et magnis dis the great gods of the Penates. The et introduces an appositional noun, the expression being like
urbem et promissa Lavini moenia (1.258). The use of a monosyllabic ending (dis) and of a spondaic fifth foot is due to imitation of the old poet Ennius cf. note on rex, I. 65.
;

Lines 13-18.

A
13.

TOW^N
:

IS

FOUNDED IN ThRACE.
:

an inhabited land. procul at some (little) distance, only across the Hellespont. vastis campis ablative of Mavortia Jiome of Mars ; it is a land of warlike people. quality. ruled bij fierce Lycurgus ; regnata, 14. acri regnata Lycurgo though from an intransitive verb, is used as a passive, Lgcurgo being a dative of agent.
terra colitur
is
: :
:

15.

hospitium antiquum,
allied.

etc.

friendJy of old ivas

it

to

Troy,

ihe

gods being

Troiae

is genitive,

and

socii

Penates explaina

316
the
first

NOTES
half of the line.
erant.
:

With

Jiospitium

understand

erat,

and
stetit,

with Penafes,
i6.
I.

dum

fortuna fuit
17.

while our fortune lasted ; cf.

dum

268.

moenia prima loco I found my Jirst city. This was either Aenus, at the mouth of the Hebrus, or Aenea in Chalcidice. Perhaps Yirgil
:

intentionally leaves the matter uncertain.

fatis

ingressus iniquis

with untoward fates entering

OF Aenea.

on the task.
18,
^

The
^

ablative is absolute.
:

Aeneadas

m
.

apposition

with

nomen

The term

is

a patronymic, applicable to the people, not the place.

Lines ig-48.
*

Blood drops from Myrtle-shoots.


19.

Dionaeae matri
:

to

my

mother,

Dione's daughter,

i.e.

to

Venus. 20. auspicibus as patrons, in apposition with the previous datives, and used proleptically, meaning 'in the hope that they would become patrons iind so protect,' etc. supero the adjective, with j^egi. nitentem shining white. 21. caelicolum = caelicolarum.
:
:

22.
23.

quo summo

on the top nf which.


:

densis hastilibus horrida myrtus

myrtles bristling with

croivded spear-shafts.

The

myrtle-slioots

resemble
is

spear-shafts

and were
24.

also used for that purpose.

myrtus

a singular, used

collectively.

25. 26.

viridem silvam tlie green groicth. tegerem aras the niyrtle was sacred
:
:

dictu

with mirahile,

Yenus. this supine being used as an ablative


to

of specification.
27.

nam quae
the

prima,

etc.

for from

that tree, ichich

is first

torn

from
is

drops of black blood iriclie : arbos attracted into the relative clause huic is a dative of interest
ivith broTcen roots,
;

ground

and

atro sanguine is

an ablative of quality, deuoting material.

BOOK
30.

iri

317
:

gelidus coit formidine sanguis

my

chilled

blood freezes

with terror.
31.
33.

rursus et alterius
et alterius
:

once niore

ofa

second, also.

a careful repetition, in the same relative place,

of the words in 31.


34.

movens
rite

pondering.
etc=
:

36.

secundarent,

dulyto

hless the vision

and

lighten the

omen.

The subjmictive

fornis represent, in indirect forni, original


i.e.
'

optative subjunctives or iraperatives,

bless* or ''may ye bless.'


1,

A. 565, a; B. 295, 8; G. 516, R. 2


511, 2.
37.

H.

562,

X. and 565; H. & B.


the third plant

tertia hastilia
its set of shafts.

literally, the third shafts; i.e.

with
38.
tvith

genibus adversae obluctor harenae on my Tcnees lorestle the resisting sand ; genibus, ablative of manner; harenae, in:

direct object.
39.

40.
41.

eloquar sileani deliberative subjunctives. vox reddita an ansivering voice.


: :

miserum

sc.

me.

iam

at Zas^, after

such

efforts.

parce

sepulto sc. mihi, spare me in the grave. spare the poUution of Note the anaphora, 42. parce scelerare and change in the construction of parce. non me tibi, etc. no alien to thee am I ivhom Troy bore. Note the careful collocation of me and tibi. Polydorus was a son of Priam. continuing the force of non ; in prose nec would be 43. aut
: : :

used.
44.

manat

oozes.

crudelis,

avarum
ff.).

transferredepithets.
is

They are explained

in the sequel (19


rola's ears,

This

seemed

to call

him

the line which, ringing in Savona" Many times a to his life work.

day," so he writes to his father, "have I repeated with tears the


verse."

(Oliphant, MaJcers of Florence, p. 211.) sc. me, pierced and covered me. 45. confixum texit Virgilian brevity.
:

Note the

up with sharp spears. The javelins themselves had taken root and grown up as an iron crop. So, according to a popular tradition, the spear which Komulus
46.

iaculis increvit acutis

greio

318

NOTES

hurled from the Aventine, lotlged in the Palatine, struck root, and became a tree.
47.

ancipiti

perplexijig.

mentem
ol:

pressus

wlth

mind horne

down; mentem, an accusative


48.

specification.

obstipui,

etc.

see II. 774.

Lines 49-72.

The Story of the Murdered Polydorus.


50. 51.

alendum

to

he reared.
:

The gerundive

expresses purpose.

Threicio regi

i.e.
:

Polymnestor.
this conception of a

52.

cingi olDsidione

formal siege belongs

to

Romaii
53.

ratlier tlian to heroic times.


:

ille

Polynmestor.
fortunes.
:

54.
55.

res
fas

omne
:

every sacred

tie.

56.

potitur

assigned to the third conjugation by an archaism.


:

quid non cogis

to ichat

dost thou not drive

quid

is

an inner object,

defiuing the sphere of action.

A. 390, c; B.

178, 1, d; G. 341,

N. 2; H. 412; H. & B. 307, 1. accursed hunger for gold. We speak 57. auri sacra fames rather of a thirst for gold. Dante (Purgatorio, 22, 40) intentioiially changes the meaiiing of the words, when he wishes to eulogize " O hallowed hunger of gold " thrift sacer will, of course, bear both meanings. Thackeray says of the great Fox, that " he carries the auri fames on liis person." ( Virginians, Vol. II. ch. 10.) 58. primum first ofall. Note the striking alliteration in the line. / consult (upon). At Rome prodigies were 59. refero (ad)
: : !
: :

reported to the senate.


ceps senatus.
60.

Ilere Anchises takes the place of

i\\e

prin-

animus
linqtii
:

sc. est.

excedere

in apposition with animus.

61.

the passive, instead of the aclive, for the sake of

variety.

Ilere the substantive chiuse (consisting of


is

an accusative
ctc.
:

with infinitive)

in apposition with animus

dare,

Introd.

38 (a).
62.

instauramus funus

ice

solemnize fresh funeral

rites.

Poly-

BooK

m
He
is

319

dorus had been biiried, but irregularly.

now
;

buried in the
to the

proper way.
63.

tumulo

on

tlie

mound.

stant

Manibus

are set up

dead.
64.

caeruleis
Iliades
solvtae
to
:

dark-colored, somhre.

65.
hair,

sc. stant

or simt.

maestae crinem solutae


:

in mourning.
:

luith

streaming
:

being a middle
custom.
ive offer ;

partici]Dle;

cf.

I.

228.

de more

according
66.

inferimus:

inferre is a tecbnical
tlie

word, siiggesting

the inferiae, or offerings to

dead.

tepido

warm,

i.e.

newly

milked.
67.

sanguinis
:

sacri

hlood of
to

victims.

animam sepulchro
The ghosts
of the

condimus

lay the spirit at rest in ihe tomh.

about the earth. 68. supremum ciemus gice the last call. See note on vocatos, I. 219 supremum is an inner object, with adverbial force. as soon as we can trust the sea; 69. ubi prima fides pelago See Jides (sc. est') =:fdimus, hence pelago (dative or ablative). note on I. 452. placata: calm. This 70. lenis crepitans: soft-ivhispering or softly whispering.
restlessly
:

unburied were supposed

roam

use of the adjective for an adverb

is

Auster

used for ivind in general.

mannerism with Yirgil. south wind would not have


a

been favorable for those sailing from Thrace to Delos.

Lines 73-83.

The Trojans reach the Sacred Islaxd of Delos.


73.

sacra tellus
colitur
:

Delos was the birthplace of

ApoUo and

Diana.
74.

cf. 13.
:

Nereidum matri matri et Doris, wife of Nereus. Neptuno Aegaeo the doubte hiatus and the spondee in the iifth
:

foot are probably due to imitation of Greek


75.
:

birth.

rhythm cf. I. 617. pius in love, or gratitude, because it was the land of his Arquitenens i.e. ApoUo. circum put by anastro]:'he
;
: :

after the
76.

words it governs. errantem see Delos, in vocabulary.


:

Mycono

celsa

320
Gyaroque revinxit
Myconos
77.
is
:

NOTES
hound fust to lofty Myconos and Gyaros. really a low island, but Virgil was not familiar "svith
coli dedit
:

the place, and thinks of islands as generally high.

immotam

suffered
to.

it to lie

unmoved.

79.

veneramur

we do Jiomage

Tliey feel that they are on

holy ground.
80.

idem

ai

once

priest

and king.

an idiomatic use. The same man is both So Augustus \v3iS pontifex maximus as well as im:

perator.
81.

tempora

for

the construction,

see

cri?ie7n,

65.

lauro

sacred to Apollo.
Lines 84-120.

The Oracle of Apollo as interpreted by Anchises.


85.

propriam

domum

an enduring
:

Jiome,

now the

great desire

of the Trojans.

Thymbraee
:

thou god of Thymhra.

Thymbra

being in the Troad, the Trojans should be the god's especial care. " for here have 86. mansuram urbem cf Hehrews, xiii. 14 we no continuiug city, but we seek one to coine." altera Troiae
.
:

Pergama
87.

the

second Trojan citadel,

i.e.

the second Troy, consisting


in

of this small remnant,

which
:

is
:

new Troy

embryo.

reliquias

Danaum,

etc.

cf. I. 30.

88.

quem sequimur
cf.

the indicative for the deliberative subglide

junctive;
89.
hearts.
90.

quam prendimus arcem? II. 322. animis inlabere nostris inspire (literally,
:

into')

our

tremere
g()d's

iorce is secured
is

The

presence

91.
A'irgil

by asyndeton. visa sc. sunt. betokened by the earthquake. liminaque the (pie is irregularly lengthened.
:
:

allows this only

when

the ictus falls

011 this

syllable.
92.

mons

i.c.
:

]\It.

Cyntlins.

cortina reclusis
iras
Fi(j.4(i.

the tripod to

mugire adytis moan as the shrine


is

thrown open.

Tlie (U-scription
Deli>hi.

really taken
cortina

Tripod OF Apollu.

from Apollo's temple at

The

was

properly a caldron, sui-mounting a tripod, but the

BOOK
term
is

III

321

applied to the whole tripod. This was placed over a fissure in the earth, through which arose subterranean noises. At the proper moment the priestess took her seat on the caldron, and

the temple doors were thrown back to adrait those


consult the oracle.
94.

who came

to

Dardanidae duri

significant alliterative expression.

Dar-

danldae suggests the land from which Dardanus had come, viz. Italy, and duri suggests the hardships which the Trojans must

undergo.
95.

ubere laeto:
hic
:

i.e.

on her rich and fruitful


I.

soil ;

cf.

potens

armis atque uhere glaebae (said of Italy),


97. 99.
there.
:

531.

haec

sc. dixit.
:

mixto tumultu

ablative absolute.

100.

ea moenia

ihat city,

promised by Apollo.
:

102.

veterum volvens monumenta virorum


:

declaring (liter-

ally, unrolling, as if

a scroll) the memorials of the men ofold. Jupiter was born in Crete. 104. lovis magni insula there was a Mt. Ida both in Crete and in 105. mons Idaeus
:

the Troad.
106.
107.

habitant:

i.e.

the Cretans.
:

uberrima

cf.

uhere laeto, 95.

maximus pater
Rhoeteas oras
:

our earliest ancestor.


i.e.

108.
iio.

Troy.
huilt,

steterant: had heen

stahant.

habitabant
{i.e.

sc.

Teu-

cer

from Crete) came Mater is the Magna (sc. venit) the Mother icho dwells on Cyhele. Mater, Cybele, whose name is derived from the Phrygian moun:

and his people. 111. hinc Mater cultrix Cybelae

hence

tain,

on which she dwelt.

originally

from

Crete.

Her worship is supposed to have corae Coryhantian cymhals. Corybantia aera


:

The Corybantes,

or priests of Cybeie, clashed cymbals in performit

ing the rites of the goddess. the Idaean grove at Troy, which, 112. Idaeum nemus
:

is

said,

took
is

its

name from

a grove in Crete.

The
I.

final syllable of

nemus

irregularly long; cf. note on iactetur,


the inviolahle silence

608.
sacris,

fida silentia

sacris:
interest.

of her mysteries ;

a dative of

322
113.

NOTES
et iuncti
. .

leoiies
; i.e.

under our ladijs chariot

and {hence) the yoJced lions camt lience came tlie ciistom of harnessiDg
:

lions to the car of Cybele.

The worship

of Cybele, fornially intinie of

troduced into

Rome

in 207 b.c,

had a great vogue in the

Augustus.

FiG. 47.

Magna
site of

:Mater.

115.

Gnosia regna: on the


lias

ancient Gnosus, Mr. Arthur

Evans
116.

recently brought to light prehistoric ruins of wouderful

interest.

adsit

he

gracious.

Jupiter was god of the sky and

weather.

meritos honores sacrijices due (i.e. by custom). note the apostrophe. 119. tibi, pulcher Apollo ApoUo is especially honored in the Aeneid, and therefore the apostrophe is justified, but the poefs use of the figure is influenced by the fact w ) is an impossil)le fovm for the hexameter. that ApoJIini (w
118.
:
:

120.

nigram Hiemi pecudem


;

a hlack sheep to the storm-god.

Black victims vvere offered to those gods whose anger was to be white ones to beneficent deities. ap])eased Note tlie chiasmus
in the line.

jiuoK

III

323

Lines 121-146.

A New
122.

Pergamus fouxded

ix Crete.

Idomenea
:

deserta: sc. esse, an ablative of separation. 123. hoste


(for us).
124.

a Greek acciisative form, like Ilionea, I. 611. not by all, but by Idomeneus and his^followers.
:

adstare

stand ready

pelago: over tJie sea. Naxos, with its Bacchic revels 125. bacchatam iugis Naxon on the heiyhts. The verb hacchari is intransitive, but, by a bold hcense, the perfect participle is here used as a passive, meaning < traversed with revels.' JVaxon is governed by legimus (127). Paros was famous for its white marble. 126. niveam Paron

Ortygiae

{.e.

Delos.

127.

legimus:

skirt

Zeugma. foam round many a shore (Billson) literally, arjitated, roughened There is much rough water, because the narrow straits cause hy. strong currents and gusty winds. The various crews in varied rivalry. 128. vario certamine
straits).
: '

and thread or slim (the 'straits that crebris freta concita terris
(tlie

islands),

race one another.

hortantur raise the cheering cry. sc. nos ; attends us as we sail. 130. prosequitur euntis note how the steady, but not rapid, move131. et tandem. etc. ment is expressed by the spondaic rhythm. The city was Pergamum, here sc. urhem. 133. Pergameam rejoicing in the laetam cognomine given in adjectival form.
129.
: :

old name.

The new

city is

named

after the old

Pergamum,

or

Troy.

hortor amare poetical construction for hortor ut ament. arcem attoUere tectis literally, to raise up a citadel ivith roof ; i.e. For the ablative, cf attollere to huild a citadel with lofty roof
134.
:
:

molem roboribus
135.

textis, II. 1S5.


just ahout now.
:

iam

fere

Translate

*Twas ahout

this

time that, etc.


136'.

subductae
:

sc. erant.

operata

sc. est,

was busy

with.

824
137.
:

NOTES

subito cum, etc. ivJien on a sudden, from a tainted quarter ofthe sky, came a pestilence and season of death, to the wastiny of our hodies, and the piteous vuin of trees and crops. memhris beloiigs
granimatically to
venit,

but tahida

is

closely associated with


;

it

in

meaning; corru})to tractu is an ablative absolute satisivonx sata. 140. linquebant gave up, poetical for reUnquehant. 141. sterilis exurere ivasled ivith drought, sterilis beiug proleptic exurere is an historical infinitive. 143. remenso mari ablative absolute, remenso being used pas:
:

sively, as in II. 181.


144.

hortatur ire

cf.

hortor- amare, 18i.

veniam
etc.

grace, or

favor.
145.

quam
is

finem,

etc.

(asJcing)
;

ivhat end,

The

idea of

asking

involved
:

in

pj-ecari

hence

an

indirect

question,

laborum auxilium

help for our distress.

Lines 147-191.

VlSION OF THE PeNATES.


147. 148.

animalia

living creatures.

efSgies sacrae, etc: the sacred statues of the gods, even the Phrygian Penates. The -que is explanatory.
150.

ante oculos iacentis

hefore

my

eyes, as

lay ; iacentis

agrees with mei understood.


151.
152.
154.

multo manifesti lumine


insertas fenestras
: :

clear in the flood of light.

the ivindoivs in the walls.

delato Ortygiam on reaching Ortygia; literally, having journeyed to Ortygia; delato is equivalent to a conditional clause,
si delatus eris.

155.
156.
157.

ultro

unhidden.
:

secuti

sc.

sumus.
duce.
It
is

158.

sub te = te idem: (dso.


in

the nomiiiative plural.


:

This

is

fre-

quent use

Latin.

heaven thy posterity.

tollemus in astra nepotes we sh(dl exalt to This refers to the deification of Caesar aud

Augustus.

BOOK
159.

III

32

for the mighty. The magnk doLible alliteration in this and the next line is impressive Penates, who is ambiguons, referring either to the nepotes or to the

moenia magnis magua:

mlgJity walls

are speaking.
160.
161.

-que ue

neve.
:

non haeo
aut

162.

nec.

emphatic position, no< these the shores that, etc. locative, though Crete is a large Cretae
;

island.

See

I.

375.

163-6
167.
168.

= I.

530-3.
:

propriae ahiding; cf 85. ortus sc. est. genus a quo principe nostrum from ichomfrst came our
. :
:

race

principe, literally, as the original.

With

genus, supply ortum


:

est.

170.

haud dubitanda
:

certain.

requirat

to seek.

The

sub-

junctive represents an original imperative.

Dictaea arva Crete is so called from Mt. Dicte. in gender with 173. sopor: a mere dream; illud does not agree sopor, as might be expected.
171.

174. 176. cf
.

velatas

comas

locks crotcned ivithfllets.


:

corripio corpus

S7iatch

myself

supinas

upturned

I.

93 and note.

178.

intemerata:
cf

p?<re.

The
:

offering oi wine,

being unmixed

(with water), symbolizes the purity of the worshipper.

On

this

whole scene,

Tennyson

" Like a household god


Promising empire such as those Once heard at dead of night to greet Ti-oy's wandering prince, so that he rose
;

With

sacrifice,

while

all

the fleet

Had
locis
:

rest

by stony

hills of

Crete."

{On

a Mourner.)

the hearth, as being the altar of the Penates.


facio

honore

sacrifce.
179.
180.

certum in prose, certiorem facio. prolem ambiguam ticofold stock. The Trojans
:
:

are de-

scended both from the Cretan Teucer and from the Italian Dardanus.

326
i8i.

NOTES
:

novo veterum errore locorum hj a new mistah^,touchmr^ olden lands. The collocatioii novo veterum is a Virgilian conceit. The niistake is a new or fresh one, since one had already been made in Thrace, and this second mistake lies in confusing Crete
and
Italy.
182.
183.

exercite

tried.
:

casus Cassandra canebat


repeto,
etc.
:

note the alliteration.

On

Cas-

sandra's prophecies, see II. 246-7.


184.

recall her foretelling this as

due

to

our race.

AVith repeto, supply memoria; with portendere, eam is understood.


185. 186.

vocare

naming.
:

quis crederet

ivho ivas to believe?

The subjunctive

is

de^

liberative.
188.
189.

meliora:

the hetter course.-

ovantes

in joy,

because they believe they are on the right

track.

paucis relictis thus Virgil accounts for the tradition that Cretan Pergamuni was a Trojan foundation. ive speed o^er the sea ; aequoris an exten191. currimus aequor sion of the inner object see note on quid, 56.
190.
:

Lines 192-277.

Storm drives them to the Strophades.


193.

The Harpies.

caelum undique
inserted in
is

(hut

may be

undique pontus note the asyndeton translation) and chiastic order. The verb
et
:

apparet
194.

to be supplied.
:

caeruleus imber a deep hlue storm-cJoud. The dactylic rhythm, in tliis and the next line, lielps to picture the sudden
squall.
195.

hiemem
;

a tempest.
i.e.

inhorruit

unda tenebris

the tvave

shuddered dark/ing;
the storm-cloud

the

tenehris
:

wave was rutiied, as it grew dark under is a modal ablative. For the thought, cf.

Coventry Patmore
*'

Across the mighty mirror crept In dark'ning blasls the squall."

(Tamerton Church

Toicer.)

BOOK
196.
198.

III

327

igg.

venti volvunt mare magna double alliteration. involvere enwrapped. ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes nfl from
:
:
:

tJie

rent

cuiuds dart liglitning fires.


200.

caecis in undis

literally,

on the hlind waves, caecis being

a transferred epithet.

negat discernere nec meminisse says Tie cannot distiur guish or remember. With discernere, understand se ; with nec, sup ply ait from negut.
201.
:

203.

tris
;

adeo soles for


: :

full three days; adeo emphasizes the

numeral soles is an accusative of duration of time. caeca caligine shrouded in misty gloom.
206.

incertos
to

aperire

to

disclose to

vieiv.

volvere
i.e.

fumum
the

roll

up

curling smoke.

vela cadunt they near the shore.


207.
:

the snils

drop down;
:

wind

fails as

insurgimus hoid to, literally, 'rise upon.' haud mora sc. est. Note the vividness produced by the use of short, paratactic clauses. There are also two diaereses in the
line.

208.

adnixi,

etc.

note
the

how

the slow, steady

puU

is

reflected in

the spondaic rhythm.

Greek word (Srpoc^aSe?) is properly an adjective, with vrjcroL (islands) understood. For the story of the Turning Islands,' see Vocabulary. stant lie. The word is synonymous with sunt, but is more picturesque. See note on stat
210.
:

Strophades

'

ferri acies, II. 333.


211.

insulae lonio

after
:

Homeric fashion, the

-ae is shortened

but not elided. 213. clausa


fear,
214.
i.e.

lonio
:

sc.

mari.

was closed (against them). of the Argonauts.


sc. est,

metu

through

tristius

haud

illis

monstrum,

etc.

no monstermore haneful

than these, no fiercer plague or scourge of the gods e'er rose

from

the

waves of Hell. 216. virginei


hirds,

volucrum voltus

sc. sunt,

maiden faces have

these

volucrum being genitive. Xote the striking alliteration. 220. laeta a favorite epithet of Yii-girs, when speaking of
:

828

NOTES
Translate here by

rural scenes; cf. note on sata laeta, II. 306.


goodly.
221.

ioY

caprigenum pecus a quaint expression from older poetry Jfock of goals. nullo custode untended ; eitlier an ablative
:

of quality, or
222.

an ablative absolute.

divos
in

vocamus

i.e.

a portion was offered in sacrifice to

the gods.

partem praedamque = in partem praedae, a case of hendiadys. The story of the attack upon these cattle is VirgiFs
223.

parallel to

Homer's account of the slaughter of the cows of the sun by the companions of Odysseus, in Odyssey XII. 260 ff. dapibus epulamur the 224. toros: couches, i.e. for the feast. verb governs the ablative, on the analogy of vescor a good illustration of the simple, para225. at subitae, etc. tactic style, preferred by poetry. cf. Tennyson, " Harpies miring every 227. omnia foedant
:

dish " (Lucretius, 159).


228.

vox taetrum

dira inter

odorem

a Jiideous scream amid

thefoul stench.

Note the order of the Latin. 230. The verse is repeated from I. 311. the sacrifice (22'2) had been interrupted. 231. reponimus 232. ex diverso caeli: from an opposite quarter of the sky. Note ruisum) aud the exact repetition in the anaphora {rursum this line of the spondaic rhythm of 229. Aeneas said capessite, (sc. esse) 234. capessant, gerendum
:

gerendum
236.

est.
:

haud secus ac iussi faciunt

they dojtist as they are hidden.

For ac
H.

than, see
a.

&

13.

307, 2,

A. 324, c; B. 311, c; G. 643, n. 3; H. 516, 3; tectos in hiding (proleptic).


:

237.
238.

latentia: outofsight (also proleptic).

delapsae

swoojnng down.
:

240.

aere cavo
:

literally, wilh hollow hj'ass, i.e. tvith


it is

n trumpet.

nova proelia
241.

strange comhat, becauso


:

with birds.
sword, nn alliterative

ferro foedare

to

despoil
iii

with

the

phrase.
242.

The

iufinitive is
:

loose apposition with proelia.

plumis, tergo

locativc abhitivos; ci. portu accipitylll.l^.

BOOK
243.
:

III

329
:

245.
246.

-que translate as hut. sub sidera toward the shj. una: emphatic, one onJy. iufelix vates ill-hoding seer. rumpit hanc vocem
:

breaksforth
247.

icifh this

cry ;
:

cf.

rumpit vocem,

II.

129.

bellum etiam
:

the

word
;

bellum

by

etiam

bent

and by repetition (218) is it pro in return for ; ironical. on icaging?

emphasized byposition, even war is it war ye are


is
. ,
.

248.

Laomedontiadae
:

scornful, for

Laomedon had perjured

himself.

auimis locative ablative, with both verbs. For the ablative with accipere, cf. 21:2 above. Jupiter was the 251. pater omnipotens, Phoebus Apollo almighty one, and Apollo was his prophet. Of Apollo's oracles there were various exponents; thus Anius at Delos, the priestess at Delphi, the Sibyl at Cumae, and here Celaeno. supply ea before vobis, as an antecedent to quae. 252. vobis Furiarum maxima eldest of the Furies. Here the Harpies and
250.
: : :

Furies are identified.


253.

ventis vocatis

ablative absolute.
is

Note the

alliteration.

254.

Italiam

the repetition

excite the hearers' hopes; the


greater.
255.

The words must disappointment (sed^ wiU be all the


impressive.

ante

quam = antequam.

datam
:

promised,

i.e.

by

the Fates.
256.

fames nostraeque iniuria caedis


;

hunger and
'

the icrong

of

violence toicard us

a Yirgilian expression f or

hunger due to

the wrong'; nostrae


257.

is

equal to an objective genitive.

malis

from mala.

No

sulfering attends the actual ful-

On reaching prophecy in Book VII. (112-129). Italy, the Trojans use broad cakes as platters {mensae) for their Virgil introduces the food, and then eat the platters themselves. prophecy because it was one of the traditional stories associated with Aeneas. It serves the artistic purpose, however, of increasing the apprehensions of the Trojans.
filment of
tlie

259.

sociis

dative of reference.
:

260.

nec iam amplius

and no longer now.

330
261.

NOTES
pacem
: :

in its ordinaiy sense of peace,

as

is

seen frons

bellum (217) aud nrmis (200). 262. sint subjunctive in indirect narration.
263.

passis paimis

cf.

264. 266.

supmas manusy ITI. meritos honores


:

176.

See Fig. 48.


collective

as in 118 above.

placidi

graciously.

funem
c
:

sinuular.
267.

excussos laxare rudentis

to

shake out
tlie sail-

arul ease the sheets,

the rudentes being

ropes which, wiien not in use, lay coiled up in a


lieap.

270.

iam medio apparet,


is

etc.

Yirgil's nar-

rative

reniiniscent of a well-known passage


(0(hjssey,

in

Homer

IX. 19
. . .

ff.),

"I ani Odys-

and I dwell in clear Ithaca, wherein is a mountain Neriton, of trembling leafage, far-seen, and round aboiit lie many islands, liard by one another, Dulicliium and Same, and wooded Zacyntims. And Ithaca lies low, furthest up in tlie sea toward the dark (but the others away toward the dawn and the sun), a rugged isle, but a goodly nurse of youtli. Of a truth T can see nought sweeter
seus,

son of Laertes

tlian one's

own

country."
short

nemorosa Zacynbefore
c,

FiG. 48.

Boi-

thus

note

tlie

svllable

in

Praying.
271.

imitation of the
Z(XKVvOo<i)
.

Ilomeric original

(vAryecrcra

tus is

Neritos ardua saxis Neritiis ivith its steepy crags. Nerihere, apparently, an island, but in ITomer a mountain of
:

Ithaca.
272.

scopulos

these barren crags' (Tennyson,

r7'///.s\>je.s);

per-

haps ironical here. dative of agent or interest; cf. regnata Lycurgo, 275. nautis 14. Tlie sailors dread the rocky coast. aperitur comes in view. Apollo i.e. the temple of Apollo at Actiuni. i.e. the town of Actiura. 276. parvae urbi
:

BOOK
277.

III

331
on the beach, the prows

stant litore puppes

ihe sterns rest

pointiug seaward.
Lines 278-293.

At Actium they solemxize Games.


278.

insperata: explainedin 282-3.


is

tellure:
;

tlie
^

ablativewitli

potior
279.

originally an ablative of

means
.

see-J-T- lr J:

lustramur: a iniddle voice; been defiled by the Harpies. -que


in

ice
.

purify ourselveSy having


:

-que honor ofJupiter; cf. note on 251 above. votis


.

correlatives.
:

lovi

with votive offerings.

280.

celebramus

throng.

ludis

the introduction of these

games is a compliment to Angustns, who, after his great victory at Actium (b.c. 31) over Antony and Cleopatra, established these
quinquennial games. 281. exercent patrias palaestras
tests.
:

engage in
slippery

their national con-

oleo labente

Hterally,

ivith the

oil,

an ablative of
Note the

means.
283.

Translate iree\y, slippery

icith oil.

fugam tenuisse
interea

to

have continued their fiight.

dactylic rliythm.
284.
circuit

magnum

sol,

etc.
;

of
et

the

year icheels the sun


is

i.e.

meanwhile round the migJity the year is advancing to its


line.

close

annum

governed by circum in the verb.


etc.
:

285.

glacialis,

fine

The
{i.e.

dactylic

rhythm

accords with the ruffling of the waves.


286.

aere cavo

a descriptive ablative

ablative of quality)
:

gestamen once carried hy. It was a trophy, which Aeneas had captured frora some Greek. Who .this Abas was is nucertain. on the entrance pillars. rem carmine 287. postibus adversis
cavo refers to the rounded shape of the shield.
:

signo
288.

/ 7nark

the event with a verse,


sc.

arma

dedicat.

an epigram in A-erse forni. Such a verb is often omitted in ini.e.

scriptions.
291.
i.e.

aerias

Phaeacum arces

towering heights ofthe Phaeacians,

the mountaius of Corcyra,


lived.
:

modern Corfu, where the Homerio


:

Phaeacians
292.

abscondimus

lose

from

sight.

portu

dative.

332

NOTES

Lines 294-355.

The Meeting with Andromache and Helenus.


294. 295.

296.

occupat flh ; literally seizes. Helenura regnare in apposition with/rwja. coniugio Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum having won
:
: :

the

and king<Iom of Pyrrhiis. coniugio is an abstract term for a concrete (coniuge) by metoiiymy. The reference is to Andromache, the widow of Hector, who, on the fall of Troy, became wife of Pyrrhus. The latter was the great-grandson of Aeacus (Aeacus,
wije

Peleus, Achilles, Pyrrhus).


297.

patrio iterum cessisse marito


i.e.

had again passed


;

to

a hus-

hand ofher own race;


298.

to the
:

Trojan Helenus.
cf
.

amore compellare
portu
:

desire to address

amor

cognoscere,

U.

10.

300.

ablative.

301.
gifts

soUemnis dapes
i.e.

ofmourning ;

and offerings to the dead. Tlie dona are the same


et tristia
:

dona
it

yearhj food offerings

as dapes.
302.
its

cum
:

forte

just when, as

happened.

falsi

feigned.

The

old familiar Simois of

Troy had

gi\;eu

name

to a river in Epirus.
:

303. 304.

cineri viridi

i.e.

of Hector.

Manis

i.e.

of Hector.
:

caespite inanem, etc. the empty mound of green turfwhich she had consecrated. Hector's remains were buried at Troy. This tumulus, therefore, was a cenotaph. with two altars, two being the usual 305. et geminas aras Dumber. causam lacrimis literally, a cause for tears; freely,
:
:

quem

where she might loeep


307.

lacrimis, a dative of interest.

amens

distracted.

magnis monstris

the appearance of

the Trojans

is

terrifying because totally unexpected.


tlie line.
:

Note the

spondaic rhythm of
308.
309.

visu in m6dio

even as she gazed.


:

longo tempore

after a long time.

Note the double

allit-

eratiou in the line (also the effect of the initial dactyl followed

by the impressive spondees).

BOOK
310.

III

333
as a real form that rhou dost
"vvith

verane te

facies,

etc.
iii

is

it

present thyselff

ficies is

apposition
te,

the subject of the

verb, instead of with the object


312.

as niight be expected.

Hector ubi est

i.e.

if

the dead Aeneas has

come

to her

in

a vision, surely her Hector can do so too.

Aeneas and Hector were closely associated.


pathos in the question. 313. vix pauca furenti subicio
in her

She implies that There is a 'world of

frenzy scarce can 1

make a briefreply ; furenti, sc. ei. gasj) loith hroken words, 314. raris vocibus hisco note the force of equidem ; I 315. vivo equidem
: :

live,

to

he

sure,

but

it

is

not

much

of a

life.

extrema
:

utmost dancjers, ex-

tremities.

deiectam coniuge tanto herefl of such a hushand literally cast down f rom.' Xote the spondaic rhythm of the line. i.e. worthy of thy former state. 318. digna satis 319. Pyrrhin conubia servas art thoustill the wife of Pyrrhusf Pyrrhin = Pyrrhine, the enclitic -ne being shortened. Aeneas
317.
'
:

wishes to
320.

know whether

the rumor, referred to in 294,

is

true.

Xote the spondaic rhythm of the line. 321. felix una ante alias happy heyond all nthers; una adds force, as in iustissimus unus, II. 426. Priameia virgo i.e. Polyxena, who w^as slain by the Greeks on Achilles' tomb. the captives were commonly distributed among 323. sortitus the victors by lot. 'Note the asyndeton. 325. nos = ego. 326. stirpis Achilleae iuvenem superbum i.e. Pyrrhus.
:
: :

theinsolence ofthe youth.


327.

servitio enixae: hearing children in slavery.

According to

Pyrrhus and Andromache. 328. Ledaeam Hermionen Leda's Hertnionej she being the granddaughter of Leda, and daughter of Helen^
tradition, ]\Iolossus
of
:

was the son

329.

me famulo famulamque,

etc.

passed me over

to

Helenus, a

servant,

and as a servant to he kept hy him. The coUocation famulo famulamque intensifies her bitterness. i.e. Pyrrhus. ereptae amore coniugis love fot 330. illum
: :

334
his

NOTES
stolen

bride

because

Ilerinione

had

been

promised

ta

Orestes. driven hy the Furies of his scelerum Furiis agitatus Xote the Orestes had slain his motlier Clytemnestra. crimes. alternation of rhythm m this and the preceding lines. at his /ather's altar ; i.e. an altar reared 332. patrias ad aras
331.
: :

to Achilles.
333.

reddita cessit: passed as

his

due ; reddita,

literally, given

duly.
336.

Pergamaque,
tibi
:

etc.

placed on the heights a Pergamus,

this

Ilian citadel.
337.
338.
339-

emphatic.
:

ignarum

i.e.

ignorant of our movements.


:

quid puer Ascanius superat = superest. 340. quem tibi iam Troia

sc. agit,

ichat

of

the

boy Ascaniusf

This is the only incomplete line in Virgil, where the sense is also incomtibi is probably an ethical dative, and Troia part of an plete.
:

ivhom now,

lo,

ichen

Troy

ablative absolute construction.


341.

ecqua tamen,

etc.

yet has the lad

mother? tamen implies 'though motlierless.'

some love for his lost We do not knovv how

Andromache had lieard about the loss of Creusa. 342. ecquid in antiquam virtutem, etc. dohis father and uncle arouse him at all to (^einulate) anccstral valor and manly spirit? The meaning is well expressed by the French saying, noblesse oblige. For ecquid, the accusative of an indefinite interrogative particle,
:

cf.

and 348 (below). it 343. avunculus Hector Ascanius, was a sister of Ilector.
multum,
I. 3,
:

is

said that

Creusa, mother of

348.

multum

adverbial, /7-66'/?/.

lacrimas

tliey

must be

tears

of joy (cf. laetus).

simulata magnis Pergama literally, made like to the great (one).


349. 350.

a copy of the great Pergamus,

arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum a dry hrool\ caUed Xanthus. Beiiig dry, it is in marked contrast to the *deei> eddying' (fiaOvhmju^) stream in llomer (^lliad XXI. 15).
:

BOOK
cognomlne
adjective.
351.
is

III

335

an ablative of quality, Xanthi taking the place of an


II.

352.
353.

amplector limina: an act of greeting;* cf. nec non et moreover too. socia friendly.
: :

490.

accipiebat

entertained.

354.

aulai: archaic form for aulae.

The

aula here seems to be

equivaleut to the atrium, which was surroiinded by porticoes. the centre stood an altar of Jupiter.
355.

In

impositis auro dapibus

the feast heing served

on gold,
:

i.e.

the sacrificial feast offered to the gods.


detail

pateras tenebant

added to make the picture vivid.

Pages 356-373.

Helenus, being a Seer,


356.

is

consulted by Aeneas.
In Homer {Iliad VI. 76),
:

dies alterque dies

day

after day.

358.

vatem
is

i.e.

the seer Heleuus.


a stately word.
see

Helenus
359.
360.

far the best of augurs."


:

Troiugena
tripodas
:
:

numina

purposes or
etc.

will.

note

on mugire

adytis,

92.

Clarii

laurus
edge

there was a temple of Apollo at Claros in lonia.-

For the
knowl-

laurus, see 91.


of.

sidera
as

he was an astrolager.

sentis

Tiast

an augur, he could iuterpret the omeus to be found in the notes aud the flight of birds. 362. namque omnem cursum, etc. for propliecy hath happily told me of all my journey ; prospera, though an adjective, is to be closely linked with dixit (cf. primo, 1. 613).
36r.
: :

volucrum

363.

religio

here used of divine utterances.

numine used
:

of

an oracle, as an expressiou of divine wilL the infinitive is a poetical equivalent of ut peterem. 364. petere repostas a syncopated form for repositas, with the meaning of
:

remotas.
365.

novum dictuque
to tell
:

nefas prodigium: a
is in

startling portent

and

a horror
367.

of ; nefas

appositiou with prodigium.

vito

for the indicative, cf. sequimur, 88.

336
368.

NOTES
possim
:

subjiinctive,

as the apodosis iu a conditioiial

sentence, seqnens being the protasis


course, shonld I be ahle, etc. ?

(=si

sequar), hy fullowiny ichat

370.

vittas resolvit

the

sacrificing priest

wore

fillets

the

seer's hair

was

left

unbound.

lielenus has offered sacrifice, but


exalted wiih the god's full

now he
372.

is to

declare the oracles.


:

multo suspensum numine

presence,

Lines 374-462.

The Prophecy of Helenus. The Sow-pIiodigy. AND Charybdis. The Cumaean Sibyl.
374.

Scylla

nam

since.

It introduces the reason for expediam dictis,


:

379.

maioribus auspiciis under higher auspices, ablative of attendant circumstance. Augurs recogiiized various degrees of
auspices;
375.
cf.

notes on II. G91.


:

manifesta fides
:

sc.

est,

there

is

clear

proof

that.

fata

sortitur
'i'he

the decrees of fate are like lots which Jupiter draws.

relation

between Jupiter and Fate must have beenpuzzling to


revolves (iife's) changes.

ancient theologians.
376.
is

volvit vices

The

figure

here

taken from a wheel, the wheel of fate. is vertitur ordo: even so circles the worUVs order round. that so thou mayst 377. quo tutior hospita lustres aequora more safely traverse the seas receiving thee. The word hospita, *guest:

receiving/ lias here a neutral sense, neither hospitahle nor inhosjntahle


;

quo

ut eo.
:

378.
379. 380.

Ausonio
cetera
I.
:

i.e.

Italian.

gover ned by both sc/re andyhn.


:

Helenum
48.

the impressive use of the third person

cf.

lunonis,
381.
382.

rere

propinquam
:

because

it is

just across the Adriatic.

vicinos portus sc. C7iius. 383. longa procul longis, etc.


land-reaches

a long
of

ti^aclless track

iritJi

long
ia

sunders far.

The tone
;

oracular

ntterances

iniitated in this jingling line

via invia is

a case of oxymoron.

BOOK
384.
385.

III

33"^

ante
salis

take with quam, 387.

Trinacria

i.e.

Sicilian.

Ausonii:

i.e.

the Tuscan sea, especially


the

between
lakes.

Sicily
386.

and Latium.
inferni lacus
of these,
:

the nether lakes,

i.e.

Campanian
Circeius

Near one

Lake

Averiius,

was supposed
:

to be an entrance

to the lower world.

Aeaeae insula Circae

Mons
is

(now

jMonte Circello), a prominent cape in Latium,

said to have been

once an islancL

In

Homer
isle,

came

to " the

Aeaean

(Odyssey X. 135), Od^^sseus tells how he where dwelt Circe, of the fair tresses."
:

387.

(ante)

quam

possis
:

the subjunctive with antequam, of


c
;

an action provided for

A. 551,

B. 292, 1

G. 577, 1
in

H. 605,
18
ff.

H.

&

B. 507, 4, a.

388. 389.

signa
witli

the oracle, here given,


:

is fulfilled

VIH.
;

tibi sollicito
incenta.

by thee, at a time of distress


:

tibi,

dative of
i.e.

agent

secreti fluminis

stream at a seclurled point. shall 390. inventa iacebit


:

of a seclnded stream, Tlh.Qflumen is the Tiber.


be

found

lying.

sus
;

a tone of
note on rex,

quaintness
I. 65.

is

given by this monosyllabic ending

cf.

391.
litter

triginta

capitum fetus enixa


of years after

of thirly young.

having been delivered of a In the fulfihnentof the pro^^hecy, the 'tliirty'


:

indicates the

number

which Ascanius would found

Alba Longa (hence alba, albi in the next line). 394. nec poetical for neu, since an imperative follows. he points to the east coast of Italy. 396. has, hanc attracted by the relative quae, but belonging in 397. proxima
:

sense to oram.
398.

effuge
:

Grais
399.

cf .

tibi,
:

emphatic position and pause. moenia cities. 389. Southern Italy was known .as Magna Graecia.
:

hic et

here

too.

401.

hic illa ducis,

etc.

here

is the

famous
its

toicn

boean captain, Philoctetes, tiny Petelia, strong in


in Thessaly,

of the JMeliwall. Meliboea,

was the birthplace

of

Philoctetes,

who,

after the

Trojan war, is said to have founded Petelia in Bruttium. Virgil aUudes to its splendid resistance to Hannibal, when the rest of Bruttium submitted to him; subnixa, literally, resting upon.

338
403.

NOTES
quin:
mo7'eover.

steterint

(shall) have

reached anchorage

futiire perfect.

405.
rohe.

purpureo velare, etc. It was a Roman custoni


:

veil

thy hair, ivrapped in purple


;

lare is

pray with covered liead vea passive iniperative, with the force and construction of a
to
that

niiddle.
406.

ne qua hostilis facies occurrat

no

hostile

face

may
:

In the perforinance of sacred rites, the Romans were anxious not to see or hear anything ill-omened. in honore deum
intrude.
in the worship

of the gods.
:

408.

hunc morem

Virgil dignifies a feature of

Roman
let

ritual,

by assigning to it an ancient origin. 409. hac casti maneant, etc.


:

in
;

this

ohsenmnce

thy chil-

drens
410.

children.,

godfearing, sland fast


:

casti

= pii

in deos.

digressum

after

thy

departure

(i.e.

from
and

Italy), a par-

ticiple.

411.

et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori


out.

the harriers

of

narrow Pelorus open


sina,

The

reference

is

to the straits of

]\Ies-

where Italy and Sicily are nearest to each other. Pelorus is the headland on the Sicihan side. rarescent at a distance there would seern to be no passage, but the straits open up as you
:

approach.

laeva tellus the land stretching to the left of the voyagers would be the east and soutli of Sicily. Aeneas is advised to avoid the straits, and circumnavigate (longo circuitu) Sicily. Allit412.
:

eration empliasizes the exliortation.


413. 414.

dextrum

litus

i.e.

tlie
is

shore of Italy.
well

ruina: uphcaval.

As
:

known, the country on both

sides of the straits of ISIessina is of volcanic orioin.


415.
ef)'ect;

tantum
aevi is

aevi, etc.

governed by

such a vast change can length of tinie vetustas. Virgil (as tlie Georgics prove)

was intensely interested in the phenomena of natiire. 416. cum protinus utraque tellus iina foret
:

ichen the ttco

lands were an unhrolen

n-hi)Ie,

literally 'contiiinously one.'

The
indi-

cu7n clause is purely temporal, the subjunctive being

due to

rect narration.

BOOK
417.
:

III

339

venit medio vi pontus the sea came hetween perforce; medio, a dative, equivalent to in medium. icith severed shores ; literally, secered in 419. litore diductas
:

respect to shore.

angusto interluit aestu


:

parts

ivith

narroiv tide-

way.
420.

Scylla, Charybdis
insatiate.

Yirgil here has in

mind Homer's
201-259).

thrilling narrative in the Odysseij

(XIL 73-126

im-

placata:

FlG. 49.

SCYLLA.
:

421.

imo barathri

ter gurgite, etc.

at {

= from')

the hottom

of

her seething chasm, thrice she sucJcs ihe vast ivaves into the abyss, and

again casts them in


to

tirni
:

upwards.

ter, i.e.

thrice daily, according

Homer.
424.

alternos

a repetition of

riirsus.
is

at Scyllam, etc: while Charybdis

awhirlpool, Scylla

is

a hideous monster.

340
425.

NOTES
ora exsertantem
:

in Ilomer, Scvlla
:

has six heads.

form above is human; tlie part first seen. pulchro pectore virgo pube tenus a fair-hosomed mniden down to the tvaist. 427. postrema immani corpore pistrix helow, she is a seadragon of monstrom form. Witli postrema supply /r/c/es. 428. delphinum caudas, etc. tcith dolphins' tails joined io a
426.
f acies

prima hominis

sc. est,

her

prima, of
:

.helly

of

ivolves.

commissa
'

is

a middle participle governing an


tails
to,'

accusative,

literally

having joined

etc.

With

this

account compare Milton's description of Sin at the gates of Hell (Paradise LosfU.GbOfi.).

praestat metas lustrare 'tishetter todouble the goal. Cape ^Pachynus (ronnd which the Trojans are to sail) is compared to
429.
:

the turning-posts in the Ronian race-course.


430.

cessantem
caeruleis
si
. . .
:

though lingering,

i.e.

in spite of the delay.

432.
433.

sea-colored.
. .

emphatic anaphora. Heleno third person, compare 380. prudentia foresight.


si
.

si

for the

435.

illud
:

this,

used, as often, of

what

follows.

pro omnibus

unum
tance.

one thing instead of all ; i.e. equal to all the rcst in imporNote the use of the same word at the beginniug and end

of the line, a case of epanadiplosis.


437.
438.

primum
:

ahove

all.

lunoni en)phatic jmsition and rej^^etition. Tn later Rome Juno was held in high regard. cane vota libens joijfulhj chant vows. Prayers and other religious forninlae were in verse form, and expressed with musical utterance. vin over. At present she is their great enemy. 439. supera sic denique victor
: :

and

so,

Trinacria overpast,
last.*

Shalt thou be sped to Italy victorious at the


442.
:

(il/bm*s.)

divinos lacus haunted hihes ; cf. inferni A/cus, oSO, with nole. et Averna sonantia silvis and Avernus with its rustUng woods (literally, ruslling irith ils iroods). Note the alliteration. As Avernus is one of the lacns, we have liendiadvs here. Avertiais the plural form of Avernus ; cf. Pcrgamus and Pergama.
:

BOOK
443.

III

341

insanam vatem: an inspired prophetess, i.e. the famous Cumaean sibyl. rupe sub ima deep in a rocJcy cave. enirusts to leaves signs 444. foliis notas et nomina mandat
: :

and

symhols.

Note the
of trees

alliterative phrase, suggestive of mystery.

The nomina
leaves

are not names, but words of hidden iniport.

The
and
in

and bark

were the

earliest writing materials,

India pahn-leaves are


446.
448.

still

used for this purpose.


:

digerit in

numerum
:

she arranges in order.

verum eadem
etc.
:

hut these

same
of

leaves.

cardine,

ivheti

at the turning

the

verso tenuis cum hinge (j.e. at the opening

of the door) a light hreeze has stirred them.


449.
450.

frondes

foliage.
:

cavo volitantia saxo prendere governs eadem (448).


:

as they fiutter in the rocTcy cave.

revocare situs to restore their place. curat takes trouhle. 452. inconsulti abeunt: unansivered, men depart ; the answer has been given, but the leaves beingdisarranged, it cannot be re451.
:

covered.
453.

hic tibi ne qua,


;

etc.

account in thine eyes

morae

is

delay he of such an appositional genitive with dispenAere


let

no

loss

in

an ethical dative fuerint is a prohibitive subjunctive, the perfect tense being rarer and perhaps more peremptory than the present. A. 439, n. 1 & 2 B. 276 G. 263, 3, n. H. 561, 2 H. & B. .501, 3, 2. tanti is a genitive of value. aml (though) the voyage 454. et vi cursus in altum vela vocet
dia;
tihi

is

urgently calls thy sails


455.

to the

deep ; cursus
:

is

personified.

sinus implere secundos


is

swell their folds to thy desire


sails.
;

secundos
456.

transferred poetically from the winds to the


:

quin adeas vatem


H.

that thou wilt not visit the prophetess


;

negative clause of result.


294, II, 2
;

A. 559, n.

B. 284, 3

G. 554, n. 3
:

H.

&

B. 521,

prayers plead that she


after poscas, 'j)lead

precibus oracula poscas, etc. wiih Some put a stop herself chant the oracles.
2.

for the oracles,


is

(begging)

that she chant


is

(them)
leaves.

herself,'

but this

harsh.

The main point

to get the

Sibyl to give a direct utterance, not to entrust her reply to


canat represents cane, the imperative, in indirect speech.

342
457, 459.

NOTES
volens
:

r/nfcwufth/,

quo quemque modo


toil.

fugias, etc.

hoiv thou art to escape or


iii

an indirect Note -que question, representing the original yw^tam andyemm.


endure each
(ferasque)
460.

Tlie subjunctives are deliberative,

aut.
icill

expediet:

unfold.

venerata
this
it

in

passive

sense,

he-

sought in reverence.
461.

haec sunt quae,


i.e.

etc.

is,
;

whereof hy
is

my

voice thou

mayst he warned,

this is all I

can

tell

quae

accusative, because

monere (like docere) governs two accusatives in the active voice. now, go thy way. ingentem fer ad aethera 462. vade age
:

exalt in might unto heaven

itigentem, proleptic.

Lines 463-471.

Helenus gives them Rich Gifts.


Note the impressiveness of the spondaic rhythm. Similar, too, are 466 and 467. 464. auro gravia, etc. of heavy gold : literally, heavy icith gold. The final a of gravia is irregularly long, by an archaism. secto elephanto ofsaivn ivory, i.e. sawn into thin pieces for inlaying. this construction, thougli notthe usual one, 465. imperat ferri
463.
: :

is

found even in Caesar. 466. ingens argentum


:

massive

silver, i.e. silver plate.

Dodo-

naeos lebetas

caldrons of Dodona.

These were said to have been

w^onderf ully resonant.

By

using the epithet, Virgil indicates the


\\tQ,TQ.\\\,fastenedto-

received tradition that Helenus had settled at Dodona.


467.

consertam hamis auroque trilicem

and trehly ivoven ivith gold, i.e. it is a piece of chainarmor. interwoven with links of gold, in sets of three. Hendiadys. a hrilUant 468. conum insignis galeae cristasque comantis poinfed helmet and cregited plumes. thus the armor of his foe falls to 469. arma Neoptolemi my father^ too, has suitahle Aeneas. sunt et sua dona parenti For sua, cf. I. 461*. glfis.
gether with hooks
:
: :

470.

duces

i.e. j)ilots.

BOOK
471.

III

343
Note the
allitera-

remigium supplet

Jills

up our crews.

tion iu the line.

Lines 472-505.

They
473.

bid

One Another an Affectionate Farewell.


:

Anchises he mora ne qua ferenti


:

is still

ih^ pater familias.

fieret veiiLO
;

that the favorahle icind should meet no delaij

vento,

a case of personification.

475.

coniugio Veneris dignate superbo


ivith

deemed
;

proud aUiance
passive sense.

Venus; Veneris, objective genitive

of a dignaie, with
icorthy

FiG. 50.

Chain-armor.

476.
477.

bis erepte

see note
:

on

satis

ecce

tibi, etc.

lo !

hefore

una superque, etc, II. 642. thee is ihe land of Ausonia ; tihi,

ethical dative.

hanc: i.e. the nearer, eastern shore of Italy; the previous hanc means the whole land. praeterlabare a jussive subjunctive combined directly with necesse est, which is nsually followed by the fully developed substantive clause of ut with a subjunctive mood. rohes figured with 483. picturatas auri subtemine vestes
478.
: :

imvoven gold

i.e.

a kind of tapestry, while the Phrygia chlamys

is

embroidery.
484.

nec cedit honori


;

and

fails not in courtesy (i.e.

she

is

" not

"weary in well-doing")

literally, 7ior does she yield to the honor.,

or

344
Ihe

NOTES
Tiorioring him.

worh of

AVith honore, whicli some texts gire for


^she yields iiot (to

honori, the

meaning

is

Helenus) in paying
sint
to

honor.'
486.
rials

manuum quae monumenta mearum


claiise of
:

he metno-

ofmy handiicork ; a relative ahiding. 487. longum


489.

purpose.

anax ;
490.

thou sole surviving image of my Astytlie adverb super is here used in the sense of the adjective
etc.
:

mihi sola,

superstes or the clause quae superes.

sic oculos, etc.

such ivas he in eyes, etc.

Note the pasc. si viveretj

thetic repetition.
491.

pubesceret

ivould he groiving into

manhood ;

a condition contrary to fact.


493.
is

vivite felices, quibus, etc.


esf,

fareivell, ye ivhose oivn destiny


;

already achieved ;

as indicative, emphasizes the f act

sua

propria.

Helenus has found his destined country and can

rest;

not so Aeneas.
494.

alia

ex

aliis in fata

from fite

to

fite.
:

melioribus auspiciis et quae fuerit, etc. under happier omens and to prove less open to the G?'eeks, i.e. than the old Troy. vicinus usually governs a dative. 500. vicina Thybridis 502. cognatas urbes olim, etc. hereafter our sister cities and
498.
:

allied peoples, in

Epirus and Hesperia


;

hoth

of

these ive shall

male

one Troy in spirit

Epiro and Hesperia are locative abhitives

utramque for utrasque (urhes), by attraction. which have the same Dardanus for au503. quibus idem, etc.
:

cestor,

and the same disastrous story.


:

nostros nepotes tliere is said to be a reference here to the founding of Nicojiolis in Epirns by Augnstus, who decreed that its inhabitants should be regarded as cognati to the Romans.
505.

Lines 506-569.

Italy, tiie Promised Land, at Last.


506.
:

Tiie Cyclopes.

iuxta pre])Osition. the road to Ttaly. The verbal idea 507. iter Italiam accounts for Jtaliain, an accusative of liniit of motion.
:

in iter

BOOK
508.
cate.

III

345

ruit

sets.

The Tennyson
"
509.

line is

opaci in darkness; to be taken with the predifrom the Odyssey (III. 487 and elsewhere) cf.
:

And

the sun

fell,

and

all

the land

was dark."
:

{Dora.')

sternimur optatae gremio telluris, etc. we Jiing our. selves down near the shore on the hosoni of the land we have chosen for the sense of optatae, cf. pars optare locum tecto (I. 425), and
optatae urhis (III. 132).
510.
start.

sortiti

remos

this is done, to

be in readiness for an early

511.

corpora curamus

ire

refresh ourselves.

512.

acta

Nox Horis middle of her course. Night driven hy the Hours. The Horae (personified hours)
orbem medium
:

the

are conceived to be the charioteers of the horses of Night.


513.

haud segnis
The
verse
is

ever active.
I.

516.
517.

repeated from
:

744.

armatum auro

referring to the bright stars in the belt


line is spondaic.
:

and sword of Orion. Tlie 518. cuncta constare


favorable.
519.

that all

is

settled,

i.e.

the weather

is

clarum signum
:

i.e.

with a trumpet.

castra

movemus

metaphorical for we set 520. velorum alas


ships'
523.

out.

the icings

ofour

sails,

i.e.

the sails are the

wings; velorum
Italisim
:

an appositional genitive. the promised land at last. 2^ote the emphatjc


is

position

and the

artistic repetition, in imitation of the threefold

shoiit of joy.

cratera corona induit cf. T. 724 and note. 529. ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi
525.
:

note the

beautiful effect of alternate dactyls and spondees, combined with

the alliteration of /,

v, s

" Make onr way easy with the wind, breathe on us kindly hreath."
(Morris.)
530.

portus patescit propior


nearer {at hand)
.

a haven opens as

ice

draw near
indicates

literally, opens

The spondaic rhy thm

346
earnest
portus
is

NOTES
expectation, which
is

emphasized by

alliteration.

The

probably Portus Veneris iu Calabria. near the Portus Veneris was Castrum 531. in Arce Minervae ]\Iinervae, here called Arx Minervae.
:
.

532.

proras torquent

i.c.

after lowering the sails they

row

to

shore.
533.

ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum


;

hent hoivUke hy the

eastern surge
tioii ah.

Jiuctus

is

personified, hence the use of the preposi-

534.

obiectae cautes
ipse
i.e.

jutting reefs.

salsa

spumant adspar;

gine

alliteration, suggestive of sound.


:

535.

the portus.

latet

i.e.

to one at a distance

cf.
:

patescit, 530.

gemino demittunt bracchia murb


let

turriti scopuli

down arms like twin walls ; i.e. on either side of the entrance is a lofty crag, from which a wall of rock slopes seaward, forming adouble breakwater; gemino muro is a uiodal abhative.
toivering crags

536.
tator,

refugit

stnnds hack

literally, rece^/e.s i-c froni

the spec-

who, on approaching, fiuds that it is not as uear the open sea as it seemed when viewed from a distauce. fii st on Italiau soil omen, i.e. the 537. primum omen The horse has ah-eady beeu omiuous of appositiou with e(juos.
: ;

war,

viz.

iii

I.

444.
:

538.

candore nivali

" in

a triumph the chariot of the victo-

was ch-awn by four white liorses" (Page). foreseen by Auchises will therefore end iu triumph. 539. terra hospita: thou land of our reception ; cf.
rious general
hospita iu ]77.
540.

The war
tlie

use of

bello

(hitive of purpose.

The emphatic repetition

(Jiellum,

aud jiugliug assojuiuce (armanfur, armenta ininantur) are iuteuded to accord with the oracular tone. plural. Virgil does not use i7<'/e?/i. olim at timcs. 541. idem curru dative. sueti sc sunt, are wont. nnder the yoke hear the hit in 542. frena iugo concordia ferre concord ; mr/o, modal aV)lative concordia, trausferred epithet, behello, helliim)
: :
:
:

lougiug properly to quadrupedes.


543.

et pacis

o/ peace

too,

as well as of war.

BOOK
544.

III

347
was
dedi-

prima accepit
capita velamur
:

the place (Castrum Minervae)

cated to her.
545.
:

veil

our Jieads ;

?;e/a?MMr is

a niiddle voice.

Phrygio amictu
546.

cf.
:

405.

praeceptis

causal ablative.

maxima

most urgent

the

word belongs
547. 548.

in sense to praeceptis.
:

adolemus honores
ordine

ive offer

hurnt offerings.

inte.
:

549.

cornua velatarum obvertimus antemnarum


ihe horns

we point

ends) of our sail-clad yards ; the cornua are the sharp ends of the antenmae, or yards, to which the sails are attached ohvertere means to turn so as to face something, and here

windward

(=

we can supply
spondaic
fif th

vento.
is

The

peculiar line of four words with the

foot

expressive of the labor involved in thus pre-

paring to renew the voyage. temporal. Herculei 551. hinc


:

of Hercides. Halfahundred towns on Mediterranean shores derived their nanie from Hercules. The comnion tradition made Taras, a son of Xeptune,
:

city

the founder of Tarentum, but Hercules was also associated with the place, and the town founded by Tarentum, on the other side of
its

own

galf,

was

called Heraclea.
:

diva Lacinia promontory. contra


552.
554.
:

i.e.
i.e.

the temple of Jnno on the Lacinian

556.

on the other side of the gulf of Tarentum. e fluctu rising from the ivaves. audimus longe ive hear from afur. fractas ad litora
:

voces
557.

hreaJcers

on

the shores.
:

exsultant vada

the

shoalsdash up; the thought


line.
:

is

ampli-

fied in the

second half of the


illa
;

558.

haec

Charybdis
cf.

this

is that

Charyhdis,

i.e.

of

which

Helenus told us
560.

420

ff

eripite:

sc. vos.

save yourselves.
:

haud minus ac iussi cf. haud secus ac iussi,2S6. rudentem proram the gurgling prow, referring to the noise of the water
561.
:

at the prow, as
562.

tlie

ship's course is suddenly changed.


:

emphatic repetition, corresponding to the directions given in 412. With laevam supply manum.
laevas,

laevam

348
563.
564.

NOTES
ventis
with curvato gurgite
:

i.e.

sails.
:

on

tJie

arched wave.

idem

also

nomi-

native plural.

subducta unda: as the loave is drawn froni beneath. ad Manis imos to the depths of Hell ; hyperbole. Ci. Psalms cvii. They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the 26
565.
: :

*'

depths."
567.

rorantia astra

the

dripping stars

i.e.

on the

crest of the

waves they
568.

see the stars

through a

veil of spray.

cum

sole

at sunset.

Lines 570-587.

A
570.

NiGHT OF Terror near Mount Aetna.


:

ab accessu ventorum immotus


:

secure frorn the

ap-

proach of winds. ingens ipse spacious in of Aetna is its only drawback.


571. 573.

itself; i.e.

the proximity

ruinis

eruptions.
:

turbine piceo

2vith

pitch-hlack eddy.
:

575.

scopulos avolsaque viscera montis

rocks, the nptorn

entrails ofthe mountain.

The
:

-r/we is

explanatory.

576.

erigit

eructans

violenthj vomits

tional assonance.

sub auras
:

cum

Note the intengemitu glomerat whirls skijforth.


:

ward

with a roar.

578. 579.

Enceladi Longfellow's Enceladus should be consnlted. mole hac i.e. Aetna. ingentem insuper impositam
:

note the repetition of


580.

in.

f-om her bwst furnaces brcathes forth Jlame. The camini are the fresh craters which The poet appear, from time to time, on the mountain's sides. conceives the volcanic fires as coming from the smitten body of
ruptis

flammam

exspirare caminis

Enceladus.

Milton's description

is less

imaginative

" the sluiltored side

Of tliundering Aetna, whose combustible

And

fuelled entrails, thence conceiving


tlie

fire,

SubHnied wlth niiueral fury, aid

wiuds

BOOK
And

III

349
all

leave a singed bottom

involved
T.

With stench and smoke."


(raradise Lost,
581.
is

232

ff.)

intremere

omnem murmure
Morris rendeis
:

Trinacriam
"all the

the expiession

onomatopoetic.

shore

Trinacrian

trembleth murmnring."
583.

585.

monstra horrors, i.e. the mysterious noises. nec lucidus aethra siderea polus nor ivas heaven
:
:

bright

with starry light.

This idea

is

an enlargement of the

first.

Lines 588-654.

ACHAEMENIDES AND THE CyCLOPES.


588.

prinio

589.

Eoo at the earliest dawn. umentem umbram the dewy shades,


: : :

i.e.

of night

cf.

nox

umida,
590.

II. 8.

macie confecta suprema outworn with extreme hunger. miseranda cultu icretckedly clad ; miser591. nova: strange. anda agrees with /(;?'ma, though belonging in sense to viri. unshorn. 593. immissa
: :

594.

cetera Graius
et

in all else a GreeJc

cetera,

an accusative

of specification.

595

et

quidem.

The

fact here

mentioned must have been

learned later.
599.
600.
caeli

testor

sc. vos.
:

hoc caeli spirabile lumen


tollite

this

lightsome air

we hreathe
to

lumen implies both light and

air.

601.

me

take

me

up.

quascumque

terras

any lands

whatever.
602.

scio

Yirgil allows the o to be short in scio and nescio,

according to colloquial usage. classibus = navibus. 603. Iliacos petiisse Penatis assailed the gods of Troy. note the hiatus. This, as well as the 606. pereo, hominum dactylic rhythm, emphasizes the earnestness of the appeal.
: :

607.

et

genua amplexus,
to

etc.
:

as he clung
sc. se.

them.

genibus

and groveUing dative wiih haerebat. volutans


:

clasping our hiees

350
608.
aiid

NOTES
qui
sit
:

qul

is

here equivalent to quis.

For

this verse

the next,

cf. II. 74, 75.


:

with hortamur uiiderstood. the present pledge (viz. the offered 611. praesenti pignore haiid) is an earnest of further help. 613. infelicis*: he suffered much in his return from Troy.
6og.
:

deinde

614.

nomine Achaemenides

the

name

suggests Acliaeus,

yet has a Persian rather than Greek ring. For the story, Virgil does not seein to be dependent on any predecessor. Its introduc-

most famous stories (Odt/ssey IX.) with the journey of Aeneas, but also to illustrate vividly the humanity of the Trojans, who, though ah'eady ruined by their compassion for Sinon, again take pity on a Greek in distress. genitore Adamasto paupere a causal ablation enables the poet not merely to connect one of IIomer's
:

tive absolute.

mansisset utinam f ortuna i.e. would that tried to improve my f ortune 616. limina: sc. Cyclopis from the next line.
615.
:

had never

618.
619.

sanie dapibusque cruentis intus opaca, ingens


ipse
:
:

ablative of quality.

pointed utterances.

the

note the asyndeton, and the brief, the alta pulsat sidera master.
:

hyperbole
wretch.
620.
621.
di,

is

natural enough on the lips of

tlie

terror-stricken

talem,

etc.

note the accumulation of dental sounds.


:

nec visu
;

facilis, etc.

in aspect forhidding, in speech to be

accosled hg none
specification.
623.

visu

and

diclu are supines

used as ablatives of
the triple allitera-

duo de numero cum corpora nostro


n, c)
:

emphasizes tlie horror. manu magna seized and crushed. 624. prensa frangeret medio another case of alliteration cf. also 025, G27. resupinus lijing hack. So strong is the monster that he does not need
tiou (d,
:

even to
628.

rise.

haud impune quidem


oblitusve sui est
:

yet not unavenged.


i.e.

629.

forgot himself,

forgot his accus-

tomed cunning.

BOOK in
630.
631.

351

simul

slmul ac

as soon as.
:

cervicem inflexam posuit


sortiti vices
:

resfed his drooping neck.

634.

having cast
:

lots

for our parts,

i.e.

the parts

we

"were to play.
635.
636.

circum fuiidimur
:

cf. II. '6S'6.

was deep-set. both the shield and the sun are 637. Argolici clipei, etc. "large, round, and glaring " (Henry). For instar, cf. II. 15. note the accelerated rhythm. 639. sed fugite, etc. implying niore haste than solvite : translate by 640. rumpite
:

lumen solum

the eye.

traiislate

with lumen.
:

latebat

pluck.
641.

nam

qualis quantusque,
his Jiocks
. . .

etc.

for

in

shape and size like

Pohjphemus,who pens
etc.
;

a hundred other Ci/clopes dwell,


his Jlocks,

literally,
soi't

such

of what sort and size Pohjphemus pens and size (understand tales tantique).

of

643. 645.

volgo
tertia

= passim: all
:

about.
se 11 se,

with adverbial three months have run.


646.

^br

the

third time

nearly

cum vitam
ex quo
;

txa.h.o

from

the time that

I began

to

drag out
is still

cum =
647.

traho, the present, is

nsed because the action

in progress.

ab rupe

to be taken
(cf.

with prospicio.

The Greek niounts

a rock to scan the sea


648.

651).

650.

The rhythm suggests the 5o?jzVus j5er/ui. dant pascunt sc. me. volsis radicibus sc. mihi.
:

with their uptorn roots.


651.
first

primum: for
huic me,
etc.

the Jirst time.

The
it

ships of

Aeneas are the


to be,

that have appeared to his anxious gaze.


:

652.

to

it,

whatever

dered myself; Juisset, in virtual


gests the formal

I surrenoblique nariation, represents an


should prove
;

original fuerit (f uture perfect indicative)

the verb addicere suglaw, of the insolvent

handing over, under


etc.

Roman

debtor to the creditor.


654.

vos animam hanc,

do you rather take away


rather than ]et

this life

of mine by any death whatever ; hands of the Cyclopes.

i.e.

me

die at the

852

NOTES

Lines 655-691.

Appearance of Polyphemus.
656.

The Trojans Escape,


vasta se mole

ipsum
his

the

yiant hiniself.

moventem
se,

mocing
658.
its

mighty hulk; vasta mole

is

ablative of quality with

Note the assonance in mole moventem.

monstrum horrendum,
is

etc.

this rernaikable line, with.

spondaic rhythni, asyndeton, triple

a good example of sense, expressive as it is of the slow halting steps of the blinded giant. Tt has been imported almost bodily into English verse by

and n sounds,

and accumulated m the adaptation of sound to


elision,

Browning

Wariny,

I.

4).

" Aslong Idwell on some stupendous And tremendous (Heaven defend us !) Monstr' inform' ingens horrend Demoniaco seraphic Penmau's latest piece of graphic."

ous

trunca manu pinus regit in his hand a lopped pine gnides (////) ; manu is an ablative of means witli reyit. 660. ea sola voluptas ihat is his only pleasure ; ea by attrac65y.
:
:

tion.

Yirgil can be sympathetic even witli the Cyclopes.

The

assonance (sola solamen) harnionizes vvith the tenderness of tone.


663.

inde

therefrom,

i.e.

from the sea;

sc.

aqua.
:

664.

666.

gemitu = cum gemitu. aequor medium the open sea. nos procul, etc. note the appropriate dactylic rhythm
:

of

this line.
667.
us.

celerare

historical infinitive.
i.e.

sic

merito

so deserving,

who

deserved to be taken with

669.

ad sonitum vocis
lini;.

can be used of any sound


in the

toward the noise of the dipping oars ; vox Note the. double alliteration cf. 556.
literally, but tvhen

670.

verum ubi
grasp us with

nulla, etc.
his

no power

is

given

him
on

to

hand ;

i.e.

hut

when

in

no wuy can he lay hands

us.

BOOK
671.
:

III

353

nec potis sc. est, and (ichen) he cannot, etc. fluctus aequare the waves carry them away faster than he can follow.
:

672.
673.
coast.

quo

whereat.
:

penitus

/ar

within,

i.e.

in the interior,

away from the


.

676. ruit,
II. 64,

complent
see note.
:

a change of

number

as in ruit

certant,

where

677.
lar.

lumine torvo icith glaring eye ; effective use The Cyclopes are the one-eyed brotherhood.
:

of the singu-

caelo dative after a verb of motion, for in caelum. even as when on a moun679. quales cum vertice celso, etc. tain top lofty oaks stand in mass (con-). The perfect, like the Greek aorist, is often used in cotnparisons instead of the present. For the quantity constiferunt, cf steterunt, II. 774 and note. This is the only simile in the tliird book,
678.
:

681.

lovis,

Dianae

the oak was sacred to Jupiter, the cypress


etc.

to Diana.
682.

praecipites metus acer agit,


to

in

headlong speed, sharp


;

fear drives us

fiing out our sheetsfor any course

praecipites agrees

wdth nos understood. instrumental ablative. 683. ventis 684-6. contra iussa monent, etc. on
:

ofHelenus icarn
Charybdis

the

either

commands crewsnot to hold on their course between Scylla and icay icithin a slight remove from death. We re:

the other hand, the

solve to sail

back again.
is

contra is adverbial

inter is a case of

anasin leti

trophe; viam

in apposition to
is

ScyUam and Charybdim ;

discrimine parvo the ablative


'

one of quality, discrimen leti being that which divides f rom death ni is used for ne ; the subject of
;

'

teneant is either nautae or naves.

The general meaning


Charybdis.
w^ard,

is

that, yielding to the favoring

(683), they are carried north toward the straits

wdnds betw-een Scylla and

They

therefore decide on retracing their course east-

but a north wind, springing up, takes them south along the Sicilian coast. The passage is very questionable, and w^ould probably have been altered by Virgil on a revision of the poem.
688.

vivo ostia saxo Pantagiae

the

mouth of

the

Pantagias (a

S54:
harhor) of natural rocl: at the river's mouth.
689.
690.

NOTES
; i.e.

there

is

a natural breakwater or harboT

iacentem
talia
:

low-hjmci.

such places.

relegens retrorsus
errata
:

aa

he

retraced

again
is

a case of pleonasm.

used passively, though errare

intransitive.

Lines 692-715.

Death of Axchises.
was founded Syracuse. the epithet suggests the meaniug 693. Plemyrium undosum of the proper name, which conies from TrAT^/x/xfpt?, flood-tide. priores men of oJd. i.e. from the poiiit of view of Virgirs day.
692.
:

sinu

dative.

Here at a
:

later time

695.

occultas egisse vias


tells

forced a secret course.


a7id

Shelley's

poeni Arethusa

the story here referred to.


etc.
:

qui nunc ore tuo,


thy fowitain

now
;

at

he

is

mingled, etc.
697.

ore is a local ablative.

iussi

probably by

Anchises,
:

the Trojan head.

numina magna

an

indirect reference to the future greatiiess

of the place.

698.

stagnantis
'

Helori
'

ITelorus
;

meaus
09:3.

the

marshy place

(JX.o<i)

cf.

700.

fatis

numquam,
to

etc.

which

hf/

FiG.

.")!.

Arethusa.

fate tvas never


is

he disturhed.

There

here an allusion to an oracle, wliich

IIowforbade the inhabitants to drain a marsh near the city. ever, they did drain it, whereupon tlieir enemies crossed the dry

land thus formed and captured the impetuous, with 702. imrtianis
:

city.
JJuvii.

Gela

a nominative

case, with (ireek quantity.


703.
cf.

arduus Acragas
(!!)S.

the

name comes from


a genitive plural.

nKpo<;

arduus
:

C!:'),

704.

magnanimum
owu

;io/Ve,

quondam

agaiu

froni Virgirs

poiut of view.^

BOOTv
706.
707.

III

355
saxis
:

dura

dmigerom.
:

lego

sTcirt.

causal ablative.

explamed in 709 ff. Its application to ora calls 'pathetic faUacy' (i.e. the is aii instance of what Ruskin transfer of human moods to inanimate nature).
inlaetabilis
711.

nequiquam: because he has


:

not reached the promised

hind.

The exas told in Book I. vestris deus appulit oris that whatpression deus appuUt etc, is a sort of pious admission ever comes to man, good or bad, comes from the gods.
715.

Lines 716-718.

Aeneas brings
717.
fates;

his

Story to an End.
recounted the
storij

fata renarrabat
re- as in referre,

divum:

ofheaven-sent

not of narrating again, but of liviug


at last he ceased,

through again in the narration.


718.
rested.

oonticuit,

etc.

and

here, maTcing

an end,
of

The apparent tautology

gives an effective close to the long

and exciting narrative. Virgil here has in mind the beginning the thirteenth book of the Odyssey
" He ceased
the whole assembly silent sat into ecstasy with his discourse
;

Charmed

Throughout the twUight hall."

QUESTIOXS ON BOOK
What
w^as Yirgirs

ni.

model f or

this part of his

work ?

How many

Odysseus books of the Odyssey are devoted to the wanderings of and Aeneas, (Ulysses)? HoNV long a time is spent by Odysseus How do these two epic heroes respectively, in their wanderings ? What lines in Book I. may be considin characterization ?
differ

ered as introductory to hiter books ? duce the narrative of the wanderings

What
?

lines of

Book

II. intro-

Is there

between Book III. and the other books such an inconsistency be explained ?

of

any inconsistency the Aeneid ? How may


gives unity to the

What

356
story of
I

NOTES
Book
IIT. ?
is

What

different stages are there in its narrain this

any significance in his proniinence? How many landings did Aeneas make before he reached the valley of tlie Tiber? Where did he remain tlie longest time? Where the shortest? Did any ancient towns indicate, in their names, some connection with Aeneas? Which was the longest voyage in the wanderings? "Which the
tive?
Is there

What god

most prominent

book?

shortest?

How many

landings were

made on

islands?

Crete come into special prominence in recent years?


^

How has How many

Aeneas have and where were they built? "What part of the wanderings was due to a wrong interpretation of an oracle? ^ How did the error occur? /oWhere was the abode of the Harpies? AVhen and how is the prophecy of Celaeno f ulfilled ? Why does Virgil introduce the games at Actium? Wlien was tlie battle of ^ Actium foaght? How old was Yirgil at that time ? Had he publislied any of his poetry tlien? What was the relationshij) between Andromache and Ascanius? When and how is the j)rophecy of Helenus (389 ff.) fulfilled? AVhere did Aeneas cross from Greece to Italy? How many miles is this? Compare Yirgil with Homer
vessels did
^.

in regard to tlie Cyclops story.

Point out other distinct reministliis

cences of Honier's narrative in

book.

the story of Achaemenides to illustrate

IIow does Virgil use Trojan virtue? Which


formal similes
?

passage of this book


are there in the
out.

is

most pathetic ?
?

How many

book

How many

spondaic lines

Point them

each of masculine and feminine caesurae. J, Quote the line describing Polyphemus, and show how Browning lias used it. How does Milton's description of Aetna ditfer froni Virgirs? Who was Savonarola? What passage in this book liad great influence upon his career? What passage is used by Dante,
five cases

Find

and how

is

the meaning of the original altered?

BOOK

IV.

THE TRAGEDY OF
Lines 1-30.

DIDO.

DlDO'S CONFESSIOX OF LOVE.


1.

At
I.

tkus

we

pass from the peaceful close of

Book

III. to

scene of inental distraction.

The poet resumes the


:

narrative of

Book

regina gravi saucia cura


is
;

the queen, smilten with

a griev-

ous love-pang ; ciira


artistic
2.

often used for love or its eifects.

Note the
with

word-order
:

chiasmus.
tvith

venis

instrumental ablative;
:

her veins,

i.e.

her

hearfs hlood.
3.

caeco multa, multus


gentis honos
:

wiseen.

translate as adverbs,

oft, oft

(Page).
'

virtus

valor.
4.

his glorious stock.


:

postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade, etc. the morrow^s dawn was lighting the earth with the lamp of Phoebus, i.e. with the sun cf. III. 637. the same line in III. 589, where see note. 7. umentemque, etc.
6.
;
:

8.

male sana = insana;

cf.

male fida,
thrill

II. 23,

and male amicum,


;

II.

735.

g.

me

suspensara terrent

me

with fears

for suspensam,

cf. II.

729.

11.

quem

sese ore ferens,

etc.

how

nohle his mien

how

hrave

his heart

and feats of arms ! literally, hearing himself ivhat a one in appearance, etc. quem is in predicate apposition with sese ; forti pectore is ablative of quality with armis SKX\)\)\y fortihus.
!

nec vana fides nor is assurance vain, i.e. groundless. genus offspring, the word being here used of one person. ^tis fear that proves souls hase-born, 13. degeneres animos, etc. and Aeneas shows no fear. long endured. 14. exhausta 15. si mihi non animo, etc. if in my mind were not planted^
12.
: : : : :

357

358

NOTES

fixed and immovahle, fhe purpose to alh/ myself wUh no one in the bonA of ivedlock ; ne vellem, because of the idea of piirpose in sederet.
17.

postquam
si

since.

deceptam
etc.
:

ieleWit

decepit

(me)

et

fefellit.
18.

non pertaesum,

sc.

me, had I not heen utterly iveary

and chamber ; both the torch, which was carried in the wedding procession, and the bridai chamber, are often used by metonymy of marriage itself For the syntax, see A. 354, b B. 209; G. 377; H. 457, 5; H. & B. 352, 1. ig, potui succumbere I might lidve yielded ; an indicative in
of
the bridal torch
.
:

the apodosis of a contrary to fact condition.


;
;

A. 517, c

B. 304, 3
:

G. 597, R. 3 H. 583 and 525, 1 H. & B. 582, 3 a. culpae i.e. that of loving Aeneas, after vowing fidelity to Sychaeus.
20. 21.

sin,

and our home was shaffered by a hrother's murder. Sychaeus, her husband, was nuirdered by his brother-in-law, Pygmalion, as explained in I. 348 ff.
:

post fata since the death. et sparsos fraterna caede Penatis


:

22.
24.,

hic

Aeneas.
etc.
:

labantem
;

wavering

a case of prolepsis.

sed mihi,

but rather, I ivoidd, pray,


ojjfenl

may eifher

earfh

yawn

for me
B. 290,
27.

to its depfhs, or, etc.

hiscat is

a potential subjunctive; dean optative subjunctive in parataxis with optem; A. 442, b


is
rt
;

1,

G.

.546,

11.

H.

558, 4
:

H.

&

B. 511,

2.

Shame, I violate thee a7ite repeats piius (24). According to the highest Roman ideals, women could niarry only once (univirae). Only such, for example, could sacrifice to Pudicitia.
etc.

ante, Pudor,

quam,

before,

28.

amores

affections.
is

(In this opening paragraph, alHteration


10, 16, 18, 23.

frequent

cf. 2, 3, G, 8,

The dactyls of 13 indicate mental exritcnient, wliile the spondees of 14 are expressive of wonder, Note x\\v eftect of the pause after im pulit, 23, and abstuUt, 29.)
Lines 31-53.

Anna's CorxsHL.
31.

luce

fhan /ight oflif'.

sorori

dative of agent;

more

effec-

tive tlian mihi.

BOOK IV
32.
all
tlii/

359
and sad, pine aivay time is here expressed
;

solane perpetua,
youth long?

etc.

wUt

thou, lonely

The

idea of duratioii of
;

by the abhitive, 011 Nvhich see A. 42 J:, b H. 486; H. &B. 440. with praemia. noris = 33. Veneris dost thnu think 34. id cinerem, etc.
:

B. 231, 1
noveris.

G. 393, r. 2

that the ashes or shades oj

the buri/ed care for that ? viz.,

whether one marries ornot.


words following, biit has rio aegram, with te understood.

35.

esto

aegram,
(be
it

etc.

grant that heretofore no ivooers have moved

thy sorrow

; esto

so) refers to the

grammatical connection with them.


36.
sc. est.

Libyae

locative.

Tyro
:

a locative ablative.

despectus

37.
38.

triumphis dives
placito amori
:

rich in triumphs,

i.e.

victorious in war.

ivith

a pleasing love ; placito has an active

sense.

pugnare governs a dative, on the analogy of verbs of contendiiig in Greek see A. 3G8, a B. 358, 3 G. 346, x. 6 H. 428, 3 H. & B. 363, 2, c.
; ; ; ;

39.

nec venit in mentem


hinc
:

sc. tihi ;
. .
.

and does
on- that.

it

not occur

to thee ?

40.

hiuc

on

this side

genus insupera-

bile bello
42. 43. 44. 46. 48.

cf.

genus intractabile
siti
:
'

bello, I.

339.

deserta

deserted hy reason of drought.

Tyro

froni Tyre.

germani: Pygmalion.

hunc cursum
:

their coui'se hither.

49.
50.

coniugio tali causal ablative. quantis rebus = quanta fortund.

veniam
;

fivor.

sacris litatis

ivhen sacrifce has been duly


is

offered

litare is

here transitive.

Dido

to propitiate the gods,

because of the ill-omened dreams


51.
:

(cf. 9).

indulge give the rein to. 52. dum desaevit hiems while winter rages fercely ; de- is intensive. aquosus because Orion brings rain. sc. sunt. are shattered, and therefore are in need 53. quassatae
: :
:

of repairs.

non

tractabile

intractabile.

(In 35. the spoudaic rhythm harmonizes with the reflection upon former days of grief. Ou the other hand, the accelerated rhythm

360
accords with
in 50.)
tlie

NOTES
tone of hopefulness in 45, and of earnest entreaty

Lines 54-89.

Djdo yields to Passion.


54.

'

incensum

(alread/j) lcindled.
:

55.

spemque

dedit, etc.

by removing her

scruples,

Anna

en-

couraged Dido to iudulge her love for Aeneas. solvitque pudorem and loosed the honds of Shame. Pudo?\ as seen in 27, had kept Dido's feelings and actions in restraint; but yielding to
:

Anna's advice, the queen now casts aside her scruples and actively
sues for the love of Aeneas.
56.

delubra adeunt:

sc.

Dido

et

Anna.

per ar as froin
:

altar

to altar.

57.

de more

with both mactant and


etc.
:

lectas.

58.

legiferae Cereri,

Ceres, Aj)ollo,
;

and Bacchus were

all

associated with marriage-rites


cf)6po<i,

legiferae is a translation of Oeafxo-

an epithet applied iii Greek literature to Demeter (Ceres) and Dionysus (Bacchus) as agents of civilization, and to Apollo, as the civilizing god par exceUence. A lloman proverb runs thus
sine Cerere et Libero friget Ve^ius.
59.

cui vincla iugalia curae


vincla supply sunt.

ivho has icedlock

honds in care.
16G)

With
62.

Juno

(called pronuha,

presided

over marriage, and was also the patron goddess of Carthage.

ante ora deum the gods are themselves present in their statues. spatiatur the word implies the stately movements of
:

religious ritual.
63. 64.

instaurat

solemnizes.
:

donis

with offerings.

pectoribiis
:

the final syllablo lengtliened.

An

archaism.

inhians
65.

poring over.

spirantia

(still)

quivering.

In augury,
lifeless.

the entrails were examined before the victim was quite

heu vatum ignarae mentes The seers do noL know (cf. tacitum,

ah, ignorant

minds of

seers

07) tliut

tlie

love-passion has

taken hokl of Dido, and tiiat in licr coiidition neither vows nor visits to the shrinos can be of aiiy avail. quid an innor accusative with iuvant. furentem (nte wild with love.
:
:

BOOK IV
66. 67.

361
:

est

69.
sniitten

from edo, not siim. mollis tender; with medidlas. sub pectore deep in her breast. coniecta sagitta ablative absolute. Translate, however.
:

bu an arrow.

70.

quam

procul incautam,
icound) the icinged

etc.
icith

ichich, all unicary,

amid

the

Cretan icoods, a shepherd hunting

darts has pierced

from

afar,

and

left (^in the

steel,

unknowing.

In strict gramcf.

mar, we should supply in qua with Cowper, when speaking of himself

liquit.
:

For the coraparison,

"

was a stricken deer that

left

the herd

Long smce.

My

With many an arrow deep infixed panting side was charged, when I withdrew
tranquil death in distant shades."
(TasA-, III. 108
ff.)

To seek a

nescius note the empliasis thrown upon this word, implymg that Aeneas is thus far igiiorant of tlie passion he has inspired. ihrough the city's midst. 74. media per moenia cf. sedesque paratas, 1. 557, and the well75. urbem paratam known verse O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt (I. 137). Dido thus tempts Aeneas to stay in Carthage.
72.
:
: :

.'

76. 77.

resistit

her faltering speech

is

a sign of love.
i.e.

same hanquet, that which made such an impression on her. This is


:

eadem

take with convivia,

that

one like

much more

forcible than to
79. 80.

make
: :

it

she also.
his lips, or icords.

pendet ab ore
digressi
sc.

hangs on
the

sunt,

(guests)

understood.

being omnes, or convivae lumeuque obscura, etc. and in turn the


subject
:

dim moon sinks her


die, 77).

light

vicissim, as the

sun before

it

{labenie

82.

domo vacua

in the empty hall.

stratis relictis

the couch

ichich he has left.

absens absentem a favorite mode of securing emphasis in Latin and Greek poetry " she apart from him that is apart (]\lorris) "though sundered each from each" (Rhoades). auditque videtque: note the polysyndeton.
83.
:

362
84.

NOTES
Ascaniiim
:

Virgil tells

iis

uotliing about
:

Iiis

retnrn from

Idaliuni (1.091
father's look.
85.

ff.).

genitoris imagine capta

capticated hy hls

infandum

si fallere

possit

amorem
tlie

if ^o he

ahemay

heguile

(evade) her terrible passion.

For

coustruction, see

uote on

Anfhea si quem videat, I. 181; infandwn (as in 11. ')) is properly *too awful to be told.' Dido tries to satisfy her passiou for Aeneas by fondling iVscanius, who is the iuiage of his father. bello tuta for safehj in war; tnta with. parant. 87. portus
:
:

liere
88.

nieaus affordinr/ safety.

pendent
i.e.

literally,
:

are suspended ;

i.e.

stand

idle.

minae

murorum
(Mori-is),
89.

ingentes

literally, ^'mitjht// threafenings

of

the iralls"

huge threateniug walls.


:

aequata machina caelo the engine towering up The niacliine was probably a derrick.

to

hearen.

(Tu 57, the spondaic rhytlim accords with the idea of solemn sacriin 80 antl 87, with the fice in ()5, with the tone of serlous reflection expression of grave conceru to the state.. Note the emphasis secured by the pause after nesciiis (72), incubat (SH), aud detinet (85). Assonance and alhteratiou are very common.)
;

Lines 90-104.

Juxo's Plan.
90.

quam

referring to Dido.
'JMie pestis is

tali

peste teneri

held fast in

such a fatal passion.


91.

nec famam
her frenzij
;

her infatuation. obstare f urori and fhat her good name


:

is

no

har

to

i.e.

she cares not

what people uiay say or think


:

of her.
93.
94.

egregiam vero numen power


:

iionical.

refertis

win.

dirine, ex[)laiued
is

niost texts read nomen, there


96.

by tlie uext line. Though hardly any authority for the word.

nec

me adeo
fhg fear

f allit

nor indeed

am

I blind

to fhe

fact

adeo
te,
;

here emphasizes the whole statement, not merely


'

jne.

veritam

etc.

that, in
is

of our

cifg,

fhou hast held in suspicion, etc.

te

habuisse

tbe subject oi fdlit.

BOOK
98.
tchat

IV

363
:

modiis
end with

Umit, end.

quo certamine tanto


(do
ice

literally, to

aJl this strife

go)

We

mast supply tendimus

or a similar word.
160. loi.
:

The

ablative is modal.

per ossa cf. I. 660 aiid note. paribus in common; used predicatively. 102. communem auspiciis icith equcd authoriti/ ; auspicia is used by metouymy for imperium, because in time of war the commander-in-chief regularly
ardet amore.
:

exercemiis ardet amans

effect.

took the auspices.


103. liceat, etc.
:

let

her serve a Phrygian hushand.

With
to

liceat

supply
104.

ei (i.e.

Didoni).
etc.
:

dotalisque,

and

let

her yield her Tyrians

as dowry.
if

The Carthagiuians

\\\\\

hand come under the power of Venus,


thy

her son, Aeneas, marries their queen.

They

will be, as

it

were,

the dot which the wife brings to her husband.


(Alliteration is frequent in this paragraph; e.g. 90, 91, 94, 95, 99, The diaeresis in 98 (after riiodus) is expressive of vehe101, 102.

mence.)
Lines 105-128.

Venus gives Consent.


105.
olli:

archaic form for

illi,

used as in
reply of

I.

2.54.

simulata
is

mente:
106.

with feif/ned purpose.

The
:

Venus

guarded,

because (enim) she


q\\o =iit.
lished in Italy.
107.

knew that Juno was insincere. regnum Italiae i.e. the empire

to be estab-

talia
si

such terms.
etc.
:

favor the fuljilment of conditiou, equivalent tp a wish, is very loosely thy plan. connected with (ptis ahnuat aut malit, a question which implies
109.

modo, The

if only fortune should

soine such idea as 'and I ^Jiould be content.'


iio.

sed

fatis incerta feror si

hut hy reason

of the fates I

drift,

uncertain whether, etc.


cf.

Here

si

introduces an indirect question;

note on
115.

T.

181.

mecum

erit

shall rest with me.

quod

instat

the present

need.

864
ii6.
briejiii.

NOTES
confieri:

the

more common form

is

conjici.

paucis.

117.
120.

venatum
his
:

witli iVe.

on them.
:

trepidant alae lohile the huntersrideto and fro. The alae are the beaters, who, from either side, drive tiie game toward Aeneas and Dido. They are analogous to the cavah-y of an array, which were placed on the wings {aiae). saltus indagine cingunt gird the glades ivith a circle of nets. The nets were used to stop up the exits from the woods. Ancient hunting was diiferent from modern. i.e. as the goddess of marriage. 125. adero
121.
:
:

dum

126.

conubio iungam,
hic

etc.

the line

is

repeated from

I.

73, in

Jiino's speech to Aeohis.


127.

hymenaeus
;

erit

this ivill he their hridal

hic is attracted
:

into the gender of hynienaeus.


ing her request
128.

non adversata petenti


with
ei

not oppos-

petenti agrees
:

understood.

dolis repertis
is

ablative absohite.

Venus, seeing through

Juno's schemes,

amused, because she knows that they can suc-

ceed only temporarily.


(Note the contrast between the impressive spondees of 124 and the dactyls of 125, indicating a lively interest in the scene. Dactyls continue prominent tlinnigh tlie rest of the passane, and in the final verse are emphasized by double alliteration, f/HzuY rt?(/^*6 Tisit Cytherea

repertis.)

Lines 129-160.

The Hunt.
130.

131.

iubare sc. solis, rather than Aurorae. retia rara meshed nets, rara being a general epithet, appli:

cable to
132.

all nets.
:

ruunt tliis verb applies properly only to the horsemen and the dogs. Supply are brought with the other nouns. odora
' '

canum
iiounds,'
is

vis

strong,

keen-scented hounds

literally

'

strength of

a Greek form of expressioli.


its

The monosyllabic ending

here due to

use by an older poet, Lucretius.

BOOK
133. 137.

IV

365
:

cunctantem *she Sidoniam picto,


:

is

the last to appear. primi tTie nohleat etc. clad in a Sidonian robe, with em:

broidered horder; circumdata


138.

is

a middle participle.
is

of gold ; note the eraphasis seciired by repetition, aiid emphatic position in this

cui pharetra ex auro: her quiver

and the next. 141. ipse ante alios pulcherrimiis omnis sible prominence is given to Aeneas.
line
142.

tlie

greatest pos-

infert se

socium
etc.
:

advances

to

join

Tier.

agmina iungit

unites his
143.

hand

v:ith hers.

was compared to Diana (I. 498), Speed and beauty are the so Aeneas is now compared to Apollo. common features (149, 150). hibernam Lyciam his winter home, Lycia. The reference is to Patara, near the mouth of the Xanthus, vvhere there was a famous temple of Apollo. it was at Delos that his mother bore 144. Delum maternam him cf. III. 75 ff. The Agapicti painted. raise their voices. 146. fremunt
qualis ubi,
as Dido
:
:

thyrsi were a barbarous people, who, like the ancient Britons,

stained their bodies.


147.

Apollo's worshippers
etc.
:

came from f ar and

near.
his

molli fluentem,

icith soft

leafage shapes

and hinds

flowing locks ; a picturesque detail. with golden diadem. 148. auro


:

150. 151.

tantum

egregio,
:

etc.

such heauty shone from his nohleface.


dislodged from the rocky peaks ; the

ventum

sc. est.
:

152.

saxi deiectae vertice


collective.
:

nouns are
153.

with campos. scurry across ; literally, soid (the 154. transmittunt cursu plains) past them hy running, "the apparent eifect of all motion being to send the surrounding objects in the opposite direction" agmina pulverulenta fuga glomerant amid clouds (Henry).
patentis
:
:

ofdustmass
155.

their

hands

in jiight

pulverulenta

is

poetically ti-ans

ferred to agmina.

montisque relinquunt

as they leave the mountains

note

the parataxis.

366
158.

NOTES
pecora inter inertia
contempt.
:

amvl the'timorous
is

herrls

pecora, used

properly of domestic
cervi in
dari.

aiiiiiials,
:

here applied to the caprae and


optat,

votis

belongs primarily to

but also to

FlG. 52.

A HUNTING SCENE

IN MoSAIC.

(The rhythra of, 132-135 is noteworthy. 132 indicate vehemence of action. as in 13')
of the steed. In alliteration and assonauce

Tlie prevailing dactyls of

tliey suggest the hii;h si^irit tlie latter verse tliis effect is increased by double
.

ing lines, expectation. In 154, the spondees (combined with alliteration) heighten by coutrast tlie effect of the strikingly imitative dactyls of 155.)

(spumantia mandit) In tlie two interveu133, 134, the spondees accord witli the attitude of peaceful

Lines 160-172.

Aeneas and Dido seek IIefuge.


160.

magno misceri murmure


incipit, insequitur
:

cf. T.

124.

161.
163.

asyndeton aud syllabic anapliora. Dardanius nepos Veneris i.e. Ascanius. diversa tecta
:

shelter hcre iiiid ihere.

164.

petiere

scnrn/ to

perfect

of

rapid

action.

amnes

torrents.

BOOK IV
165.

367

speluncam,
tlie

etc.

the verba] repetition (from 124) calls

atteution to
166.

fulfilment of Jiino's plan.


:

prima Tellus primal Earth; so called, as the oldest of the The pronuba was properly gods. prouuba luno nuplial Juno. the matron who attended the bride. i.e. for the marriage ceremonies to begin. 167. dant siguum conscius Aether conubiis Heaven, icitness to the hridal. As Earth was the mother, so Heaven (Aether) was the father of all
:

life.

Tliis is a

common

conception in ancient poetry and phi-

losophy, even the Ciiinese.

primusque malorum causa that Jirst day was the cause of evils. The effect of the repetition of primus is the implied
169.
:

repetition

of

ille

dies as well

primus does uot belong, either


cf.

logically or grammatically, to causa.


170.

specie

appearances.

fama

91

and
no

note.

Dido

is

losing all sense of shama.


172.

coniugium vocat

thougli there

is

real marriage be-

tween Aeneas and Dido,


the

'/^irgil

gives a poetical interpretation of


if

Nature herself were taking part in nuptial ceremonies. .Earth and Heaven (Sky), primal parents
of the storm, as of all
(if/nes)
life,

phenomena
are

among

the active participants

the lightning-fires

Juno is the pronuba of the bride and the cries of mountain Nymphs become the wedding-song. Dido, fully determined as she was on winning Aeneas (the poet represents her as controlled by Yenus and Juno), may well have been blind to the trnth and convinced that this was a marriage indeed. She, then, has found Xature in sympathy with her yet the poet, by his descriptive art, really suggests to us, and
are the marriage torches (cf. taedae, 18)
; ;

primus leti, eto. Milton had this passage in mind, when he describes the effect of Eve's j)hicking and eating the forbidden frnit
at last asserts, the reverse
:

ille

dies

" Earth

felt

the

wound and Xature from her


all

seat,

Sighing through

her works, gave signs of woe

That

all

was

lost."

(Paradise Lost, IX. 782

ff.

cf.

IX. 1000

ff.)

verse. with its descriptive aUiteration. plays a role siniilar to that in I. 124. It is followed by hnes (161-164) in which

(The opening

368

NOTES

the general dactylic movement depicts the hurry and scurry of the Then comes the sober hunters, as well as the onrush of the torrents. verse (165= 124). This, however, spondaic rhythm of the repeated is not followed, as before, by a series of rapid dactyls, but, in keeping with the gravity of the occurrence, the prevailing rhythm is spondaic. Only where Dido's recklessness is described have we frequent dactyls, viz. in 170. So, 172 opens with two dactyls (conivginm vocat), but the diaeresis following theni is ominous, and the succeeding spondees (Jioc praetexit) bring us back to tlie tone of solemnity.)

Lines 173-197.

KUMOR SPREADS THE NeWS FaR AND


173.

AViDE.
is

Fama Rumor ;
:

a personification which

very

common
is

in poetry, from

Homer down.

VirgiFs description, however,

unusually elaborate.
174.

Fama

note the emphatic anaphora.


:

malum qua non


qua
is

aliud velocius ullum


of comparison.

of all

evils

most swift.

an ablative

mobilitate viget ivilh speecl she icaxes strong ; instead of being fatigued with lier toil. eundo instrumental ablative. 176. parva metu primo, etc.
175.
:

"

little

thing, afraid at

first,

she springeth soon aloft" (Morris).

mimo, adverb. Homer's strife is " small in crest at first, but later raiseth her head up to heaven, while she treads upon the earth
(Iliad IV". 442).
178.

We

all

know how

scandalous gossip grows.


:

Terra parens, ira inritata deorum mother earth, anfjered Tlie af/ainst the gods ; deorum is au objective genitive with ira. Titans, who made war npon the gods of Olympus, and in consequence were hurled into Tartarus, were children of Terra. She, in
revenge, bore the Giants.
179.

extremam progenuit
:

hrought forth

as

hcr

last

child.

Coeo Enceladoque
Virgil disr(\gai<ls
181.
tiie

Coeus was a Titan, Enceladus a Giant.


cf.

distinction.
:

monstrum horrendum, etc. corpore plumae tot, etc. who for


:

HI. 658.

cui quot sunt

everg father on her bodg, has a

watchful eye

beloiv.

Virgil

seems to have the peacock in mind.

BOOK IV

369

His Fama sees everything aiid, as the next line shows, hears everything and tells everything. eniphatic anaphora. 183. tot, totidem. tot midway hetween heaven and earth 184. caeli medio terraeque
:

medio
185.

is literally, in the

mid space.
noisy cry.

stridens
is

ivith

The
is

initial

spondee, followed by
silent.

a pause,
186. 188.

very emphatic.
:

Scandal
:

never

luce

ly day.
:

custos

on guard.
to the

tam
. .

ficti, etc.
.

clinying
.s

false
. .

and wrong,
.

yet heralding

truth: tam
190.

(much) as. facta atque infecta: fact and falsehood.


guam,
literally,
:

Xote the asso-

nance.

venisse Aenean indirect narration. to whom in marriage ; viro, literally, as husband. 192. cui viro that now they spend the winter, all its 193. nunc hiemem, etc. hiemem fovere is a poetical expreslength, in ivanton ease together. sion, adding to hiemem agere (to spend the ivinter) an idea of the manner of spending it (i.e. in luxurious ease). quam longa: sc.
igi.
:

sit

(in iudirect narration), literally, as long as


194.

it is.

195.

regnorum dea foeda

i.e.
:

Carthage and

Italy.

i.e.

Fama.
is

virum =

virorum.
;

used to suggest, in 181, horror in 185, long continued action in 191, a matter of grave import. In 185 the effect is heightened hy an onomatopoetic word (stridens) in emphatic position, and by double alliteration, stridens dulci declinat somno, i.e. abba). Lines 198-218.
;

(The spondaic rhythm

The Anger of Iarbas.


198.

Hammone

satus, etc.

son of Ham-

mon hy a Garamantian Nymph he had seized. Hammone, ablative of source rapta Nympha,
;

abhitive absohite.

Hammon

(or

Ammon)

was a Libyan god, who was


Jupiter.

identified with

Yirgil represents larbas as spread-

ing his father's worship

among

his country-

yig. 53.

Jupiter

men.

Hammon.

870
200.

NOTES
posuit, sacraverat
all,
:

the consecration of the


first altar

fire

place once for


fore

when

the

was

set up.

preceded the buildiiig of the niany shrines. change of tense. vigilem ignem Virgil is thiidving of the everbuniing fire of A^esta in llonie, from wliicli fire was taken, not
:

had taken It had there Hence the

only to
201.

new

colonics, but also to the altars of all the gods.


:

excubias divum aeternas

the eternal sentry

in apposition to ignem.

The

fire is

of the (joth supposed to guard the honor

of the gods.
202.

A
:

military metaplior.
:

pingue solum sc. erat. and so he, i.e. Tarbas 203. isque amens animi distraught in mind ci.
:

-que

has an illative force.

fidens aniini, II. 61.


:

204.
cf.

media

inter

numina divum
:

a/nid the divine presences;

ante ora deum, 02.

Tlie phrase is impressive.

205.
206.

multa lovem double accusative with orfme. nunc i.e. because I have tauglit them to honor
: :

thee.

pictis epulata toris

when

they have feasted on einhroidered couches.


tlie

The wine
tense.
207.

libation followed

feast proper.

Hence
i.e.

tlie

perfect

Lenaeum honorem

Lenaean offering ;

an offering of

wine.
209.

nequiquam, caeci, inania


.
. . . . .

these are the emphatic words.


. . .

an idle panic ? Are thy fires all aimless ? Enipty ?' (Bovven). of purpose the thunders Tlie tone of larbas is one of remonstrance. " VVhy dost thou not wreak vengeance on these wrong-doers ? Where is thy divine power ? "
*Is
it

210.

miscent

the subject

is ignes, as if

the lightning were the


a tiny city
;

cause of the thunder.


211.

urbem exigitam
i.e.

pretio posuit

set

lip

at

price

bouglit

(not won) the right to build


terms

ct'.

mercatique

solum,
213.

I.

367.

pretio is ablative of price.


:

loci leges
:

of tenure

a legal phrase.

conubia

nostra
214.

my
:

offers

of marriage.
:

ac

215.

ille

and yet. dominum as master. not metely as liusband, Paris contem})tiions.. Aeneas is like Paris in carry:

ing

oif

another's bride.

BOOK TV
216.

371
:

Maeonian hand proppiny his chin and essenced locks. By Maeonia (/.e. Lydian) he "meaiis Phrygian, because Lydia bordered on Phrygia. The Phrygian cap had on either side a baud or ribbon, which could be tied at the back of the head or (as here) under the chin.
mitra,
etc.
rcith

Maeonia mentum

See Fig. 54.

rnentum suhnixus, literally,

resting his chin upon, the j)articiple

beiug

middle
217.

cf.

III.

402.

larbas regards

the Trojaus as effemiuate Orieutals.

rapto potitur

icins

the spoil.

rapto

is

a participle, used substantively.

pofifur is of the third, instead of the

fourth

conjugation, by an

archaism.
ice.

nos

stroug asyndeton, (yef)

218.

quippe
f

FlG. 54.
:

irou ical, /orsoo/^.


:

MlTRA.

fa-

mam

ovemus inanem

ice

nurse a vain story, viz. that thou,

Jupiter, art a might}'' god.

(The tone of scorn pervading this passage is heighteued by rhythmical and rhetorical means e.g. (a) alternation of rhythm iu 209, very marked in 216 and 218; less marked in 210; (&) alHteration 203, 205 (double), 207, 210 (with onomatopoeia), 212, and213; (c) the emphasis given by jDosition and pause to the contemptuous femina in (d) the unusual quadrisyllable ending comitatu in 215.) 211
:

Lines 2x9-237.

JUPITER SENDS MeRCURY TO AeXEAS.


2ig.

aras tenentem
regia
:

221.

of the

thus adding solemuity to his appeal. queen. oblitos famae melioris amantis
:

the lovers forgefful

of their nohler fume. Tliis is the poefs first admission that Aeneas, as well as Dido, was doing wrong. 222. adloquitiir the last syllable is lengtheued before the
:

caesura.
223.
I.

labere pinnis

glide on thy tvings

cf.

volat remigio alarum,

300-1
225.

exspectat

dallies ;

here, intransitive.

non

respicit

re-

372
gards
not.

NOTES
urbes
is aii
:

referring to the city he

is

to

foimd

in Italy.

The

plural

exaggeration.
etc.
:

227.

non

illum,
to us.

not such as this dkl

tlie

fairest of mothers

promise him
228.

Graiumque
The
is

ideo,

etc.

nor for

this twice rescues

him from

Grecian arms.

force of non is continued

from the previous

an historical present. Li the Iliad (Y. 311) Aphrodite (= Venus) rescues Aeneas frora Diomedes Venus again rescues him at the fall of Troy (Aeneid 11. 620).
;

Wae

vindicat

229.

sed fore

qui, etc.

hut (she promised) that


:

it

icould he he icho.

gravidam imperiis belloque fremeiitem

teeming with empire

and clamorous ivith war ; the phiral imperiis possibly refers to the powerful races which Aeneas would find in Italy; and which under Aeneas and his descendants would enjoy imperial power. hand on a race. 230. genus proderet sc. eum. 232. accendit note the artificial position of 233. super ipse sua laude ipse, which is attracted by sua. 234. Ascanione pater, etc. does he, the father, grudge Ascanius? hiatus before the caesura. 235. spe inimica emphatic j>osition before the pause. The main 237. naviget thing (sumjna) is for Aeneas to leave Carthage. The injimction hic nostri nuntius esto he this the message from is peremptory. me; nostri is genitive plural.
:
:

(The general movement is dactyhc, in keeping with the energetic tone of the passage. Note especially 223, 224, 226, 229, 230. On the other liand, the spondees of 225 accord with the idea of a lingering stay in 227, 228, and 282, tliey are severely reproachful. In 235 and 237, the diaeresis after the first foot emphasizes the peremptory tone.
;

Lines 238-278

Mercury delivers ms Message.


238-9.

patris parere parabat,

primum pedibus
irings.

nole the un-

usnal allitcratioii.
240.

sublimem

alis

uphornc on

liOOK IV
241.

373

pariter

cum
:

as sicift as.

virgam i.e. the caduceus, or herald's wand, with which Mercury (Hermes) guided the dead. See Fig. 55. Cf. Homer's account: "and he took the
242.

wand wherewith he
the eyes of those

hiUs

lie wills,

while others again he even wakes from out of sleep"


(Odi/sseij

V. 47

ff.)

ani(soine)

mas
from

supply
tlie

alias

next verse.
:

evo-

cat Orco
Orcus.
244.

swninons from
rein

lumina morte
:

signat
deatli ;

unseals

eyes

an allusion to the Koman custom of opening the eyes of the dead on the funeral pyre, that they

might

see their

lower world. ment of death a friend had


closed

way to the At the mo-

the

eyes.

FiG. 55.

less
is

Mercury, with Talaria and Other Emblems.


life,

probable interpretatiou
'

unseals from death,'

i.e.

restores to

but this would be a repe-

tition of 242.
245. 247.
illa
:

the virga.

Atlantis duri: toiling Atlas. The Titan Atlas, according to Homer, " upholds the lofty pillars that keep heaven and earth asunder" {Odyssey I. 52), but iu the later form of the myth he
hiniselfjo ;'/).>? the heavens.

Atlantis: for the repetition, cf. 11. 318-9. cinctum adsidue cui, etc. ichose pine-icreathed head is ever girt icith, etc. With cinctum supply est : cui is a dative of interest. moreover. mento praecipitant senis on the spirit 250. tum of this description, see the note at the end of the paragraph.
248.
:

374
252.

NOTES
hic
: :

here,
jjoised

i.e.

on the sumniit of Moimt Atlas.


ivinya.
:

paribus

nitens alis
253. 255.

on eren

ad is peculiar, butwe have a simihir case iu culmina perque hominwn, GTl cf. also
257.
:

praeceps se misit sped sheer down. humilis volat Jiies loio. litus harenosum ad Libyae the position
:

of

corpus in Aeacidae, VI. 58.


258.

materno ab avo
magalia
tecta
:

Mercury was the son of Maia, who was


Ilere the

the daughter of Athis.


259.
cf. I.

421.

word

is

apx^Hed to the poor

suburbs.
260.

novantem
:

huilding

new

houses.

261.

in this

atque and lo ! Note the tone word aud in the emphatic pause
is

of surprise, implied both


after conspicit.

Tlie Tro-

jan warrior
264.

in the lap of easteru hixury.


et, etc.
:

fecerat

liad

UToufjht, interweaving

the

iceh

with

thread of gold.

Note the parataxis in et discreverat. assails (him) 265. invadit tu emi.e. ad(h-esses sternly. phatic. Force is also secured by the omission of an interrogative
:

particle.
266.

uxorius

woman^s mlnion,

'

wife-enthralled

'

(Rhoades)

very contemptuous.
267.

rerum
is

forfunes.

oblite: the vocative shows that this

thought
268.

exclamatory.

tibi

me

emphatic collocation.
:

269.
volves
;

torquet
with

sways.

With

caelum, in a physical sense,


i.e.

i.e.

re-

terras,
:

a moral oue,
tvvo
:

rules.

271.
274. 277.

teris otia

ivaste idle hours.


:

Ascanium, luli medio sermone


liis

names

for the

same porson.

wJiile yet

speaking.

The phrase deuotes

the suddenness of

withdrawah'

(Sonic of the details of the dcscription of Atlns {c<i. his chin and bcanl) sccui alniost. grotcsciue to niodiTu rcaders. lUit thc ancicnt point of vi(!W was (liifcrcnt. Tlie Grecks and Homans rc<iulariy cudowed thcir niountains and rivers witli aniraate, divine bein,c;s, i.e. tliey spiritualizcd tlu' inaniniat.c fcatnrcsof cxtcrnal naturc, tlms tcstifying, as plainly as ducs any modcrn naturc-puctry, to the cmotiuus,

BOOK

IV

375

the admiratinn, and veneration, with which they contemplated natnral phenomewa. Tlius it is that in ancient poetry and art we find rivers and mountains represented as gods. " O Tiber, Father Tiber, to whom the Romans praj^," is said iu the classical spirit, and in Paris we may (Cf. Fig. 76, p. olU.) see a splendid represeutatiou of the Tiber god. As with rivers, so with mouutains. lu the museums of Kome we may poiut to half a dnzeu iUustrations of mouutaiu-gods. In Virgil, near the end of the Aeneid (XII. 701), tlie hero is said to be as huge as Athos or as Eryx or as Father Apeuniuus himself. Here, evidently, Aeneas is compared, not so much to physical mountains, as to tlie In the case of Atlas, giaut forms which would represeut them iu art. Virgil has beeu defended on the grouud that he is descrihing a demigod transformed iuto a mouutain. It would be better to say that he is describiug a mouutaiu, as it might have been, and possibly was, represented iu the realistic art of the poefs day. Note the alternatiou of rhythm iu 246-7. coincidiug w^ith the conSomewhat similar trasted ideas of easy movement aud laborious toil. are 251-2, wliere the dashiug waters are offset by the even poise of Mercury's fiight. In 260 the spondees emphasize the expression of contempt. as iu 260 that of majesty. The emphatic pause after tlie initial dactyl is unusually frequent cf. 238, 240, 246, 253, 261, 267, 271, 275. Note liow the scornful tone of Mercury^s speech is heighteued by regni rermn, alliteration and assonance, as iu uxorms urhem^ 266 267; terras torquet^ 269; teris terras, 271; laude laborem, 273; respice regnum Bomana, 275.)
;

Lines 279-295.

Aeneas
279.

is

Awestruck.
makes the statement
aghast at ihe sight, was

at vero

the nse of the two particles


:

very

strong".

aspectu obmutuit amens


:

struck dumh.
280. 283.

arrectaeque, etc. cf. II. 774; III. 48. quid agat: deliberative subjunctive in indirect form, the
agam.
:

ambire approach. The verb implies tliat the situation is delicate, aud tact is needful. what opening words choose 284. quae prima exordia sumat The pleonasm empliasizes the embarrassment felt. Jirst? rather literally reproduced 'by 285. atque animum, etc. Tennysou
direct being quid
: :

" This way and that dividing the swift miud."

'

( TJie

Fassing of Arthur.)

376
286.

NOTES
perque

omnia versat:
:

'^and

rims o'er

every
,

shift.**

(Morris.)
287. 289.

alternanti

sc. el, .?
:

he icavered.

classem aptent

(J)i(lding

them) make ready the Jleet ; a

command
290.

in indirect form.
sit, etc.
:

quae rebus
sese
:

hide the cause of changing their


.

plam,

291.
292. 293.

8uhiect oi temptaturum (esse)


:

Indirect narration.

speret

expects.
etc.
:

temptatuirum aditus,
for speech,
is

will essay

an approach, (seek)

the happiest season

phrase temptare aditus


(^sint)

plan auspicious for his purpose. The from military language quae tempora
the
;
.

and

quis

7nodus

(s7)

are indirect questions.

(In the first two lines tlie spondaic rhythm, the large number of a and o sounds, the doubled ?*'s, the assonance in Aeiieas aspectu, the

harsh elisions

all

accentuate the expression of horror.)

Lines 296-330.

DlDO REPROACHES HlM.


297.
298.
all

motus excepit futuros caught neivs ofhis coming departure. omnia tuta timens fearing all safety ; wdexpect f earing
:

'

dangers,' but

impia

Fama

the

Dido fears everything, however safe. eadem sa.me heartless Bumor, which liad ah^eady noised

abroad Dido's shame. Fama is impia, because she takes delight in spreading bad news. furenti: sc. ei. It is used proleptically, because it was this news that made her furens.
300.

inops animi
It
is

iceak in mind,

i.e.

heside her-

self distracted.
'
-^

is

inipossible to tell

whether

animi

a locative

(cf. II.
:

GI) or a real genitive.

'

totani per
301.

urbem

siie

loses all sense of dignity.

qualis

commotis excita

sacris, etc.

like

a Thyiad,, startled hy the shaken einblems.

In the

celebration of Bacchic rites the temple doors were

thrown open and the statue and other emblems of


Pj^,
rj,-

the god shaken violently.


302.

Bacchantk.

ubi audito,

etc.

what time, hearing the Bac-

BOOK IV
chic cry, biennial revels inspire
her,

377
at

and

night Cithaeron

summons
at

with

ils

din.

Every other year a Bacchic


votaries, calling

festival

was celehrated

Thebes.

The

upou the god (E^ot

BctKxe, lo

Bacche), roamed iu a state of frenzy over Mount Cithaeron. cf. II. 372. 304. compellat ultro etc: to cloak, 305. dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide,
:

too, so

foul a wrong, false one

hast thou hoped for


is

that

.?

Xote the great

eraphasis ou dissimulare, which

hide aswell as commit it. mainly rankles in Dido's mind.


337).
306.

governed hj posse ; etiam, i.e. to Aeneas's supposed deception is what

Hence she calls him perfide. Aeneas, however, did not intend to slip away secretly (cf. 293,
tacitus decedere
:

a case of

attraction

for

te

tacitum

decedere.

dextera pledge. the use of her name, instead of ego, is 308. moritura Dido She, the great queen, is brought low cf tbe strikingly effective. use of lunonis, I. 48. This early announcement of her intention
307.
: :

(moritura) to kill herself, indicates how unconditionally she has surrendered herself to her love for him. hiberno sidere in the winter season. moliris labor at.
309.
:

311.

quid?

si: ivhj, if

a time. How much think of returning to a untried land ? less reason can you have for going to a f oreign and
It

The argument is secure home at such

this:

you would not

must be from me that you are fleeing. is governed by 314. per ego has, etc. per governs lacrimas ; te The order here foUowed is common in adjurations. oro (319). Dido has staked her all on 315. aliud nihil: nothing else.
:

Aeneas.
316.

per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos

bij

our

marriage, by the icedlock (fhus) begun.

The second phrase

corrects

the

There has been no formal marriage, though Dido has looked forward to one. Note that the verse ends with a word of words, four syllables; this Virgil allows in the case of Greek
flrst.

like

hymenaeus and cyparissus

(cf. I.

651; III. 328; III. 680; I\.

99).

378
317.

NOTES
de
te
:

at tliy

han(h.

fuit

aut

tibi, etc.

or if tlion

han
iste

fonud any jo]i in me. 318. istam exue


is

mentem

j)ut

away

thin

purpose of thine ;

the tlemonstrative of the second person.


321.
:

odere 9<c. me. infensi sc. sunt. eundem too, also. / haiw lost my honor and that former 322. extinctus pudor, etc. fame hy ichich alone I laas winning my way to the stars. For pudor,
:
:

see 27

the

fama

is

lier

fornier reputation

as

a j)i*eemineutly

devoted wife, which was assuring her immortality.


324.
that

hoc solum nomen

viz.

that of hospes.

of hushand. We are told that Virgil, once read this passage to Augustus ingenti adfectu,
emotion.
325.

de coniuge of who had a vox optima,


:

i.e.

with inuch

quid moror
till,

ichy do

I delay?

i.e.

to die.

an

dum

shall

I delay
2,1'].

etc.

AVith an

we may supply
:

morer.
child

hy thee.
329.

saltem si qua, etc. at least if any For suscepta, see vocabuhiry.


qui te tamen ore referret
;
:

had been horn

to

me

hack thy face

who, in spite of all, uiould hring tamen means'in spite of literalW, 'thee in f ace
' ;

my

loss of thee.'

These simple words could hardly be excelled

for pathos.

the rhetorical means employed in this powerful passage, we shoukl note the special eniphasis secured by () position e.g. crndelis ('^11) dissimuJare (805) and perfide (tiUing up a foot) hospes ?a-\f\ oro (819) (/>) anaphora 6(820) (328) mene te (:U4) Thus 320-1; 827-8; (c) appropriate rhythm. 307, 312-3; 314-() The vehemence of l)ido\s tone 301, :^04. 207 (conthisted with 208) shows itself in the coniparatively large number of verses with preContrast vailing dactyls thus, 8015, 810, 814, 315, 317, 318, 825, 328. In this last verse, the initial word witli these 311, 821, 324, and 320. destruat continncs both the sonse and the rhythm of the verse preceding; {d) alHtcration 208 (dunble), 209, 308, 807, 322.)

(Among

Lines 331-361.

TiiE
331.

Dekence oe Aeneas.

monitis

causal abhitive.
:

332.

obnixus
1.

with a struggle.

curam

pnin,

i.e.

the pain of

love, as in

So Drvden, " nor snffered love to

rise."

BOOK IV
:

379
te,

333-

ego te

effective
:

collocation. thou
:

quae plurima

promeritam
clause.
335.

(esse)

that

thou canst set forili in speech

deserced (nf me) the utmost plurima, attracted into the relative
hast

nec
ipse
her

me
: :

pigebit
sum.

nor shall I he sorry.

336.
337-

sc.

pro re
first

in defence

of my course.

abscondere
etc.

he

first

deiiies

charge.

338.

nec coniugis

umquam

praetendi taedas,

I never

held out the bridegroom's torch, or entered such a compact ; praetendere taedas is figurative for taking part in a wedding.

Aeneas

never contemplated marriage with Dido.


340.

meis auspiciis

according
'

to

my own

direction (

sponte

mea), a military metaphor.

The imperator had


(Conington.)

the right of

taking the auspices, aud so was said to act suis


legatns v,'ould'a.ct alienis auspiciis."
his coraniander,
341.
i.e.

aiispiciis,

while the

Aeneas obeys

Jupiter.
:

componere curas

to soofh

my

sorroivs.

342.
relics

primum
;

abore
i.e.
:

all.

dulcis
ahide

meorum
tlie

reliquias

sweet

of my kin

the ruins of Troy.


icould
still
;

343.

manerent

statement finds

its ex-

planation in the next line.


344.

recidiva posuissem

Pergama

I should have

set

up a

second Pergamus.
346.

manu
:

sc.

mea, through

my

toil.

Lyciae sortes the Lycia?i oracles ; i.e. the oracles of Apollo, one of whose liaunts was Patara in Lycia. See 143 and
note.

haec attracted by the predicate. Each word refers to Italy. Xote the combined etfect of anaphora, the pause after tlie first. dactyl, and the epigranimatic tone. 349. quae tandem Ausonia, etc: ichy, pray, grudge the Trojans'
347.

hic,

settling

in

Ausonian land
is

literally,
est ;

'^vhat (ground for) envy

is

it?' considere
350.

the subject of
:

invidia, the predicate.

et
est.

nos fas quaerere

ice too

may

well seek, etc.

Witli fas

supply
351.

patris

Anchisae

here for emphasis.

The governing

380
word
tion,
is

NOTES
imago (353).

quotiens

surgunt

note the repeti-

both of actual expressioii {quotiens, qiwtiens) aiid of thought.

353. 354.

turbida imago troubled ghost ; turbida = sollicita. me: anaphora with me (351). capitis iniuria cari
:

the

wrong done to one so dear ; caput is often used in the sense of In Roman Law, it was the sum of a person's legal person. capacities, so that {e.g.) a slave, having no legal rights, had no
caput.
355.

granted by the fates. i.e. Mercury. 356. interpres divum / swear hy thyself and by me 357. testor utrumque caput
fatalibus
:

i.e.

cf

note on 354.
this brief sentence, smnItaliam non sponte sequor ming up the situation, makes a most effective close. Note the
361.
:

alliteration.

Thus (In contrast with Dido's vehemence, Aeneas is calm and sad. cf. 342, dactyls the 330, than the spondees are much more in evidence while spondaic, and 359, which (except for the fifth foot) are wholly an initial spondee is found in not fewer than eleven lines, viz. 333, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 345, 348, 349, 355, 359.)
;

Lines 362-392.

DiDo's Frenzy.
had long gazed on him; tuetur is an historical present, used for tuebatur, which with iamdudum has a aversa a.^hmce. Tennyson probably had. pluperfect meaning.
362.

iamdudum

tuetur

this line in view,

w hen he wrote

of Iphigenia,

" But
363. 364.

she, with sick

and scornful looks averse." {A Drcamof Fair Women.)

huc
tibi

illuc

asyndeton.
:

luminibus
:

glances.

365.

sc. est.
;

She does not recede from witli both horrcns and genuit. her position. duris cautibus Aeneas is as hard as the fiinty rocks which, as slie feigns, mothered
366.

perfide: omphasized

cf.

305.

him.

BOOK IV
367.
368.

381
suckled thee.

admorunt = admoveruni ;
:

sc. tibi,

quae me ad quid dissimulo ichij hide my feelings ? maiora reservo for ivhat greater wronys do I waitf note the dramatic chaiige 369. num fletu ingemuit nostro from the second to the third i^erson, continuing to 380. For a Shakespearian example, see the dialogue between Malcolm and
:
:

Macduff
Mal.
If

Macd.

such a one be fit to govern, speak I am as I have spoken. Fit to govern


:

nation miserable, No, not to live. With an untitled tyrant bloody-sceptr'd, When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again, Since that the truest issue of thy throne

By his own interdiction stands accursed, And does blaspheme his breed ?
{Macbeth, Act IV. Sc. 3.)

quae quibus anteferam literally, What next? what?' i.e. what say frstf
371.
:

'

w^hat shall I put before

formula for utter

despair;
372.

cf.

284.
:

aequis

impartial, Tcindly.
:

eiectum litore, egentem excepi, etc. note the frequent repetition of the same vowel-sounds in these two verses. Dido repeats bitterly the very 376. nunc augur Apollo, etc. words of Aeneas. Cf. nunc, nunc (345, 356) Lyciae sortes (346,
373-4.
: ;

377)

interpres divuyn, love missus ab ipso (356, 377-8).

379.
beings.

scilicet: truly

highly ironicaL

quietos

ihose peaceful

According to the Epicureans, the gods lived their lives (Tenny" centred in eternal cahn," and " careless of mankind."
son, Lucreiius 380. 381.

and The

Lotos-eaters.)

te

she again turns to Aeneas, and gives him his conge. sequere Italiam Dido mockingly repeats Aeneas's words
: :

(361).

ventis, per undas: these words are skilfully chosen to

suggest perils.
382.

spero equidem:

literally,./ hope ('tis true);

equidem,like

382
quidem,
is

NOTES
used witli a concessive force;
In proso,
it is
:

'

thoiigh I hope for

th;y
;

shii")wreck, still go.'


cf. III.

often followed by aed or tamen

mediis scopulis on the rocks mldicay, i.e. between Carthage and Italy. si quid pia numina possunt if the righfeous gods can. acail aiif/hf ; i.e. in the punishment of one who is impius.
315.
:

383,

supplicia

of) punixhmenf.
384.

hausurum sc. te, that fhou ivilt Dido accusative Greek forni.
: :

drain (the cup

atris ignibus

i.e.

with torches, like those carried by the

Fnries.
386.

umbra

predicate nominative, as a ghost.


:

387.

Manis sub imos

in the depths

of

the

world helow;
air

cf. III.

5G5.
388.
lighl.

medium sermonem:
multa cunctantem
:

cf.

277.

auras

ojien

or the

390.

in

much

hesitation;

mulfa, inner ac610.

cusative witli adverbial force, as in haud mulfa moratus, III

metu

i.e.

fear of

making matters

worse.

multa

note the coni-

bined eftect of repetition, alliteration, and assoiiance (cunctantem, parantem).


391.

dicere

a telling pause.
dative.

conlapsa
ablative.

membra

her swoon-

ing forin.
392.

thalamo

stratis

(In this, l)ido's second passionate outburst, we again find purcly dactylic lines, viz. 370, 380, 38(5, while dactyls prevail also in 3(55, 370, 372, 381, 382, 387. Contrast with these the spondaic tone of 373, 374, whcre Dido solemnly onumerates the benelits she conferred on 375, Afuens in liis hour of mistortune. Note tlie rhetorlcal force of tl)e mauy (]uestions (308-371), the numerous short, i)ithy sentences (373387), tiie dramatic chanue from the second to the third person (3(5!> ff.), and the frequent use of figures of speech, especially

anaphora.)
Lines 393-415-

PllKPARATIONS FOU DePARTURE.


pius intentionally usod liere, to em]^hasizo the fact tliat Aeneas is doing liis duty. See Introd. 34. dolentem her grief;
393.
: :

sc.

eam.

BOOK IV
395.
397.

383

multa inner accusative icitJi many a sigh. tum vero to be explained by reference to
:

289,

where

orders are given to prepare for sailing.

execution.

incumbunt
:

sc.
:

operi,
all

These they now carry into which is explained in the


i.e.

following w^ords.
398.

litore toto
literally,
:

along the shore.


launch.

deducunt

draw down,

uncta
is

i.e.

with pitch. carina used 399. frondentis remos


proleptically.
401.

collectively.
:

leafy boughs for oars; remus

used

a potential subjunctive, with an indefinite second persoii for subject the present, used for vividA. 447, 2 B. 280, 3 G. 258 H. 555 ness, instead of cerneres.

cernas

one could see ;

H.

&

B. 517,

1.

402.

ac veluti

cum

especially appropriate
distance.

if

has been pointed out that the simile is we suppose the Trojans to be seen from a
it

For ac veluti (or velut) see II. 626. note the phiral here, but it in 404; cf. ruit 405. convectant pars grandia trudunt frumenta some complent, III. 676.
: :

push
sion.
line.

the

huge grains (of corn).


:

406.

up the ranks ; a military expresNote the perfect parallelism with the close of the preceding

pars agmina cogunt

close

castigant moras rehuke delaij, i.e. the laggards. For the plural of an abstract noun, cf exsilia, III. 4. sensus sc.fuit, ivhat ivere ihyfeelings? 408. quis tibi 409. fervere third conjugation, by an archaism.
407.
: . .

412.

improbe
animos
;
:

Amor
pride.

for improbus, cf. II. 356,


:

and note.

quid

non mortalia pectora cogis


414.

repeated from III. 56.

415.

ne quid inexpertum,

etc.

lest

she leave aught untried,

and

so die in vain
if

literally, about to die in vain.

She would die in vain,


her.

she left anything untried,

which could save

(Note the prevalence of the spondaic rhythm in this short paragraph cf. 307, 308, 401, 402, 404, 405, and 406. Contrast the tone of The use of apostrophe in 408 .ff. 403, descriptive of the busy ants. and.412 is very effective.)
;

384

NOTES
Lines 416-436.

DiDo's Last Appeal.


416.

properari

the hustle

;
:

impersonal

infinitive.

418.
419.

imposuere coronas i.e. in token of joy at leaving. hunc ego si potui, etc. ?/ (= siiice) / have had strength
:

to

foresee this great sorrow, I shall also have strength


67 ;9ofm" is

to

hear

it

to the

end;

a logical condition (reality implied). Dido wishes her sister and Aeneas to suppose that she is resigned to her fate.

Note the force


422.

of per
:

iii

perferre.
thee his friend

te colere

made

(Page)

colere

and credere

are historical infinitives,

colebat, credebat.

They

are peculiar in

expressing what
423.

is

customary.
:

mollis aditus et tempora


;

literally, easy

approach

and

season

for finding easy access to hini; cf. "293. 424. hostem: the hospes oi 323 has now become a hostis. poetic for the awkward prose construction 425. exscindere
i.e.

the season

me exscissurum (^esse). 427. nec patris Anchisae,

nor have T uptorn the ashes and (disturhed the) sjnrit of his falher Anchises ; i.e. she has not beeu Virgil lias in view a ti-adition guilty of desecrating his grave. Dido means that that Diomedes stole the ashes of Ancidses.
etc.
:

she has done no great


to her.
428.

wrong
:

to Aeneas, that he should be so cruel

negat demittere

refuse

to

admit.

429.
430.
ire

hoc

explained in the next line. facilem fugam contrast with et mediis properas
:

A qnilonihus
473.

per altum, \\. 310.

ventos ferentis
an emptg
time,

cf. ventoferciiti, III.

432.
433.

pulchro

ironical.
:

tempus inane

i.e.

nonc of tlie love wlueli marl<ed her life which her inadness may subside. requiem spatiumque furori
time for
434.

a period of time, with before, but a time during


:

my

passion

to (dia/e.
:

victam, etc. " Till Fortune ioach the overthrown to learn her weary task." (Morris.) dolere i.e. how to
:

dum mea me

grieve.

BOOK IV
436.
this,

385
:

quam mihi cum


icill

dederit, etc.

and

ichen he has granted

me

repay

it

withfull interest in iny death.

This obscure

state-

ment probably meaus


ing a
little

that

if

Aeneas

^vill
^vill

do her the favor of stayrepay him by takiiig her

longer in Carthage, she

own

life,

so as to deliver

him from her


'

forever.

Anna, wlio does

not seem to suspect her suicidal purpose, piobably takes morte in a temporal sense 'at my death,' when I die.' However, both the

meaning and the text have been disputed from the


(Note the effect of alliteration in 430.

earliest days.

In 433 and 436 the dactylic

rhythm emphasizes the passionate utterance.)


Lines 437-449.

Aeneas remaixs Uxmoved.


437. 438.
439.
talis fletus
:

such tearful appeals.


:

fert refertque
:

beurs ayain

and again,

i.e.

to Aeneas.
in
:

aut continues the force of non, implied prose nec would be used cf. III. 43. tractabilis
;

nullis.

In

icith

yielding

mood.
440.

placidas deus obstruit auris


the eftect of
tiie

his kindly ears


viri

heaven

seals.

viri

juxtaposition of
is.

deus

may perhaps

be

given by the translation, mortal as he


441.
.

cum as in 402-3. annoso validam robore ac velut quercum an oak strong icith the strength of years ; note the inter.
.
: :

locked order.
442.

Alpini Boreae
it

north winds from the Alps

a reminiscence

of VirgiPs earlier years.

443.

stridor

then comes a roar, viz. as the tree is lashed (con~

cusso stipite)
445.

by the wind.
:

ipsa

i.e.

the quercus.
:

quantum asfar
:

as;

sc. tendit.

447. 449.

haud secus
lacrimae
(iiS).
:

even
tlie

so.

i.e.

tears of Aeneas,

who

'

feels the thrill of

grief

'

Even

as the oak,

when smitten by

the storm, sheds

its leaves,

but stands iirm and erect, so Aeneas, though moved to The tears by Anna's entreaties, yet remains true to his purpose.
subjects mens

and lacrimae must

refer to tlie

same person.

To

386
refer lacrimae to

NOTES
Anna
is

to spoil both simile

and

sense.

inanes

they do not affect his decision.

(Anna's activity and Aeneas's immovability are well contrasted in the rhythm of such a verse as 4o8. The attitude of Aeneas is reflected in the spondees which are prevalent throughout, e.g. in 439, 442, 443, The epigrammatic verse (449) which rounds 444, 445, 446, and 448. off the paragraph, shows asyndeton and marked alhteration.)
Lines 450-473.

DlDO HAUNTED BY VlSIONS AND PORTENTS OF ^IeATH.


450.
451.
452.

fatis

her doom,
:

which she
etc.
:

sees

cannot be avoided.
that she

taedet

sc.

eam.

quo magis inceptum,


purpose ;
is
i.e.

and

may

the

mnre surely
in view.

fuljil her

fate sends the portents with this

end

explained by lucemque relinquat. Instead of peragat and relinquat, we should expect the secondary sequence, as in imponeret, but the primary is adopted for vividness, being influTlie inceptum

enced by the preceding


453.
454.
455.

orat.
i.e.

vidit

she saiv
:

she

was made
:

to see.

latices

water.
:

se vertere

change.

obscenum
nulli
:

cf.

IIL 241, 262.

The word

is

used especially

of things ill-oniened.
456.
457. 459. 462.
to

no one

and alone on the house-tops with ill-hoding song the owl would oft complain ; with queri supply The owl is the Indian's enemy," is a popular saying in visa est. Mexico, where it is believed that some one dies whenever tlie owFs cry is heard.' For the weird effect, cf. Gray's Elegy
:

de marmore festa fronde festal foliage. solaque culminibusque, etc.


: :

dative with effata (est). templum a marhle chapel.


;

*'

'

" 463.

The moping owl does

to the

moon comphiin."
:

464.

longas in fletum ducere voces prolong its notes into a wail. vatum priorum seers of old, whose prophecies wouki now
:

be recailffh
469.

Eumenidum

veluti, etc.

a literary reference,

viz. to

the

BOOK IV
Bacchae, a famous tragedy of Euripides.
is

887
In
this,

when Pentheus

he " seems to see two suns and a double Thebes, even the city of seven gates " (11. 918-19). In Eumenidum agmina, however, Virgil seems to be thinking of the Orestes legend,
driven

mad by Bacchus,

which he returns in 471. driven over the stage; as in the Eumeni471. scaenis agitatus des of Aeschylus, w^hich was turned into Latin by the Roman Orestes was pursued by the Furies for slaying writer Pacuvius. his mother Clytaemnestra, who had murdered her husband Agamemnon. Orestes subject of /?<^t7 (473).
to
: :

472.

armatam facibus matrem

in the play of Aeschylus, the


;

ghost of Clytaemnestra stirs up the Furies

here she

is

herself

equipped as a Fury. Perhaps Pacuvius made the change. probably to prevent his escape from the 473. sedent in limine
:

temple of ApoUo, in which he took refuge. Virgil has been criticised for taking his similes from the stage We must remember, however, that instead of from real life. dramatic performances played a larger part in ancient than they

do in modern

life.

(Note tlie lavish use of alliteration in this paragraph, to aid iu the expression of horror, It is most conspicuous in 460, 461, 464, 467 less so in 450, 451, 455, 459. The solemn spondaic rhythm prevails in 450, 451, 456, 460, 461. Contrast with these verses 465, in wliich the dactyls express intense excitement.)
;

Lines 474-503.

The Funeral Pyre.


474.

ergo ubi,

etc.

so

when, outworn with anguish, she caught the


in secret she determines the time

madness, etc,
475.

tempus secum

ipsa, etc.
at her

and mode.
477.
479.
:

She had hinted

death before, but now she conies


calm hopeful hrow.
to

to a definite decision.

spem

fronte serenat

shoivs a
to

quae mihi reddat eum:

return him

me.

eo

me

sol-

vat release me from him ; i.e. from forms of the pronoun is are rare in

my

love for him.

Oblique

Virgil.

Here, by means of

388
eum and
eo,

NOTES
Dido purposely designates Aeneas
iiixta
:

in the least definite

way

possible.

480.

Oceani finem

near Ocean's hound.

The ocean

is

supi^osed to surround
482.

axem

stellis

and therefore bound the world. ardentibus aptum tlie heaven set
:

with gleam-

ing stars.

'

hinc mihi, etc. from there a priestess hath heen commended We must suppose the priestess to be now in Carthage. to me. 484. Hesperidum templi as the Hesperides were the daughters of Atlas, we niay suppose that the temple and the famous garden were uear Mount Atlas. kept the sacred houghs 485. sacros servabat in arbore ramos on the tree, i.e. the tree which bore the golden apples. It was the dragon which guarded the tree, but the dragon would not have done tliis if the priestess had not fed him. 486. mella soporiferumque papaver: a mixture of honey and popf>y-seed was a favorite delicacy in ancient times. The poppycapsule, f rom which opium is made, has soporific qualities hence the epithet soporiferum, which is purely ornamental and indeed misleading, as the food was here given to keep the dragou awake. she professes icith her 487. haec se carminibus promittit, etc. spells to set free the hearts ofwhom she will; solvere, i.e. from sorrow.
483.
: :
:

488.
aliis

ast

aliis, etc.

hut on others to hring cruel love-pains.

With

supply mentihus.
fluviis
:

For curas see

1.

489.

dative.
:

490.

movet Manis mugire


ivill

alliteration

movet

evocat.

vide-

bis

you

mark;
is

i.e.

you

^vill

see for yourself evidence of her

power;
493.

videre

here used of both mental and physical perception.


artis
is
:

magieas invitam accingier


the

that against

put on

armor of magic

arts

accingier

present infinitive passive..


struction.
495. 496.

It

an archaic here has a middle force and con-

my loill I f orm of the

viri

i.e.
:

Aeneas.

impius iu emphatic position. Iler ol)ject would be to cast a speli so directs. 498. monstrat upon the one who had owned the tliings to be burnt. Sometimes
:

BOOK IV
;

389

a waxen iraage of this owner was melted in the fire cf. D. G. RosThe practice of witchcraft was very setti's poem, Sister Helen.

common in the AugTistan age. 500. non tamen Anna, etc.


veil^ her death

still

Anna

thinks not that her sister

under

these strange rites ; tamen,

notwithstanding the

pallor.

501.

502.

mente concipit imagines. quam morte Sychaei than (had


:

occurred) at the death of

Sychaeus

wath quam siipply quaefecit Dido.


;

(Frequent dactyls are a<?ain expressive of Dido's excited state cf. The contrast between the reality and 479, 481, 486, 495, 497, 498. the appearance is indicated by the solemn tone of 501, which lies between two verses of lighter rhythm.)

Lines 504-521.

The Magic
504.

Rites.

penetrali in sede

in her innermost dwelling ; cf. tecto inte-

riore, 494.

505.

ingenti taedis atque ilice secta

with pine-fagots piled

high and hewn ilex ; taedis, instrumental ablative with ingenti.


506.

intendit

locum

sertis

hangs

the jjlace ivith

garlands, the

Virgilian equivalent for intendit serta


507.
:

loco.

super adverb. haud ignara futuri unlike Anna, 508. efBgiem his image. who knows not Dido's real purpose. used for any large number. tonat ore 510. ter centum *' sunmions in thunder-tones " (Bowen) tonat is here used transi: : : ;

tively.

ora Dianae explanatory of ^er^em/;?rtm ifecaten, the same goddess being Hecate in the lower world, Diana on earth, and Luna in heaven. She was of ten represented by a threeheaded image. by moonlight, with messae. aenis the bronze 513. ad lunam age preceded the iron, and in mystic ritual the earlier metal w^as of ten religiously used in later ages. For a somewhat similar rea511.

tria virginis

390

NOTES

son, iron could not be iised in the old Sublician bridge across the

Tiber.
514.

pubentes

yw/c?/.
:

515.
516.

nascentis at hirth. matri praereptus


:

ere

the

dam

could snatch

it.

amor
at

love-charm.
flesh wliich

By

this

is

meant the hippomanes, a


to appear
bit off.

piece of black

was supposed
:

on the forehead of a foal


piis
tvith

birth,
517.

and which the dam


ipsa
i.e.
;

Dido.

mola manibusque
For the
mola., see

holy meal

and
133.

holy hands

ablative of accompaniment.

The

adjective beII.

longs to both nouns.

note on salsae fruges,


one footunsand(dled.

518.

unum exuta pedem vinclis

icith

in

These two features are veste recincta: tvith loosened girdle. probably syinbolical of her desired release from love. with sidera, witnesses of her doom. 519. conscia fati then she prays to tvhatever power, righleous 520. tum si quod, etc.
: :

and mindful, cares for


hond,
382, 1
i.e.
;

(literally,
is
;

'

has for a care

')

lovers
;

whose love
G. 356, r. 2

not returned.
;

of unequal For curae, see A.


lovers
a.

B. 191

H. 425, 3

H.

&

B. 360,

(The solemnity of the scene is echoed in the double alliteration of On the openiiiijj verse and the spondaic rhythm of oO"), 509, and 51-i. the other hand, the energetic actions (cf. tonat, 510) and movements
of the participants are reflected in tbe prevailing dactyls of 510, 511, and 512, as well as 517. In 510-511 the effect is increased by anaph. . tria) and polysyndeton (j-que, -que, -que).) ora itcr, ter
.

Lines 522-553-

DlDO's MlSKRY
524. 525.

AND ReMORSE.

cum

the
:

hour ivhen.

pictae of gay plumage. hoth, and. 526. -que, -que couched in sleep. 527. somno positae This verse is probably spurious. 528. lenibant = leniehant.
: :

529.

at

non

sc. qnierat.

530.

solvitur in

somnos

sinks

to sleep ; solvitur is

properly of

BOOK IV
the relaxing of the body.

391
:

pectore noctera accipit

cf.

Tenny-

son: " She found no

and ever faiPd to draw The quiet night into her blood." ( 2%e JSIarriage of Geraint.)
rest,
:

rursus resurgens suggestive assonance. her love surges and sJie heaves 532. saevit amor magnoque, etc. with a mighty tide of passion. It is better to make Dido the subject
531.
:

oi fluctuat.

adeo even plained by what f ollows.


533.

sic

thus

adeo emphasizes

sic,

which

is

ex-

534.

en,

quid ago

/0,

what

am I to dof
;

The

indicative instead
II. 322.

of

tlie

deliberative

subjunctive

cf.

prendimus,

inrisa

only

to be

laughed at; used by prolepsis.


though

535.

Nomadum = Numidarum.
quos ego sim,
;

536.

etc.

I have scorned

them, etc.
;

A
;

concessive or adversative relative clause.

A. 535, e
of course

B. 283, 3

G. 631
537.

H. 593, 2
igitur
:

H. & B.
; i.e.

523.

then

as theseplaces

must
:

be rejected,

shall

consider another?
:

ultima iussa

uttermost

commands.

Dido asks
538.

" Shall I surrender

my
:

queenly rank, and, following


it

the Trojans, do their bidding, whatever

may be?"
I to do so) because they

quiane auxilio iuvat,

etc.

(am

are grateful for aid once given, and because thankfulness for past
benejits is

firm in mindful hearts


levatos

The

quia clause belongs to an

omitted sequar ;
belongs to facti.
people.
540.
sequi.

= eos
is

levatos esse,

Dido
:

ironical;

governed by iuvat; bene the Trojans are a thankless


sc.

fac velle

suppose that I wish (to follow them)

me and

541.
542.
543.

perdita: addressed to herself.

Laomedonteae
nautas
inferar
:

Laomedon had perjured


ovantis
as
:

himself.

i.e.

those of Aeneas.

because they are

leaving Carthage.
545.
:

pursue (them)

i.e.

an enemy.
:

The verb

is

used as a middle.

whom I could

scarce

quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli tear from the Sidonian city.

sc. eos, those

392
546.
is

NOTES
rursus

agam pelago
:

shall I again drive

seawardf
herself.

pelago

dative.
547.

quin morere

nay

die.

She again addresses


is

The

use of quin with the imperative


of everyday speech.
toiie.

rare outside of the familiar style

It is doubtless

used here for

its

vigorous

548.

tu

she apostrophizes her sister,


(see
11.

whose
life,

advice, tliough

well

meant

31-53), was fatal.


etc.
:

550.
lock,

non licuit,

ichg could

not spend a

apart from ived-

a hlameless Ufe, even as some wild creatwe, hiowing not such The Latin sentence is not interrogative, but strongly excares !

Dido vainly yearns for a life in the wilderness, far from both the joys and the sorrows of civilized communities. " We are too familiar with the frontiersman in America to fail (De Witt, The Dido Episode.) to recognize the type." Her own moral guilt, being last mensc. est. 552. servata Sychaeo an adjective here. tioned, seems to haunt her most.
clamatory.
/
: :

(Note the beautifully smooth rhythm of the opening verses (522527). Alliteration isskilfully employed (cf. 528,525, 526, 527). In 520 the initial spondees mark the contrast in thought then the tumult of emotion fincls expression in a series of verses, all of which begin with a dactyl (530-539), while in some the dactylic rhythm prevails throughout; cf. 535, 538, 639.)
;

Lines 554-570-

Mercury appears to Aeneas


554.
:

in

a Vision.

certus eundi hent on going : eundi is au objective genitive with an adjective denoting knowledge. a phantom of the god, not tlie god liimself. 556. forma dei voltu eodem referring to the god's visit to him (239 ff.). explained by what follows. 557. ita
:
:

omnia: in all respects ; Greek accusative of specification. coloremque: the -que is hypermetric. literally, uiider this hazard ; i.e. at such a 560. hoc sub casu
558.
:

crisis.

561. 563.

deinde from
:

henceforth.

illa

i.e.

Dido.

BOOK
564. 565.

IV

393

certa mori
sc. est.
:

poetical constniction.

non = nonn.
:

fugis

vivid present instead of the futiire.

potestas
566. 567. 569.

iam

soon.
:

fervere

third conjugation, as in 409.


:

heia age
Heia^

what ho

The

ref rain of a

Latin boating-song

runs thus
(Heigh-ho

nostrum reboans echo sonet heia ! men, let the answering echo ring out our heigh-ho
viri,
*

')

varium
is

et mutabile
ever.

semper femiua

a fickle and changeful thing


this

icoman
;

epigrani

cf

Xote the use of the neuter in Tennyson


" you

oft-quoted

know what

Virgil sings,

Woman

is

various and most mutable."

{Queen Mary, Act

III. Sc. 6.)

Also Scott, Kennilvjorth, ch. 34; Guy Mannering, ch. 16.

(The spondaic rhythm of the two opening verses indicates that something of serious iraport is about tohappen. In the two closing verses the urgent command is emphasized by the pause after the initial feet (heia age and/emn^a) and by the dactylic rhythm, with which are contrasted the spondees of sicfatus, etc.)
Lines 571-583-

The Trojans put to


571.

Sea.

umbris
f atigat
:

vision.
i.e.
:

572.
575.

gives

fes.tinare

sc.

me.

them no rest. The verb instimulat has the construction

of iubeo.
576. 577.

deorum

partitive genitive.
:

quisquis es though Aeneas must have felt reasonably certain who the god was, yet in accordance with an ancient superstition, he avoids any possible risk of using the wrong
appellation.
578.

sidera

dextra

feras

vouchsafe

favorahle

stars

i.e.

good

weatlier.

394
580. 581.
seize

NOTES
fulmineum
:

Jiashinrj.
:

Tbe word
therj

suggests rapid action.


;

rapiuntque ruuntque hold and rusli about. The


:

hurry and scurry

literally.

alliterative expression is descriptive

of energetic action.

deseruere ihey have left (the shore) picturesque perfect. latet sub classibus aequor i.e. the ships are so numerous. 583. The line is repeated from III. 208.
582.
;
:

(Note the energetic tone with prevaihng dactyhc rhythm. This heightened hy contrast with the spondaic rhythm of the last Hne.)

is

Lines 584-629.

DlDO's CURSE.
586.
587.

ut primum 5 soon as. aequatis velis with even


:

sails

i.e.

the

square sails set

evenly across
588.

tlie
:

mast.
the adjective belongs to litora as "well as portus,
siiie

vacuos

and

is

explained by

remige.

589.

percussa
abscissa
inluserit
II.
:

a middle use.
similar to percussa.

590. 591.
arserit,

the future perfect

is

used as in

occiderit

and

581.

advena

intruder

used in scorn; almost

adventurer.
592.

non =nonne.

expedient
:

sc. cives,

my people.

The

omis-

sion lends vigor to the style.


595. 596.

mentem mutat
facta impia
:

i.e.

my hrain. her own misconduct,


stvays
:

in being disloyal to

the meniory of Sychaeus. 597. tum decuit, cum sceptra dabas

then

was

the Jitting time

when thou

didst ojjer (hi/n) ihe

crown;

decuit, sc. facta impia te tangere.

dabas
agent
:

Virgil always ropresents Dido, not Aeneas, as the active

producing the unliappy entanglement. en dextra fidesque lo! this is tlte pledge and faith of hini who, ihey s<iy, carries, etc. Understand eius as tlie antecedent of quem. governed by aiunt. For the fact, cf. II. 599. quem subiisse
in
:

708.

BOOK IV
600.

395

non

potui,

etc.

could I not have seized and torn him limh or

from limhf
Absyrtus.
602.

As Agave treated Pentheus,

Medea her brother


as Atreus served

patriis

epulandum ponere mensis


two
had
:

up

to his brother Thyestes the flesh of his


603.

sons.
is si

fuerat

vivid iov fuisset; the implied thought

pugna-

vissem

cum Aenea.

fuisset

suppose

it

heen.

Concessive sub-

junctive.
604.

quem metui

ivhom had I

used vividly for metuissem.


have fired his camp.

fear? The indicative is again faces in castra tulissem / should


to
:

By

castt^a is

meant the

castra nautica,

where

the ships were

drawn up aud
B.
.512, b.

protected.

Tlie

mood and
;

tense of

tulissem express a

past unf ulfilled duty.

A. 439, b

G. 272, 3

H.

.5.59,

H.

&

implessem, exstinxem such syncopated forms (for implevissem and exstinxissem) are used by Virgil only in speeches. Here they accord with Dido's mental excitement. 606. memet super ipsa dedissem myself have flung on top of all (i.e. into the flames). Xote the asyndeton. with thy heams. 607. flammis 608. harum interpres curarum et conscia agent and witness
605.
:
:

of

these

my

sorrows ;

inteipres

refers primarily to Juno's part

as pronuha in marriage rites in


general, but the expression in-

more truth than Dido could suspect. She did not know how much Juno had done in working her ruin.
volves
6og.

lata
night

nocturnis ivhose name


at the

triviis
is

ulu-

shrieked hy

crossroads.

The
is

verb,

though

intransitive,

used passively.
610.

FiG. 57.
:

Hecate.

di Elissae

i.e.

tlie is

di

Manes.

In funeral inscriptions
Dido's use of the

*D. M.' (^= dis Manihus)

very

common.

396
third

NOTES
person,
in

speaking
Jiear.

of

herself

(Eli^sae

mei)

gives

emphasis.
6ii.

accipite
is

meritumque malis advertite numen


to jni/ ills ;

and, aa

meet,

let

your power stoop

malis seems to have a

double construction, being a dative w ith


related to meritum (deserved hy
613.

advertitey

but also closely

my

ills).

infandum caput

tJiat

unspeaJcahle creature.

Dido does

not once, in this speech, mention Aeneas's name. sc. si, i/ there Jiis goal stands jixed; 614. hic terminus haeret
:

i.e. if

he

is
:

fated to reach Italy.


yet.

615.

at

Dido's curse

is

so framed that

it

is

really a

prophecy of the kter fortunes of Aeneas and the Romans. In the latter books of the Aeneid we read how the hero was engaged in war with the Rutuli and Latini; how, leaving Ascanius in his camp, he sought the aid of Evander; how the Trojans suffered heavy losses; and how in making peace with the Latins he dropped the Trojan name. Further, according to the legend, he
reigned only three years, and his body was linally lost in the

Numicius.
wars.

His descendants were engaged in the famous Punic

It is -interesting to recall the fact that

when Charles

I.

of

England consulted the so7'tes Vergilianae (for Virgil's works, like the Bible, were long used for forecasting tliefuture) he opened his text at this ominous passage.
617.

indigna

cruel,

Referring to Turnus's attack on the camp,


irJien Jie Jias

in the absence of Aeneas.


618.

cum

se sub leges pacis iniquae tradiderit


terms of aJiarsJi peace.

surrendered
indicative.

to tJie

The verb

is

future perfect

optata luce tJie deligJits oflife. diem hefore Jiis time. mediaque inhumatus 620. ante harena sc. iaceat, and lie unhuried on a waste of sand. cinerique haec, etc. 623. exercete odiis pursue wilJi Jiate. and offer tJiis trihute to my dnst ; i.e. the tribuiie of hate. viz. Rome and Carthage. sunto tlie form im624. populis
619.
:

plies solemnity,
625.

exoriare, aliquis ultor:

arise,

some avenger !

aJiquis ultor

BOOK IV
is

391
reference is to the great

in apposition to tu understood.

The

Hannibal. 626. qui sequare


:

to

pursue ; a relative clause of purpose.

face

ferroque with Jire and sivord. to-day, hereafter, or ichenever 627. nunc, olim, quocumque, etc. iSTote the climax and asyndeton. the strength is given.
:

628.
traria

litora litoribus contraria: shore

to

shore opposed ;

con-

belongs to

all
:

the accusativ^es,

liiora,

undas, and arma.

629.

imprecor

invoTce.

(The style of this famous passage is unusually vigorous. Kote esthe frequent pecially the rapid fire of questions in 595 and 600 ft'. aUiterations (as in 589, 594, 598, 60.3, 604, 605); the telling apostrophe of an unknown avenger in 625 the oracular, epigrammalic tone and the final liypermetric syllable (629), suggesting (as in 628, 629) an overflow of emotional excitement. The artistic variation of the rhythm, harmonizing throughout with the thought, is well worthy of close study, especially in tlie portions 587-594 and 607-629. Note the use of dactyls, expressive of energetic in alternation witli spondees, in 602, 604, action, in 588, 589, 593, 594 611 of impassioned utterance, in 620, 624, 626, 628. On the oJier .596 her sarcasm, hand, spondees empliasize Dido's self-accusation in in 598 her reflective tone, in 603 her solemn appeal to the gods, in 607, 608, 610, 612 ; her terrible curse, in 613, 614, 615, 616-619 (with initial dactyls), 627, 629 (initial dactyl). Emphatic diaeresis after the first foot is comraon ; cf. 595, 601, 618, 621, 622, 624, 629.)
; ; ;

f^

Lines 630-662.
V.'

DiDo's Death.
631.

quaerens abrumpere
:

seeking how

to

cut short.

quam
in
is

primum
632.

at once.

nutricem Sychaei: foster-mothers were held esteem; Dido is attended by her hnsband's, as her own
633.

high
dead.

suam

her own.

The
:

irregular use of suus here


is

is

probably
funeral

due to the fact that the sentence


tricem amiserat.

equivalent to namque suam nutlie

cinis ater

properly, the ashes of

pyre, over wdiich rose the tuniulus or tomb.


635.

dic properet

hid

her hasten
;

propej-et is

a jussive sub-

junctive, in parataxis witli dic

cf.

veniat, 637.

fluviali spargere

lympha

i.e.

to purify lierself

398
636.

NOTES
monstrata
sic
: :

as prescribed.

637. 638.

i.e.

after observing the directions given.


:

lovi Stygio

'netlier Jove'

(Milton, Comus,

1.

20),

i.&

Pluto.

7 am minded to fulfil. and give over to the 640. Dardaniique rogum capitis, etc. Jlames the pyre of that Dardanian wretch. The -que is explanatory, To avoid susso that we could translate, 'by giving over,' etc. This would picion, Dido calls her own pyre the pyre of Aeneas. be the more natural, as on it liis belongings were piled. For
639.

perficere est animiis,

etc.

capitis, see caput, 613.

studio anili icith an old dame's zeal, " her intentions being (Conington.) doubtless better than her powers."
641.
:

642.
643.

immanibus sanguineam aciem


coeptis
:

effera: wild with her auful purpjose.


:

Uoodshot eyes.

maculis trementis
icith

interfusa genas

her quivering cheeks flushed

(hectic) spots.

For the construction, cf. note on oculos suffusa, I. 228. she had been in aTtower of the palace cf 586. 645. inrumpit limina courts. the pkiral, if correct, is used metri causa for rogum, 646. rogos but probably the word should be gradus.
:

647.

non hos quaesitum munus


this.

in

usus

a gift hcsought for no

such use as
his svvord;

cf.

had apparently asked her warrior lover for ensem relictum, 507, which need not be regarded as
IJido

inconsistent with the present passage.


648. 649.
tearful

hic

temporah
:

paulum lacrimis et mente morata pausing awhile The ablatives are modal rather than causah thought.

in

651. 653.

dum
vixi
:

connect closely with dulces


/ have lived
in

relics,

sweet while, etc.


11. 325.

my

life

ci.

fuimus IVoes,

de-

derat
654.

i.e.

at her birth.
:

magna imago

life

she has been magna; her shade,

therefore, as it enters the otlier world, will be magna.

mei

not

precisely the

same as mea,
is

for im.ago
I

while imago mei


655.
:

the shade of what

mea would mean.w?/ shade, have been. (Beuoist.)

mea my own ;

emphatic.

BOOK IV
656.
recepi.

399
as,

ulta

the time of ulta

is

the same

not prior

to,

that of

Dido avenged her husband by pimishing her brother. This she did by carrying off his ill-gotten wealth.
657.

tantum
sic, sic
:

onli/.
:

659.
660.

os impressa toro

i.e.

in a f arewell kiss

cf II. 490.
.

the adverb,

made emphatic by

repetition, refers

to tKe
sic

in

manner and circumstances of her death. Cf. the use of sic, Tennyson seems to have the words in mind, when II. 614.
" Thus
'

describing the actual death-blow of Lucretius

thus

the soul

flies

out and dies in the

air.'

With
iuvat ire
journey.
661.
:

that he drove the knife into his side."

cf.

the same words, II. 27.

She

is

going on a pleasant

hunc ignem

i.e.

tke blaze from this pyre, which will be


:

kindled after her


662.

ab alto outat sea. nostrae omina mortis i.e. the omens which
deatli.
:

my death wilL

suggest.

(Note the use of spondees, in 631, to express the idea of what is In cf. 660. hateful, and of dactyls, to reflect quick movement, in 641 queenly and the last words, Dido sliows both womanly tenderness di2;nity, and the rhytlim aud language are beautifully fitted to the
;

thought, 651-660.)

Lines 663-692.

The
663.
665. 666.

City's Grief.
ferro
:

atque and forthicitli. sparsas hespattered.


:

on

the

sword.

atria: palace

used of the whole

striicture.

bacchatur:
roofs of

runs

riot.

671.

houses

culmina perque hominum, etc. roll on over tJie and temples. Note how the anaphora promotes the
:

descrip-

tive effect of the verse.


672.
675.

trepido cursu

in wild haste,
:

hoc

illud fuit
:

ivas this

with ruit. thy purpose ? cf haec


.

illa, III.

558.

me
tcith

fraude petebas

wert thou deceiving

me?

literally, assailing

me

deceit: petere often

has a hostile meaning.

400
678.

NOTES
vocasses
tulisset
:

thou shouldst have called

for the

mood,

cf. tulis-

sem, 604.
679.
680.

= ahstulisset.
sc.

It is

used like vocasses.

struxi

pyram.
:

681.

sic te ut, etc.

merely

to

he ahsent, cruel that

I was, when thou


*

wert lyirig thus.


682.
683.

exstinxti

exstinxisti.

patres

senate.

date volnera)

etc.

let

me

hathe her limhs with water

and
sub-

catch ivith

my

lips

whatever

latest hreath Jiutters

over hers.

The

junctives are in parataxis with date ; cf. sinife revisam, 11. 669. The ancient custom of catching the breath of a dying person was one
of the last tributes of affection, a survival of the primitive notion

that in this

an idea
tive

way the existence of the spirit was continued. Such prevailed among the Seminoles of Florida. (Tylor, PrimiI,

Culture,

p. 433.)

685.

sic fata

gradus evaserat altos

while thus speaking, she


cf.

had
656.

climhed ihe lofty steps (of the pyre).


688. 689.
illa: Dido.

For/ato,
is of

note on

ulta,

stridit
:

gurgles.

The verb
:

the third conjugation.


levavit.

sese governed by both attollens and cf. Gray's Elegy 692. quaesivit lucem
690.

" Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day Nor cast one longing, hngering look behind."

reperta:

sc. luce.

The sad

" Yirgilian

cry"now^here rings with

niore touching pathos than in these verses, describing the final

moments

of the great Dido.


:

(a) the artistic (In this pathetic scene, we may note especially rhythm spondaic followed by foot, hrst the after use of the pause pause the without rliythm thus 666 and 681) 687 shows the sanie of prominence (&) the special onomatopoetic offcct of ()67-8, with the following hiao, u, and r sounds and tlie uiuisual (]Uiulrisyliabic euding, the peculiar and of ring 671 iuiitative the tus (femineo uhdatu); (c) after (')72, diaeresis of the of and appropriateness of the ihictylic rliytlnn 67r)-6 rriit, 674; (d) anai)hora: not only in (')7l (pcrqne), but also in (e) polysynde(hoc), (578-9 (cadnii, idnn, cadcm), aiui 6<.)0-l (tcr) (')(')4, (Wny, (573, (582 in as 670, alUteration, ton, 682-3^ (-Que) (/) of inspeaks lienry Tlius (g) the effect' of siniplicity of expressiou.
;
;

BOOK

iv

401

gemuit (692) as "placing before the mind the whole heart-rending history in a single retrospective glance."')

Lines 693-705.

Descent of
694.
695.
difficilis
:

Iris.

obitus her hard departure. quae luctantem, etc. to release her struggling soul from
:

the

Umhs

that cling to

it.

696.

fato
:

in the course offate

i.e.

by a natural death.
i.e.

merita

morte

a death earned (by herself),


;

a violent death, such as

one might incur in a battle uot a self-inflicted death. the two kinds of death here 697. ante diem subitoque, etc.
:

indicated are contrasted with the tvvo referred to in 696.


xiot fato,

but ante diem


illi,

She died and suddenly, not as might have been


not yet

foreseen.
698.

nondum

etc.
illi

had Proserpina taken from her


Before sacrifice

head

the

golden lock ;

is

dative of separation.

a few hairs were plucked from the forehead of the victim, and as the dying were regarded as offerings to the nether gods, a similar

custom was observed in their


in 590 a^sjlaventis.
699.

case.

serpina herself as taking the lock.

Here the poet represents ProDido's hair has been described


is

damnaverat
croceis
:

had consigned ; the force of nondum

con-

tinued.
700.

the color of light.

roscida

dewg.

Iris is

the

raiiibow, spiritualized.

adverso sole against the sun ; literally, 'from the sun opposite.' The rainbow must be opposite the sun.
701.
:

702.

hunc
iussa

i.e.

crinem.

703.
.705.

as hidden.

in ventos

in auras.

(This short scene, with the beautiful picture of Iris, serves the artispurpose of giving a restful close to the tragedy. Note the smoothness imparted to the last words by alhteration, ventos vita.)
tic

402

NOTES

QUESTIONS ON BOOK

IV.

In what respects is the first line peculiarly fitting as an introduction? Into what three major divisions or acts may the book be divided? IIow many people participate in the action? IIow many divinities? Is the book a tragedy? What are the requiWhat traits of character does Anna manisites of a tragedy? At what time of year did the fest? What is the leading trait?

Trojans arrive at Carthage? How long did they remain? On what passages do you base your answer? For what purpose did Virgil introduce the story of Dido? Did he originate it? What What passage is line is proplietic of the supremacy of Rome?
prophetic of the Carthaginian
in 425-6?
acter of

War?

To what

is

there an aUusion
char-

To what
II

in 470-473?

In 602?

What prominent

met his death at the hands of Orestes ? What rhetorical device is employed in the ten lines beginning with 522? Is the same device used in any other passage? Did Dido's curse, 615-620, come true? Who was the ultor in 625? In what respects

Book

is

Dido's last sentence peculiarly appropriate to the conditions ? What passages are intended to emphasize the patriotism of Aeneas?
Is the epithet piiis appropriate in
lines are

393?

How many

incomplete

book? IIow many formal similes? IIow many times is Ascanius mentioned? What traits of his are brought out ? What passages show VirgiPs keen observation of nature? Which ones manifest dramatic power? Wliich are the most carefully written passages in the book, as judged by the style?
found
in this

Examine two

of

them

in detaiL

Wliere did Virgil get


is

liis

idea of

Fama?

What

familiar

quotation

found in this book?

IIow

does this book compare in length with the others? What figure How many well marked cases of anaphis found in 320 and 321 ?
ora are there
?

Where

is

there a typical case of onomatopoea?

What
find?

imitations of Ilomer, either in

manner

or matter, do

we

Are there spondaic lines?


?

IIow many hypermetric

lines

are there

Suggested subject for an essay or debate Aeneas in Book IV.

The character

of

BOOK
AENEAS IN
SICILY.

V.

THE FUNERAL GAMES.

Lines 1-7.

The Trojaxs
1.

sail

from Carthage.
During the closing scene
of

medium
certus
purpose.
:

iter

the

midsea
011

tcay.

IV, Aeneas ^vas already well


2.

his way.

steadfast, unwavering.

his

atros Aquilone

Nothing deterred him from ruffled mider the north wind.


:

Tlie
5.

wind
duri
is

"vvas

adverse. the course of the Trojans being north.


etc.

magno sed amore,

hut the cruel

panys

ichen deep

love

profaned, and the knowledge ofivhat afrenzied icoman can do,


Tlie neuter par-

lead the hearts of the Trojans into sad forebodings.


ticiple notufn is here

used as a substantive, and its force, logically, though not grammatically, extends to duri dolores, which therefore
implies the knowledge ofcruel pangs.
is

The

notiou involved in polluto

that of the desecration of something sacred.

This

is

said

from

Dido's point of view.


Scott
ch. 21.

makes

effective use of furens quid

femina in Kenilicorth,

Lines 8-34.

They reach
8-11.
g.

Sicily.

10.
13, 15.

ni. 192-195. occurrit is in sight. olli cf I. 254 and note. quianam archaic word, used for dignity.
Cf.
: :

colligere

arma

gather in the rigging,

i.e.

make everything

snug.
16.

obliquat sinus

turns the sails aslant.

Hitherto they had

been at right angles to the keels. predicative, as surety. 17. auctor


:

403

40J:

KOTES
:

hoc caelo icith a sk\i/ like cumstances. sperem contingere


i8.

tJiis ;
:

ablative of attendant cir-

for the preseut infinitive (in-

stead of the future),


19.

cf.

abscondere speravi, IV. 337.


;

transversa
in

athwart (our course)


:

used adverbially.

20.

nubem

cogitur aer

the air

comlenses into cloud.

The

ancients supposed that clouds were the product of condensed air. ohnitiin concessiye. Note the 21. dhniti cowtxB.: strive agaii^st.

appropriate rliythm.
enough,'
23.
i.e.

tendere tantum
;

literally 'force

our
est.

way

hold our course


et

tantum

tantum quantum opus


litora fraterna

Erycis more poetical than litora fratris Erycis, because the shores themUnderstand esse. selves offer a brotherly welcome. if onhj I can rememher and 25. si modo rite memor, etc. rightly retrace the stars already ohserved ; i.e. on his former voyage

quoque =

quo

and

ichither.

along the Sicilian coast. the epithet here implies thoughtful consideration for 26. pius equidem sic poscere ventos, etc. even others. See Introd. 5.
: :

Ihave long seen that the ivinds make this demand ; viz. that we change our course. Take iamdudum with cerno, and for the idiom see A. 466; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 533; II. & B. 48.5. Note that the poet gives his hero a knowledge of seamanship.
27.

28.

The spondaic rhythm suggests flecte viam velis change the


:

the gravity of the situation.


course of our sailing ; velis
:

is

by trimming the sails. an often, as here, with a single question. Here = num. sit potential, = esse potest See A. 447, 3; B. 280, 2 G. 257, 2 and 259; H. or conditionah
ablative of meaus,
i.e.
:

553,2; H.
29.

&
:

B. 517,

1.

quo

whither, to which.

demittere

hring

home,

i.e.

to a

harbor.
30.
31.

Acesten cf I. Anchisae ossa


:

550.
:

for the death of Anchises, see TII. 710.

32.

secundi

(hie to

the change of course

Zephyri implies that

they are sailing eastward. used with adverbial sense. 33. cita 34. The rhythm appropriately expresses the attainment of an
:

end in.view.

BOOK Y
Lines 35-41.

405

A RoYAL Welcome.
36.

adventum sociasque
horridus
: :

rates

the arrival

of friendly ships;

note the use of -que.


37.

hristUng.

He
:

is

dressed in hunting costume.

ursae
38.

to-day there are no bears in Africa.


etc.

Troia Criniso,

uihoin a

Trojan mother
:

Segesta) bore, as son

to the

river Crinisus
;

i.e.

Egesta or the f ather of Acestes


(viz.

was the river god, Crinisus fiumine is an ablative of source. because they were Trojans. 39. veterum parentum sc. eos esse, bids them joy on their return. 40. gratatur reduces gaza agresti ivith rustic munifcence ; gaza is properly used of royal magnificence. Here even the liing lives in humble style.
: : :

Lines 42-71.

Anxouncement of the Games.


42.

oum

fugarat

poetical f or
:

cum fugasset ;
at early

cf

note on cum

extulerat,
44.

H. 256. primo Oriente tumuli ex aggere from


:

dawn.

the

top

tumulo).

So,

in
a-

later

tinies,

Roman
:

of a mound (= summo generals addressed their

troops from
45.

inonnd of earth. genus alto a sanguine divum

Dardanus, ancestor of the


the circling

Trojans, was a son of Jupiter.


46.

annuus exactis completur,


the
:

etc.

year draws

to

an end with
47.

passing of the nionths.

ex quo since. (a day) ever of 49. semper acerbum, semper honoratum mourningy ever of honor. Kennedy coiupares Shakespeare
:

" The yearly course that brings this day about Shall never see it but a holyday." (King John, IH.
51.

1.)

hunc emphatic by position, and governed by agerem


: :

(spend).

Gaetulis
52.
'

used here for Libyan.


:

deprensus
et

caught

i.e.

by a storm, but with


tlie perils

urbe

it

implies

imprisoned.'

not

aut,

because

among

the Greeks

406

NOTES

(Argos and- Mycenae) are distinguished from those among the Mycenae an unusual singular; appositional Libyans, 51.
:

genitive.
54.

exsequerer

yvithvota,ful/il

'with.pompas,leadforth.

suis

due.
55.

nunc
lo
!

but

dered

It

now ; note the asyndeton. ultro may be renmeans literally heyond ; i.e. beyond all that we could
:

we have reached the very spot. not in truth methinks, icithout the purpose 56. haud equidem, etc. and will of heaven. The dactylic rhythni of the line indicates
expect,
:

mental excitenient.
57.

delati

hrought

to

shore

cf. demittere,

29.

intramus
rite loith

his-

torical present.
58.

laetum celebremus honorem


:

solemnize the

joy

because

we are assured of the favor of heaven. the prayer for favorable winds is made 59. poscamus ventos iothe Manesoi Anchises. The rhythra denotes solemnity. atque haec me sacra quotannis, etc. and may he grant that year by year when my city is founded I may offer these rites in temples consecrated Virgil has in mind the Parentalia, an annuai Roman festito him.
:

val in honor of the dead.


61. ship.

bina boum numero capita tioo heads of oxen for each Troia generatus a son of Troy ; Troia is an ablative of
: :

source.
62.

adhibete Penatis
et patrios et
Sicilian Penates.
:

summon
colit

(to the feast) the Penates.

63.

quos

Acestes

i.e.

both the Trojan

and the
64.

si

the condition implies religious hesitation in speaking of


Cf. theuse of D. V. (Deo volente,
*

a future event.

God

willing') in

modern
and the
66.
67.

speech.

nona: the Parentalia


festival.

lasted from the l^Uh to

the 21st of February, nine days, according to


last

Homan

reckoning,

day was a public


:

prima first ofall. quique pedum cursu valet


and whoever,
et.

et qui, etc.

then whoever exceh

in the foot-race,

etc.

Each

qui

= quicumque

or

si quis

-que is correlative to

BOOK V
68.

407
is

incedit melior
est.

comes foricard superior ; incedit

more

picturesque thaii

levibusque sagittis

the -que shows that

archery and javelin-throwing are closely associated.


is
is

Perhaps this
viz.

why, in the
described.
69.
:

sequel, only

one of these two contests,

archery,

seu corresponds to si implied in qui (67) = si quis. The rhythm is suggestive of the difficulty of the contest. literally favor with the lips, i.e. say nothing ill71. ore favete omened. As the best way to do this was to be silent, the words
:

commonly mean

he silent.

Lines 72-103.

The Fuxeral
72.
:

Rites.

73.

materna myrto the myrtle was sacred to Venus. aevi maturus the genitive is a poetical construction,
:

as in

integer aeci, 11. 638.


75. 76.

ille

Aeneas.
:

tumulum
hic
:

i.e.

the

tomb
lines.

of Anchises.

Note the

alliteration

in this
77.

and the preceding


:

here,

i.e.

at

the

tomb.

mero

Baccho
79.

an ablative of quality.
:

80.

purpureos hright. iterum once more ;


:

ref erring
,
.

to

the
.

solemn greeting of the dead at the time of


,
.

burial.

recepti

nequiquam
cineres,

FiG. 58.

^ Carche-

rescued in vain
is

smM

recepti agrees

with

which

equivalent
is

to

'

my dead

pareut.'

The

reference

to the rescue of Anchises

from Troy by Aeneas.


81.

animaeque umbraeque
licuit
:

cf.

the use of the phiral umhrae

(of a single person) in IV. 571.


82.
83.
sc.

mihi.

meaning for the Roman of VirgiFs day, to whom the Tiber was the most famous of rivers. 84. adytis ab imis from thc foot of the shrine, i.e. the tomb itself, which was a holy place. emphatic anaphora. Seven, like three, 85. septem, septena

quicumque

est

full of

408
is

NOTES
it

a mystical number; here Aeneas's wanderings.


86.
:

may

indicate the seven years of

lapsus per aras gliding among ticiple with present force. whose back 87. caeruleae cui, etc.
:

the altars

the perf ect par-

hlue spots adorned, while a

flecked brightness

mnde its scaleshlaze with gold. With notae understand distinguehant from incendehat. For cui, dative of reference,
477.
88.
89. 90.

cf. I.

nubibus
ille
:

locative ablative.

Cf. IV. 701.

the serpent.
gi.

levia polished ; dis:

tinguish

Ihvii.
:

and

levis.

serpens
94.

participle.
:

hoc
of
:

therefore

ab-

CENivS
HVIVS
LDCI

lative

cause.

magis
eagerly
sacri-

MOWT15

instaurat
fice

more

does he renew.

The

had been interrupted

by the appearance of the


serpent.

incertus geniumne knowing not etc. loci, whether to deem it the Genius
95.
:

FiG. 59.

A Serpent

as genius
spirit.

loci.

familiar (or guardian)


deity.

The

ofthe ground or his father's serpent often typifies a local


coiild

See Fig. 59.

As a

deified person, Anchises too

have an attendant spirit. 96. caedit: tlie sacrifice here mc^de was called Suovetaurilia
(sus, ovis, taurus).

Greek accusative. The Manes released from Acheron. 99. Acheronte remissos are supposed to conie up froni tlie lower world to partake of tlie
97.

terga

sacrifice.

100.

nec non et

cf. I.

707.

quae cuique est copia

as each

has the means.

BOOK T
IOO--3.

409

TTith the details compare

I.
:

103.

subiciunt veribus prunas


held uieat.

210-215 with notes. put live coals under the

spits.

The

spits, of course,

Lines 104-113.

The Looked-for Day Arrives.


serena luce ablative of quality, with Auroram. the suns steeds. Phaethon is here the 105. Phaethontis equi sun himself (Homer's r)Xio<i c^ae^wv), not the Phaethon who, as
104.
:
:

one of the sun's children, drove his father's steeds. 108. pars et certare parati some, too, ready to contend. Xote the construction according to sense in pars parati. We may understa,nd pars with visuri.
:

109. iio. III.

circo
sacri

the ring or course where the

games were

to

be held.

because often used as offerings to the gods.


:

ostro perfusae dyed purple. and noiv, from a central mound, 113. et tuba, etc. proclaims that the games are hegun.
:

the trumpet

Lines 114-123.

The Entries for the Boat-race.


114.

pares

well-matched.

gravibus lemis

heavy-oared ; abla-

tive of quality.
116.
tvith his

acri remige
keen oarsmen;
is

remige

a collective

singular, the ablative

being

instrumental.
:

Pristim the ships are probably named in accordance with


the

figureheads.
ShIP.

have the FlGURE-HEAB OF A ROilAN FlG. 60. Sea-Dragon (^Pristis) the Chimaera, Centaur, and Scylla.

Thus we

410
117.
theus,

NOTES

mox

Italus Mnestheus,

etc.

soon

to be tJie

Italian Mnes^

from whose name comes the Memmian family. The etyinological connection assumed by Virgil is not clear, but he probably nieans that the Greek name (JAv'qa6(.v<i, associated witli /jLeixvrjaOai) was assimilated to the Latin memiiiisse, and so became Memmius. Certain lioman faniilies in Viigirs day were proud of being
In this passage the poet houors three iamilies (1) the Memmii, one of whom, though of nnsavory reputation, was a patron of letters in Cicero's day (2) the Sergii, to whom Catiline belonged; (3) the Ckientii, one of whom was defended
familiae Troianae.
;

by Cicero on a charge of murder. In addition to these, the Geganii, a noble Alban family, claimed descent from the Gyas of 118. 118. ingentem, ingenti: the repetition is emphatic, but the emphasis is, perhaps, intended playf ully, for though this huge ship had three tiers of rowers, yet in VirgiPs day this would have been a comparatively small ship, for at the battle of Actiutn there were
ships of ten tiers, while others are said to have run as high as
forty.
119.

urbis opus

a cily ajloat.

This means, not exactly as

hucje

as a city, but. rather, as complicated as a city, a city in miniature.

So Lyell (quoted by Henry) speaks of " the gilded steamboat Hke a moving city " on the Mississippi (Geology, 2. 2). triplici versu an anachronism, as triremes were unknown in tlie heroicage. 120. terno consurgunt ordine remi in Ihreefold rank rise the oars. This is an emphatic repetition of the ideain 119. Note the rhythm.
:

122.

magna

note that

names

of ships are feminine.

Compare

modern usage.
Lines 124-150.

The Start.
124.
125. 127.

spumantia contra
olim
:

litora

over against the foaming shores.

al times.

tranquillo

silet, etc.

hut in time
;

of calm
is

is sfill

and

rises

from

the

placid wace, a level surfacc

tranquillo

a temporal abla-

tive, like aestate, hieme, etc.

Note the asyndetou.

BOOK V
128.

411
:

apricis statio gratissima mergis

a picturesque touch,

poefs observation of nature. as a mark ; in predicate apposition to metam. 130. signum nautis pater note the careful jiixtaposition, implying for the
illustrative of tlie
:
:

sailors, tcith fatherly care.


to

unde reverti scirent

to
to

know whence
return
;

retnrn

literally, irhence theij

should know (he sure)

unde
long

ut inde, tlie

subjunctive being one of purpose.


ubi,
etc.
:

131.

et longos

and
is to

lohere to

hend round

the

course.

The

ilex

on the rock

be like

tlie meta,

round which

the racers drove in the circus.

ductores the captains. 134. populea fronde because the poplar was sacred to Hercules, the god of athletes. with middle force. 135. perfusa
133.
: : :

136.

intenta
intenti:

sc. sunt, their

arms astretch upon

the oars

remis

is

dative.

used metaphorically, though Morris well translates with hearts astretch.'


137.
:

literally

in

136.

'

138.

pavor: here used


:

of nervous excitement.

laudum arrecta

cupido
139.

eager passion for glory.


:

finibus

starting-places.

Note the change of rhythm in


207.

this verse, corapared with those preceding.


140.

haud mora

as in

iii.

prosiluere

instantaneous

perfect.

adductis lacertis as the arms are drawn hack ; adductis is literally drawn to (the body). The expression is descriptive of the stroke in rowing. versa upturned, from vertere; the perfect par141.
:

ticiple of verro is a rare form.


142.

pariter

ahreast.
:

143.

rostris tridentibus

the

prow terminated

in three hori-

zontal metal-cased beaks, one above another.


144.
:

See Fig. 60.


darting

145.

biiugo certamine in the two-horse chariot race. corripuere cf. prosiluere, 140. effusi carcere
:

from
gular.
146.

their stalls

effusi,

with middle force

carcere, coUective sin-

nec

sic immissis, etc.

and

not so wildly over their dashing

41 2
steeds do
the charioteers
is

NOTES
shake the icaving
reins
:

iugis (properly

<yokes')
148.

put by

studiis

metonymy for equis. It is a dative of reference. faventum: zealous shouts of partisans; for -um in1.

stead of -iwm, see note on venientum,


149.

434.

iuclusa shut
:

in

(by the woods, nemus).

Lines 151-182.

Gyas axd Cloanthus.


151.

primis undis foremost on


:

the

waves ; poetical transference


i.e.

of epithet.
152.

turbam

inter

fremitumque

the noise and excitement

of his rivals.
153.
154.
ers.

pondere pinus tarda tenet double alliteration. aequo discrimine at equal distance; i.e. behind the
: :

lead-

155.

locum superare priorem

to

win

the

lead,

i.e.

in their
is

rivah-y with each other, not the foremost place of all; locum
direct, not inner, accusative, the

meaning
:

of the verb being ex-

tended.
157.
159.
160. 161.
162.

una

adverb.

iunctis frontihns
:

with even prows.


;

metam tenebant
medio
compellat voce quo tantum, etc.
litus
:

v:ere close to the turn


:

for meta, see 129.

in gurgite victor

leader in the halfcourse.


to.

londly shouts
:

ichither,

man,

so

far

to ihe

right?

mihi

is

an ethical dative.
163.

ama
etc.

hug
:

the shore

i.e.

the

saxum of

124.

laevas

stringat sine,

let

the oar-hlade

graze the rocks on the left;

stringat is a jussive subjunctive in parataxis. 166.


167. 168.

diversus out of the ivhen lo ! et ecce propiora tenentem


: :

course.

keeping a nearer course

i.e.

nearer

to the rock
170. 172.

radit iter

laevum

grazes his

way nearer

in on the lef.

ossibus

his hones,

the

marrow being regarded

as the

seat of eniotion.

BOOK V
174.

413
socium =
sociorum.

175.
176.

decoris dignity^ from decus. deturbat tosses. ipsc rector, ipse magister
: :

Jie

himself coxswain and cap-

tain; ipse has nuich the

the sense
helm.
177.

of

same force as idem, and magister has here gubernaclo subit: steps to the ductor (cf. 133).
or helm;

clavum: rudder
'

a case of synecdoche, for the

word properly means


178.

tiller/ i.e.

the handle of the helm.


line.

gravis

explained by the next

ut

ivhen.

redditus

est

arose.

VirgiPs humor, which is amply illustrated in the Eclogues, Georgics, and minor poems, is not, of Here in the lighter tone course, much in evidence in his epic.
181.

risere: transitive.

of the narrative it is not out of place

cf.

note on

I.

739.

The

spondaic rhythm emphasizes the humorous tone here.

Lines 183-209.

Sergestus and Mnestheus.


183.

hic

temporal.

extremis

duobus

in the two hehind

dative of interest.
184.

Mnesthei: Greek dative form.


ii.

superare

with spes;

cf.

amor

cognoscere,

10.

185. 186.

ante

adverb.
:

length.

nec tota ille, etc. yet not leading, look you, The pleonastic ille calls fresh attention
first syllable is
:

hij

a ivhole hoat's

to the subject.

praeeunte: the
186.

shortened before the vowel.

parte prior

190.

Hectorei
:
:

emphatic asyndeton. Hector is a name to conjure by.


i.e.

Troiae sorte

suprema in Troy's last hoiir ; no longer. 194. non iam


195.
196.

as allotted to her.

quamquam
extremos
last
: :

o
is

aposiopesis.

sc. vos.

hoc vincite

icin hut this ; i.e. at least

do not be
197.

olli
:

an inner accusative with vincite. archaic form of nominative plural.


;

hoc

certamine

summo

straining

to

the utmost.

414
198.

NOTES

is

aerea = aerata, hound tvith brass. the ground Jiies from under them ; solum 199. subtrahitur solum used freely of the watery surface; see note, IV^. 154. inere chance. 201. ipse casus enters on the perilous course ; spatio is 203. spatio subit iniquo
:
:

dative.
206.

ohniya.

striking.

inlisa

c?a.s/im<7

on (the reef).
effect.

AUitera-

tion is Lised in 205


207.

and 206 with onomatopoetic


:

morantur

are at a standstill.

Lines 210-224.

Mnestheus overtakes and passes Gyas.


agmine remorum celeri: with swift play ofoars. As men seem to 212. prona maria shoreward-sloping waters. be "climbing up the climbing wave " when going out to sea (m altum), so in moving toward the land they seem to descend on
211.
:

sloping {prona) waters.


213.

commota:

startled.
:

214.

latebroso in pumice

in the coverts

of

the soft rock.

uidi

nestlhigs.

215.

plausum dat ingentem


tecto
:

flaps loudhj.
exterrita.
:

216.

from

her hoine

with
etc.

217.

radit iter liquidum,

note the beautifully smootb

rliythm.
218. 222.

ultima aequora the home-stretch. Yirgil again notes the fractis discentem currere remis
ipsa
:

\\\{\\ Pristis.

humor
223.

of the situation.

ipsam ingenti mole


is
:

ipsam

is

explained by the abhitival

phrase, which
224.

repeated from 118.


chimaera.

cedit

sc.

Lines 225-243.

TlIK FlNISIT.
228.

studiis
hi

(f.

IS.

229.

proprium decus,

etc.

these deem.

it

shame not

to

leep the

BOOK V
honor that
is

415
icon.

tJieirs,

and

tJie

glory

tJiey Jiave

The subjunctive

mood
231.

is

due to virtual indirect narration,


7ii

ni teneant representing

the direct

tenebimus.

hos: i.e. Mnestheus and his nien. possunt, quia posse videntur " they can because they think they can." (Conington.) The words have beconie a familiar proverb. Confidence in one's
:

ability is often the best guarantee of success.


232.
f ors
:

percJiance

adverbiaL

aequatis
,

rostris

iunctis

frontibus, 157.
233. 235.

ponto toward tJie sea. aequora curro cf. currimus


: :

aequor, III. 191.

Tlie accusa-

tive is cognate.
236.
libens

be a thanksgiving offering; laetus and are commonly used in connection with sacrifices cf " God
laetus:
it

will

loveth a cheerful giver."


237.

voti reus

if

bound by

my

vow.

The phrase

is

illustrated

commonly in Roman law, where (e.g.) pecuniae reus is used of one condemned to pay money. So one who makes a vow to the gods is bound by it, when his prayer has been f ulfilled.
238.

porriciam

porricere is a technical

term in connection with


the strong pause and

offerings.

impulit note the the accumulated dactyls.


242.
:

artistic effect of

illa

the ship.

Lines 244-267.

Aeneas distributes the Prizes.


satus Anchisa iJie son of AncJiises. ternos. 247. in navis: for eacJi sJiip ; hence the distributive optare et ferre to cJioose and take away. The infinitives express
244.
:

purpose.
250.

See

I.

319.

quam plurima
in

circum,

etc.

around

icJiicJi

ran ample Meli-

boean purple
251.

double loaving Une.


:

from this comes our word meander. Ganymede, son of Tros, who was carried by 252. puer regius an eagle up to heaven to be the cup-bearer of Jupiter cf rapti

Maeandro

Ganymedis

Jionores, I. 28.

416
254.
:

NOTES

anhelanti similis like one pajitlng ; i.e. the picture is so quem praepes, etc. there must have been two scenes, vivid. with Ganyinede figuriug twice. lu the first, he is engaged in the huut; in the second, he is borne aloft by the eagle. the savage harking of 257. saevitque canum latratus in auras
:
:

dogs

rises

skyward.
:

qui the autecedent is Jiuic, 259. deinde with donat. hamis consertam note the quantity of e. 259. levibus auroque trilicem cf. III. 467, with note.
258.
:
: :

260.

Demoleo

dative of separatiou.

The person

referred to

is

not otherwise known.


261.

Ilio: the final

vowel

is

shorteued before a vowel.


keep
habere,

Note the

appropriate
262.

rhythm of the verse. donat habere he gives


:

to
is

purpose.
ing, as if
264.
'

viro

repeats huic, but

au iufiuitive of an addition not without meau;

for his heroic deed.'


:

to

multiplicem with its many folds. The details are added enhauce the prowess of Aeneas. indutus clad in this ; supply
:

illam froni the previous liue.


266.

geminos ex aere lebetas


aereos.

a pair of hrazen caldrons

ex

aere

267.

aspera signis fgured


:

in relief; signis, as in I. 648.

Lines 268-285.

Return of Sergestus.
268.
iiig

iamque adeo

and now indeed

cf. II.

567.

donati
is

hav-

received their prizes.

With

this participle superhi

conuected

by -que. 269. taenis: a rare contraction for

taeniis.

These were com-

mouly worn by ntliletes, crippied in one tier (of oars). 271. ordine debilis uno ingforious, amid jeeis. 272. inrisam sine honore on a highway. Romau roads, being sub273. viae in aggere stautial in structure aud well drained, rose above the general level
: :

of a flat couutry.

BOOK V
274.

417

aerea. =ferrata, with iron


:

tire.

obliquum

while crossing.

gravis ictu
hlow.
275.

poetical for gravi ictu; literally, heavy in respect ofthe

instrumental ablative. vainly trying 276. nequiquam fugiens


:

saxo

to

escape.

parte ferox m part (of its body) undannted. raising aloft ; a characteristic iise of the 278. arduus attollens adjective for an adverb cf. III. 70. pars for sed pars altera.
277.
:

279.

nixantem nodis
:

as

it

struggles on with

its

coils.

in sua, etc.

literally, a7id tioining itself

upon

its

own

limhs.

seque Note

the double alliteration in the verse. 281. vela, velis: the repetition is emphatic.

Oars have given

way

to sails.
:

promisso munere Virgil has not told us before that even Such, however, is the principle the last would receive a prize. followed here and in 305. especially, spinning and weaving. 284. operum Minervae Greek accusative of specification. sub ubere at 285. genus
282.
: :
:

her hreast.

Lines 286-314.

COMPETITORS IX THE FoOT-RACE.


286.

hoc misso certamine

ichen

this

contest

icas

over.

So
the

Cicero uses the phrase ante ludorum missionem, hefore the end of games.
287.

quem

collibus curvis,
of

etc.

when
hills,'

Virgil says ^which

woods encircled by means


ing
hills,

winding
of a

he means, which wind-

well-wooded, encircled.
:

"288.

theatri circus

the circle

theatre.

The

place formed a

natural amphitheatre.
289.

quo

se, etc.

ichither,

with

many

thousands, the hero heloolc

dative = in conhimself into the midst of the company. consessu is There is a sort of prolepsis in the expression, because the sessum.

multa milia coustituted the consessus. a raised 290. exstructoque resedit and sat down on
:

seat.

The

participle is used as a substantive.

418
291.

NOTES
hic
:

temporal.
viz.

qui

translate, ^y an?/.

The antecedent

is

understood,

eorum, with animos.

velint

subjunctive in virtual

indirect narration.
296. 301.

amore pio pueri:


adsueti silvis
:

tender affectionfor the hoy,

i.e.

Euryalus.

woodsmen. 302. quos fama obscura recondit literally, wliom fame hides Infama ohscura we in darJcness, i.e. whose fume is hid in darkness. have the juxtaposition of conflicting ideas, i.e. oxymoron. m the midst of these. 303. quibus in mediis wiihout a gift from me ; mihi is dative 305. mihi non donatus
i.e.
: : :

of agent.
306.

Gnosia
:

i.e.

Cretan.

The Cretans were famous


:

as archers.

levato
307.

poIisJted.

caelatam argento
ferre
:

emhossed wiih silver ; probably on the


pj^izes, i.e.

handle.
308. 309.

cf.

datferre, 248.

unus =

idem.
:

praemia

special ones.

flava oliva

the pallens oliva.


alter:

Elsewhere Virgil speaks of caput nectentur shall have their heads crowned ;
pale-green olive.
:

a use of the middle voice.


311.
tJie

second.

Amazoniam,

Threiciis

ornamental
of their

epithets, implying that the quiver

and arrows are the best


whicJi
is

kind.
312.
helt

lato

quam

circum,

etc.

girl

ahout with a hroad


tereti

of gold and clasped hy a hucJcle with polisJied gem; like lato auro, is an ablative of quality.

gemma,

Lines 315-339-

NlSUS AND EURYALUS.


316.

corripiunt

\\^\'di\\y,seize

upon

; \.q.

dashover.

spatia

the

course.
317. like a

limen
effusi

tJie

starting-point.

nimbo

similes
of rain.

streaming forth

JiJce

a storm-cloud,
.

i.e.

sudden shower

So

iii

the Georgics {\\ '-Wl) A'irgil


imhcr.

compares a fliglit of bees to aestivis effusus nuhihus signant sc. oculis, fx their eyes on tJie goal. gets away first. 318. primus abit
: :

ultima

BOOK V
320.

419
Note the spondaic the verse is an echo froni

proximus

huic,

etc.

an oft-quoted line.
tliat

fifth foot,

due probably to the fact

older literature.
323. 324.

quo sub ipso close iipon him. calcem terit iam calce noio grazesfoot withfoot; calx=pes.
: :

325.

spatia

si

spatii) remain.

plura supersint did more of the course ( = pilus Tlie condition is regarded as still possible. Virgil
:

and

his readers are, as

it

were, spectators of the race.

FlG. 61.

LONG-DISTANCE FOOT-RACE.

326.

transeat elapsus prior.

etc.
:

he wonld shoot past him to the


;
i.e.

fore.

ambiguumve
it

reliiiquat

or leave (the issue) in douht

make
328.

tie.
:

finem
?>\.

feminine;

cf,

lafn

in French.

For the rhythm, see

note on
329.

here

is

ut foite: for (or, as)bf/ chance ; ut often translated as'vvhere,' but A^irgil hasno other instance
caesis:
i.e.

in sacrifice.

of this use.
330. 33r.

super adverb. presso solo as he


:

trod the ground.

420
332.

NOTES
titubata
ille
ille
:

totterlng.
:

333.
334.

sacro cruore
:

blood ofsacnjice.

used for emphasis, as in 186.


i.e.

336.
337.

Salius.
:

munere amici
:

thanks

to

Ms friend.

prima tenet takes frst place. sc. est, is third winner; palma, whicli is 339. tertia palma properly the victor's reward, is used by metonymy for the victor.
338.
:

Lines 340-361.

All the Contestants are Rewarded.


340.

ora prima patrum

the

gazing elders

iyi

front.

Tn

Rome

the best seats at a spectacle were given to the seiiators Qmtres^.


342.

good will. and merit that comes icith more 344. gratior et pulchro, etc. winsomeness in a fair form; veniens adds color to the expression. hasreached aprize. frustraque translate 346. subiit palmae
343.
:

reddi favor

prose this would be ut reddatur.

-que as hut.
347.
si

primi Salio reddantur honores


is

the condition

is

one

of virtual indirect discourse, as this


349.
prizes
lar
;

the plea of Diores.


:

palmam movet
literally,
is al)lative
:

ordine

nemo
;

no one

alters the
is

order ofthe

moves from their order


of sej^^aration.
of
miserari.

paimam
:

a collective singu-

ordine

350.
l)hiral.

me

subject

casus

mischance,

accusative
fall

The word
aureis
et te
:

involves an illusion to

the actual

of

Salius.
352.
354.

a dissyllable by synizesis
:

gilded.

lapsorum miseret for the syntax, see TT. 143. Niso i.e. one who also, like Salius, fell {lapsorum). Nisus is not very serious. Take with dahis, rather than digna. the first person, because Niso is equivalent to mihi. 355. merui The iorm is vivid for meruisscm, hence the protasis ni tulisset.
: :

laude
356.

merit.

quae Salium

sc. tuliU

BOOK V
357.
:

421

simul his dictis simul as a preposition is poetical for ostentabat note the frequentative form, madea great simal ciun.
:

dispkvj of.
358.
illuin

risit

olli: smiled
'

npon him; oUi


iJie

is

indirect object

risit

would be

laughed at him.'
:

Didymaonis artis nothing is known artis is


359.
;

ivorhnanship of Didymaon, oi whom accusative and the plural is poetic cf.


;

casus, 350.
360.

Neptuni sacro Danais,


i.e.

etc.

once taken doirn hy Greeks

from Neptune^s hallowed


poste is properly a pillar,

dooricay.

Danais is a dative of agent of a temple enirance. The shield had

once been dedicated by some Greek to Neptune, but seems to have been afterwards taken to Troy, where it fell into the hands of
Aeneas.
Lines 362-386.

The Boxing Match.


362. 363.

confecti
si
si

sc. sunt.

cui virtus,

etc.

ichoso is valiant

andready ofheart
It

icithin.

With

cui supjDly es^; animus praesens is the spirit or resolution

that supports one in the liour of danger.

nieans more than

mere presence
364.

of

mind, being

active, not siinply passive.


:

evinctis bracchia palmis

arms with gauntleted hands,

i.e.

bound with the


a set of

was really long leathern thongs, bound round the hand and arm, and
caestus, the ancient boxing-glove, w^hich

strengthened with metal.


365.

See Fig. 24.


:

geminum honorem

a douhle prize.
:

366.

velatum auro vittisque

decked with gold and Jillets.

The

horns were gilded and the heads crowned with garlands. Note the alliteration and weighty rhythm of the verse. 368. vastis viribus note the alliteration here and in the next
:

verse.
369.

magno virum murmure amid


:
:

the

mighty murmurs of the


effeminate, but latei

people.

Paridem in Homer, he is showy aud Greek poets made him excel in atliletics.
370.

422
371.

NOTES
idem
:
:

and who also. ad tumulum i.e. when Hector's funeral ganies were held. Translate as eAam^jiOM. /.e. hitherto victorious. 372. victorem immani corpore qui se, etc. who, hailing as he did from Ihe Behryciun race of A/ni/cus, strode forward icith his huge bulk. In se We have ferebat is.perhaps involved the idea of a swaggering air. the phrase without any such implication in quem sese ore ferens, ly. 11. In any case, se ferebat i^, literally, presented himself not boasted. Amycus, a king of the Thracian Bebryces, was conquered only by the fanious Pollux.
: :

375.

talis, etc.

such was Dares, icho

at

once raises his head high

for

hdttle ;

378.

prima is put poetically with huic to meet him.


:
:

proelia.

excedere palma sc. 384. quae finis quousque, how long f sc. me. 385. ducere the prefix 386. reddi
380.
:

resign the prize.


est.

quo

usque

by tmesis

for

re-

implies thaL chis

is

his due.

Lines 387-423.

EXTELLUS ENTERS THE


387.
388.

LlSTS.

gravis

sternly

with adverbial force.

ut

like utforte in 329, as he

was

sitting (literally,

had taken

his seai).

former valor goes for nauglit, if he allows Dares to go unchallenged. Tbe alliteration and rhythm emphasize the reproach. nullo certamine icithoui a so tamely. 390. tam patiens
389.

f ortissime

frustra

/.e.

his

strugf/le

391.

modal ablative. nobis ethical dative


;
:

cf.

mihi, 162.

deus

ille

magister

that divine teacher

deus, not so

much
:

because Eryx, like Aeneas,

was a son
392.

of Venus, but rather because of his surpassing merit.

nequiquam memoratus
liis

vainly

famed ; because

his pupil

does not maintain


394.

reputation.

gloria

ambition.

BOOK V
395.

423

sed enim
iste
si
: :

hut in truth

cf. I. 19.

397.

quae quondam fuerat:


yo7i hlmterer.
si

sc.

niihi, ivhich

once

I had.

im-

probus
398.
399.

repeating the
:

of the previous line.


;

foret

esset.

400. 402.
io

haud moror

witli inductus
:

"

heed, carefor.
etc.

by no gift-giving led." deinde ys'ii\\ proiecit.


:

(Morris.)

quibus acer Eryx,


to,

icith

which valiant Eryx was wont


in is

enter contests.

The phrase ferre manum


but suggests the

used quite

literally,

bring his hand

common
:

expression, conferre

manum,
403.

of fighting at close quarters.

duroque intendere bracchia tergo


;

hinding his arms with

the tough hide

note that -que adds, in parataxis, a subordinate idea.


etc.
:

404.

tantorum ingentia septem,


all stiff with
I.

so vast loere the


;

seven

huge ox-hides,

lead and iron siitched in


634,

cf.

magnorum

horrentia centum terga suum,

where magnorum

is parallel to

tantorum, but terga has a different sense, 'backs' or 'chines.'

We
sc.

have here an instance of exaggeration in epic description. 406. longe recusat from a distance declines (the combat,
:

pugnayn)
407.

longe implies

'

shrinking back,' a vivid touch.


:

pondus
senior
:

et

vinclorum immensa volumina


gauntlets.

i.e.

the

weighty

and huge folds of the


409.
411.
i.e.

Entellus.
:

tristem

pugnam

fatal contest
slain.

tristem,

because, in this

contest with Hercules,


412.
:

Eryx was

tuus addressed to Aeneas. i.e. of former opponents of Eryx. 413. sanguine sc.fui. 414. suetus aemula necdum, etc. i.e. in my better days. 415. melior nor yet had envious age sprinkled my teniples with snow ; cdnehat, literall}^ ivas hoary, from cdneo. probat is settled ; so, sedet animo, II. 660; IV. 15. 418. sedet auctor Acestes and approved hy my hacker Acestes. Kote the
: : :
:

asyndeton.
419.

tibi terga

remitto

/
:

icaive the gauntlets as

421.

duplicem amictum

you wish. Such a cloak cloak of douhle folds.

was

called aholla.

424
422.

NOTES
et

magnos,

etc.

a very sonorous verse, comhiuing

allitera-

tion of m, anaphora,
size is

423.

and spondaic rhytlun. The idea of unusual further einphasized by the use of a hypermetric syllable. exuit strips ; sc. vestibus.
:

Lines 424-452.

The Combat.
424.

pater

games.
426.
427.

the term indicates his caref ul superintendence of the extulit brought out. aequos explained hjparibus armis.
:
:
: :

in digitos arrectus

on

tiptoe

i.e.

to secure a

good reach.

extulit

raised

but see 424.


:

429.

immiscent manus manibus

Yirgil thus describes the

preliminary sparring, which provokes the real encounter (pug-

nam

lacessunt^.
ille
:

430.
431.

Dares.
Entellus.

hic

membris
:
:

et

mole
;

i.e.

massive limbs;
ha7ul bloivs.

hendiadys.
433.

trementi

as he trembles

a dative of interest.

inter se iactant

launch at each other.


:

volnera

434.

multa cavo

lateri, etc.

maiiy a blow theg rain on hollow

fiank; caro
viri^

lateri is indirect object.

The

subject of ingeminant

is

but of dant, pectora. 435. errat crebra pldyn oft. the woi-d is onomatopoetic. 436. crepitant solid. His weight is shortly to be the cause of a. 437. gravis heavy fall (cf 447). nisu eodem loith poise unchanged. merely loith his bodg and eyes; 438. corpore modo atque oculis i.e. without changing his place {nisu eodem^ he bends his body
:
: :

slightly.

tela exit
:

evades the blows

exire is here transitive.


like

439.

ille
:

i.e.

Dares.

velut qui:

one who.

oppugnat

molibus
440.
441.
442.

assails loith siegeworks.


:

sedet encamps ; ov., w\i\\ circum, besets. aditus i^\\\\\)\y temptat(Jtries) i\o\n pererrat, a case of zeugma.
:

arte

skilfidly.

443.

insurgens

in digitos arrectuSj 42G.

Entelhis

is

now

tak-

ing the ofEensive.

BooK V
444.

425

extulit: note the effect of the dactyl aiid strong pause following the spondaic rhythm of 443. ille ictum venientem a vertice velox praevidit
sheer down.
:

the other speedihj fore.^aw the

blow sweeping

Xote the striking alliteration. This feature continues to be prominent in ahnost every one of the remaining verses
445. 446.

of this paragraph.

elapsus
ultro
:

sUpping aside.

even.

He

missed his
is

mark and wentbeyond


:

{ultra).

447.
heavilij.

gravis graviterque concidit

The

repetition

heavy as he was, also fell in iniitation of an Homeric combinaforce of con-

tion,

^eya?

/xeyaAtoo-rt'.

The

may be
;
^.e.

given as in a heap.
age.

448.

quondam:
studiis
:

at times.

cava

hollow

from
ii.

450.

eagerly.

451.

caelo

dative, after verb of motion, as in

186.

Lines 453-484.

Entellus Victorious.
454.
455. 456.

vim

suscitat ira
:

awakes violence with anger ; ira

is ablative.

conscia virtus

consciousness oficorth.

aequore toto
ille
:

over the whole arena.

457.

cf

its

use in 186.

458.

quam multa

grandine,

etc.

thick as the hail

when storm-

clouds rattle on the roof

Xote the onomatopoetic


:

alliteration in

culminibus crepitant.
459.

sic densis ictibus heros, etc.


the hero oft beats

so thick the blows from either

hand wherewith
461. 466.

and

batters

Dares.

Xote the inten-

tional assonance in the verbs.

pater

here appropriate, because of his kindliness.


:

non

viris alias, etc.


?

seest thou not the strength is another^s,

The second clause explains the first the gods who once favored Dares now favor Entellus, who has the
and
the

gods are changed

greater strength.
468.

illum

i.e.
:

Dares.

469. 471.

utroque from side to side. galeamque eusemque as promised


:

in 367.

426
473.
:

NOTES

superans animis triumphant in spirit. explained by the two foUowing verses. 474. haec 476. servetis revocatum recall and rescue. The word emphasizes the idea as itfronted hirn. 477. adversi of contra sietit ; he and the bull f aced each other.
:
:

478. 479. 480.

donum
arduus

in predicate relation.
:

libravit
:

literally 6a/awcec? or joo/sec?; here, si^wn^.


at his full height
;

cf.

insurgens, 443.

The pause
:

after arduus suggests expectancy.


into the skull, scattering the brnins.

effractoque

inlisit, etc.

hroke

Here the ablative absolute does

not, as is usual, express priority of action.


481.

humi bos

the monosyllabic ending has onomatopoetic


I.

eifect; cf. the

ending in

105 (aquae mons).


feet.

Note, too, the dac-

tylic

rhythm
super

of the verse, the diaeresis after sternitur,


fiftli

and the

feminine caesurae in the third and


482.
:

adverb.
:

483.

meliorem animam

i.e. it is

better to offer a bull than the

Ufe of a man.

Note the impressiveness daic rhythm.


484.

of this final verse, with its spon-

Lines 485-499.

The Archery Contest.


486. 487.

qui forte velint


ingenti

cf

291 M'ith notes.


;

manu

iviih

a large force

explained as magna multi'

by Servius. Most modern editors take the phrase as with his strong hand,' but it is ridiculous to make the liero do so hard a piece of work unnecessarily and in the preseuce of a large
tudine
asseinbly.
488.

across

volucrem fluitering. traiecto in fune on a cord passed The words, coming between volucrem- and columham, her.
:

evidently refer to the dove.


is

Tlie cord, tlius attached to the bird,

called nodus in 510.


489.

quo tendant ferrum


iheir shafis
;

(li

wliich (literally, rvhiiher) theg are

to

aim
490.

a relative clause of purpose.


:

deiectam aerea sortem accepit galea

a hrazen helmel

BOOK V
received the lots throion in; sortem is a collective singular.

427
The
lots,

consisting of pebbles

on which the

several names' "were written,

were shaken in an urn or helmet, uutil a lot leaped out (exit, 492). This method is here foliowed to determine the order in which the

men
:

are to shoot.

496.

Pandare

for the apostrophe,

cf. II.
is

429, with note.

iusIliad,

sus i.e. by Minerva (Athena). IV. 86 ff


498.

The

story

told in

Homer,

Acestes
ipse
:

i.e.

the lot of Acestes.

499.

even he, though so old.

Lines 500-544.

The Contest
501. 503.

closes with the Arrow-omen.


to his poivers,

pro se: according volucris auras


:

or

iinth all his strength.

the Jieet hreezes.

The same combination

occurs again in XI. 795.

arbore mali in the ivood ofthe mast. 505. timuit exterrita pinnis fiuttered her ivings in terror. Some, with less probivith loud applause. 506. ingenti plausu ability, compariug 21.5, refer the phrase to the bird, i.e. 'with loud
504.
:
: :

beating (of the wings).'


W'e

have
07.

alis v/ith.

But, in 215, pinnis is added, as in 515 plaudentem. omnia the whole place.
:

Xote the rhythm. pariter oculos telumque aiming high. 508. alta petens tetendit et/es and shaft alike he levelled ; i.e. took careful aim. Xote the cf. the note on traiecto in fune, 488. 510. nodos
: : :

asyndeton, (yet) he severed the Jcnots. innexa pedem 511. quis = quibus.
is

The purely

logical usage
cf. 1.

seen in
512.

6.

281.
:

Notos

Here we have its poetic extension; for ventos, and governed by in, which

228.

is

expressed

with the second noun. iamdudum arcu, etc. 513. rapidus: with adverbial force. having already long held his arrow in place on his ready boiv ; contenta

(strained, draivn) is here transferred

from the bow

to the

arrowa

428
514.

NOTES
in

vota

to

(hear) his prayer.

Note the double


i.e.

alliteration

in the verse.
515.

iam laetam
:

when now exulting ;


i.e.

at

its

escape.

specuspirit

latus
517.

Jixing his aim upon.

in astris aetheriis

in the region to

which the

properly belongs, as the soul was believed to consist of aether. Note the rhythm of 516-7.

fixam: /.e. in its body. 519. superabat: remained over, = supereraf. 521. ostentans artem making a display of his shill. This he does by drawing a long bow and making tlie string resound. Note the force of the frequentative. pater i.e. as a veteran archerc Note the quantity of the final syllable, an arcliaisin cf. iraT-qp. cf. TI. 200, with note. 522. obicitur magnoque futurum augurio and destined to prove of great import ; augurio is dative of
518.
:
:

purpose.
523.

docuit post exitus ingens

m
a

after days the mighiy issue

showed' this.
524.

seraque
the

terrifici, etc.

and

at

late time the terrifying seers

proclaimed

and repeats the idea of post. What this event of later days was, we do not know possibly the Punic Wars, in which Sicily played so great a part, and which made her a province of Rome. 525. liquidis in nubibus 'amid the floating clouds (Rhoades). unloosed from heaven. Note the impressive 527. caelo refixa
is eniphatic,
;

omens ; sera

'

spondaic rhytlim.

crinem a hairy trail. Our word comet (ko/xt^tt;?) originally meant a star with a hairy trail {stella crinita). i.e. he welcomes the omen, regarding 530. nec omen abnuit
528.
:

'

'

it

as good.
531.
534.

laetum Acestes, too, treats the omen as good. exsortem ducere honores (th<tt thou), out of due
: :

coursef

shouldst receive honors


535.

exsortem agrees witli

te.
:

ipsius

note the scansion.

Anchisae

i.e.

once belonging

to Anchises.
536.

The rhythm

is siniilar

to that of 527.

BOOK Y
537.
538.

429
giff.

in

magno munere
:

as a greaf

of /limself: v^ith jnonunientuin. grudge 541. praelato invidit honori


:

sui

the

honor

set

ahove his

oicn.

542.

543.

quamvis deiecit proximus donis

the indicative

is

poetical.
i.e. the

litersiWy next in respect to gifts ;

next prize-winner.

Lines 545-603.

The Ludus Troiae.


545.
is

nondum certamine misso


;

i.e.

before the archery contest

over
546.

cf

286.
:

gentlemen were regularly escorted by attendants, known as paedagogi, of which term custodes would be a less technical equivalent. this implies secrecy. The specta547. fidem fatur ad aurem cle is to be a surprise for the spectators. with dic, 551. 548. Ascanio jussive subjunctives in parataxis with 550. ducat, ostendat
cf.

custodem

257.

The

sons of

Roman

dic;

cf.

dic properat, IV. 635.

avo

in his grandsire's honor; a da-

tive of reference.
552.

infusum
:

icho

had streamed

in

i.e.

to get a closer view.

esse patentis

to be

cleared ; the participle

is

used as an adjective,

=
in

vacuos.
553.

incedunt: parade. There is first a procession. pariter uniform arraij ; the word applies to both appearance aud movelucent
a comprehensive word, applicable to the arms and

ments.
554.
:

trappings, as well as to the youths themselves.


555.

mirata fremit

applaud

in

admiration.

The

transitive

idea

is

confined to mirata, which governs the accusative quos.

556-574- These verses describe the appearance of the boys, as


in procession they parade before the throng.
556. with a

morem, etc. all have their hair trimmed garland. The phrase in morem refers
in
:

omnibus

duly croicned
to a

Roman
hear

fashion,

which Virgil attributes

to the heroic times.

We

430
later

NOTES
(G73) that
tlie

boys wore

Jielniets.

domied at a later stage of the spectacle, wear both hehnets and garlands. tico eacli. Augustus gave two spears and a hehnet 557. bina to each boy who took part in the game of Troy. ferunt supply
:

These were perhap for it would be hard to

"pars as

subject f rom the next verse.

pectore summo, etc. at the top of the chest around tlie neck passes a pUant circlet of ticisted gold. The reference is to the golden torques, a military decoration, which was worn low down on the neck. 560. terni = tres, and used for variety. captains. pueri bis seni, etc. the hoys, twice 561. duotores six in numher, folloiving each, look gay icith parted troop and like coinmanders. This statement merely amplifies the previous one; his seni, not merely twelve, but twelve in two groups of six each agmine partito refers to the symmetrical division of the whole Into three companies, and of each company into two halves parihus magistris means simply that the companies are commanded alike. The magistri are the same as the ductores ; cf. 176 with note.
558.

levis

pnlUhed.

it

563.

una acies
referens
:

sc. est.

564.
565.

reneicing.
:

auctura Italos destined to increase by means of a large number of descendants.


culis
:

the Italian race

i.e

albis bicolor

mapas-

of ichite. 566. vestigia primi alba pedis ostentans


it

dappled

icith spots

showing

tchite

terns, as

stepped

literally^

shnving white

steps

mi pedis means the frojit part of the foot. The to which Mr. Biglow's bluff farmer referred, when he warned hun " To shun a beast that four wliite stockings wore." (Lowell, in the introduction to The Bigloic Papers.) 567. frontemque arduus albam and a white broio, as it towered
:

of its pastern. prihorse was like tliat

high.

568.

Atii Latini

the Latin Atii.

The reference

is

a compliment

to Augustus, Nvliose motlierwas Atia, niece of JuliusCaesar.

The

attachment between Atys and lukis, spoken of

in the

next verse,

BOOK V

431

doubtless has reference to the future union between the Atian aud

Julian

farailies.

C. lulius Caesar

C. lulius Caesar

lulia

= M.
|

Atius Balbus

(Dictator)

Atia
I

Augustus
572.
575.

Cf. 538.
:

excipiunt plausu pavidos greet ivith cheers ihe timid hoijs. tuentes as they gaze. and. see in them 576. veterumque adgnbscunt ora parentum to the features of their sires of old ; i.e. they note resemblances
: :

fathers and grandfathers.

no longer pavidi. paratis dative. 578. lustravere paraded hefore. probably he was the chief trainer, for a 579. Epytides reference (669) shows that others were associated with him.
577.

laeti

later

580.

olli

discurrere pares,
the three

etc.

they galloped apart in equal

ranks,

and

The ing one in more


umns.

comjxmies, parting their hands, broke up the colstatement beginning with atque explains the preceddetail.

After riding in double cohimn

down

the

centre, they wheeled, half to the right


;

and half to the left, and galloped to the sides of the arena but at the word of command, given by Epytides, they turned right about face, and then the two The companies sides charged each other, with weapons levelled.
(turmae) consist of twelve youths each, so that the chori, or halfcompanies, comprise six each. Thus, when they wheel to the
charge, there are eighteen on each side.

The

first

and second positions could be indicated thus

-e-

-e-

--

(2)

V^

->
/^

(1)

(2)

432
the third as follows

NOTES

-^
::

The three captains f-- -O- -6-) probably act as pivot points ot mark the centre of the field, where the charging half-companies
reform in marching cohimii. marches, counlennarches. 583. cursus, recursus in opposing groups ; literally, opposed in 584. adversi spatiis alternosque orbirespect to spaces or position, adversis spatiis. bus orbis impediunt and interweave circle ivith circle ; i.e. wheel
:
:

in

and out
585. 587.
588.

in intricate fashion.
;

Virgil does not enter here into

precise details

orhibus is an instrumental ablative.


:

pugnae cient simulacra sub armis


pariter feruntur
:

it is

a sham battle.

Creta alta

march side hy side. Crete is a mountainous island. 589. parietibus textum caecis iter a way within
:

'

blind walls inwoven

'

(Ken-

nedy) i.e. with nor windows.


;

neitlier doors

ancipitem-

que mille

viis

dolum

(uifl

a hewildering work of craft, wilh a thousand paths : mille


viis is

ablative of quality.

FiG. 62.

Crktan Labyrinth and the


MlNOTAUR.

590.
etc.
:

qua signa sequendi,


so that there the tokens

of

the course

maze.

were confused hy the indiscoverahle and irretraceahle qua (literally, rvhere, = ut ca) introdnces a relative clause

of result.

The

signa sequendi are, properly,

would follow the course. The lengtliy anaphora (m-, m-), harmonize witli tlic idea expressed.

marks by which one compounds, with sylhibic

BOOK V
592.

438
;

haud

alio

cursu

even in such a course

i.e.

in one just as

intricate.

texuntque fugas et proelia ludo and weave in sport their Jlight and hattles ; ludo is a modal ablative. this simile turns upon the rapidity 594. delphinum similes and joyousness of their movements, as the former did upon their
593.
:
:

intricacy.
595. 596.

Carpathium Libycumque sc. mare. hunc morem cursus such manoeuvres


:

as a custom

cf.

hunc moreni sacrorum,


598.

III. 108.
:

Priscos Latinos the Early Latins, i.e. the Latins living before the foundation of Rome. It is a technirettulit
:

revived.

cal phrase.
599.
sc.

quo modo
:

evenas;

sc. celebravit.

ipse: Ascanius.

quo

modo.
600.

porro in succession. 601. patrium honorem ancestral observance. and noio the 602. Troiaque nunc pueri, etc. Troy, and the troop Trojan. With pueri supply
:

boys are called


dicuntur.

The

second half of the verse explains the

known

as the ludus

Troiae,

The equestrian sports, had been introdiiced by Sulla and


first.

favored by Julius Caesar, but reached their highest development

By connecting them with Aeneas and luhis, under Augustus. Virgil is paying a compliment to the emperor. tenus tmesis for hactenus. sancto patri i.e. 603. hac
. . .
:

Anchises, called sancte parens, 80.

The

dative as in avo, 550.

Lines 604-640.
Tris
604.

arouses the Trojan Women.


since reaching Sicily.

primum

i.e.

turning, changed her faith.

fidem mutata novavit Fortune had been loyai to them now


;

she becomes
605.

disloyal,
:

i.e.

unfavorable.

tumulo

locative ablative.

referunt sollemnia
evil.

pa^

the

due

rites.

606.

The rhythm

is

suggestive of coming

434
607.
608.

NOTES
eunti:
i.e.

to aid her flight.


:

multa movens

ac.

anuno.
I will

antiquum saturata dolorem-.


feed fat the ancient grudge
1

so Sliakespeare's Shylock, "

bear him " (Merchant of Venice,l. 3, 48); saiurata is a niiddle cf. I. 228. participle governing a direct accusative 609. per mille coloribus arcum: along her thousand-hued rain;

botv.

Iris is the

goddess of the rainbow


nulli,

jnille

colorihus

is

ablative

of quality.
610.

nulli visa: seen of none


illa.
:

dative of agent.

virgo

repeating
613.

sola secretae

note the alliteration.

614-5.

Note the
:

slovv,

spondaic rhythm, in keeping with the


cf.

thought.
616.

superesse

exclamatory infinitive

desistere,
est,

I.

37.

The

infinitive clause,

however, becomes the subject of


himself
cf. I.

to

be

supplied with rox.


617.
618. 621.

urbem orant like Aeneas haud ignara nocendi: not


:

437.
ill ;

unversed in loorking

litotes.

cui genus,

etc.

a icoman ivho once had had family,fame, and

children; a causal clause of characteristic.


ential in the old days of Troy.
624.

She had been

influ-

traxerit

subjunctive, because the clause gives the reason


miserae.

for calling
626.
627.

them
:
:

vertitur

is

closing.

cum

whde.

freta

governed by

ewen.s'ae.

"

And we all seas the while, all lands, all rocks and skies The name of guest, have wandered o'er." (Morris.)
fines
:

that hate

630. 631. 633.

sc. sunt.
:

muros iacere from huilding icalls. nullane iam Troiae, etc. shall no
:

walls hereafter he called

Trog's
634.
tlic

Hectoreos amnis

i.e.

tlie

rivers

on whose banks fought


'/is

noblcst of Trojans.

638.

iam tempus

agi res

sc. est

noir

limc that deeds he done.

The monosyllabic ending. being

abrupt, leuds vigor.

BOOK V
639.

435
such portents aclmit no delay
;

nec tantis mora prodigiis


faoes
:

prodigiis is dative.
640.

there

is

fire

on the

altar.

Lines 641-663.

The Women
642.
alte.

fire the Ships.


:

sublata procul dextra conixa: icith full force.


et iacit
:
:

raising her

hand

aloft; procul

643.

note the effective pause. of the rnany children of Priam; 645. tot Priami natorum

cf.

iiote

ou

II.

501.
:

646.
648.

vobis

look you
:

Ethical dative.
or energy.
:

spiritus

spirit,

651.

indignantem quod sola careret


in.

fretting, because she alone

had no part
652.

Beroe's reason
:

is

reported.
but at frst the matrons

munere

ceremony.

654.

at matres

primo ancipites,

etc.

were gazing on the ships with jealous eyes, being in doubt and ivavering between an unkappy yearning for the land now reached and the recdm
calling them with the voice of fate
;

-que connects ancipites

and am-

biguae
657.
658.

spectare is

an

historical infinitive.

cum

when (of a sudden)

secuit

arcum

cleft

her rainbow path.

The phrase
:

is

modelled on secare viam, the via here being the arcus ; cf. 609. from domestic focis penetralibus 660. rapiunt: sc. pars.
hearths;

from adjacent houses. icith free rein ; the metaphor 662. immissis habenis chariot race. Volcanus by metonymy for/re. the ablative is one of material. 663. abiete
?.e.
: : :

is

from a

Lines 664-684.

AscANius pleads with the Women.


664.

cuneos theatri:

a feature of the

Roman

theatres trans*

ferred to the grassy slopes.

436
665.

NOTES
ipsi:
i.e.

the
:

men

see for themselves.


at.

666.
667.

respiciunt
ut:
i.e.

look back
oif

nimbo

smoky cloud.
;

he went

just as he

was

cf.

the use of ut in

329, 388.
669.

exanimes
is oiie.

breathless.

magistri

trainers, of

whom

Epy-

tides (579)

The

magistri in 502 are not the

same

as those

now

referred to.

were tlieir only hope. empty hchnet. This he doifs, so that the 673. galeam inanem womeii may not fail to recognize him. Koman soldiers wore helmets in battle, but on the march carried them suspended by straps from the neck. See note on 556. The epithet inanem adds color
672.
:

vestras spes uritis


:

their ships

to the picture.
676.

illae

the

here

and

there.

women. The idea

diversa per litora

over the

shores

in diversa is repeated in passim

and

in

the prefix of diffugiunt.


677. 678.

sioubi

everyiohere

\\\^.T2i\\y,
:

icherever

(^ac.

smit).

piget incepti lucisque


:

they loathe the deed

and

the light

of

day.

and Juno (i.e. the frenzy she has inspired) is shaken from their breasts. Our word enthusiasm illustrates the ancient idea of the way a god may take possession
:

suos their kin. 679. excussaqtie pectore luno est

of one.

posuere = deposuere. 682. stuppa the tow used for canlking :s put briefly for the lentus est vapor tlie smouldering hcat confire within the tow. For est, see IV. GG, and note. sumes. sc. narium, througJiout the frame. An abla'683. toto corpore tive of extent of space, comnion wheii totus, omnis, and similar words are used.
681.
:
: :

Lines 685-699.

The Fihe
685.
griid'.
:

is

Quknched.

abscindere I:istorical infmitive. Tlie act is indicative of So Jacob rent his clothos,' when lie heard of tlie loss of
'

Josepli (Clenesis, Ch. xxxvii. 31).

BOOK V
686. 687.

437

auxilio
si
utterJy

in

auxiliim, dative of purpose.

nondum exosus ad unum


abhor the Trojans
to

Troianos

sc. es,

if tliou dosy

not yet

a man.

exosiis,

a participial

makes with sum an equivalent of orfi. i/ thy loving-kindness of old 688. si quid pietas antiqua. etc. For pietas, see Introd. 5. hath any regard for human sorrows. grant to the fleet to 689. da flammam evadere clacsi nunc
adjective.
: :

escape the fiame even noic.


690.

tenuis res

slender fortunes.
:

691. 694.

quod superest the little that remains. sine more = sine exemplo. tonitru tremescunt
:

descrip-

tive alliteration.
695.

697.

ardua terrarum et carapi the hills and the plains. implentur super are flled to overfioioing ; super
:

is

an

adverb.
Lines 700-718.

A
700.
701.

CoLONY OF Aeneadae
nunc huc
nunc

is

to be left in Sicily.
alliteration.
:

casu concussus acerbo: marked


ingentis,
illuc, etc.
the weight

nofc hither, noiv thither,


etc.
;

moved
285-6.
702.

of his cares within, pondering whether,


whether
or.

cf.

IV.

-ne, -ne

resideret

deliberative subjunc-

tive in
703.

an indirect question.

Observe the parallelism in rhythm between this and the preceding verses. The contrasted thoughts are emphasized by the
perfect balance of the
704.

two questions.
all others.

unum

ahove

Pallas

Yirgil here honors the

Roman

claimed the custodianship of the Palladium, which their ancestor Xautes was said to have rescued
Nautii of his day,

who

from Troy. Virgil coiild not disregard the tradition, though in the second book he seems to have accepted a conflicting one. she it was who gave him answers, 706. haec responsa dabat, etc.
:

what the mighty wrath of the gods porfended, or what the course of fate required. Pallas spoke through the mouth of her
(telling) either

438
prophet
"NTautes.

NOTES
quae
j^oi^te^idej-et

and quae

poscevet are indirect

questions.

Many
haec,
l.e.

editors,

on very

slight autliority, read hac (sc. arte), for

hy this art he gave answers, etc.

708.

The rhythni suggests expectancy.


;

subject Nautes after the parenthesis.

isque is picks up the infit Nautes merely gives


: :

advice
709.
710.

he

is

not proclaiming an oracle.


:

trahunt retrahuntqtie (haw againand again ; iiot toandfro. ferendo: by endurance. The precept accords with Stoic
38,

teaching.

divinae stirpis cf. god Crinisus was his father.


711.
:

where we are told that the


:

river-

712. 713.

consiliis

dative.

volentem

causal, for he

is willing.

trade
:

sc. eos,

antecedent of

qui.

amissis superant qui

navibus
714.
716.

loho,

having losttheir ships, are

left over.

For the rhythm see note on 614-5. quidquid all icho. The comprehensive neuter
: :

is

often

used of persons. metuens pericli fearfd of peril ; metuens is here a pure adjective, governing an objective genitive. let them have ; cf. sinite revisam, II. 669. 717. habeant sine Nautes thus asks for the sc. a te. 718. permisso nomine
:

approval of Aeneas.

Acestam

in the Verrine Orations (IV. 33,

72) Cicero refers to the tradition which connected the Sicilian town of Segesta or Egesta with Troy and Aeneas. Note the

rhythm

of the verse.

Lines 719-745-

TlIE VlSlON OF AnCHISES.


720.

tum vero

in curas,

etc.

then indeed his soul

is

distracted

hy various cares.
721.

bigis subvecta

uplifted in her two-horse chariot.

Niglit

conies up in the west and passes across the heavens to the east
suh-

means np fro7n heloiv. gliding doivn from heaven ; because it is a 722 caelo delapsa Aucliises himself is in the underworld visioii sent by Jupiter.
:

(734).

BOOK V
725.

439

nate, Hiacis exercite fatis

iised already in III. 182.

727.

tandem

at lenfjtli
iias
:

i.e.

af ter all

your

trials.

miseratus

est

used absolutely,

had

conipassion.

728.

730.
731.

pulcherrima attracted into the relative aspera cultu rugged in tJieir nurture. debellanda tibi Latio est: the story is
:

clause.

told in the latter

half of the Aeneid.


732.

ante
alta

adverb.
tJiroiigh t)ie

Averna per

depths

ofAvernus;

i.e.

the

lower world.
733. 734.
iciih its

congressus meos
tristes

a meeting

icit/i

me.

umbrae

in apposition

with Tartara, but translate,

gloomy shades.
:

huc i.e. to Avernus. black victims were offered to the 736. nigrarum pecudum gods of the lower world. multo sanguine ablative of instrument. The sacrifice will secure her help. 738. torquet medios nox umida cursus: dewg night icheels
735.
: :

her midway course


(I. 5. 58), as

and so is verging toward dawn. dawn draws near, the Ghost cries
;

In Hnmlet

"

But
:

sof t

methinks

1 scent the

morning

air.'*

739.

741.

saevus because it parts us. quo deinde ruis ichither


:

art thou rushing notc?

deinde

temporal meaning, which, how^ever, shades ofE into the inferential. It means, after so brief a meeting.' proripis sc. te. 743. sopitos ignis slumhering Jires ; i.e. those of his own hearth,
keeps
its
'
:

near w^hich would be images of the household gods (Lares and


Penates^.
744.

canae Vestae

hoaj-y Vesta.

She was regarded as one of

the oldest of

Roman

deities.

Lines 746-761.

The New City


746.
748.

is

Laid Out.

primum
constet
:

chiefly, ahove all,


is settled.

440
750.

NOTES
transcribunt
:

the

word implies

a formal transfer of

names

to a

new register. 751. animos nil magnae laudis egentis


:

souls ivith no craving


^

for high renown. i.e. those 752. ipsi


rest.

who

are to go to Italy

ahnost

ceteri,

the

exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus few in numher, hut a hrave hand Jceen for ivar ; virtus is used of persons by nietonymy. Note the alliteration. as the city was called Acesta, Virgil seems 756. hoc Ilium, etc. to mean that the new city sliould be another lUura for its people,
754.
: :

and the
757.
758.

around it another Troad. gaudet regno Acestes is to be ruler of the new


district
: :

city.

forum proclaims a court ; i.e. establishes a court of patribus justice, which was indispensable in a Roman city. as was done, not only by the early kings, but by senate. dat iura
indicit
:
:

Augustus as emperor. For the picture here given, cf. I. 426. hyperbole. Erycino in vertice on Mount 759. vicina astris
:

Eryx.
761.

lucus late sacer

matically, late
foot.

a sacred grove of ivide extent. Grammodifies sacer. Anchiseo note the spondaic fifth
: :

Lines 762-778.

The
762.

Tuo.ians set Sail.

epulata
city.

sc. est,

has feasted

They have already had a nine

days' festival; see 64.

This

is

probably another one in honor of

tbe

new

763.

factus

sc. est,

a present perfect, like straverunt.


steadiln hlowing.
:

honos

sacrifice.

764.
766.

creber adspirans

night

complexi inter se, etc. emhracing one and day. The accusatives are direct
IT. 017.
:

another, they prolong

objects;

ci.annos

demoror,
772.

Tempestatibus agnam caedere

for a similar sacrifice,

see 111. 120.

BOOK V
773.
774. 775. 776.

441

ex ordine =
:

ex more, or
:

ri(e,

duly.

tonsae olivae cf. tonsa corona, 556. procul apart. Note the alliteration. Cf. 239, with notes.

777.
778.

= =

III. 130.
III. 290.

Lines 779-826.

Venus and Neptune.


781.
Tier

nec exsaturabile pectus =

et

inexsaturahile pectuSf

and

implacahle heart.

782.
783.

descendere in

to stoop to.

quam
who
;

her

i.e.

Jimo.

pietas

piety,

on the part of

Aeneas,
to

has offered sacrifices, not only to other gods, but also


the subject

Juno
784.

see III. 547.


:

quiescit

is

Juno.
:

785.
race.

media de gente Phrygum


:

out of

tlie

heart of the

Phrygian

traxe syncopated form for traxisse. It governs reliquias. the very ashes and hones. Juno does 787. cineres atque ossa not spare, so to speak, even thedead body of Troy. A passionate
786.
:

exaggeration.
788.

To
:

ill-treat a corj^^se is
let

the utinost cruelty.

sciat illa

her know

i.e.

she

may

explain her conduct,

but no one else can. referring to the storm of I. 81 ff. 789. Libycis in undis lo ! too, in wickedness, driving 793. per scelus ecce etiam, etc.
: :

on the Trojan matrons, she hath foully hurnt the ships. per scelus
'

The phrase

emphatic by position. Some, less well, refer it to actis, driven into guilt/but it is Juno's conduct, not the women's, which is assailed by Venus.
is

795.

terrae

dative, linquere
etc.
:

tradere.

796.

quod

superest,

grant,

I pray,

that the

give their sails safely

to thee

across the waters.

remnant may For quod superest, cf.

691

tihi

mari,

Neptune being the god


:

of the sea.

798.

ea moenia

those walls

i.e.

those which have been prom-

ised near the Tiber.

442
799.

NOTES
J

Saturnius

Nepturie, as well as eTupiter,

was a son
hirth.

oi

Saturn.
80 1.

unde genus ducis


tlie

ivJience

thou

draicest

Venus,
:

according to

uiyth, spriing froni the sea-foaui.

merui

earned

(thy conjidence).
803.

Xanthum Simoentaque
(Ne[)tune)

testor:
froni

iu

Homer, Aeueas

is

rescued by Poseidou

Achilles.

Shortly after-

wards, the latter is compelled to battle with the Simois aud Xanthus (riiadXX. 318 ff. XXT. 136 ff.). 7vhen AchiUes in his pursuit ivas 804. cum Troia Achilles, etc.
;
:

hurling the hands cf Trojans in a jKinic on their

icalls.

The

force

of

cum coutiuues with daref, f/einerent, Si\\d jjosset. 808. Pelidae tunc ego forti, etc. then ichen Aeileas had encoun:

tered the hrave son

of Peleus, and

neither the gods nor his strength

iverein his favor.


809. 810.

nec dis nec viiibus aequis

ablative absolute.
io

cuperem cum vertere


Laomedou's treachery.
structis nieis

ihough I desired
see note

overthrow ; be-

caiise of

811.
813.

manibus
:

ou

TI. 610.

The

longed-for promise
i.e.

is

rhythm. portus Averni Averuus.


814.

expressed iu siguificaut spoudaic the harbor of Cumae, near Lake

815.
816.

\inustantum: one caput life.


:

only..

laeta

^Yo\Q\)t\Q,,y^\i\\

peDmdsit, sooihed tojoy.


:

817.

iungit auro
feris

yokes wiih gold ;

i.e.

the

yoke
iied.

is

a golden oue.

818.

but suggesting ferox, spirmanibusque omnis effundit habenas


etjiiis,

literally,

in

liis

hands

lcls

all

ihe

reins

sireain
cf.

FiG.

g;;.

x\kp-

TUNK.
820.

freely
.

;
7

i.e.
,
.

gives free reiu to his steeds;


//,-

m-

inissis luwenis, ()()J.

tumidum aequor
comitum
cete
: :

aquis

the sea

of sicoUen

icaters

aquis,

ablative of respect with tnniidum.


822.
i.e.

atteudants of Neptuue.

facies

sc.

sunt or

apparent.

a nomiuative phiral, Greek form

(KijrTj).

BOOK V
823.

443

senior GlsiVLci chorns: the agedcompany of Glaucus. "With this aud the following verses, cf. 239-241. Thetis et Melite, etc. Yirgil (fol825. laeva neuter plural.
:
:

lowed by ]Milton) imitates Homer in giving occasionally a list of musical names, mainly, it would seem, because the mere sounds
give a pleasurable effect cf Homer, 7^"^? XVIII. 34 Georgics IV. 336 fE. Milton, Paradise Regained II. 186
; .

ff.

Virgil,

if

Lines 827-871.

The Loss of Palinurus.


827.

suspensam blanda gaudia mentem


: :

note the chiasmus.

vicissim in their turn : joys alternate with anxiety. yards to he spread ivitJi sails. 829. intendi bracchia velis together all worJced the sheets 830. una omnes fecere pedem the pedes were the sheets or ropes attached to the lower corners of the sail. These were tightened or relaxed according to the wind.
:

pariter sinistros,
to

nunc dextros solvere


to

sinus: and together, now

This statement merely amplifies the previous one. Virgil describes the tacking of the ships, as they try to catch the wind alternately with the right and left half of the sail. Supply nunc with sinistros.
the
left,

and now

ihe

right, let out the sails.

una ardua torquent cornua detorquentque together The cornu, or end of the they turn to and fro the yardarms aloft. yard, would point to the bow or the stern, according to the sheet which was pulled tight. In 830 and 831, the main idea is that all
831.
:

the ships tack together.


832.
834.

sua

its

own,
:

i.e.

favorahle.
to

ad hunc

according

him.
/

alii

ceferi,
#

which cannot be

used in the hexameter.


835.

mediam metam
It is

in the heavens.

mid goal, i.e. the middle of its course midnight meta involves a metaphor frora
:

its

the race-course.
836.

placida laxabant
fusi
:

asyndeton; supply

e^.

837.

as in

I.

214.

444
838.

NOTES
levis
:

HfjhtJy.
:

840.
841.

tristia

i.e.

foreboding death.
that

deus

god

he

was.

The word resumes

the subject

Somnus, emphasizing his divine power, which a mere could not withstand.
of themselves. steady, not gusty. 844. aequatae 845. fessos oculos furare labori:
843.
: :

mortal

ipsa

steal thy

iveary eyes
tion,

from

toil ;

labori,
'

a dative of separa-

common with

verbs of

taking away.'
:

FiG. 64.

SoMNUs.

847.

vix attollens lumina


dost hid
:

because intent on

his duty.
848.

mene
me
is

salis, etc.

me
i.e.

forget the face of the peaceful to act as if I did not

sea ?

emphatic.

ignorare
is.
i.e.

know

how

treacherous the sea

849.
850.

deed

Aenean credam quid enim, etc. (and) Aeneas tvhy inam I to trust him to the treacherous hreezes ? The order has been
:
:

huio monstro

the sea.

adopted to give emphasis to Aenean. 851. et caeli totiens, etc. and that
sky
;

too so often deceived hy

a clear

et

et

quidem.
:

852.
853.

clavum

with
:

amittehat.
:

amittebat the last sub astra tenebat kept syllable preserves its original quantity. uplurnedto the stars. For suh, cf. suhvecta, 721, with note. steeped in the slumhero\is miyht of 855. vi soporatum Stygia
stronger than numquam.
:

nusquam

Styx; soporare,

'

to

make

sleepy,' is naturally applied to persons,

but here
856.
eJ/'orts

is

poetically transferred to a thing.


:

cunctantique natantia lumina solvit


relaxes his sivimming eyes
;

and

despite his

cunctanti, literally, to hiin holding

on, a

dative of reference.

857.

primos
et
:

ti'anslate closely
proiecit,

with laxnverat, had begun


(l.e. tlie

to relax.

858.
861. 862.

wlih
:

when he

god)

/?m</ Jiim.

ales

oti iriugs.
:

currit iter aequore


111. lUl.

sjircds

on
:

its

iray o'er the sea


tlie less.

cf. cu/r-

rimus ae<jaor,

non

setius

none

BOOK V
863.

445
interrita
:

promissis

hy reaaon of the promises.


11.

unafraid.

Note the personification.


864.

iamque adeo
islets
:

cf.

567.

scopulos Sireiium

three

rocky
865. 866.

near Capri were r^garded as the home of the Sirens. quondam from the poefs, not the hero's, point of view.
:

sale

rauca saxa sonabant the rochs were roaring surf Xote the strikiug assibilation in the verse.
fluitantem errare
:

hoarsely.

867.

{that the ship)

was drifting froni

the

course; supply ratem as subject of errare.

Greek accusative of specification. naked (i.e. unburied) shalt thou lie 871. nudus in ignota, etc. on an unknown strand. To be left unburied was considered a fearNote the pathetic ring of the verse, with three feminine f ul fate.
869.
: :

animuni

caesurae, nudus

in,

Palinure iacebis harena.


\ \

QUESTIONS
Where

ON^

BOOK

Y.

when he left Carthage? How far was it from Carthage to Drepanum? How does Segesta figure Why does Virgil introduce the games? Was in Roman history ? What similar it usual for Romans to celebrate funeral games?
did Aeneas intend to go

What great characteristic of the hero is exemphfied in Book Y? lu what other book does Virgil speak of games? Did Augustus encourage them? Had
games are celebrated
in the Iliad
f

Virgil any aesthetic reason for placing the

games between Books

IV and VI?
there?

Could they have been celebrated equally well before Aeneas went to Carthage? How many different contests were

number of lines? Which the smallest? In which was the number of contestants largest? How many contests are.there in Honier's account? Which poet shows How did the Romans tlie more artistic arrangement of the games ? mark the observance of funeral anniversaries ? Why the nitith day in 64? What is the meaning of the first two words in 71? AVas the appearance of the serpent (80-93) a good or a bad omen?

Which

fills

the largest

What Roman

faniilies of

Virgifs day are honored in connection

with the boat-race ?

AVhat humorous passage occurs in this book 1

*446

NOTES
other passage
is

What
ous?

there

which

closely approaches the huinor-

AVhy are such passages ahuost confined to Book V? Who is the puer rer/ins in 252-257 ? What happened to him in the passage described? What goddess was offended because of the occurrence ? Why ? In what passages of preceding books has the poet used the serpent in formal simile? What example of quick wit was shown in the foot-race? Collect passages from Virgil indicating
the poefs love of youth. What traits of character does Nisus show? What are the principal points of difference between ancient and modern boxing? Who was Eryx, and how did he

was Alciden (4U) ? What was Trinacria? What is the meaning of the word? In what two places was there a Mt. Ida? AVhat is the alhision in lines 496-197? Who was Cisseus? Is the order in which the athletic events are given a good one? Why? AVhy do we have lulo and lulus in 569 and 570 but Ascanius elsewhere in the book? Account for the lapse of time
die?

Who

implied in septima (626). AVhat Biblical pal-allels are there for 685? Who were the Parcae (798)? Explain the allusion in line AVhat lines state the subject of the next book? About how 811.

many days

are covered

by the action

of this

book?

BOOK VL
AENEAS VISITS ANCHISES IN
" One
of tbe

TIIE

LOWER WORLD.
it

the best I

most astonishing pieces of hterature or rather Zeers of Stevenson, VoL ever met with."

contains
p.

II,

328

{Scribner's, 1911).

Lines 1-13.

Akneas
2.

visits
:

the Tkmple of Cumaean ArOLLO.


;

implying great h>nging to reach the shores Euboicis with oris, instead of of the proinised land, Italy. Cumarum,iov metrical conveuicnce a case of enallage. Cumae was a colony from Chalcis in Euboea. obvertunt pelago proras i.e. the prows poiut seaward, 3.

tandem

at last

BOOK YI
while
tlie

447

by means of cables. Thiis the ships are ready for departure at any moment. this in prose would be naves ad 4. ancora fundabat navis
sterns are attached to anchors
:

ancoras deligabantur, but the plural of ancora


hexauieter.
5.

is

impossible in the

praetexunt

fundahat.

The
2,

note the use of the present beside the imiDerfect f requent use of the historical present is largely due
:

to metrical convenience.
cf.

emicat ardens
:

leap forth in hot haste

tandem,
6.

with note.
are hidden in the
to

flint,

semina flammae i.e. the sparks which Yirgil tries until struck out by the steel.

throw a glamoLir

over early customs, especially in connection with a locality which, In priniiin his day, was a centre of fashion and extreme iuxury. See I. 174-6 tive times, the starting of a fire was no easy process.

and
7.

note.
:

pars densa ferarum tecta rapit silvas some pillage the Soldiers and woods, the thick coveris of game ; i.e. for firewood. explorers, when pitching camp, always attend first to two things, Ugnatio, the gathering of fuel, and aguatio, the procuring of water.
Yirgil here dignifies

commonplace themes. does not engage in these 9. at pius Aeneas, etc. the hero himself ordinary employments he is busy with higher things. arces Cumae was on high ground, capped by two sumniits, the heights. on one of which was the temple of Apollo. altus Apollo ApoUo The expression is prompted by arces, but suggests in his majesty.
:

more than merely a lofty position. 10. horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae
dread Sibyl hard
by.

the

retreat

of

the

The

volcanic hills of Cuniae are pierced

by
be

many grottoes.

One

of these, the antrum of the Sibyl, could

approached through the temple. into ichom the 11. magnam cui mentem animumque, etc. Delian seer hreathes a mighty mind and soul, revealing the future. Tke verb inspirat governs both a direct and an indirect object The Delius vates is (cui), and cui is to be repeated with aperit. ApoUo; cf. note on IIL 251. Note the parataxis in aperitque
:

futura,

which

is

equivalent to

'

so that the

f uture is

revealed to her.'

448
13.

NOTES
subeunt:
i.e.

Triviae i.e. Diana (sister of Apollo), as a goddes.s of the lower woiid. aurea tecta i.e. the temple with its rich ornamentatiou.

Aeneas

aiid

his companions.

Lines 14-41.

The Temple-sculptures.
14.

of

Minoia regna Minos was Gnossus

i.e.

Crete.

The

seat of the kingiy

power

(see 23), on the site of

palace of large proportions have in


laid bare.

which the ruins of a recent years been found and

It is interesting to learn that the bull (see 24) iigures

proniinently
15.

among

the wall decorations.


.

credere caelo doublealliteration; praepetibus pinnis pinnis^ au instrumental ablative. Jioated forlh toward the cold 16. gelidas enavit ad arctos north ; i.e. so as not to melt the wax by whicli tlie wings were
.
. : :

attached.
17.

Chalcidica arce

i.e.

the position of adjective


18.

Cumae. See note on and substantive.


:

Euhoicis, 2.

Note

redditus his primum terris he?'e restored Jirst to earth. tibi, Phoebe on the apostrophe, see note 011 III. 119. cf. I. 301, and the metaphor in enavit, 16. 19. remigium alarum posuitque immania templa this act nuist have preceded that of
:

sacravit.

It

is

therefore a case of hysteron proteron

cf.

II.

353.

Such dedication of implements, arms, etc, when one's need for them was over, was common in ancient times; cf. I. 218 and V. 3(50.
20.

letum Androgeo

sc.

est,

is

(i.e.

in a picturc) the dcath oj

Androgeos.

Androgeo isa Greek


i.e.

geiiitive

form.

tum

further ;

i.e.

another picture.
21.

Cecropidae

the hexametcr.

Athenaei could not be used in For the story, see vocabulary undcr Minotaurus.
:

Athenians

septena corpora natorum

sere7i living

sons.

The

periphrasis

corpora natoruni has inore color than natos aloiie, and suggests the fact that the victims were offered alive. The story generally

mentions seven youths and seven maideus.

BOOK VI
22.

449
stands the urn, the
lots

stat ductis sortibus urna

there

(now) draion. The sculpture shows the urn after it has been shaken stat therefore iuvolves niore meaning than est would. The two previous scenes are over aguinst this. 23. contra
; :

froni Athens.
tliese,

On

a second

door,

corresponding:

(respondet) to
the

sea

two scenes froni Crete. elata mari uplifted from Crete is a mountainous island; cf. Creta alta, Y. 588.
are

24.

hic
:

correspouding to
mated
; i.e.

hic in 27, here

thei^e.

suppostaque
is

furto
for

craftily

to the bull.

The expression

paratactic,

amor

25.

26.

= propter am.orem tauri. mixtum genus = proles hiformis. Veneris = amoris. monumenta
tauri

plural for singular, used

metri causa.
27.

labor

ille

domus

literally that ivorJc of the house

i.e.

that

house ofwondrous workmanship.

et inextricabilis error
cf. inreyneahilis error,

explana-

torj of the preceding phrase;


:

V. 591. 28. reginae princess, i.e. Ariadne, who fell in love with Theseus. sed enim but indeed, or hut lo ! See I. 19 and II. 163, with notes.
:

29.

ipse

i.e.

though

lie
;
:

had made the maze.


footsteps
,

dolos ambages-

que

deceptive ivindings

hendiadys.
hlind
viz.

30.

caeca

vestigia

those of Ariadne's

lover, Theseus.
31.
etc.
;

sineret dolor, haberes


sineret is

did grief permit, thou wouldst have,


as a protasis,

an optative subjunctive, used


a
present

and so

equal to

si sineret,

contrary-to-fact
is

condition.

The

reference to the present instead of the past

due to vividness or
Daedakis), impHed

metrical convenience.
32.

Icare

for the apostrophe, cf. Phoehe, 18.


/)afer (i.e.

conatus erat: the subject is casus sc. tuos, ihy fall. in patriae. 33. quin protinus omnia, etc.
:

nay, they ivould have gone on

scanning

all in order, etc.

omnia

used as a dissyllable,

being

consonantal.
35.

36.

37.
38.

adforet = advenisset. Glauci sc. flia. ista spectacula such sights as those intacto untouched (hy thQjdke).
:

ista is

contemptuous.

BOOK VI
39.
:

451
potential
see IV. 57
siibjunctive.

praestiterit

it

were

hetter

a
;

de

more with
40.

mactare as well as lectas


:

and V.

96.

morantur

are slow

to

perform.

The

sacrifice

miist have

taken considerable time, but Virgil passes quickly on.


(Note the characteristic Virgihan pathos of
.

11.

30

ff.

associated the buci^lic diaeresis in two successive verses, bis, 32 and 33.) well as the anaphora of his . .

With this 30 and 31,

is

as

Lines 42-76.

In the Presence of the God. on which Cumae was This is apto form a cavern. See 2. in antrum situated. proached through the temple. See 10 and note. fata oracles. theij had come. 45. ventum erat
42.

Euboicae rupis

i.e.

the rocky
:

hill

46.

47.
48.

tempus sc. est. unus predicate with mansere, remained the same. comptae in order ; also in the predicate, with mansere.
:
:

49.

maior videri:

sc.

est,

she

is

taller to hehold,

i.e.

nnder the

god's influeuce, she begius to look more than hunian. The infiuiFor the thought, cf. tive is used by a Grecism for visu, the supine.

Wordsworth
" Her countenance brightens, and her eye expands ; Her bosom heaves and swells, her stature grows."
50.
is

(Laodamia.')
;

nec mortale sonans

nor has her voice a mortal ring


:

mortale

an inner accusative. quando since. Note its late position. art thou slow to voic and prayf 51. cessas in vota precesque Literallv. toirard vows and prayers. for ere that the mir/hty 52. neque enim ante dehiscent, etc.
:

mouths of

the

awestruck house

icill

not gape open.

ISTote

the stroug

personification.

The temple becomes


:

a living being, filled with

the god's presence.


54.
57.

dura sturdy in contrast with tremor. Dardana: logically with Paridis, but Dardani
:

_w_)

is

452
inadmissible
iii

NOTES
the verse.

direxti

dlrexisti.
it is

Paris, aided

by

Apollo, slew Achilles with an arrow, as

foretold in the Iliad

(XXn.
58.

358

ff.).

magnas obeuntia
:

terras tot maria intravi


;

so

many

seas

that skirt mighti/ lands


59.

have I entered

oheuntia, literally, meeting.

penitus repostas far removed.

61.

iam tandem
:

this verse is logically in a causal relation to

the following
tis
cf.
:

'

seeiug that

now we

grasp Italy, may,'

etc.

fugien-

(ever) retreating ; note the artistic contrast wiih prendimus

V. 629.
62.

hac Troiana tenus

fuerit, etc.
.
.

thusfar (only) may

the luck

tenus-ior hactenus by tmesis; of Troy have followed us ; hac cf. V. 603. faerit secuta is an optative subjunctive and the force
.

of the perfect

may

be given as

'

may

it

prove to have followed.'

Note the double


63. 64.

alliteration in the verse.

iam
:

at last.
:

dique deaeque omnes


:

especially Juno, Neptune, Minerva.

obstitit
67.

has been an ojfence, or ohnoxious.

68.

meis fatis ablative, according to my fates. agitataque numina way worn powers (Morris)
:

'

'

explan-

atory of the previous expression.

tum templum
69.
:

i.e.

when the prayer


is

is

granted.

solido de

marmore

the reference

doubtless to the niagnificent temple

vowed by Augustus at Actium and dedicated on the Palatine, Oct. 9, b.c. 28. Diana was always closely associated with A]>ollo, and her statue stood beside his in this temple.
to Apollo

were instituted in n.c. 212, but the Roman reader of these lines nmst have thought rather of the famous secular games held by Augustus in b.c. 17. The plan was doubtless under discussion before Virgirs death. magna manent penetralia a i.e. the Sibyl. 71. te quoque honie for august secrefs awaits. By penetralia Virgil means, not a tem[)lt', l)ut a secret place for the Sibylline books, which were deposited under the statue of Apollo in the temple built by Augustus. thy oracles and mystic utter72. tuas sortes arcanaque fata
70.

festos dies': the

iw'/?!.4 /JoZ/mare.s

BOOK YI
ances
;

453
sortes,

fita, as in 45, being here

an equivalent of

and both

being explanatory of penetralia. i.e. the fif teen (quindecimviri sacrisfaciundis), 73. lectos viros
:

who had charge of the Sibylline books. manda 74. foliis tantum ne carmina
onli/.

Aeneas says
ff.

this,

in
:

accordance with the waruing of Helenus in III. III

tantum

76.

ipsa

tLHth thine

own

lips.

(The paraojaph opens with language suggestive of awe. Note the sounds in 4214. The abrupt utterances of the proininence of n and Sibyl show marked repetitions, as in 46, 51, and 52 (the two words cessas
.
. .

cessas are in the


.

non (non (comptae comae)


. .

Anaphora relative position in the verse). assonance and nec), {non asyndeton non), frequent the aud 55, give weight to 47, 48. In49, 54,
same
.
.

r soiuids are expressive of terror.

lu Aeneas"s pravers, the dactyls of 58, 59 suggest rapid movements in (J4 and 68 they'imply earnestness, and in 71 they accord with the idea of future glory. Alliteration is couspicuous in 62 and 71.)
;

Lines 77-97.

The
77.

Sibyl's Prophecy.
:

Phoebi nondum patiens not yet submissive to Phoehus. The Sibyl is depicted here and in the following verses under the figure of a restive horse, which must be controlled by its master. immanis to be taken predicatively with bacchatur. iu antro she has now gone within. In 47, she was still antefores. cf A nthea si videat, I. 181. 78. si possit The literally, to have shaken off ; i.e. to be rid of 79. excussisse tanto magis ille fatigat, etc. perfect retaius its ordinary force.
:

somuch the more he tires her foaming mouth. and trains her hy force ; fngit is a 80. fmgitque premendo cf. patiens, excussisse, fatigat, technical terru from horsenianship domans, and premendo. have swung open ; a picturesque perfect. 81. patuere governed by ^jer^cuZrt understood. 84. terrae hut ihey shall not also rejoice to 86. sed non et venisse volent
:

have come

non

is

unusually emphatic here.

454
87.

NOTES
cerno
:

i.e.

as I look into the fiiture; cf. our


:

88.

Siniois,

Xanthus

these rivers,

011

word seer. whose banks there was

so

much

fighting in the old days of Troy, will have their counter-

j)arts in

the

($av06<;)
89.

Numicius and Tiber of Latium. The word Xanthus mesiiis Jiavus, which is a frequent epithet of the Tiber.
:

defuerint
:

future perfect, used for the future

^neh-i

causa.

alius Achilles

viz.

Turnus.
;

Latio iam partus

Is

already raised

Latium (for thee) cf. 11. 783, wherej/6t is expressed. i.e. like the first Achilles. Turnus was the son of 90. et ipse the nymph Venilia, and Achilles was the sou of the sea-goddess Teucris addita clinging to the Trojans ; literally, having Thetis.
in
:

up

attached heiself
92.

to,
:

the participle beiiig reflexive.

quas,

etc.
is

the interrogative thus abruptly introduced into


;

a cum clause
is

highly rhetorical

quas non

omnes.

The usage

more common in Greek. coniunx hospita an alien bride ; i.e. Lasc. enV. 93. causa vinia, wlio was wooed by Turnus, but became the wife of Aeneas. iterum she will be a second Ilelen. go forth to face them more 95. contra audentior ito quam, etc. holdly than thy Fortune will allow thee ; a stoical maxim. The brave man may rise superior to fortune, however adverse. The luck of Troy (Troiaiia fortuna, 62) will still pursue Aeneas, but
: :
: :

'

quidquid
97.

erit,
:

superanda omnis fyrtuna ferendo


the relative pronoun,

est

(V. 710).

quod

id quod.
site of

Graia urbe
the later

i.e.

PaHauteum, tlie city of Evander, on the Evander had come from Arcadia.

Rome.

(In 78, the spondaic rhythm is expressive of labored pff(~)rt in 87, of terror. The abrupt parentheses in 84 and 8;') accord with oracuhir style. Note too the alliteration in 8() and 87, with the epizeuxis heUa Excited utterance is indicated by the exclamatory tone hella. of 92, foUowed by tlie anaphora Ucnnn Note, in iterum, 03, 04. 80, the proniinence of r souiids (combined with dactylic rhythm), to describe frenzy.)
;

BOOK VI
Lines 98-123.

455

The Appkal of Aeneas.


gg.

ambages
the cavern.

enigmas.

antroque remugit
:

sends echoing cries

from

obscuris vera involvens wrapping hertruth in mystery ; i.e. in true oracular fashion. ea frena furenti, etc. so does Apollo shake the reins as she rages, and ply the spur heneath her hreast. The metaphor from a horse is resumed. See note on Phoebi patiens, 77.
100.
:

eafrena, literally, such reins.

furenti

sc. ei,

a dative of reference.
of a verse.

Virgil regularly places the


102.
104.
iii

word Apollo at the end

ut

primum
mihi.
:

as soon as.

mi =

Virgil uses mi as an archaism, only here and

123.

inopina

a poetical form, f or which Caesar and Cicero use

inopinatus.

praecepi atque animo peregi forecast and traversed in thought; peregi is a mere expansion of praecepi ; animo belongs to both verbs. The sentiment in 103-5, like that in 95-6, is a stoical
105.
:

one.
106.

quando

hic inferni ianua regis dicitur

since here

is

the

famous
est.

gate of the king below.

Such

is

the force of dicitur, used for


darkling marsh

107.

tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso


overflow.

the

from Acheron^s
bricosus iu

tenebrosa

is

a poetical form, being tene-

Acheronte refuso is an ablative absolute. Lake Avernus, being fed from subterranean sources, was supposed to be supplied from the Acheron, one of the rivers of the underworld.
j)i'ose.

contingat optative subjunctive; eontingere is commonly usedof happy events. doceas jussive subjunctive. sacra ostia
109.
: :

hallowed portcds ; sacra, because they lead to the


112.

kingdom
. .
.

of Phito.
:

iter
all

iuner accusative.

maria omnia

ferebat

en-

and all the threats of ocean and sky ; i.e. the tedious journeying and the dangers of the voyage. zveak though he was. sortem senectae fhe 114. invalidus
dured
the seas
: :

portion ofage.

Rest, not

toil, is

the usual

lot

of the old.

Xote the

double alliteration in the verse.

456
115.

NOTES
quin
:

nay^more.
:

116.

mandata dabat
potes

see Y. 731

ff.

gnati

the archaic form

(for nad) is suitable in a prayer.


117.

namque omnia

for

thoii art
:

all-powerful

omnia

is

an adverbial accusative.
without purpose.
119. 120.

nec nequiquam
his icife's
:

a7id not in vain,

or

Manis coniugis

shade
:

i.e.

Eurydice's.

fretus citliara, etc.

cf.

Milton

" Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing Such notes, as warbled to the string

Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek And made Hell grant what Love did

seek."

{II Fenseroso, 105 ff.)

FiG. 66.

Orpheus
t

Fig. 67.

AND EURYDICE.
121.
122.

Castor and Pollux IN PlUTO'S ReALM.

fratrem

/.e.

Castor.

For the story, see

PoZ/Ma: in vocabulary.

viam

inner accusative.

Thesea

who went down

to the

lower world to carry


123.
:

off Proserpina.

Alciden i.e. Hercules, who carried off Cerberus from the lower workl. Forms of Hercules are impossible in the hexameter.
et

mi genus,

etc.

the argumeiit

is indirect,

but

forcible.

'If

Or-

pheus, Tlieseus, etc, were able to do so much in the world below, why may not T, who am also of divine birth, at least visit my
father

thereV

ab love summo:

Venus, his mother, was a

daughter of Jupiter.

BOOK VI

457

(In 90 ancl 100, note the use of impressive words, consisting whoUy obscuris involvens), the two of long syUables (horrendas, ambages caesura, an unusual feahephtheniinieral Ihe successive verses having rhythm of the followaccelerated In marked contrast comes the ture. ing words (ea frena furenti concutit, etc.) empliasized by alliteration have an artistic contrast of rhythm in 106-107, and assonance. and in 121-122. The rhytlim of IIO-IU is also carefully adapted to
:

We

the thought.)

Lines 124-155.

The Conditioxs imposed on Aeneas.


124.

aras

the plural in the singular sense, due perhaps to anal-

ogy with
126.

altaria.

facilis
is

descensus Averno

easrj is the

descent
;

to

Avernus.

here used for the whole lower world Averno is the dative {=ad or in Avernum) used exceptionally with a verbal noun.

Avernus

These words have become proverbial.


of a chapter in the Virginians (Vol.
I.

Thus Thackeray's heading


:

sus";

cf.

his

remark in

ch. 20) is Facilis Descen" Little boys at Vanity Fair (ch. 65)

school are taught in their earliest Latin book that the path of

Avernus
kindly.
130.

very easy of descent." this is 129. hoc opus, hic labor


^

is

the task, this the toil.

aequus
has

erexit ad aethera

has uplifted

to

heaven;

i.e.

made

ilhistrious.

Cf. the i^roverbial sic itur

ad

astra,

which comes from


the verb
is
:

Virgil (Aeneid IX. 641).


131.

potuere

Jiave been able

(to

do

this)

an emall the

phatic repetition of Aeneas's potuit (119). media omnia mid space: i.e. between the upper and the lower worlds.
132.

Cocytus

for the rivers of the underw^orld, with the mean.

ings of their names, cf Milton

" Abhorrfed Styx, the flood of deadly hate Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
There
is

Thackeray may have been familiar with Averni, not Averno.


'

authority for both readiugs.

458

NOTES
Heard on the rueful stream fierce Plilegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Far off from tliese, a slow and silent stream,
;

Lethe,

tlie

river of oblivion rolls

Her watery labyrinth."


133.
134.

{Faradise Lost

II.

577

ff.)

menti
bis
:

sc. est.

Le.

both in

life

and
. .

in death.

Note the perfect


bis
.
.

bal-

ance of the two clauses,

bis

lacus

and
:

Tartara, each

with the same number of syllables. 135. iiisano iuvat indulgere labori
dolori (ir. 776).
136. 137.

cf.

insano iuvat indulgere

peragenda: sc. si^it. aureus ramus


. . .

note

the line, each being emphasized.


title

how adjective and noun frame The words have furnished the
himself
tlie

to

a great worlv on primitive religious ideas, viz. Frazer's

The Golden Bough.

Tennyson

calls Virgil

" Golden branch amid the shadows."


foliis

{To

Virgil.')

et lento limine

ablatives of respect with aureus, golden

hoth in leaf and pliant stem.


138.

lunoni infernae
dictus
:

sible form.
set

= Proserpinae (^^ \j here = dicatus, for declared to


:

),

an inadmis-

be sacred

means

apart as sacred.
140.

sed non ante datur, etc. hut 'tis not given to pierce earth's secrets, save to him who hath plucked from the iree the golden-tressed With qui we must undei-stand ei, literally, earlier than fruitage. to him ivho ; is qui is more direct and personal than si quis. this hath the beautiful Proser142. hoc sibi pulchra suum, etc. pina ordained to he borne to her as her own gift. Note the artistic The collocation, pulchra suum being followed by the two nouns. beautiful gift is a tribute to the beautiful goddess. For jiulchra,
:

cf.

Milton
" Not that
fair ficld

Of Enna, Avhere Proscrpine gathoring flowers, Herself a fairer flovver, by gloomy Dis

Was

gathered."

(Faradise Lost IV. 2G8

ff.)

BOOK VI
143.

459
with jjrimo suptliine

primo avolso

iclien the Jirst is torn aivai/ ;

ply ramo.
145,
eyes.

alte vestiga oculis


rite
:

look (litQvdiMY ^tvaok') highwitJi

with
:

carpe.

149.

tibi

ethical dative.

corpus

cadaver, a

word which

is

rare in poetry.
150.

nescis

we
:

naturally think of Palinurus, and so probably

did Aeneas, but the unburied

man
;

turns out to be Misenus.


this

in-

cestat funere
152.

dejiles with

death

poUution must be removed

before Aeneas can proceed.

155.

sedibus suis presso ore


:

to his

icith

own place : i.e. tlie grave. closed lips ; an ablative absolute.

(Note the frequent alliterations, as in 125, 130, 139, 145, 147-8, 151, 152 (^sedibus suis sepulchro), and 153, with assonance in 154 (invia vivis). Three successive verses show anaphora, viz. 133, 134, 135 (in the last case syllahic). The vehement flow of the SibyPs speech is indicated bv the comparativelv larcje number of verses in which dactyls predominate. Thus 128, 1:31, 136, 146, 149, 152. With these may be contrasted the solemn tone of 138, 145, and 150.)
. . .
.

Lines 156-21 1.

DlSCOYERY OF MlSEXUS AXD THE GOLDEN BOUGH.


156.

defixus lumiua
;

tvith
I.

downcast
226.

eyes, a

middle use of the

participle
157.

cf. dejixit

lumina,
:

caecos eventus

dark issues;
figit

i.e.

the uncertainties in-

Yolved in the Sibvrs


159.

messa2,'e.
:

paribus curis vestigia


Tlie

planfs his footsteps in equal


is

perplexity (Mackail).
ponit, implies a slow,
160.

ablative

niodal;

Jigit,

instead of

hea^^ tread. multa inter sese, etc. much varied discourse did
:

they in-

terchange, each

tvith

each.

sermone serehant

is

a variation on ser-

monem serehant, a quaint expression, inasmuch as sermo is derived f rom sero, being properly oratio serta, i.e. remarks joined together,
or conversation.
161.

quem socium,

etc.

an indirect question.

400
162.
164.

NOTES
atque
:

and
:
:

lo !

Misenum

the repetition has a pathetic


to

effect.
iiifiiiitive

165.

aere ciere

arouse with the trumpet; the

con

structioii is poetical.

aere

ciere,

note both here and in the intentional assonance, descriptive of the trum-

accendere cantu

peter's art.
166.

Hectoris, Hectora: emphatic repetition

Hectora, a Greek

accusative form.
167.
alike.

Hectora circum

at Hector's side.

et lituo insignis et hasta: famous for clarion and spear

168. 170.

illum:

{.e.

Hector.
:

vitavictor: assonance.
less nohle.

non

inferiora
is

a standard no

The neuter

plural

used 'instead of inferiorem for metrical con171.

venience.

when he met his death. dum personat aequora while he made the seas ring. emphatic by position and be172. demens

tum

{.e.

fore a pause.

FiG. 68.

exceptum immerserat had caught and much Triton plunged. si credere dignum est not so
173.
: :

wiTH CoNCH.
14,

implying

disbelief,

as

expressing

amazement.

The
where a tradition
174. 175.
176.

story passes belief.

Contrast ut

fama

est,

is

given without connnent.


162.

virum = eum. See note on eo me solvat, lY. 470. circum i.e. around the body which lias been found,
:

iussa f estinant

quickly carry out the commands.


207.

177.

haud mora
i.e.

cf. III.

tomh;

the pyre on whicli

aram sepulchri the altar offerings are made as on an


:

ofhis
altar.

What
178.
179.
180.

these offerings are

we

learn in 224
18G.
:

ff.

caelo educere

cf. 11.

stabula alta ferarum

cf.
:

densa ferarum

tecta, 7.

procumbunt

piceae,

etc.

for Virgirs personal hiterest in

tree-felling, see Iiitrod.


silva, as it

2. existed when he

The poet is speaking first went to Campania.

of the antiqua

The

district,

however, underwent

many changes during

the reign of Angustus.


III. p. 190.)

(See Merivale, History of the Romans under the Empire

BOOK VI
Note the
182.

461
"imitating
tlie

triple alliteration in the verse,

ring of the

woodnian's axe" (Page).

montibus: from
:

tJie

mountains;

in prose a preposition

would be used. implements ; cf. I. 177. 184. armis explained in 187 ff. 185. haec
:

186.
187.

forte
si

as

it

chanced.
:

nunc ostendat
is

the conditional protasis (with apodosis


that
it

understood)

equivalent to a wish,

would show

itselfl

arbore
188.

locative ablative.
:

since the Sibyl's utterance about Misenus has been verified, Aeneas has some reason for the hope just expressed. The wish there expressed is here fulas in 186. 190. forte

quando
:

i.e.

filled,

and

tlie

coincidence

is

indicated by

tiie

repetition, in the

same metrical position, of forte. 191. Note the alliteration in this verse and the
appearance of the birds
192.
is

next.

Thus the

emphasized.

from sido. the dove was sacred to Yenus. 193. maternas aves artistic chiasmus. 195. pinguem dives ramus humum fail not my dark hour ; rehus 196. dubiis ne defice rebus Understand meis. dative.
sedere
:

\s

197.
198.

pressit

checJced.
:

quae signa ferant

ivhat signs ihey hring

z.e.

what they

betoken or indicate. 199. pascentes illae tantum,


advance just so far
tive. in

etc.

the hirds, as they fed, icould

fight as the eyes of those following them icith prodire is an histoiical infinitheir gaze could keep them in view.

forward as they do, in order that to the the Trojans may just keep them in view, and so be led on golden bough. This idea of purpose accounts for the subjunctive
200.

possent

the doves

fly

mood, and as the poiut


201.
tive.

of

view

is

that of the doves,


grave

we may call

this a case of virtual indirect discourse.

grave olentis

pestilential

is

an adverbial accusa-

462
203.

NOTES
sedibus optatis
:

on

ilip.

site

lonf/ed for (ie.

by Aeneas)

locative ablative.

gemina super arbore: upon


optatis.

fhe twofold tree;

explanatory of sedibus
204.

discolor

unde

auri, etc.

wJience, ivith diverse hue, shone

gleam of gold ; discolor, because the gold is contrasted with the green. Note the assonance of auri aura. note the picturesque scene; a 205. quale solet silvis, etc.
out

amid

the braiwhes the

wintry background, with dark oaks and golden mistletoe.

Virgil

was a
206.

lover of nature.

^
:

quod non sua seminat arbos which produces. The niistletoe is a parasitic plant.
209.

tree,

not

its

oicn,

crepitabat brattea
is

the foil icas rusding.

The word foil,

which conies froni folium,


trefoil, quatrefoil,

used in English both of a leaf (as in

etc),
:

and

of nietal.

211.

cunctantem

sc. rayniim, clinging.

By

contrast,

it

empha-

however readily the bough yielded (see 147), it would seem to the eager Aeneas to cling teuaciously to the tree. Tennyson once quoted cunclantem in this line to ilkistrate what he
sizes avidus, for

means wlien he

says that Virgil has


of all the

" All the charm

Muses often flowering

in

alonely word."
II. p.

{Memoir, Vol.

385.)

(In contrast with the preceding paragraph. note the nuniher of verses in wliich spondees predominate, especially 15(), 1(')0, 175, 183, Special stress is throvvn on slow spondees, 18(5, 187, 199, and 211. when following an initial dactyl, as in 162, 177, and 182. Ahiteration and assonance are again prominent.)

Lines 212-235.

The Funkkal of Misenus,


(This
213.
is

the lociis classicus for ancient burial rites.)


:

cineri ingrato

the thanlless dust.

The

use of ingrato

is

no response or return for the service rendered. suprema last rites. P^xcavations have proved that both cremation and inhumatiou were practised in prehistoric times on the
pathetic.
is
:

There

site of

Rome.

BOOK VI
214.

46b
;

pinguem taedis
feralis

rich ivllh pine hraiids


:

pinguihus

taedis.

216.

cupressus
:

cf. atiri

cupresso, III. 64.

217.

super

adverb.

The arma here burnt


ivho
is

are probably the

arms

of his comrades.

219.
220.

frigentis

ofhim

cold in death.
:

toro

on,

the hier.

defleta

their

weeping done

literally,

wept over.
221.

purpureas vestes

the use of such garments

is

perhaps

due to their being a substitute for the primitive offering of blood. 222. pars ingenti subiere f eretro some have shouldered the
:

heavy
223.

hier.

The

perfect tense
:

is

picturesque

feretro is dative.

triste

ministerium

accusative in
see

apposition with the

verbal statement, suhiere feretro ;

note on
(i.e.

opus, page 187.


the pyre).

subiectam
224.

heneath; literally, laid heneath


:

This custom was probably due to the primitive idea that the iiving should not look upon the ghost as it leaves the body.
with averted faces.

aversi

225.

teres
226.

dapes viands. a Greek phiraL


:

fuso olivo

ablative of quality.

cra-

the details of the " First they funeral of Patroclus (Homer, Iliad XXIII. 250 ff.)
:

postquam conlapsi

cineres, etc.

cf.

quenched the fire with gleaming wine, so far as the flame went, where the ash had f allen deep then amid tears they gathered the white bones of their gentle comrade into a golden urn, wdth a double fold of fat, and, placing it in the hut, covered it with a linen veil. And they drew the circle of the mound, and set the foundations around the pyre, and straightway heaped thereon a
;

pile of earth."

227.

bibulam favillam
lecta
:

the

thirsty

ash;

hihula,

because

it

quickly absorbed the liquid.


228.
229.

gathered

iip.

cado
:

idem

ter socios, etc.

urn.

" He with pure water too thrice paced the round Of comrades." (Rhoades.)

circumtulit

i.e.

in order to purify, lustrare.

464
230. boufjh
231.
vale.

NOTES
rore levi et
of fruitful

ramo
:

felicis olivae

ivith

Uglit

dew from

olive.

novissima verba
See note on
II. 644.
:

(he last

words ; such as frater, ave atque

232.
233.
his oar

ingenti

mole massive. suaque arma remumque tubamque


,

and trumpet; sua arma, in were burnt in 217, where see note.
235,

own arms tcith contrast with the arma which


:

his

ISTote

the polysyndetoti.

aeternum nomen

it is still

knovvn as Capo Miseno, and

is

on the northwest of the Bay of Naples.

(Attention has been called to the careful artistic structure of the relative claiise cui armis (215-17), comprising three members of equal length, expressive of three corresponding ideas, Thus, frondihus atris feralis cupressos fulgentibus armis ; intexunt . . constitinmt decorant ; latera ante super. AlHteration is employed to emphasize the solemnity, esnecially in 214, 221,
.
.

224, 225, 226.)

Lines 236-263.

Sacrifices to the Netiier Gods.


237.
238.

alta

deep.
:

scrupea

a poetic
:

word with archaic coloring


;

emphatic

by position.
sive force.
239.

tuta

sheltered

the participle from tueor, vvith pasno


could

quam

super,

etc.

o'cr ivhich

flijing creatures
\\\s.q

safelij

wing

iheir

way ;

volantes is used substantively,

volucres.

not found in the best Mss. Tlie word Avernus was connected, in popiUar etyniology, with dopvo^, hirdless.
242. Tliis verse is

The region about Lake Averiius is volcanic, aiid tlie lake itself is "a crater filled with water. Its banks are now bordered witli blocks of lava" (Baedeker). Even to-day, beside the neighboring Lake Agnano, tliere is a fanious I)og Grotto, where carbonic acid
fuines overpower dogs in a few seconds.
243.

nigrantis terga iuvencos

cf.

Y.dY.

244.

constituit

sc. ((ntc <(ras,


:

as exj^i-essed in Y. 287.

247.

voce vocans

calling aloud on.

The

expression

is

one of

BOOK TI
many
Jieaven
248.

465

technical expressions
rites.
Tiell.

used by Virgil in connection with


:

religious

Caeloque Ereboque potentem


See
:

queen

in

and

iiote
i.e.

on IV. 511.
beneath
the
throats
of

supponunt

the

victims.

Another techuical \Yord. an archaic form (= 249. succipiunt


:

suscipiu7it),

appropriate

in details of religious ritual.

matri Eumenidum i.e. Night, who with her sister Terra, was a daughter of Chaos. cf. IIL 119, with note. 251. tibi, Proserpina nocturnas sacrifices to the nether 252. Stygio regi: Pluto. gods w^ere offered regiilarly at night. incohat fashions in outline. The verb implies making the first rough phm/ which could be
250.
: : :

'

filled iu later.

It is a techuicai term,
:

used of

sacrificial ritual.

253.
254.
255.
light

solida viscera
:

wliole carcasses.

super separated by tmesis from fundens. primi sub lumina solis et ortus hard upon
:

the daicning

of

the early

sun; ortus (accusative plural)

is

explauatory of

lu7nina.

256.
sc.

mugire rumhle. iuga silvarum icooded 7'idges. coepta sunt. For its use, see A. 205, a; B. 133, 1; G. 423, n. 3 H.
:

299, 1
257.
258.

H. & B. 199; 2. visae sc. siwt, seemed.


:

dea

i.e.
:

canes the hell-hounds of Hecate. Hecate, who comes to open the way. procul
:

este, profani

a regular formula, addressed to the uninitiated in

the mysteries.

Here

it

applies to the

companions of Aeneas, who


:

may

not enter the lower w^orld. Aeneas. vagina eripe ferrum 260. tu Odysseus (Homer, Odijssey X. 535)
:

even as Circe orders

262.

antro se immisit aperto


is

j^lung^d into the opened cave;

aperto
263.

the participle.
:

aequat

keeps pace

icith.

and u sounds in a striking manner, having " nine times and u six times in ten words" (Henry). Similar is the use of u sounds in 256 ff. Alliteration is artistically employed, e.g. 238, 241 (/sounds); 24o,

(In the description of the cave (287-8). Virgil has accumulated a

466
.
.

NOTES
.
.

suynmas carppns cormia saetas (&h\)a,);2'iQ, 247, 24S, cultros cruorem ; 250, matri magnae ; 250, suh mugire solum moveri silvarum (ababa) 258, 200, 202 (effata furens). Note also the alteniation of rhythm in 258-9, and the use of anaphora in 258 and 201.)
.
.

Lines 264-267.

Invocation of the Nether Powers.


264.
di,
:

quibus imperium est


i.e.
:

see

V. 235.
silent

umbraeque

si-

lentes
265.
is

ye voiceless shades,

ghosts.

loca nocte tacentia late


sit

hroad

realms ofnight ; nocte

a cansal ablative.
266.

me the right to tell ivhat I have heard ; grant that ivith your will I may unfold secrets huried in the darkness and depths of the earth. sit fas = liceat, and the second sit, without fas, has the same meaniiig. audita loqui the poet voices tradition, and his utterances are a revelation (pandere).
fas, etc.
:

mihi

grant

special invocation in the body of tlie work impHes that the subSo iii the lUad, the Catais one of peculiar difficulty. logue of the Ships is introduced by a special invocation of the Muses (II. 484 ff.), and Milton invokes the Holy Spirit at the opening of the third book of Paradise Lost. In this majestic passage, note the general dactylic tone of the first two verses, shading off into the slower spondaic rhythm of the last
ject

(A

approached

two.)

Lines 268-281.

The Awful Forms at the Entrance.


268.
night.

270

obscuri sola sub nocte in the gloom, heneath the lonehj Note the poetical transfer of epithets, for ohscura and soli. quale est iter in silvis like a pafh amid theforest. Yirgil,
: :

son of a forester,
272.

knew

tlie

woods.
:

See Tntrod.

2.

rebus abstulit colorem hatl) rohlxd the ivorld ofher color. primisque in cf. II. 400. 273. vestibulum ante ipsum, etc. faucibus tli(; -qiie adds a j^hrase, which explains tlie preceding clause more closely, even at the entrance to the Jaivs ofhell.
: :

BOOK VI
274.

467

Luctus

et ultrices

Curae

the stings of conscience).


fittingly

Grief and avenging Cares (i.e These, which bring deatli to men, are
:

placed at the en-

trance to the
dead.
276.

home
:

of the

malesuada
:

the comtone.

pound has an archaic


turpis
loatlily ;

of the ex-

ternal appearance.
277.

Letumque
Distress
is

LabosDeath.

FiG. 69.

Pavor and Pallor on

que

and

roman

coins.

Letum
278.

preferred to mors because of the alliteration.

Lahos

is

archaic for Lahor.

tum
;

next.

hrother Sleep.

So, in
.

consanguineus Leti Sopor Death's own Homer, Sleep is " Death's brother " (Iliad
: :

XIV. 231)

cf

Shelley

"

How

wonderful

is

Death,

Death and

bis brother Sleep !"

(Opening of Queen Mab.)


Here, however, Sopor
guilt, a
is

not identical with Somnus,


it

for,

being

conpled with the mala mentis Gaudia,

surely implies some sort of

moral

insensibilit}'.

The accompanying
is

references to

war

and
of

civic strife

show that Virgil


civil

moralizing on the corrupt state

Rome

during the
;

guilty joys

poetical for

mala mentis Gaudia: the souVs malae mentis Gaudia. By these are. meant
wars.
:

which lead to death. on the thresJiold facing (these). 279. adverso in limine 280. ferreique Eumenidum thalami the Furies' iron cells ; i.e. in which they sleep, when not engaged in pursning the guilty. or ferrei, a dissyllable by synizesis, cf. aureis, I. 726, and aurea, I.
sinful pleasLires,
:

698.
281.
fillets ;

vipereum crinem,
innexa
is

etc.

her snaky locks entwined with hloody

a middle participle.

See note on

5,

511.

its

(The opening verse with its picturesque ihant, its weighty spondiac rbythm, is a fitting introduction

alliteration and to an impressive

468

KOTES

passage. Emphasis is secured by the use of a number of double expressions for the same idea, e.g. snb nocte = per timhram ; domos AUiteravaciias = inania regna ; incertam lunam = luce maliyna. tion is conspicuous throughout.)

Lines 282-294
"
282.

GORGONS AND HyDRAS AND ChiMAERAS DiRE."

in

medio

sc. vestibulo.

283.

quam. sedem,

etc.

the

home

lohich,

men

say, false
is

Dreams

hold in throngs, clinging under every leaf; somnia

the accusative,

subject of tenere, but must be repeated in the nominative, as subject of haerent.


285.

volgo with tenere. multa variarum monstra ferarum


:

note the interlocked


appropriate

order.
286.

stabulant

are

stalled

word
:

for half-equine creatures.


ci-eatures like Scylla,

Scyllae biformes half-woman and half-fish.


:

t.e.

Fkj. 70.

belua Lernae destroyed by Hercules.


287.

i.e.

the hydra, wliich was

Chimaera.
292.

289.

forma tricorporis umbrae


:

i.e.

Geryon, a

giant with three bodies, slain by Hercules.


ni

admoneat, inruat
etc.

cf.

I.

58,

with note.

tenuis sine

corpore vitas.

*'butthin

Unbodied
riitting."

lives,

'neath hollow shows of form

(Uhoades.)

of 284, with its three feminine caesurae, is On the other hand, the beautifully suggestive of tlie idea of sleep. heavy spondees of 288, combined witli onomatopoea, are descriptive of hideous monsters. Anotlier noticeable verse is 21)0, where the rhythm, aided by alliteration, harmonizes with tlie tliouglit expre.ssrd. Note, also, the dactylic ring of 292 and 203, shading iuto a spondaic rhythm in the closing verse.)

(The dactylic rhythm

Lines 295-332.

The Way to
295.
luni.
:

Aciikron.

Ciiaron.

hinc hence; i.e. on ]iursuing one's way beyond the vestihu' The reahn of Pluto is conceived as being approached tlirough

BOOK vi

469

an entrance-coiirt (vestibulum, 273), at the far side of which is the limen (-79), with the doors {fores, 286), admitting to the interior. Once within tlie fores, Aeneas finds a vast domain, divided into He first foUows a path leading to Acheron. several parts. 296. turbidus hic caeno, etc, here, thick icith mire and unfathomThe language well exable in depth, the gulf of waters seethes. presses the terrifying appearance of the stream. 297. Cocyto eructat belches intoCocytus ; Cocyto is dative. on whose chin lies a mass ofun299. cui plurima mento, etc.
:

kempt, hoary hair.

of flame stant implies fixedness of stare flamma is an instramental ablative. Dante introduces Charon as "an old man, white, with ancient hair
300.
his eyes are staring orbs
;

stant lumina flamma:

who round 301. nodo


.

his eyes
i.e.

had wheels instead of by a

of flame."

{Inferno, Canto III.)

fibuUi (as in lY. 139).

302.

ipse

unaided.
:

Though
:

old,

he works the boat himself.


thesails..

velisque ministrat literally, serves with sails, i.e. tends a barge of murky hue. 303. ferruginea cumba
304.

iam

senior,

etc.

noio aged, but a god's old age

is

hardy and

green.
cf.

In other words, a god, though old, has the vigor of youth viridi iuventa of theyoung Euryalus (V. 295).

305.

huc

i.e.

to the boat.

ad ripas effusa
:

streaming

to

the

banks.
306-8.

matres atque

viri, etc.

these verses are suggested by a

passage in the Odyssey (XI. 38 ff.), bnt Yirgil emphasizes the With the pathos, for there is no equivalent in Homer to 308.

Homeric and Virgilian passages, Dead (2. Journey to the Dead).


307.

cf.

Matthew Arnold's Balder

magnanimum

genitive plural.

An

archaism

cf

caeli-

colum, III. 21.


309.

quam

multa,

etc.

" Countless as forest leaves that fluttering fall In the first chill of autumn." (Rhoades.)

compares the dead leaves of autumn to a multitude of ghosts (Ot/e to the West Wind).
Shelley,

by

contrast,

470
310.

NOTES
gurgite ab alto
:

from

ilie

seething deep

gurgite implies a

storm.
311.

quam multa

note the anaphora.

frigidus annus

tlie

chilly secnion.

313.
to cross

orantes primi transmittere cursum: pleading


on the cour.se.

io he ihejirst

The

infinitive is poetical

pri^ni is b}^ atis

traction for se primos, iinder

Greek

influence.

cursum

an inner,
I.

rather than a direct object, of the verb (cf. aequor navigare, the grim hoatman, 315. navita tristis
:

67).

317.
318.

enim

indeed

cf. its

use in sed enim.

meansl So Dante, in his great poem, often questions Virgil, his guide through the lower world. hy what principle of distinctionf or, sim319. quo discrimine

quid volt:

zvhat

ply, hy ivhat laiv?

hy ivlwse di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen power the godsfear to swear falsely. The poet uses the double expression iurare et fallere for the single but unmetrical periurare.
324.
:

The

construction iurare numen

= per

numen^

is

due ta Greelc

influence.
325.

inops

Ae//)?es5,

poor, in allusion to of the dead to

Some, however, render the custoni of placing a coin between the lips
because inhumata.

pay for a passage in Charon's boat. inhumata the notion that the unburied were not received among the shades is Homeric (cf. Odyssey XI. 51 ft".). poetic for ex ripa flumen 327. ripas et fluenta transportare transportare, the accusative being governed by trans in the verb. datur = licet; sc. Charonti, Note the accumulation of r sounds
:

in the verse.
329.
life

centum errant annos perhaps because


:
:

the span of

human

was counted at a hundred years (Plato, Repuhlic X. 615). a liysteron proteron, as they revisit the I330. admissi revisunt waters before they are admitted to the boat. Another case occurs
in the next verse.
332.

333.

animi locative, mortis honore;


:

in his hrarf.
d('aih's /lonor, i.e. hnvrdl.

334.

classis

=:

uavis.

Oronten

see

I.

113

ff.

BOOK YI
335.

471
ship.

simul

together.

They were on the same


I.

vectos

ivhile sailing ;

cf.

note on tunsae,

481.

(Note the impressive spondees in 305, and contrast the rhythm in In the first, spondees prevail in the secthe two similes (309-311). ond. the initial spondee (311) is followed by dactyls expressive of the Sober spondees are again employed fluttering movements of birds. in 313, where they accord with the idea of stabant, and a similar verse (330), closing the Sibyl's speech, is suggestive of an end attained.)
;

Lines 337-383-

The Souls of Lost Companions.


337.

Palinurus.

sese a^eh at = ibat, was passing on. Palinurus: his fate is narrated in V. 833 ff., but there are some slight inconsistencies between that account and this. Book V. seems to have been written later than VI., aud Virgil died before revising his

poem

as a

whole.
338.

See Introd. 15.

Libyco cursu
multa
:

on the voyage from Libya.


Sicily to

The

incident

really occurred
340.
343.

on the voyage from

Cumae.
;

in

umbra
:

in the <leep

shadow

cf

269-272.

mihi with delusit, a dative of reference. 345. canebat Virgil is following some tradition not mentioned # in Book V. lo ! implying indignation. 346. en cortina; cf. III. 347. ille autem: sc. inquit; ille is Palinurus.
:

92,

with notes.

348.

nec

me deus aequore
:

mersit: but

cf.

the

account in

Book V.
349.

forte

hy chance.

Palinurus evidently knows nothing of


to ivhich,

the part played by Somnus.


350.

cui datus

haerebam

as

my

belongs to both datus

(literally, assigned to)

I clung ; cui and haerebam. cursus


charge,

regebam
351.

we must understand quo from


:
:

cui.

praecipitans intransitive, falling headlong. pera iuro cf. note on 324. sc. me, that T felt. 352. cepisse
:

maria

as-

353.

armis

gear.

excussa magistro

reft

of

its

hehnsman.

472

NOTES

should expect excusso mafjistro (cf. excutitur mngister, I. 115), but the expressioii is forced iiito harmoiiy with spoliata armis. but cf. V. 848, where the sea 354. tantis surgentibus undis
:

We

is

cahn.
355.

The numerous
:

sounds have onomatopoetic


:

effect.

artistic chiastic hibernas immensa aequora noctes hibernas stormij. order. He was doubtless cling356. aqua: on the water ; with vexit. ing to the timbers torn from the ship. from the crest of a wave. 357. summa ab unda this may be rendered, 358. tuta tenebam, ni gens invasisset
:
:

/ was laying hold of safety,


is

but the fulk attacked me.

The condition

contrary to fact, corresponding to tenuissem ; but the departure from the normal construction gives vividness to the expression. this involves two ideas 359. madida cum veste gravatum
:

with

my

dripping garments, and iveighted down (therehy).

Condense
is

for transLation.
360.

With gravatum, understand me. ivith clutching fngers ; uncis manibus


:

uncis

pictui--

esque.

capita aspera montis

rugged

cliff-suiumits.

He had

dragged himself up to the top of the cliff. 361. praedamque ignara putasset m ignorance deeming me a For -que here see note on prindsque in faucibus, 273. The prize. natives suppose he has gold on his person and murder him. The
:

poet allows us to infer the latter i.e. my body. 362. me


:

fact.

363.
365.

quod:

ivherefore ; ci. Jl. 14:1, v/iih. note.


:

terram inice

this is the

main

idea,

though in point of

time following the action of the next clause, portusque require The sprinkling of three handfuls of earth upon Velinos; cf. 301.
a dead body was regarded as burial. as Velia w^as founded at a later day, 3660 portus Velinos
:

we

have here an anachrouism. The j^lural is used, perhaps to avoid the similarity of endings in j)ort\x.TQ. VelinuvQ.. the use of the pronouu, here and in 305, indioates 367. aut tu diva creatiix: sc. viam. si quam the urgency of the appeal. i.e. Venus. i.e. over the Styx. 370. per undas
: :

BOOK VI
371.

473

saltem
had done
dira
:

at least.

Paliiiurus prays that he niay at least


to

find rest in the grave,


as he
373.

and not be compelled

go on wandering

in

life.

icild.
:

374.
is

amnem severum Eumenidum


iniussus
:

i.e.

the Cocytus

severum

a transferred epithet.
375.
sc.

a Charonte.

376.

In the Purgatorio (Canto


this verse,

YL
it

28) Dante asks Yirgil to


efficacy of

expound
prayer.

inasmuch as

seems to deny the

Yirgil explains that the granting of prayer does not

imply that the divine will is thereby changed. dicta sc. haec. 377. cape = accipe.
:

378.
der.

finitimi

i.e.

the people living near the scene of the mur-

There was a tradition that the Lucanians, when suffering from a pestilence, consulted an oracle, and were bidden to
appease the ghost of Palinurus.
to

Tliey therefore set


as

up a mound
pay solemn

him south of 380. tumulo

Yelia,
:

now known

Capo Palinuro.
:

dative.

sollemnia mittent

will

offerings.

(The use of alHteration in picturesque narrative is well ilhistrated in this passage, in which fuUy half the verses show alliterative effects. The most conspicuous cases are in 338, 356, 358, 362, 364, 370, 371, Anaphora is employed in 363-4 {per 376, 378, 382. per . ])er), 365-7 (aiit tu arit tu), 367 (si qua si quam). Spondees are used to express solemnity in 352 and 363, and slow movement in 358 to heighten a chmax in 361, and to suggest comfort after sorrow iu 382.)
. .
.

Lines 384-416.

Charox.
384.
385.

ergo having satisfied Palinurus. navita quos iam inde ut prospexit


:

but xdien even from

ichere he icas the

hoatman

saiv

them

iam inde refers back to JiuviOy

and

is

further explained by Stygia ah unda.

387.

increpat ultro

at

once rehukes them; ultro implies that

he does not wait for an explanation.

474
389.

NOTES
iam
istinc
:

even

from where

rjou are

iste,

istic,

istinc,

are

demonstratives of the secoiid person.


390. 392.

soporae dro?cs?/. nec sum laetatus


:

litotes.

The

story

is

that Charon was

kept in fetters for a year thereafter.

essent virtual indirect discourse, Charon expressing the thought vv^hich moved him at that former time. However, the subjunctive witli quamguam becomes common after
394.
:

quamquam

A^irgil.

395.

Tartareum custodem
:

i.e.

Cerberus.

manu

in vincla

petivit
396.
397.

sought
:

to

enchain hy violence.

regis

Phito.
:

dominam

our queen
:

{.e.

Proserpina.

389.

the

Amphrysia vates the Sibyl is so called because she is servant of Apollo, who once tended the Hocks of Admetus on
Amphrysus
in Thessaly.
etc.
:

the banks of the


400.
7)iai/

licet

ingens ianitor antro,


endless

the

huf/e

doorkeeper

from

his cace icith

howl

affrif/ht the

hloodless shades.

licet terreat is

a case of parataxis, like


29.5,

sinite revisam, II. 6G0.


;

A.
1

565, N. 1

B.

and

G. 472, 2 and 607

II.

564,

H.

H. & B.
402.

5:52,

2 a.
:

casta

in the predicate.

patrui

i.e.

Phito,

who was

brotlier of Jupiter, Proserpina's fatlier.

The word

is

a used with

an ironical tone.
404.

servet limen
:

i.e.

stay at home.

imas ad umbras
:

to ihe

shades helow.
all.

nuUa translate by common in conversational


405.

not at

It is

an emphatic negative,
:

prose.

tantae pietatis imago

the

picture of such goodness.


406. 407.

at

yet.
:

adgnoscas

jussive subjunctive.
hreast siihsides

tumida ex
;

ira,

etc.

thenafter his
sea,

(uif/er his sivellinf/

a nietaphor froni the

when a cabn follows a storm. sc. dixit. 408. nec plura his
:

409.
si
te

fatalis virgae
vocant,

the

fateful irand.

fatalis is ex])lained
:

by

fata

unseen.

so long longo post tempore visum Tlie expression implies tiiat the golden bough had been

117.

BOOK YI
used before to gain an entrance to the lower world. yii"gil has some snch tradition in view we do uot know.
411.
spirit.

475
"Whether

alias

animas
:

the

otlier

sphnts,

This use of alius is a Grecism. a harsh word, routs 412. deturbat


413.

thongh Aeneas is not a iuga = transtra, thwarts.

out.

gemuit

a realistic touch, the passage being iu lighter tone

tlian the rest.

Aeneas was no unsubstantial umbra, but a living


at that.
stitched
:

person,
414.

and ingens
sutilis
:

seamy ; properly,

i.e.

the frame was cov-

ered with skins sewn together.


positiou.
415.

Emphasis
its

is

given the word by

rimosa incolumis

ireelj, through

chinks.

safe

and sound ; used predicatively with the

accusatives.
416.

glauca ulva

gray sedge.

(In this Charon scene, the style and diction, in keeping T^ith the theme, are less dignitied than usual. The boatman is peremptory and abrupt, and the expressions/re quid veuias and istinc, 889, are from Similar is the use of absiste moveri iu the the language of daily life. SibyPs reply. Note too the irony of 392 and 400-2, the nse of mdla, and the somewhat humorous tone of 413-4. 40o'; of detiirhat, 412 It will be interestiug to sttidy the rhythm of 380, 392, 401, 408-9, 413-4, and 416.)
;

Lines 417-425.

Cerberus at the Threshold.


417.
triceps;

latratu trifauci
i.e.

icith triple-throated bat/ing.

Cerberus was

had three heads, and

trifaux

In Dante, Cerberus is Yirgil, aud rends the gkittonous in the third


of
triceps.

formed on the analogy eveu more horrible than in


is

circle of Hell.

418.

adverso
colubris

fronting them,

opposite.

recubans immanis

reclining in his huge bulk.

on his neck he has snakes instead of hair. a morsel 420. melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam drugged with (steeped in the sleep of) honey and medicated meal. In Dante, Virgil throws earth into the brute's maws {I-nferno, Canta
419.
:

i.e.

VI).

476
421.
ille
if
:

NOTES
tJie

monster.

fame

this
tlie

word has

its final syllable

long, as
424.
425.

from the fifth instead of sepulto buried in slumher.


:

third declension.
^irreme-

inremeabilis

^renavigable never' (Rhoades)

This striking vvord, apparently coined by Virgil (cf. V. 591), conimonly demands a paraphrase in other languages. Dante takes two lines to translate it (Purgatorio, I. 131-2) and Shakespeare's " from whose bourn no traveller returns " (Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1) is about the briefest natural rendering in English. Cf. note on cundantem, 211.
able
'

(Coniilgton and Billson).

(Jn the description of Cerberus, note the picturesciue effect of the a

and u sounds, and the proniinence of r, the littera canina, as known to the Romaus. Note, too, the dactyhc rhythm of 421.)

it

was

Lines 426-439.

Infants, the Untimely Dead, and Suicides.


426.
eftect.

voces vagitus

note the alliteration, with onomatopoetic


lot,

The

chiklren are wailing, not because of their

but

because " their crying and sadness are merely their eartlily cliarac-

and condition carried with tliem into Hades. Tlie infants are placed in the very entrance and beginning of Hades," because such location was " peculiarly suitable for tliose who had died in the very beginning and entrance of life " (Henry). They
ter
.

are assigned to neutral ground, the phice neitlier of puuisliment,

nor of joy.
In the
first circle

of his Tnferno,

Dante places the

spirits of those
Tii

" abides with the innocent babes bitten by the fangs of death, ere they were exempt from human sin " (Purgaiorio,

who died unbaptized, Limbo Virgil himself

before Christianity {Inferno IV.).

that

YU.

-M

ff.).
:

430.
431.

condemned to death. sine sorte, sine iudice wit/iout lot or judge ;


:

damnati mortis

/.e.

witliout

judges chosen by iot; iwlice is a collective singiilar. the aHotment referred 432. quaesitor Minos urnam movet
:

to in

tlie

previous note

is

conducted by Minos, as the presiding

'

BOOK YI
magistrate.

477

was applied to the Roman praetor, who presided over criminal trials. Dante has Minos sitting at the entrance to the second circle of Hell, and judging sinners {Inferno Y.). ille silentum concilium vocat 'tis he who sum-

The term

quaesitor

mons apanel ofthe silent dead ; i.e. to act as a jury. examines into men^s lives and 433. vitasque et crimina discit Minos conducts the cognitio and discit takes the the charges made.
:

place of the technical cognoscit.

maesti the suicides are maesti, because they were so in Dante treats theni much more severely. They are cast into life. the second ring of the seventh circle, and suifer the fate of Polydorus (TII. 22 ff.), becoming stunted trees, on which the Harpies feed (Inferno, Canto 13). though free from guilt ; {.e. they took their lives, 435. insontes not because of moral guilt, but in misery or despair. manu i.e. by their own hand, but implying violence, as in 395. lucem i.e.
434.
: : : :

the light of
.

life.
:

vellent how they would ivish, i.e. if there were any an incomplete conditional sentence of the conpossible chance On the thought, cf. the famous passage in trary to fact type. Homer, where the shade of Achilles says " Speak not to me soft
436.
;
:

quam

words on death, noble Odysseus. Fain would I be bound to the soil and serve another ax:)Oor man of little substance, rather than be a king over all the departed dead" {Odyssey XI. 488 ff. cf. Matthew Arnold's Balder Dead, toward the end of 2. Journey to For more cheerful views of the other world in classithe Dead). cal literature, we must go to the Greek philosophers.

(The contrast between the wailing infants and the howling Cerberus
is

very striking.

set in 430-2. Alliteration is effectively In 433, it is 431, and 433.

The spondaic rhythm of the first three verses is offbv the accelerated rhythm of 429, which in turn yields to spondees
employed thoughout, most notably in 426, double and chiastic, abba.)

478

NOTE.S
Lines 440-476.

Thp:
440.

Mourning Fields and Dido.


:

partem fusi in omnem outspread on every side. Tlie Mourning Fields are spacious, giviug to tlie sorrowing dead the
solitude they crave.
441.

Similarly Dante.
:

Lugentes Campi
;

the expression

is

apparently original

with Virgil
*

Bunyan's nanies, such as the 'Slough of Despond,' Delectable Mountains,' and Valley of Humiliation.' whom fell love with cruel wa^t442. quos durus amor, etc.
cf.
' :

'

ing gnawed' (llhoades)

cf.

Tennyson

" Beauty and anguish walking hand

in

hand
of Fair Women.')

The downward
Understand
443.
tle

slope to death."

(A Dream

eos as

antecedent of quos.
:

secreti calles
to

sequestered walks.
;

myrtea

silva

the myr-

was sacred

Venus

cf.

Pope

" By the youths that died for love

Wandering

in the myrtle grove."

{Ode on
VirgiPs silva suggested to Dante his
'

St. Cecilia^s

Bay.)

mournful wood,' fringing a barren plain (Inferno XIV. 10); cf. the 'wide forest,' which serves as a setting for Tennyson's A Dream of Fair Women. i.e. Alcmaeon. 446. nati with comes. 447. his Dido A'iri.e. witli wound still fresh. 450. recens a volnere giFs general model for tliis meeting of Aeneas and Dido is the Homeric scene of the meeting of Ajax and Odysseus in the lower
: : : :

world (Odyssey XI. 541

ff.).

Dante places Dido in the second circle of Hell, with Cleopatra and Helen of Troy (Inferno V.). governed.by iuxta and adgnovit. 451. quam even as the moon, when in the early 453. qualem primo qui, etc.
:

month one

sees or fincies he has seen

it

rise

amW

iJip

clouds.

Tn

fiill,

the sentence would be qualem lunam videt qui videt enm surgere, etc. Tlie siinile even Uke the moon which he sees who sees it rise, etc.

BOOK VI
explains ohscuram, which
is

479
prhno

very emphatic by position.


of the

mense does not mean the

month, when the moon could not be seen, but the early month from the third day on, .when the moon begins to be visible. For the difficulty of recognizing Dido's
first

shade,
455.

cf. 3J:0.
:

dulci amore love Dido.


456.
:

yet some critics tell us that Aeneas did not

ergo the inferential particle is very expressive, and implies long pondering over the fact; Hivas a true message, then, that r^eached me. Yirgil does not tell us how Aeneas received this news. He did learn from Mercury (IV. 564) that Dido was certa mori, and the sight of the blazing pyre filled him with gloomy forebodings, as he sailed away from Carthage (V. 7). The addition of ferro, 457, may be an inference from her present appearance (recens a volnere, -450).
457.

exstinctam
funeris

sc. te esse.

extrema secutam
tcas

hadst sought

thy doom.
458.
:

note the emphatic position;

it

death (not

merely sorrow) / hrought thee? This nieans here the hy the world ahove. 459. per superos earth, but in III. 600, the gods; cf. ad superos, 481. Aeneas thus swears by the heavens, the earth, and Hades. et si qua fides, etc, and hy ichatever is sacred in the grave. cf IV. 268 ff., 345-6, 396. 461. iussa deum squalid icitli scurf; a quaint, alliterative phrase 462. senta situ
: :

('

rusty-rough,' Morris), suggested by Homer's'AtSe(jo

ho^jLov evpojevra,

Hades (Odyssey X. 512). The drove me icith their hehests. 463. imperiis egere suis expression implies a distinction between iussa and imperia, the latter being more specific and exacting than the former. sc. meo. 464. discessu dative cf. capiti suhduxerat ensem, 524. ne sub465. aspectu trahe the construction is archaic and therefore poetical. 466. extremum fato, quod te adloquor, hoc est hy fate^s decree this is the last icord I may speaJc to thee ; fato is a causal
the
of
:
: :

mouldy house

ablative.

quod

inner object, with adloquor.

i80
467.

NOTEb
ardentem
et torva

tuentem animum
Dido
;
;

the buniing and


forcible expres-

iierce-eyed soul' (^lackail), a reniarkably brief


sion,

and

animum being used


lenibat
:

for
to

hei*self.

468.

soughL
;

soothe
4,

conative imperfect.
G. 130, 2
;

iorni, see A. 183, 1

B. 116,
i.e.

H. 244,
ciere

For the H. & B.


cf.

164, 4.
iir. 344.

lacrimas
Cf.
I.

his

own, for lacrimas

lacrimare ;

469.

482.
:

470.
is

voltum movetur

does she change her countenance ; movelur than if she were a standing image
sit.

used as a middle voice.


471.

quam

si

dura
:

silex, etc.

of hard
472.

Marpesian rock ; stet is more picturesque than Marpesia cautes i.e. Parian marble.
jiint or

corripuit sese

'flung

herself

away
lier

'

(Mon-is)

a fine

touch, showing that

notwithstanding
responds

seeming indifference
her sorroics ;
illi

(468-470), she
473.
illi

is still

a creature of passion.
:

respondet curis
:

to

is

dative of reference with botli respondet and aequat,


474.

475.

aequat amorem casu concussus

gives her

iniquo

an equal love. ^stunned by her sad

fate'

(llhoades).
476.

This translation preserves the alliteration. prosequitur lacrimis attends her with his tears
:

beauti-

fully expi-essive of his tearful gaze.

Xote the

difference between

prosequitur

and

sequitur.
is

(This Dido episode


find in this scene.
litore ccssi.,

an

epiloirue to

Book

Thus infelix Dido, 450 Italiam non sponte seqitor, IV. 301 hnne tantum dolorem, 4(54 = IV. 410; queni fnyis? 406 (Aeneas to Dido) = mcne fugis ? IV. 314 (Dldo to Aeneas) Aeneas weeps while Dido remains unnioved, 400 ff., whereas in IV. Dido weeps, 314, and Aeneas stands firni, 331 ff. In so sorrowful a scene, it is natural that spondees, expressive of sadness, should be unusuallv prevalent; cf. 441, 442, 443, 445, 440, The broTven rhythni of 447, 450,- 451, 452, 453, 450, 400, 401, 474. ending, is wcH suited nionosylhibic diaeresis and with its double 400, is often height artistic effect The to the pathos of the thought.
;

IV., echoes of whicli w^e IV. oOfi invitus tno de


;

400

ened by

alliteration.)

BOOK VI
Lines 477-493.

481

Those
477.

Who

fell IX
:

War.
toils

inde datum molitur iter

thence he

along the given

way ; datum, i.e. quae se dabat, the way which presented itself to him, For the expression, cf. Bunyau " Tliey went theii till they came at a place where they saw a way put itself into their vvay." arva ultima the farlhest Jields, i.e. of the (^Pilgrim^s Progress.) neutral region, neither Elysium nor Tartarus.
: :

478.

secreta

apart.

479.

Tydeus Tydeus, Parthenopaeus, and Adrastus were among


:

the seven heroes vvho niade


the Trojan war.
480.
481.

war upon Thebes before the days


is

of

pallentis

because he
:

in

Hades.

ad superos

on earth;
superos.

cf.

per superos, 459, with note.

Here ad superos
483.

apud

The polysyndeton
Cereri sacrum etiam, etiam
:
:

in the verse supports the effect of omnis

longo ordine. though so few


484.

names can be

given.

priest
still,

485.

of Ceres. still, in temporal sense.

Note the

anaphora.
487. 488. 491.

iuvat usque morari they delight to linger on. conferre gradum walk heside him. vertere historical infinitive.
: : :

492.

tollere

vocem exiguam

raised a cry, but faintly.


tlie}^

They

are unsubstantial shades,

and the war-cry


cf.

raise
I.

is

but the

faint echo of their former voices;

Hamlet (Act

Sc. 1):

" The graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets."
exiguam is explained by the next words. makes mockei^y of their gaping mouths. 493. frustratur hiantis
:

(Panic and flight are suggested by the accelerated rhythm of 489, with its lengthy words. The effect is continued by alliteration in 490 In the closing words, (videre viruni) and the repeated t sounds in 491. strongly emphathe prominent a sounds clamor frustratur hiantis

size the thought.)

482

NOTES
Lines 494-547.

Dkiphobus.
(The Homeric model for
this scene is the
ff.)

meeting of Odysseus and

Agamemnon, Odyssey
495.

XI. 385

ora

Greek accusative of
:

specification.

496.
498.

populata vix adeo

despoiled.

scarcely indeed.

tegentem

conative, trying

te

conceal.
499.

notis vocibus

loith

familiar accents.

\\\tro

:frst;

cf.

its

use in 887.

hand with thee? de te is used for in te, because the words belong also to sumere poenas, with which phrase de is regularly used, mihi
502.
:

cui tantum de te licuit

ivho Jias

had

so free a

fama

tulit

rninor hrought

me

news.

Vii'gil

here skilfully refers

which Deiphobus fell in battle, This, too, is what we niay infer from the Homeric narrative (Odyssey VIII, 510 ff.). suprema nocte on that last night ; i.e.
to another tradition, according to
:

the night of Ti-oy's


505.

fall.
:

tumulum inanem
ter

i.e. i.e.

a cenotaph

cf. III.

304.

506

voce vocavi
et

with

>the novissima verba, 231,

where

see note.
507.

nomen
tibi

arma
:

i.e.

an inscription and probably some


te

representation of arms on stone.


509. 510. 511.

amice

semi-hiatus.

relictum

has heen
:

left

undone

liy thee.

funeris umbris

to the

shade ofthe dead.

Lacaenae
illa
:

die

Laconian icoman.
she

He

disdains to

name

Ilelen.
512.
513.

emphatic
liow.
:

it

was who.

monumenta

memorials.

ut

514. 515.

nimium
saltu
:

only too well.


if tlie

expressive of engerness, as
:

horse were alive.

ardua Pergama
516.
(licrs

the helyJits
:

of Troy.
laden in
its

gravis alvo
illa

Jieariiy

helly

referring to the

sol-

concealed within.
:

517.

Ilclen.

chorum simulans

feigning a solemn dancc

BOOK VI
i.e.

483
raising in revels the Bacchic

thanksgiving.
is

euhantis orgia

an inner accusative, in imitation of the equivaleiit Greek. ciroum i.e. round the city. 518. flammam all the Bacchic revelers carried torches. Helen's was uniisually large. summa Danaos ex arce vocabat Viroil here foUows a tradition about Ilelen, which involves some inconsistency with the account in Book 11. See II. 256 and 571-4.
cry ; orgia
:
:

521. 523.
526.

infelix

ill-starred.
:

egregia
scilicet

ironical.

forsooth.
:

amanti

her lover,

i.e.

Menelaus.
the son of

528. 529.

quid moror ? in short. Aeolides used iu derision


:

of Ulysses,

who was
:

Laertes, but

whom

scandalous gossip

made

the son of Sisyphus,

whose father was Aeolus. talia Grais instaurate repay the Greeks ivilh like penalties. instaurate talia is proj^^erly 'renew such things.' Note the poefs reticence as to the fate which befell Deiphobus.
This, of course,
530.
532.
is sufiiciently

explained in 491-7 above.


the question
is

pio

the emphatic word; ifwith sinless Ups, etc.


etc.
:

whether he has come accidentally, in the course of his wanderings, or on a special mission, at the order of the gods.

pelagine veuis,

533.

fatigat ut adires

spurred thee on

to

visit;

secondary

se-

quence, because /fl%af carries us back to the outset of his journey. an adjectival phrase, the nearest equivalent to 534. sine sole
:

the Greek dvT^Ato?.


535.

loca turbida
:

a land of disorder.

amid such interchange of talk. The expression implies that Aeneas answers the questions put, but the answers are not given, as thus a previous part of the narrative would be repeated for the reader.
536. It

hac vice sermonum

iam medium traiecerat axem had now crossed mid-heaven. was now past noon. As the underworld is siiie sole, this poetic
:

definition of time belongs strictly to the upper world.

So often in
This

Dante
537.

cf.

Purgatorio, Canto II. etc.


:

fors

perchance.
is

traherent

they would have wasted.

imperfect form

a mucli easier one to use in verse than the plu


).

perfect traxissent (

484
538.

NOTES
sed admonuit
:

a siibstitute for the more regular, but less


cf. TI.

vivid nisi admonuisset.


539.
540.

nox

ruit

i.e.
:

up from ocean
hitherto their

250.
led

se via findit

way has

through neutral

ground.

Now

it

parts into

two ways, one

of wiiich leads to Tar-

tarus, the other to


541.

Elysium.

taken into the relative clause, and therefore agreeing with quae, instead of with hac. bi/ this is oiir route to Ehjsium 542. hac iter Elysium nobis Elijsium is accusative of liniit of motion, iter (est) nobis having the

dextera

force of ibimus.

exercet poenas ivreaks the punishment ; a bold personification, softened by the explanatory et ad impia Tartara mitlit. impia pitiless. cf note on ne subtrahe, 465. 544. ne saevi / icill Jill up the tale. The expression 545. explebo numerum The ghosts are flocks, whicli Hades, as sheplierd, is metaphorical. counts. Deiphobus will return {reddar, middle voice) to the fold.
543.
:
:

Cf.

Milton

" And every shepherd Under the hawthorn


546.

tells his tale

in the dale."

{L' Allegro.)

melioribus
in

i.e.

happier than mine.

547.

verbo

as he spoke.

(The spondaic rhythm expresses horror


nity in 520. tion of the hard c sound,

in 501, grief in 513, solemtlie latter verse, with its alHterastrono; with contrast In

and

is the sniooth dactyhc verse 522, with its l sounds, and feminine caesurae (cf. 284). AlHteration is prominent throughout. Note especially 500 and 512 541 and 547 (inipressive effect)). (pathos) 530 (solemnity of curse)
i
; ;

Lines 548-627.

Tartarus.
548.

respicit subito

suddenhj lools back.

Aeneas has turned

toward Elysium, but in his desire to see the departing l)('i])ho})us he looks back and so gets a view of Tartarus.
to the right,
549.

moenia

fortress, or castle.

BOOK VI
550.

485
of Phlegethon,

This verse explains


(<^A.eya)).
:

tlie

meaning
:

<

the burn-

ing river'
552.
554.

See note on 132: f


:

&
^ iron tower, soar*

adversa infront. stat f errea turris ad auras there stands an


porta
sky.
etc.
:

^c. est.

ing

to the

557.
stripes;

hinc,

therefrom are heard groans


is

and

the

sound of cruel

grammatically, sonare

parallel to exaudiri, historical

infinitive.

558.
559. 560.

tractaeque catenae
constitit
facies
fas
: .

and
:

haesit

dragging of chains. a hj^steron proteron.


the
is

forms.
:

The word

plural.

561.
563.
.

ad auras
:
:

as in 551.

sc. est.

sceleratum limen
the gods'

cf. sceleratas poenas, II.

576.

564.
565.

cum ichen. deum poenas

punishments; deum

is

a subjective

genitive.

castigatque auditque dolos, etc. " he flogs them and hears their guile, compelliug them to confess" (Page), i.e. he lashes offenders to force from them confession. The words subi567.
:

gitque fateri are explanatory of

The
568.

part here assigned to


4).

what precedes. Rhadamanthus

is

given to Minos by
in the

Dante (Inferno, Canto V.

quae

quis, etc.

the crimes

for which a man

world
late

ahove, rejoicing in vain deceit, has put off atonement until

tlie

hour of death.

We

have here a condensed expression, w^orthy of

Greek tragedy.

In the phrase commissa piacula, crimes committed,


distulit.

calling for expiation, the sense of expiation is sufficiently strong to

allow the poet to use the words as object of


570.

continuo

straighticay
guilt.

i.e.

as soon as

Rhadamanthus has
is

determined their
TiVts, vengeance.

ultrix:

Tisiphone

connected with

571. 572.

quatit:

lashes.
:

agmina saeva sororura

see IV. 469

and notes.

573.

tum demum horrisono


" At
last,

stridentes, etc.

on hideous hinges grating harsh, The Infernal Doors fly open." (BUlson.)

486
Milton's imitation
is

NOTES
well

known

" On a sudden open fly, With impetuous recoil and jarring sound, The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh tliunder, that the lowest bottom shook Of Erebus." (Paradise Lost,
574.

II.

879

ff.)

portae

the gates of Tartarus.

custodia

i.e.

Tisiphone,

abstract for concrete.


577. 578.
ttvice

saevior
as

i.e.

than Tisiphone.
:

bis patet,

etc.
iJie

yaions sheer dovm, dropping into

tJie

deptJis

far as
is

is

upward view from Hades'


(Iliad,

sJcy

to

Jieavenly

Olympus.

bis doubles PIonier's distance, " as far

heaven
it:

high above earth"

below Hades, as VIII. IG), and Milton trebles

" As far removed from God and hght of lieaven As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole."
(Paradise Lost,
I.

73.)

tenditque sub umbras


579. 580.
Satiirii

explanatory of the words preceding.


i.e.

caeli

the sky of the lower world,


:

this earth.

Titania pubes

tJie

Titans' brood.

The Titans

sided with

in his conilict witli Jupiter, but were smitten with thun-

and cast into Tartarus. 581. volvuntur: writJie. 582. Aloidas sons of Aloeus, i.e. Otus and Ephialtes, who tried to assail lieaven by piling Mount Ossa on Olyrapus, and Pelion on
derbolts
:

Ossa.
585.

crudelis

dantem poenas, dum,

etc.

wJio met witJi cruel

j)unisJiment, ivhile im.ita(iny, etc.

not

vidi.

The </ffm-clause modifies dantem, Salmoneus was struck down in the niidst of his impious'
he attempted to do
described in 5921.
:

career.

What
is

is

explained in 587-591

his

puiiishment
588.

mediae Elidis urbem

i.e.

the city founded by him,

viz.

SaliMonia.
590.

demens qui simularet

madman

to inimic.

The

qui sim-

ularetf etc., is

a causal characteristic clause.

BOOK YI
591.

487

aere

i.e.

with

brazen

chariot.

cornipedum

pulsu

equorum:

so Teiinyson,
II. p. 13),

who was fond

of quoting this passage

(Memoir, Yol.
592.

speaks of the "tramp of the horn-footed

horse'' (T/resm.s').

593.

telum bolt, ille: an emphatic


:

repetition of the siibject

" no brand or smoky glare Of pine torch he." (Rhoades.)


594.
595.

turbine
cer-nere

inhirlivind.
:

nec non et
{yjv

moreover ;
:

cf. I.

707.
to see
is
;

596.

erat

it

was possihle

a meaning due to

Greek analogy
perience.
598.

iSdv)-

The

Sibyl

narrating her former exfruitful for tor-

immortale

deathless.

fecunda poenis
:

ture

ad poenas.^ gropes for dainties 599. rimaturque epulis habitatque, etc. and lodges, etc. The -gue and -que are correlatives rimatur, sc.
;

poenis (dative)

ea,

i.e.

the viscera.

600.

renatis

they are renewed as fast as tliey are eaten.


etc.
:

602.

quos super,
" On

a black crag, ever like to slip, Frowns and seemsfahing." (Rhoades.)


to Ixion
:

whom

The punishment here assigned


referred to Tantalus.

and Pirithous

is

usually

cadentique

sc. silici.

The

hypermetric -que accords with the idea of the over-

hanging stone. 603. lucent genialibus


couches gleam
icith

altis,

etc.

high feslal

golden headrests ; literally, /or the couches the headrests qleam. Xote the rare asyndeton

between adjectives in geniaUhus cdtis. The genialis ^'^^'^^ ^^ torus was so called because " the genius is the source ^^^ Wheel. of the good gifts and hours which brighten the life of the individual man, and also the source of his physical and mental health in a word, his good spirit " (Preller). The fulcra correspond to the heads of our modern sofas.
;

488
604.
605.

NOTES
epulae
:

like fulcra, a subject of lucent.


:

maxima

sc.

natu, eldest.
:

608.
satus

quibus invisi sc. erant. The quibus belongs also to pnU dum vita manebat this clause belongs iii and innexa.
:

sense to all the groups mentioned, not merely to the


6og.

first.

pulsatus parens

respect for parents


it

law among the Romans, as


the Chinese.

was a fundamental has been among the Hebrews and


:

fraus innexa clienti

in

Roman

law, the defraud-

ing of a client by his patronus was a very grave offence.

aut qui divitiis, etc. or tliose loJio in wealth they had won; j^epeiiis, literally, ybwnf/, accident, but by effort. 611. nec partem posuere suis and have
610.
:
:
:

solitude hrooded over


i.e.

secured, not

by

set aside

no portion

for their kin. quae maxima turba est i.e. the misers, not the kindred. Virgil iraplies that avarice was the most conspicuous
vice in his day.
612.

arma

secuti impia

i.e.

those engaged in treasonable war-

fare, revolutionists.

613.
615.

dominorum fallere dextras io break fnith icith theirmasters. quam poenam sc. exspectant. quae forma, etc. ichat
:

form of
sceleris,

crime, or fute, has o^erivlielmed them.

With forma supply

Altliough the Sibyl has forbidden inquiry not poenae. she herself goes ou to explain. Tlius quam poenam (exspectant) is mersit mersit iu 621-624. explained in 616-620, and quae
. . .

the indicative in an indirect question

be used in poetry, especially as it Thus merserit could not be used here. venient metrical form. like Sisyphus, who was con616. saxum ingens volvunt demned to roll a liuge stouo u])]iill, ouly to see it roll back on
:

and therefore inay often furnishes a more conis

archaic,

radiisque rotarum districti pendent and some hang outstretched on icheel-spokes ; like Ixion. See note
reaching the summit.
quos snper, 602.
617.
:

011

sedet aeternumque sedebit for liis attempt to carry off Proserpina, Theseus was chained to a rock, but accordiug to the

common
Ilercules.

traditiou (ap])arently accept(Ml

iu

122)

was

released

by

Virgil here follows another tradition.

BOOK VI
6i8.

489

Phlegyas

iii

Dante, Phlegyas plays a part similar to

Charou's, being a ferrvman over the


ferno,
620.

marsh

of the fifth circle (/n-

This motive, that of having sinners testify to the truth, is used by Dante, who, for example, has an envious spirit in Purgatory proclaim the gospel of love {Purgatorio, Canto XIII. 36). temnere cf. note on I. 512. 622. fixit leges pretio atque refixit made and unmade lawsfor a hrihe. The words are suggested by the early custom of inscribing on a brass plate the laws that were enacted. It is probable that in this passage Virgil is glancing at Marcus Antonius, the opponent of Augustus. this quadrisyllable, a Greek word, is always 623. hymenaeos last in a Virgilian verse; cf. I. 651; IV. 99, etc. See note on IV.
:
:

Canto VIII. 17 ft".). moniti i.e. by me.

316.
624.

ausi omnes,

etc.

their daring's fruit."

" All dared great


625.

guilt,

and reaped
:

(Billson.)

linguae centuni
;

Virgil has enlarged on


bis patet, 578.
I.

(Iliad, II. 489)

cf.

note on

Homer's ten For the form of the

condition, see note on ni faciat, etc.


626.

58.

scelerum formas

cf.

note onforma, 615.

(In the description of Tartams (548-501). note the many alliterations, with the picturesque use of certain consonants, especially s, r, t The spondees open(cf. 548, 550, 551, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561). ing 552 and 557 are impressive, and the closing line of the section (561) is, except for the tiftli foot, spondaic throughout. In the wSibyrs narrative of horrors, Virgil exhibits a wonderful Alliteration, onomatopoeia, and resourcefuhiess in linguistic effects. figures of rhetoric are numerous. Hard and harsh consonants (t, p, See 570,571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 580,583, 591, c, s, r) asain abound. For vowel effects, see especially 572, 592 f., 602. 609, 611, 616, 627. 576. For special rhythmical effects, see 574-5, 576, 590, 602, 614, 6167, 62:^, 624.

In the catalo.saie of sinners and their ptinishments, Virgil avoids monotonv bv taking the sinners partlv from tradition (580, 582, 585, Some595, 601,^617), and partly from actuaf life (608 ff., 621, 623).
times, too, he mentions the punisbment but not the offence (as in 581, 596, 602, 616), and sometimes tlie offence, but not the punishment

490

jsroTES

For the same reason Virgil separates those (as in 583, 608, 621, 623). who are closely associated with tradition (e.f/. Phlegyas, Ixion, Pirithous, and Theseus, and does not adhere strictly to tradition in his assignment of punishments (cf. 602 f., 616).)
Lines 628-636.

^
629.
i.e.

At the Castle of Pluto.


susceptum
perfice

munus

fuljil

tlie

task taken in

hand;

bough to Proserpina. reared hy tlie foryes of tJie 630. Cyclopum educta caminis Cyclopes ; i.e. built of iron by Viilcan and his workmen. 631. adverso fornice with archway in front ; ablative of quality. 633. per opaca viarum: over the dark way ; ci. note on angusta
of carrying- the golden
:

viarum, II. 332.


634.
635.

foribus

the same as portas, 631.


:

corpus recenti spargit aqua

i.e.

by way of

purifi^ation,

before entering a holy place. (Note the general dactylic tone of the passage, culminating in tlie wholly dactylic verse 634. The poet turns, as it were, with relief from the horrors of Tartarus.)

Lines 637-678.

The Blissful Groves.


637.
i.e.

perfecto munere divae

the task

of

the

goddess fuJflled;

demanded by the goddess. Cf. 629 and note; niunus must have the same nieaning in both verses.
the task

a land of joy ; amplified by the following synonymous expressions. amoena virecta, etc. the green pleas638.

locos laetos

aunces of the Blissful Groves ; 640. largior hic canipos,

cf.

note on Lugentes Campi,


:

4-41.

etc.

here an ampler

etlier clothes

the

meads with

roseate

light

et

connects largior, which


Tlie aether
is

is

really iu

the predicate, with lumine.

which is atmosphere of Avernus.


641.

the fine atmosphere contrasted with the aer of earth, and tlie still denser

purpureo

used of any brilliant or dazzling color;

cf.

BOOK VI

49i

iumen iuventae purpureum, I. 590. with note. TYordsworth has a close rendering of this passage in his Laodamia, and retains the

word purpureal
" Of
all

imaged there most beauteous lu happier beauty more pellucid streams, An ampler ether, a diviner air
that
is
:

And

fields invested witli

purpureal gleams;
slieds the brightest

Chmes which
Earth kuows,

the sun
is all

who

day

unworthy
:

to survey."

solemque suum, sua sidera


order.

striking alliteration

and

chiastic

suum and sua


ours.

iniply that their

sun and stars are different

from

pars in gramineis, etc. the pursuits enjoyed in life (note the Greek ideals of gymnastics and music) are still enjoyed in Elysium. Milton's fallen angels engage in these pursuits in bell {Paradise Lost, II. 528 ff.).
642.
:

644.

pedibus plaudunt choreas


:

trip

it

in the

dance.

The

verse shows double alliteration, with onomatopoetic effect.

Orpheus, who i.e. Threicius sacerdos Apollo, in the garb of Apollo (Jonga cum veste). matches their 646. obloquitur numeris, etc.
645.
:

is

a priest of

measures

icith

seven clear notes.

The

seren differ-

ences of notes are the distinct notes of the scale (according -witli the lyre's seven strings), wliich

Orpheus utters in response to (ph-) the rhydnns (jiwneris) of the dance and song.
647. 651.
653.

eadem

i.e.
:

discrimina.
is

miratur

the subiect

Aenea^J.
,
:

rir,. ii.

.ung-

quae gratia currum,


and arms

ctc.

icnaf

pnde

...
iti

ROBED PrIEST.

chariots
the

ivas theirs in life, ichal care in keeping sleek steeds,


:

same attends them, ichen hid heneath the earth plural : vivis agrees with eis understood.
657.
.1

currum

is

genitive

vescentis
;

feasting.

joyous paean

as

laetum paeana canentis singing the Greeks do in the service of ApoUo (Iliad,
:

[.'473).

492
658.

KOTES
unde superne plurimus,
etc.
:

from which, in the world The Eridaabove, the full flood of the Eridanm rolls amid forests. nus, or Po, has an underground course of about two miles uear its source, and so was said to spring from the lower world. passi here is the band ofthose who suffered 660. hic manus wounds,fghtingforcountry; manus passi (ior passa) is a construc.

tion according to sense

cf.

genus antiquum, Titania pubes,

deiecti,

580-1.
662.

who have bettered life by the discqvery of truth ; i.e. those who promoted civilization by advancartis does not refer merely, or eveii ing human knowledge.
663.
etc.
:

vates bards. inventas aut qui,


:

or those

mainly, to material inventions. It applies rather to the principles of philosophy, including natural science, as understood by the
ancients.^

who by seruice have made men grateful to them, i.e. the benefactors of mankind. The obligation of doing good- in the world was a Stoic principle. aliquos (where we might expect alios) is due to the Greek coloring
etc.
:

See Introd. 8. 664. quique sui memores,

and

those

of the passage, aliquos


667. 668.

rim?.

medium

in their midst.
:

umeris exstantem altis towering aloft ivith shoulders high. so in Dante, Virgil asks the elect 669. dicite, felices animae spirits to tell hiui and Dante the way {Purgatorio, Canto III. 73 ff. XI. 40 fP.). optime vates i.e. Musaeus.
:

670.

illius

ergo

on

his account; ergo, as

a prepositional sub;

stantive, is postpositive.

A. 359, b

G. 373 and K. 1

II.

416, 5

H. & B. 339, d. sc. verbis. 672. paucis "soft-cushioned banks and meadows 674. riparum toros, etc. fresh with brooks we haunt" (Page) riparum is an appositional
:

genitive.
675.
inclines
1

si
;

fert

ita
is

corde voluntas

if the

wish

in

thy heart so

corde

an ablative of place where.


:

Servlus, connnenting on the verse, says

significat philosophos,

qui aliquid excoyitaverunt, unde vita coleretur.

BOOK VI
678.

493

dehinc: a monosyllable, as often in older poetry. linquunt: i.e. Aeneas and the Sibyl. It is iinplied that Musaeus now leaves them.
(This beautiful passage has always appealed strongly to great poets, e.g. Dante, Schiller, and Wordsworth. Tennyson has it, as well as the eleventh book of the Odyssey, in view, when in his Tiresias he dwells upon the joys of his " Pagan Paradise "
:

" and these eyes will find The men I knew, and watch the chariot whirl About the goal again, and hunters race The shadowy lion, aud the warrior-kings In height and prowess more than human, strive Again for glory, while the goklen lyre Is ever sounding in heroic ears Heroic hymns, and everywhere the vales Wind, clouded with the grateful incense-fume Of those who mix all odor to the Gods On one far height in one far-shining fire."

Besides the beauty of thought, note the cumulative effect of the balanced phrases in the three opening verses, with the impressive spondaic rhvthm (637), the alliteration (locos laetos), and the simiIn the rest of the passage, alliteration is very larity of final svllables. Spondaic marked, especially in 641. 644, 647, 648, 653,. 660, 674. rhythm is artistically used to picture toil (643) or repose (652) or a calm demeanor (6m, 672). On tlie other hand, the dactyls of 647, 655, 670, and 675 suggest joyousness or keen expectation.)

Lines 679-702.

Aeneas meets Anchises.


679.
680.

penitus convalle virenti deep hi a green inclusas animas. etc. the imprisoned soids,
: :

vale.
tliat

ivere to

pass

to tJie light

ahove

i.e.

to return to earth.
:

681.

lustrabat studio recolens

was surveying

loith

earnest

thought.

recensebat numerum icas telUng the tale; cf. note on expleho numerum, 54-5. their fates and fortuneSy 683. fataque fortunasque virum, etc. Xote the double alliteration, the iheir works and ways (^SIackail).
682.
:
:

494

NOTES

polysyndeton, and the carefiil balanciiig of expressions, vi7'um

{= eorum) being common to botli. manus exploits. advancing ioward him; adversum 684. tendentem adversum
: :

is

an adjective.
686.

genis

oculis.

The word
:

applies properly to the eye-

sockets.
687.

exspectatsL-psirenti

long looked for hj


ff.

tJuj

father.

Anchises

refers to his directions given in V. 731


689.

audire et reddere voces

cf. I.

409.
:

690.

ducebam animo
day
tlie

in .Cicero's

rebar deemed : even word had a quaint air but was suited to
:

icas thinking.

poetry.
691.
false.

nec

me mea
:

cura

fef ellit

nor has

my

longing played

me

692. 694.

terras

tliis,

as well as aequora, is
:

governed hj per.

695.
696.
is

quam metui, etc. tua me emphatic


:

referring to the stay in Carthage.


collocation.

haec limina tendere

an accusative of limit of 697. stant sale Tyrrheno classes sea; i.e. are moored off tlie shore of (= naves), an archaism.
:

draw toward these portals ; iimina motion (in prose, ad liinina).


:

to

jny ships ride the


tlie

Tuscan
classes

Tuscan sea;

700-2

II.

792-4.

(Artistic means here employed inchide O80, (387-8, venisti (a) alHteration lyietas; (595, ()97, 700, 702
:

vicit,

tandem

tua, parenti
.

anaphora (392-3, quanta quantis ; 095, tua tua 897-8, da 700-1, da ; ter ter (c) rhythniical effects the spondees of 087 express deep emotion the dactyls of 702 emphasize the idea of svvift, easy movement.)
(6)
: .

Lines 703-723.

The
703.

Spirits
retired.

on the Banks of Letiie.

reducta

704.

et virgulta sonantia silvae

a forest of rustling thickets

BOOK YI
literally, ayid
tJie

496
The expression
is

rustling thicTcets of a /orest.


cf.

explanatory of seclusum nemus ;


705.
(Xrjdrj)

638-9.

Lethaeum amnem:
means
forgetf ulness
:

of Lethe. see note on 132.


the river

The

"word Lethe

707.

ac velut ubi
strepit

ecen as when.

apes

for the siniile,

cf. I.

430

ff.

709.

murmure hums
:

with their buzzing

i.e.

the buzzing

of the bees.
tion.

The
:

application of the simile

is left

to the imagina-

Xote the ononiatopoea.


horrescit
is thrilled.
:

710.
711.

quae

sint, etc.

ichat

is

that river yonder.

The

indirect

question depends upon causas requirit.

porro

in this sense, afar^

an archaism. "drink heedless draughts of long 715. securos latices, etc. " (Rhoades); securos is a case of transferred epithet, forgetfulness the latices making men securi, free from care. et longa oblivia
:

explanatory of securos
716. 717.

latices.

has

sc.

animas, emphatic.
:

iampridem cupio
:

/ have long
tliis.

to the previous verse as well as to

meorum
has
.
.

even

to

count

this,

the race

The words belong hanc prolem enumerare of my children ; the words


desired.

explain more fully the


.

previous verse.

Note the asyndeton,


the

hanc taking the place of connectives. that so thou mayest rejoice with me 718. quo magis, etc.
:

more

an ablative absolute. hut, father, must we suppose that any 719. O pater, anne, etc. soids pass aloft from here to earth, and return a second time to slugatfnding
Italy.

Italia reperta is
:

gish

bodies?

The

use of aime in a singledirect question

is rare,

and implies astonishment.


i.e.

For caelum
etc.
:

as the

heaven of Hades,
so

earth,

cf. caeli

suspectus, 579.

721.

quae lucis miseris,


;

ichy have

unhappy beings

mad
est.

a desire for Ufe ? lucis is the light of life. With miseris supply It is used proleptically the animae becorae miserae on earth.
723.

suscipit

repUes

\\\iQY2i\\\,

takes up.

(In the simile, 707 ff., there is an effective use of s and u sounds, to represent the humming of bees. In 719, note the striking brevity, the

496

NOTES
The
vocative,

verb of saying being omitted.

however (0 pater)

makes

tlie

meaning

clear.)

Lines 724-751.

The Doctrine of the Anima Mundi.


724.

principio

in

tlie

first jjlace

a formal expression, showing


it

the argunientative or didactic character of the passage

intro-

duces.
725.

campus
The
phiral

liquentis

poetical for
i.e.

'

the

sea.'

Titania astra:
is

Titafi's star,

the sun, called Titan in IV.

119.
726.

used metri causa. spiritus intus alit a spirit within


:

sustains.
its

totamque
:

infusa per artus,

and mind, pervading whole mass, and mingles ivith its mighty frame ;
etc.
:

memhers, moves the

cf.

Tennyson

" Thou that seest Unwversal Nature moved by Universal Mind." (To Virgil.)

inde thence; i.e. from this the anima mundi. Understand est.
728.
:

spiritus or mens. called in prose

vitae

volantum

the life

of

winged things ; "flying fowl "(Billson) preserves the alliteration.

and the strange shapes ocean bears heneath his dazzling Jioor ; marmoreo aequore is Hoiner's aA.a tmpfjbaperjv, and Virgil doubtless thinks of the Greek rather thau the strictly Latin meaning, marble surface.' 730. igneus est, etc. Jiery is the vigor and divine the source of
729.

et

quae marmoreo,

etc.

'

those life-seeds.

The second
fire,

clanse explains the

first.

The source
all things,

of all
is

life,

the aninia mundi, or spiritus, which permeates

of the nature of

each individual living being containing a


fire.
:

particle, a seed, or
731.

spark froni this divino

far as harmful hodies do not clog theni, or earthlg Hnd)S and mort<d frames o'o not dull The general meaning is that the mortal body acts as a clog them.
so

quantum non noxia corpora tardant

upon the immortal spirit cornmon ia Knglish poetry;

cf.

7:20-1 above.

cf.

Popo

The

idea

is

very

" Vital spark of heavcnly flame, Quit, oh quit tliis mortal frame

'*
1

BOOK YI
and Shakespeare
:

497

of

" But whilst this muddy vesture Doth grossly close it in."

decay

{Jlerchant of Venice, Act. V. Sc. 1.)

hinc metuunt, etc. hence their fears and desires, their Human emotions and passions are due to this griefs and joys. nnion with the bodv, which disturbs the normal tranquillity of the sonl. neque auras dispiciunt, etc. nor can they discern Ihe The light of heaven, pent up in the gloom of their darh dungeon. ferainiue clausae shows that animae has become tlie subject. nay, when at the last day life has left them 735. quin et, etc.
733.
:
:

quin

et

quin etiam.

736.
evil,

non tamen omne malum


!
'

miseris,

etc.

still,

not all the

alas

not cdl the plagues ofthe hody quit them utterly ; miseris is
f

dative, being literally


737-

rom the wretched,' penitusque necesse est, etc. and


:

it

must needs be

that

many a

taint,

long growing with the soul, should in wondrous wise he

deeply ingrained.

The words

concreta

and
:

inolescere refer properly

to the grafting of a shoot


739.

upon another
etc.

tree.

ergo exercentur poenis,

therefore are they schooled


ergo,
i.e.

ivith penalfies,

andJor past

sins

pay punishment ;
:

iu order to

remove the
740.

taint.

aliae panduntur, etc.

some are hung stretched out


etc.

to the

void

winds.
741.
aliis

sub gurgite vasto,

of guilt

" Some have the dye

Purged
742.
is

in vast whirlpool, or burnt out with fire."

(Rhoades.)

infectum

literally stained or dyed, so that infectum scelus


infecti sunt, the guilt

a bold expression for scelus quo

wherewith

they are dyed.


743.
spirit.

quisque suos patimur Manis each of us suffers his oicn The form of the expression is due to Greek influence suos,
:

instead of nostros, because of the distributing force of quisque. Manis is an equivaleut for genius (8a/xa)v, EugUsh demon), the

498

'

NOTES
man through
him
life,
is

attendant spirit which accompanies a


return to the other vvorld, puuishes
guilt.

until he

and on his purged of

Thus the

spirit is the

agent for administering the punishverses,

ment described
Plato: "

in the three verses preceding. this

For the thought of

and succeeding

we may compare
charge of
to a place

Now

it

is

said that the genius

each

man

in his life, forthwith leads

who has had him after death

where the dead must assemble and be judged, and then go to Hades with the guide who has been appointed to take them thither. And when they have received their deserts tliere, and remained for tlie time appointed, another guide brings them back
again after

many

long cycles of time."

(Phaedo, ch. LVII.)


:

ex-

inde per amplum mittimur Elysium, etc. then through broad Elysium we are sent; i.e. after purification. and reinain, a few of us, in 744. et pauci laeta arva tenemus the joyous jields. For clearness, the paratactic clause might be
:

rendered parenthetically

The

a few of us to remain in the joyous pauci limits the application of tenemus. All tlie souls of
:

fields.

whom

Anchises has been speaking in 739


there a separation takes place.

ff.

are sent to Elysium, but

few (Ancliises being one of these) remain for ever there, regaining in time their original purity but most of the souls must drink of the water of oblivion and
;

then return to
745.

new bodies

(cf.

713-5).
:

donec longa

dies, etc.

tiJl

lapse

of Mme, rvhen

the

ages*

cycle

is

complete, has taken out the inrjrained taint,

and

leaves unsoiled

the ethereal sense

and pure fre


:

ofspirit.
;

has omnis all these (sc. animas) the pauci oi 744 are to be omitted. ubi mille rotam volvere, etc. tvhen they have com748.
:

pleted the cycle of a thousand years.

This, then,

is tlie

period of their

purgation in Elysium.
749. 750.
lost,

deus

i.e.

Mercury.
etc.
:

scilicet

immemores,

that so, (jnarh you) ivith

memory

they 7nay revisit the vault ahove; supera convexa


:

the earth.

751.
to the

rursus et incipiant, etc. and hej/in to desire to retnrn again Itody. This idea comes logically before that of revisaut ; a

case of hysteron proteron.

BOOK YI

499

(In this didactic passage, there are many instances of archaic or quaint diction used by Virgil to give a poetic coloring to what might Distinct archaisms are ollis (730), moclis easily have become prosaic. Other quaint expressions are campos miris (738), aurai (747). liquentis (724), globum lunae (725), volantum = avium (728), marmoreo aequore (729), inolescere (738) rotam volvere (748), and the pleonasm rursus reverti (752). One of the most alliterative verses in Virgil is 727 ; cf. also 725, 728,
729, 732, 736, 737,

and 742.)
Lines 756-853.

The Future Heroes


756.
:

of Rome.

quae deinde sequatur gloria what glory sJiall Tiereafter The indirect question is gq^erned by expediam, 759. attend. Itala de gente of the Italian stock ; i.e. 757. maneant: sc.'^e. the descendants of Aeneas and his Italian wife, Lavinia. The Itala gens is put side by side with the Dardania proleSy to which
:

lulus belongs.
758.
tive,

animas

the construction

governed by expediam.
name.
:

now changes to a direct accusanostrum in nomen ituras icho ivill


:

inherit oiir

760.

vides

parenthetical.

olden days this was given as

pura hasta a headless spear. In a prize to a young warrior after win: :

ning his
761.

first success.

proxima

luois loca

a place nearest the light ;

lucis, vfith.

the same meaning as in 721.

For the genitive, instead of the dative, with proxima, cf. vicina Thyhridis arva, III. 500 (Bennett). The proximity, however, of loca here, as of arca there, probably surget: emphatic primus determines the choice of case.
.

asyndeton.
equivalent to caelum, which, as we have seen, can be used of earth in comparison with the lower
762.

aetherias
See 579.

the aether

is

world.
763.

Albanum nomen
Silviiis.

all

the

Alban kings
:

are said to have

had the surname


764. 765.

postuma
The

latest.

serum

late-horn,
:

supplementing longaevo.
contrast betvveen his

educet

hring forth.

humble

500

NOTES

surroundings and his lofty destiny is emphasized by the coUocation regem rer/u/nque, and by the spondaic rhythm of the verse.
769. 770.

pariter
si

i.e.

equally witli thee.


etc.
:

umquam,

we

are told that he

was kept out

of his

kingdom
as
if

for half a century.

regnandam

used, like regendam,

regnare were transitive.


civili

Grecisni.
'

772.

quercu

the garland of the

civic

oak was given to


'

one who saved the

life

of a citizen in battle.

The honor was


in 27 B.c.
773.

con-

ferred upon Augustus

tibi

etliical

dative.

Nomentum
names eight
of
(in

Virgil
FlG. 73.

COROKA

ClVICA.

two
each)

groups
of

four
thirty

the

colonies of the Priscl Latini.

In Virgirs day, most of these were

in a state of desolation, but the poet takes pride in the antiquiThe Aeneid revived an ties and past glories of his native land.
interest in these places

among

his contemporaries (cf

Sir Walter

Scotfs influence in Scotland).


777.
:

quin et

as in 735.

avo

i.e.

Xumitor.

comitem sese

addet sliall join. Romukis restored Numitor to his kingdom. Mavortius son of Mars. viden ut stant Virgil uses both the as in 765. 779. educet f orm viden ( = videsne, with e shortened) and the indicative in the They are common in early Latin indirect question as archaisnis. literature, and were still in use in the colloquial language of tlie poefs day. geminae cristae tivin plumes ; referring to the doubleplumed helmet worn by Mars. here of Mars, but commonly of Jupiter. suo 780. pater ipse superum iam signat honore hj/ his own token even now marks him
:

for the world above ; superum (predicate accusative) is not equal to deum, but is to be exphiined in the light of apud superos (568), superne (658), supera (750), and refers to earth in contrast to the

BOOK VI
lower world.
earth

501

By

honore, Virgil

Romulus will 781. en huius auspiciis,


" Lo
!

means the geminae cristae. Oii become a trae son of Mars, renowned in war.
etc.
:

'neath his auspices yon glorious

Rome

Shall bound,

my

son, her empire with the world,

Her

pride with heaven. "


:

(Rhoades.)

imperium terris, etc. cf. I. 287. 783. septemque una sibi, etc.
will ivithin her loall enclose
;

and seven

hills she,

a single

city,

sibi is

a dative of iuterest, sufficiently

translated in her.

The thought may seem weak after the previous verse, but the city was the centre and embodiment of Roman power, and, to the true Roman, the grandest feature of the empire. The following simile shows how fully the poet personifies her. He has ah'eady
used this verse in a patriotic passage in the Georgics (II. 535), where he also speaks proudly of Rome as rerum pulcherrima, the
of the world. ^ felix prole virum hlest in 784. her hrood of men. The words are thought to have a reference to the legislation of Augustus
:

fairest glory

against race-suicide.
the

qualis Berecyntia mater,

etc.

even as

Berecyntian mother rides, turret-crowned, in her car throuqh the Phrygian cities. The reference is to Cybele, the Magna Mater of

the gods, called Berecyntia after a Phrygian mountain sacred to her. She appears in works of art wearing a mural crown, i.e. one representing walls and battlements, she having first taught men
to fortify cities.

See Fig. 31.


to Cybele
:

Byron compares Venice

" She looks a sea Cybele, fresh from ocean Rising with her tiara of proud towers At airy distance, with majestic motion, A ruler of the waters and their powers."
(Childe Harold, IV, 2.;
786.
787.

laeta

deum

partu

parallel to felix prole virum, 784.

omnis caelicolas,

etc, all denizens ofheaven, all tenants of

the heights above.

502
788.

NOTES
geminas acies
:

th^j

two
:

ei/es.

789.

Romanosque tuos
caeli ventura

-que

is

explanatory.

Caesar

i.e.

Augustus.
790.

sub axem
uote

cf.

note on superiim, 780.

791.
i,

hic vir,

liic

cf.

011 II.

746.

The second
tlie

Idc

has short
oi

Nvhich for Virgil


792.

is
:

an archaism.
sc.

Divi genus
wlio

Caesaris, son of

dicine Caesar ;

i.e.

Julius Caesar,

was

deified
son.
the

after death,

Augustus was his adopted rursus iclio icill set up agaiii


:

aurea Golden Age.


;

and styled Divus. condet saecula qui


This
is

case of postponenient of the relative


tiie

it

an unusual throws great enij)liasis on

main

idea.
:

regnata per arva Saturno quondam aniid the Jields once For rejnata, cf. regnandam, 770. Iii ania ruled oifer hij Saluni. (from arare, to plough) there seems to be a reference to the effoi"ts made by Augastus to revive agriculture in Italy. dative of agent. Saturn ruled in Latiumduriug 794. Saturno Garamantas these people entered into a the first Golden Age. Indos treaty with Augustus the year of VirgiFs death, b.c. 19.
793.
:

the word

is

applied loosely to people of the far east.

The Romans

had
lost

little to

do

wdtii the Indi proper,

to the Parthians,

who

in b.c.

but the reference is piobably 20 restored to Augustusthe standards

by Crassus in b.c. 53. the construction suddenly 795. iacet extra sidera tellus changes, so as to present more vividly tlie vast extent of Roinan sway. Instead of saying, " beyond the remotest lands of Africa,"
:

Anchi.ses says
sun, there
lies

heyond the paths of the a land ichere Atlas, etc. extra sidera
heijond the
stai^s,

ijear
:

and

fhe

i.e.

beyond

the signs of the zodiac.


s(disque vias,
i.e.

The phrase

is

explained by extra anni


in his annual

beyond the path followed by the sun

course.

797 = IV. 482. lutiod. 25.


798.

The

verse

is

a reminiscence of Ennius.

See

huius in adventum 799. responsis horrent oracles ; diuum = dicorum.

against his roining.

divum

shudder

hij

reason of

dirin,''

BOOK VI
800. 802.

503

turbant trepida
fixerit

fremhle in terror.

aeripedem cervam
For the

licet

though he pierced the

brazen-footed deer.

syiitax, cf. 400,

with

iiote; jixerit is

concessive subjunctive in parataxis with

licet.

The

reference

is to

the fourth labor of Hercules, his capture of the wonderful Arcadian


deer,

which he had pursued


pacarit
:

for a year.

803.

syncopated form of pncacerit.

The capture

of the
:

Erymantliian boar

vvas the third of the hero's labors.

Lernam

the slaughter of the Lernaean hydra' was the

second hxbor of Hercules


804.

cf helua Lernae, 287.


.

nec

qui, etc.
with

nor Liher, /Hio in triumph


reins,

guides his car


tigers doicn

vine-clad

driving his

from Nysa^s lofty crest. Liber ( = Bacchus) was fabled to have journeyed in his car, drawn by tigers (or panthers, according to the Greek poets), from Xysa, a mountain in India, all over the world. With nec we must
supply tantum
telluris ohivit.

Fig. 74.

^^^

"^^^

Hercules Hydra.

Augustus

is

compared

to Hercules

and Bacchus, because, hke

them, he has carried the blessings of civilization throughout the world. He has been as untiring as Hercules in eradicating evils; he has journeyed as far and wide as Bacchus himself It is true
.

that the labors of Hercules, here cited, were confined to a small

but Yirgil blends two ideas, and while he speaks mainly of the wide range of Roman power, he alsc thinks of the beneficent character of the rule of Augustus. 806. et dubitamus, etc. and do ive stdl hesitate to extend our proivess by deeds, etc. For et, cf " And shall Trelawney die ? Anchises means that when they see the future glory of Augustus thus revealed, the Trojans need have no hesitation in entering upon their career in Italy.
area,
: .

808.

olivae

emblem
:

of peace.
priest.

sacra ferens i.e. as the plural used metri causa.


8og.
810.

incana menta

hoary chin

regis

Romani:

i.e.

Xuma.

The kings

of

Rome

were

(1)

Romulus, (2)XumaPompilius, (3) Tullus Hostilius, (4) Ancus

504
!Martiiis,

NOTES
Tar-

(5) Tarquinius Priscus, (G) Servius Tullius, (7) primam iirbem the infant city. quiiiius Superbus.
:

8ii.

Curibus
subibit
:

Xuiiia was born at Cures, in the rugged Sabine

country.
8i2. 815.
shull succeed.
:

iactantior

uver-hoastful.

Note

tlie

assonance in iactantlor

Ancus.

popularibus auris the hreezes of puhlic even. qiioque According to one account, Ancus courted the peox^le, so favor. but, according to the common tradias to secure the succession
816.
:

tion, tlie verse is better suited to Servius Tullius,

whom

Yirgil

inchides
817.

among

the Tarquinii.
:

animam superbam

the last Tarquin was called superhus,

but he was driven out by the equally proud Brutus. Thus Virgil intentionally transfers the well-known epithet. the fasces werethe symbols of authority, 818. fascis receptos and tliat authority was wrested from the Tarquins and giveu back
:

to the people.
819.

saevas securis

take consulis with this as well as with


Tlie father put his

imperium.
820.

natos pater

emphatic juxtaposition.

sons to death for plotting to restore the Tarquins. the use oi pulchra, combined with 821. pulchra pro libertate
:

the alliteration and weighty

rhythm of the verse, sliows that Virgil is speaking with fervor on a lofty theme. unhappy, however much posterity 822. infelix, utcumque, etc.
:

shall extol that


to

deed; ferent, as in the

common
is

phrase prae
tlie

se ferre^

proclcdm, celehrate.

The meaning
latter will

that in

struggle between

love

and duty,

tlie

prevaih

So speaks the tender-

hearted Virgil,
old were "

who

nevertheless recognizes that these heroes of

of sterner stuff," so that their personal aifections yielded to their love of country and the glory which tliat patriot-

made

ism was sure to bring (82;)). Ti)is was the unanimous interpretation of the passage in anticjuity. Many modern editions make a new sentence begin with utcumque, rendering: " Ilowcver posterity sluill view (censure) that

BOOK VI

505

will prevail." deed, yet the love of country and passion for glory was unaniAs a matter of fact, antiquity so far as we mous in its praise of Brutus. So Augustine, City of God, Book

know

III. ch. 16.

As Book

a somewhat similar fashion that, in Aeneas for IV., he feels compassion for Dido, yet commends sinking his affections when duty calls him. Decios see note on quin morere, IV. 547. 824. quin aspice
to Yirgil,
it is

in

reference to heroes of the Latin and Gallic wars. Drusos this of Hasdrubal, also involves a cora]\I. Livius Drusus, conqueror Drusus, pliment to Livia DrusiUa, wife of Augustus, and her son saevum securi in his consulof whom Augustus was very fond.
: :

ship, B.c. 3i0, Torquatus, like Brutus,

put his son to death for

disobedience.

referentem signa tured by the Gauls at the


825. 826.

Cainillus recovered the standards capbattle of the AUia, b.c. 390.


:

illae

animae

le.

Caesar and Pompey.

fulgere

here of

the third conjugation.


827.

concordes nunc
heart
:

et, etc.

>

"Of one
829. 830.

now and

while in darkness penned."

(Rhoades.)

acies

batfles.
:

aggeribus Alpinis the Alps are, as it were, the northern daughter Julia ramparts of Italy. socer i.e. Caesar, who gave his note the assonance. Monoeto Pompey as wife. arce Monoeci Gaul, whence Caesar cus (now Monaco) is put by synecdoche for
: :

passed into Italy.


sc. agminibiis, arrayed inth confronting adversis Eois Pompey's troops came largely from Greece forces of tlie East. and Asia Minor. my sons. ne tanta animis adsuescite bella steel 832. pueri

831.

not your hearts to siich warfare


suescite bellis.

a case of hypallage for animos ad-

validas viscera vertite viris in this unusual alliteration Virgil is imitating some passage in early Latin literature. Caesar granted an amnesty after the 834. parce: forbear.
833.
:

506
battle of Thapsus.

NOTES
genus qui ducis Olympo because Caesar be desceuded froui Aeueas, aud therefore from Yeuus
: :

was said to aud Jupiter. 835. sanguis meus


836.
ille
:

iiomiuative for vocative.

i.e.

Mummius, who
:

destroyed Coriuth in b.c. 146.


is

tri-

umphata Corintho
triuniph of

triumphare

here nsed transitively.

The
:

Mummius was
;

particularly famous, because of the

splendid works of art which he carried iu processiou.


plural for singular
838.
cf. astra, *l'2b.
:

Capitolia

Argos, etc. L. Aemilius Paulus defeated Perseus, the last kiug of Macedou, at Pydna, b.c. 168. Argos and Myceuae, aucieut seats of Greek power, represent Greece as a whole but Greece was not finally conquered uutil b.c. 146. The next note, however, will show why Virgil here iudulges in a
eruet
ille
;

poetic fiction.
839.

Aeaciden

usually aj^plied to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus,

but here to Perseus, who, as kiug of Macedonia, claimed to be descended from Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus. Descendauts of Trojans, therefore, are to conquer descendauts of the great Greek captain. and Minerva's outraged 840. templa et temerata Minervae shrine ; i.e. the outrage perpetrated iu her temple; cf. II. 404. i.e. Cato the Censor, the sturdy advocate of 841. magne Cato
:

old

Koman

simplicity.
:

Gracchi genus especially the two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius. geminos Scipiadas the two Scipios, oue of whom was the conqueror of Ilaunibal, while the younger destroyed Carthage, The form Scipiones ( ^ B.c. 146. ) is inadmissible in the
842.
:

hexameter, heuce the use of the patrouymic.


843.
(

cladem Libyae
),

^
:

hane of Lihya ; Lihj/ae = Africae which canuot be used iu dactylic verse. parvo poten:

the

tem

strong in poverty ;
tlie

*'

puissaut in poverty " (Rhoades) preSerranus, a

serves
844.

alliteratiou.
:

sulco, Serrane, serentem


to conie

ulus,

was supposcd
to tlie

moued

from sero, " consulship, he was sowiug seed on his f arm.

cognomen of Regsow," because when sum-

BOOK VI
845.

507
do ye
wJiirl

Ui,

quo fessum wearied as I am ?

rapitis, Fabii

whitlier
is

me,

Faare

The

expression
011

a rhetorical artifice, to ex-

cuse the poet from entering

a lengthy record.

The Fabii

famous

in the annals of

Rome, but

Virgil singles out the well-

known
846.

opponenfc of Hannibal, Q. Fabius

Maximus, who by

his

tactics earned the

surname of Cunctator.

This verse is a close reproduction of one in the Annals of See Introd. 25. Ennius unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. rem = rem ]Srote the monosyllabic ending, common in early poetry
:
;

puhlicom.
847.

excudent
alii
: :

esying.

the future tense, because Anchises is prophspiVirgil is, of course, thinking of the Greeks.
:

rantia aera

i.e

lifelike statues.

mollius

referring to the soft,

smooth
flesh.

lines

which give to the whole the aiDpearance of real


ls

credo equidem cf. IV. 12. The phrase ducent luill shape. The verb is properly applied
848.
:

concessive.
(i.e.

to ductile

pliable) materials, but


it

is

here extended to marble, from which, as

were, the artist draws forth the features.


849.

even in oratory, Virgil gives the palm to Greece, so as to bring into higher relief the undoubted superiority of the Romans in the art of government. caelique

orabunt causas melius

meatus describent radio, etc. Virgil ref ers to science, especially astronomy, f rom which he instances the tracing of the sun's course
:

through the zodiac, and a knowledge of the rising of the stars. By radio is meant the rod used for tracing astronomical figures in
the sand.
851.

populos:
artes
:

nations.

852.

Virgil speaks of the arts of government, because of

the contrast with the arts of sculpture and oratory, etc. pacique imponere morem to croim Peace with Law. The singular morem is more abstract than mores, which is used in moresque viris et moenia ponet, 1. 261. Virgil is thinking of the beneficent rule of
:

Augustus, who broughfc peace to the world, and then to that peaceful world gave the blessings of law and order, in a word, Most editors, however, read pacis (for which the civilization.

608
aiitliority is

NOTES
slight), the

phrase pncis morem being the


is

'

laws ot

peace.'

The

sentiiuent

iiiuch liiier witii j^ttci

(The revelation to Aeneas passes into a splendid eulogy of Eome's future heroes. These are divided into chronological groups, () Alban but within these kings, (b) Roman kings, (c)* republican heroes groups chronological order is neglected. Augustus occupies tlie central phice, and appears after Komuhis, as being a second founder of Roman empire. The republican heroes are headed by those who were most eminent for patriotism, as Brutus, the deliverer, and Tor^piatus, who lilve Brutus slew his owai son for his country's sake the selfCamiUus and Drusus, who waived their personal sacrificing Decii feehngs to save the state. In contrast to these (autem, 826) follow Caesar and Pompey, who turned their forces against the state (833). Lastly come brilliant representatives of tliat large number who fouglit for their country in tlieir country's wars. The secret of Rome's strength, as seen in this imposing historical review, is sunnned up by Virgil in some of the most majestic verses in Roman hterature (847-853), showing liow fuUy the poet realized the glory of liis tlieme. 8pecial artistic effects are numerous throughout, and Virgil seems to be largely under tlie spell of the first great Roman epic poet, Ennius, a verse of whose is suggested in 797, while another closes the catalogue of heroes (846). Note especially the proniinence of alliteration, as in
;

761, 762, 76)3, 765, 769, 786', 890, 811, 819, 821, 824, 830, 833, 834, 836, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 846, 849, 850, 851 (regere . Bomane), 853 (subiectis superbos).
7')9,
. . .
.

Other means by which vividness is increased are (a) exclamatory forms of thoui>;ht 771, 822, 828 (b) interro^ative forms 779, 806, 808, 817, 841, 842, 844; (c) anaphora: 773-4, 787, 791, 828-9, 832, 834, 841-2 (d) asyndeton: 761, 776, 782, 786-7, 788, 823, 848, 851 (e) apostrophe: 832, 834, 841, 844, 845, 851
:

(/) special metrical effects 828, 846.)

764-5, 774, 792, 799, 801-2, 810, 821,

Lines 854-892.

TiiE Marcelli.
854.

mirantibus

sc. eis.

Aeneas and

tlie

Sibyl are spell-bound^

with the giory of the revelation. 855. aspice iit ingreditur cf. the note on
:

i^iden ut stont, 779.

insiguis spoliis Marcellus opimis

this Marcellus

was a hero of

the Second Tunic War, and

won

these 'splendid spoils' at Clasti-

BOOK VI
dium, by slaying
Gauls, B.c. 222.
857;

509
the chief of the Insubrian

witli his

own hand

rem puhlicam, as in 846. rwhold ; 858. sistet eques: with his horsemen vnll

rem =

literally, as

horseman will uphold. of Clastidium was

The
a
:

battle

cavalry
i.e.

engagement.
Carthaginians.
lus,

Poenos

the

Under Marcelw^on their


first

the

Romans
:

victory over Hannibal at Xola. FlG. rebellem in its strict sense of

75.

The Elder Marcellus


sjjolia

AND THE

oplma.

renewing the icar, for before the battle of Clastidium the Insubrians had sued for peace. the spolia opima for the 859. tertia arma capta Marcellus won and third time in Roman history, his predecessors being Romulus
:

Cossus (841).
860.

patri Quirino
sc.
ait.

i.e.

the deified Romulus.

Aeneas:

una

ire

videbat

he saw coming with

him.

iuvenem: theyoung Marcellus, son of the emperor's sister successor, Octavia. He was adopted by Augustus and chosen as his
861.

but died in b.c. 23, in his twentieth year, universally lamented. He seems to have been a youth of wonderful promise and noble
character.
862.

laeta

parum

sar/.

deiecto Inmim. voltn:

hi>i

eyes

down-

casi; poetic fulness

lumina deiecta or voltus deiectus. of the young Virgil is perhaps describing the appearance in life his early [Marcellus, who seems to have had a premonition of
for either

death.
863.

virum

i.e.

the elder INlarcellus.


:

sic

i.e.

as

we

see.

a noUe form is his ! quanused tum here talies the place of the genitive, which is regularly
865.

quantum
;

instar in ipso

ichat

with

instar

cf. II. 15.

866.
867.

sed nox
gnate
;
:

atra, etc.
{est)
:

cf. II.

360.

ingressus
cf.

sc. dicere.

868.

the archaic form

is

well suited to au emotional

passage

note on gnaii, 116.

510
869.

NOTES
tantiim
:

Fate will give but a glimpse of him to earth. ultra esse to live lonr/er. See note on 861. 870. nimium vobis visa poteus, etc. too mightij, ye gods, it see.med the Romnn stock would be, were these gifts lasting. The omission of esset being A^ery rare, it is better to regard visa as the
only.
:

perfect indicative, vobis visa


sifuissent
is

est

being equivalent to

putavistis.

The

due to the resulting indirect discourse, and represents


i.e.
:

sifuerint, (sit potens) of the direct.


871.
872.

haec dona
ille

Marcelhis.

campus

i.e.

the

Campus

Martius, in which the

Mau-

soleum of Augustus was situated.


i.e.

magnam Mavortis urbem


:

Rome, founded by Romukis, sou of Mars. quae funera we are 873. aget: send forth.

told that in the

funeral procession of MarceUus, there

were six hundred couches, carrying images of his ancestors.


874.

tumulum recentem
of

the

Mau-

soleum

Augustus was built in b.c. 27, four years before the death of Marcelhis. praeterlabere the long word
:

has a picturesque
875.
etc.
:

effect.

nec puer Iliaca quisquam,


any youth of Trojan stock

7ior ivill

FlG.

The River-god
TlBER.

exalt so greatly ivith his promise his Latin

ancestors

spe

means the promise shown


likely to

by the youth, the promise of what he


celkis,

while yet a boy, will reflect


se
),

become. Marglory on his Latin ancestors.


is

877.
(

tantum iactabit
pietas, etc.
:

take

siich

pride

in.

alumno =flio
his old-world

w
878.
!

a metiically impossible form.

heu

for

his

gnodness

for

means worthv of the olden times. ivould have met him unscathed, 879. se impune tulisset obvius obvius for obviuni by attraction. Understand si vixisset. Anchises si^eaks from the point of viewof Virgil himself, who has survived
honor
prisca
:

Mareelhis.
880.

pedes

nominative singular, as a

foot-soldier.

BOOK YI
88i.
882.

511

equi armos
si

his horse's JlanJcs.

qua

fata aspera

rumpas, tu Marcellus
is

eris

ifin any

way thou

couldst burst the harsh honds offate, thou shalt be Marcellus.

The

conditional sentence

mixed

in
;

form, because Anchises

expresses a wish as well as a condition in other words, apart f rom the wish, we shoiild have rumpes or ruperis, but even as he utters

To 'burst the the thought, Anchises realizes its hopelessness. harsh bonds of f ate means, of course, to escape the early death to which he is doomed. By Marcellus, Virgil means not merely the
'

spes Marcelli, the

youth of great promise (see note on 875), but the

man

Marcellus, the glory of the empire.


place a

and make tu Marcellus eris an independent sentence l^ut though this gives good sense, it breaks up the connection in thought and substitutes disjointed utterances, which are never found in Virgil at the climax of a scene, however pathetic. bring me lilies with full 883. manibus date lilia plenis, etc.

Some

mark

of exclamation after rumpas,


;

hands.

Anchises imagines himself

present

at

the funeral of

Marcellus.

Dante that he represents angelic bands as crying not merely, in the words of Scripture, benedictus qui venis, but also manibus date lilia plenis from Virgil (Purgatorio, Canto
It is characteristic of

XXX.
884.

19-21).

V. 79, and see note on purpureas spargam a volitive subjunctive, expressing a vestes, 221 above. proposal, unconnected with date, thus differing from the syntax

purpureos

flores

cf
:

of date volnera lymphis abluam, IV. 683.

H. & B. 501,

2.

The
ani-

words manihus

plenis belong to
etc.
:

spargam as much as to
o'er

date.

mamque

nepotis,

let

me heap
is

my

offspring"s shade at least

these gifts.

The construction
campis
:

similar to that of verbs of pre-

senting with, etc.


887. 890. 891.

aeris in

in the misty plains.

gerenda

sc. sint.
:

Laurentis populos
Cf.

i.e.

the people of Laurentum, the

3apital of Latinus.
892.

IIL 459.

612

NOTES

(The dirge of Marcellus the raost pathetic scene in Roman literature furnishes a fitting close to this noble book, For an interesting incident associated with it, see Introd, 13. As here we have the death of a nation"s idol, so the preceding books close respectively with the death of (II) Creusa, (III) Anchises, (IV) Dido, (V) Palinurus. This passage, like the preceding, abounds in alliterative effects: e.g. 856, 857, 858, 859, 865, 860, 872, 876, 877, 878, 887, 892. Apostrophe (871, 873, 882), personification {ille campns aget, 872), and exclamation (865, 872-3, 878) are most effectively employed, and the representation of Anchises as a mourner, particularly in the funeral obsequies (883-5), is a strikingly beautiful device. The spondaic rhythm of 860 indicates the sorrowful tone of the narrative following, and the sadness is strongly emphasized by the same rhvthm in two successive verses (868, 869), as well as in 877. It is

still felt

in 888.)
.

Lines 893-901.

Aeneas and the Sibyl keturx to the Upper World.


893.

Somni portae
to

Virgirs gates

of

sleep correspond to
ff.).

Homer's gates
is

of drearns (^Odyssey,

XIX. 562

fertur cornea
f/Ieaming

of horn. 895. candenti perfecta nitens elephanto


he

said

icith

the

sheen n/polished ivory ; literally,

made gleaming,

etc.

insomnia /alse shades themselves. mittunt


896.

falsa

visions, i.e.
i.e.

of the shades, not the

through the ivory gate.


Virgil probably intends here

897.
898.

his

with

dictis.
:

portaque emittit eburna

was a popular idea that false dreams came before, and true dreams after, midnight. Aeneas entered Hades at dawn (255), was half way at noon (535), and
merely to give a note of time.
It

makes
900.

his exit before midnight.

recto litore

straiyhtalong the shore ; ablative of the route;

see note
901.

on

II.

266.

IIT. 277.

(These conchiding verses are of little importance in themselves, but give a parting scene corresponding to the landing described at the opening of tlie book. They al.so serve the artistic purpose of furnishing a quiet close after an intensely emotional passage. The tone of sadnoss, inherited from the previous paragraph, is seen in the rhythm of 896 and 900.)

BOOK VI
QUESTIONS ON BOOK
How far is it 17 ? How were
from Drepanum
to

513

VI.

Ciimae? Why Chalcidica in the temple of Apollo and the grotto of the Sibyl connected? Why does Virgil introduce the temple sculptures in 20 ff.? Has any light been thrown on ancient Crete by recent discoveries? Who was the regina in 28? Whj fugietitis in 61?
temple in Rome is referred to in 69 f.? To vvhat passage in a preceding book do 71 and 75 refer? In 42-76 show how Show the Virffil makes an artistic use of vowels and consonants. effect of prevailing spondees or dactyls in any of the first hundred How could Aeneas claim descent ab love summo? Quote verses. Milton's lines descriptive of the rivers of the lower world. What was the token which admitted the living to the lower world ? How did Aeneas discoverit? What literary or dramatic purpose is What formal rites served by introducing the Misenus episode?

What

are fully described in it?

Has the passage (179


is

ff.)

Has Homer any passage corresponding? any bearing on VirgiPs own life? What

the force of cunctantem, 211?

What

beings were found by

Aeneas on the hither side of the Acheron? What shades were permitted to cross at once? When could the others cross? Why is a special invocation introduced in 264 ff. ? What forms were found at the eiitrance to Pluto's realm ? How do Virgil and Dante, respectively, describe Charon ? Where and how did Palinurus meet his death? What inconsistencies are there between Books V. and
geographical names are in substantial agreement with those in this book ? AVhat are the principal stylistic features of the Charon scene (384-416) ? What sounds are most prorainent in the description of Cerberus (417 ff.) ? How does Virgil show his sense of artistic contrast at this point? What others before Aeneas had entered the infernal regions while still
VI.
?

What modern

how many portions does Virgil divide the lower regions across the Styx? How many of these does he leave unvisited? Why? What other great poets have written upon this theme? What are some of the principal pointa
living ?

For what purposes ?

Into

514
of difference

NOTES
between their treatment and Yirgil's?

How

far has

Virgirs account influenced hiter poetry ? Why is the topic of such lasting interest? In what respect is the sentiment of 436 characteristic

of

pagaji

poetry?
?

llhistrate

the resemblance between

VirgiFs and Bunyan's use of picturesque names.


introduce Dido in 450
ff.

Why

does Virgil

What
Book

tradition about llelen is here

introduced, conflicting with

11. ?

From what

poet does Virgil

take lines 625-627?

Ilhistrate the artistic use of consonants in

the description of Tartarus (548-561).

Cite Milton's imitation of

573

ff.

Who was

Musaeus?

How manv different

said to have addressed ?

Describe the Blissf ul

Aeneas Groves, and quote


shades
is

Wordsworth's imitation of the Virgilian passage. What classes are found here ? What does Virgil represent as the occupations

and interests of those in this region? Is life there represented as more or less happy than in the upper world ? Wliat is the meaning of 663? Are the dead represented as knowing what the
living are doing?

Point out the

stylistic features of the

passage

637-678.

What

is

the doctrine set forth in the passage 724-751?

Cite Biblical and other parallels to 730-732. part of Anchises' prophecy


is

Explain 743.
?

Whaf

authentic history
tlie

How many of the


On what system

men referred

to

were contemporaries of
list

poet ?

does the poet arrange the

AVho were socer and (jener, 830-831 ? Who was the young Marcellus, and when did he die ? AVhat story is connected with the poefs reference to him ? How does Dante use 883 ? How does Virgil compare Roman and Greek genius? Explain 852. Do any lines of this book serve to introduce the followiug books? W^hich books close with the death of a prominent character? Whichbook recounts the death of two leading characters? IIow long a tinie has elapsed from vix e compectu (I. 34) to the end of Book VL?
of

Roman

heroes?

Which of the to the poem \a

books could bo omitted witli lcast injury a whole? What do you consider the most beautiful passage in the poem? Whateffects beneficial to Rome would such a poem be expected to produce? What are the loadiiig ideas animatin^- the poeni? What was the political condition of Italy
first six

BOOK YI
at the

515

time of Virgil's birth ? Of his death ? What were the perDescribe the main soiial relations between Virgil and Augustus ? Did ^'irgil take any features of imperial policy under Augustus.
part in forwarding that policy
of the Aeneid.
?

Illustrate the patriotic character

Was

Virgil a religious poet?

What was

his atti-

tude toward the gods of popular mythology ? Illustrate the spiritCite from each book au instance of the iiality of the Aeneid. Do you think it correct to say that the Aeneid is hero's pietas.

To what Greek and Roman poets was Virgil most indebted? What has been the extent of his influence on European literature in general ? On English poetry ? On Christian thought ? How was he regarded in the Middle Ages ? What
"Christian-like"?

were the sortes Vergilianae ? Cite six Virgilian expressions which have become proverbial. Was Virgil satisfied with the Aeneid f Was he a rapid writer? Tell something of his methods of work. Summarize the story of the last six books. Does the Aeneid as a whole show unity ? Discuss Woodberry's statement that " Aeneas is, in his. character, Rome concentrated," and that the Aeneid is
" a meditation

upon

life."

Quote Tennyson's eulogy of

Virgil,

and

explain

all

references therein to the Aeneid.

degli altri poeti onore e lume,

vagliami

il

kmgo

studio e

che m'ha fatto cercar lo

grande amore, tuo volume.


il

Tu

se' lo

mio maestro,
light

il

mio autore.

of other poets ! long zeal avail we, and the great

O glory

and

May

the

love, that

made me search thy vulume. Thou art my master and my

author.
I.

(Dante, Inferno, Canto

82.)

YOCABULAEY

ABBREVIATIONS
abl., ablative. intr., intrausitive.
irr.
,

acc, accusative.
adj., adjective.

irregular.

m., masculiue.
met.,

adv., adverb.

metouymy.

confer, compare. c, coiiiiuon.


cf.,

u., ueuter.

couip., comparative.
coiij.,

nom., nomiuative. uum., uumeral.


p., participle.

conjuuctiou.
dative.

dat.

def., dcfective.

p.p., perfect participle. pass., passive.


pl., plural.

dem., demoustrative. dep., deponeut.


e.g.,

prep.
for

preposition.

exemjyli
auiple.

gratia,

ex-

prou., pronouu.
refl.,

reflexive.

f.,

femiuiue.
figurative.

rel., relative.

fig.,

sc, sciUcet, supply.

gen., genitive.
i.e.,

semi. dep., semi-depouent.


is.

id est, that

siug., siugular.

impers., impersoual.
iudecl., iudecliuable.

subst., substautive,

superl., superlative.
tr.,

indef., iudefiuite.

trausitive.

intens., inteusive.

voc, vocative.
\v.,

interrog.

iriterrogative.

with.

Regular verbs of the first conjugatiou are indicated by placed before the tirst meauiug.

tiie

figure

VOCABULARY.
abrumpo,
[ab
-ere,
,

-rnpi,

-ruptus
hreak,
to ;

a, ab, prep. w. abl.,

rend, from^ aivay violate. from ; of time, from, sijice, [abrumpo], n., anyabruptuin,-i with pasagent governing after ; hroken off; precipice, thinrj oive verbs, hy. ahyss, chasm. Abas, -antls, m. 1. A king of comrade abscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus 2. A Trojan, Argos. tear [ab + scindo], tear off, of Aeneas. away, tear, cleave, separate. abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditiis [ab-f doj, put away, hide ; shut up, abscondo, -ere, -condi and -condidi, -ditus [abs + condo], put hury ; plunge.

rumpo] hreak destroy, put an end

off,

abdnco, -ducere, -duxT,


[ab
-1-

-diictvis

out of sight, conceal, hide, lose


sight
of.

duco],
hack.

leacl

away, remove,

draw

absens, -sentis [absum],

p. adj.,

ahsent, distant. abeo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [ab + eo], -ere, -stiti [ab + sisto], absisto, go away, depart, withdraw, turn stand off or away from, withaside ; take the lead, 5, ol8. drav^ from, desist, cease, stop. abies, -ietis, f., ./??', spruce ; Jir (or abstineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus spruce) timher. [abs + teneo], hold or keep off ablatus, p.p. of aufero. from, ahstain from, hold hack, abluo, -ere, -lui, -liitus [ab -}luo], loash
off,

purify, cleanse.
1,

refrain, restrain
534.

one^s

seJf, 2,

abiiego [ab
fuse.

nego],

deny, rerefuse
reject,

abstrndo,

-ere, -usi,

-usus [abs
off or

abnuo, -ere, -ul [ab + nuo], (by moving the head),


decline.

trudo],

push or thrust

away ;

conceal, hide.

aboleo, -ere, -evi,

-itus [ab

oleo], destroy, efface, remove. abripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus [ab + rapio], snatch away. snatch,
seize.

abstuli, see aufero. absuin, abesse, afui or abfui, afuturus or abfuturus [ab + sum], he ahsent or aicay from, be distant; he wanting or missing.

absumo
absuino, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus [ab -f suiiio], take away, consume, devour, destroy^ end. ac, see atque. Acamas, -antis, m., one of the Greeks at Troy. acanthus, -i, m., a plant, the acanthus or hear'' s-foot. Acarnan, -anis, adj., o/ Acarnania, a country of Greece between Epirus and Aetolia Acarnanian. accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus [ad -\- cedo], f/o to or draw near to,
approach. accelero [ad -}- celero],
to,

Acliilleus

accumbo,

-ere,

-cubui, -cubi-

tus [ad -f- cumbo], recline at or upon. accumulo [ad -1- cumulo], 1, heap
up, load, honor.

accurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -cursus [ad + curro], run to,


run, hasten to or up. acer, acris, acre, adj,, sharp, keen ; active, strong, flerce, violent, stern,

ardent, spirited, zeal-

ous, valiant.

acerbus,

-a,

-um

[acer],

adj.,

come

harsh, hitter, sour, savage, cruel, fatal; sorrowful, sad, mourn-

ful; untimely. acernus, -a, -um [acer, maple'], make haste. adj., ofmaple, maple. accendo, -ere, -cendi, -census -ae, f., incense-box, censer. acerra, [ad + cando, cf. candeo, shine^, set flre to, light up, kindle ; en- acervus, -i, m., a heap, pile. Acesta, -ae, f., a town in Sicily. rage, arouse, excite, inspire. accessus, -us [accedo], ra., ap- Acestes, -ae, m., a king of western Sicily, son of Crinisus, a proach. Sicilian river god, and Segesta accido, -ere, -cldi, -cisvis [ad + or Egesta, a Trojan woman. caedo], cut into, cut. accingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus Achaemenides, -ae, m., a companion of Ulysses. [ad 4- cingo], (jird on, gird, arm, -um, adj., of -a, equip, make one''^ selfready, pre- Acbaicus, Achaea, a country in the northpare, resort to. ern part of the Peloponnesus, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad Achaean, Grecian. -}- capio], take to one''^ sdf, admit, let in ; accept, receive, enter- Achates, -ae, m., a comrade of Aeneas. tain, hear, listen to, learn, at1,

hasten,

tend to, heed. accitus, -us [accio], m., used only in abl. sing., sunimons, call. accomnuxlo [ad + commodo], 1,
fit,

Achoron,
a
viver
]Var}d.

-ontis, m., the


of

llades,

Achevm, the Lower

hnrklc, gird

<>n,

adjnst.

accubo, -are,
[ad
-1-

-cubui, -cubitus
lie

Achilles, -is and -i, m., king of Thcssaly, bravest of the Greeks before Troy.
Aciiilleus,
Achilles.
-a,

cubo],

near,

lie

by,

-um,

adj.,

of

recline.

Acliivus
Achivus, -a, -uin, adj., Achae'- ,i, Grecian; pl. sabst., the "Greeks.
Acidalius,
ilalia -a, -iim, adj., oj
visit,

adliuc
encounter, meet, undergo,

fountain in sacred to Venus), Acidalian. acies, -ei, f., sharp edfje ov point., edge ; keen vision, sight, eye;
(a
line of battle, battle arraij.

AciBoeotia

reach. adeo, adv., to this or that point

or degree, so far; so, in fact, mor<'(>ver, besides, indeed.

adfabilis, -e [adfor], adj., easy


address, courteous. adfatus, -iis [adfor], m., address.
to

Acragas,

Acragas or adfecto [adficio]. 1, strive to obtain, aim at, grasp, seize. Agrigentum, a city on tlie southern coast of Sicily, now Gir- adfero. adferre, attuli, adlatus
-antis, m.,
genti.

[ad
f.,

-f fero],

acta,

-ae.

seashore,

heaCli,

to ;

with

bring, bear or carry retlexive, come, go,

shnre, strand.

arrive.

Actius,

-um, of Actinm, a adfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [ad 4figo] fasten to, fix upon ; passive promontory and town of Epirus, as niiddle, cling to. where Augustus defeated Anadflictus, -a, -um. p.p. of adfligS, tnny and Cleopatra, i;.c. ol.
-a,
,

aciitus,

-a,

-uin,

adj.

[acuo,

sharpened, sharpen], jagged, pointed,

sharptowa7'd,

ad, prep.

witli

acc,

to,

downcast, dcjccted, sad, pitiable ; ruined, shattered. blow or [ad + flo], 1, adflb breathe upon, inspire ; blast,
2,

at, by, near,

among.

040.
-iixi,

adamas,

which adttuo, -ere, fluo], flow cannot be overcome, adamant,


-antis, m., that
iron. steel.
in,
-i.

to

-uxus [ad 4or toward, pour


1,

assemble.
dep., speak

Adamastus,

m., Adamastiis,

adfor [ad-hfor],
to,

the father of Achaemenides. addico. -ere. -dixi, -dictus [ad


-f-dico],

address, j^ray to, invoke, bid farewell to, 2, 644.


1,

assent
to,

to,

give

one''^

self

up

yield,

resign

adfore, see adsum. one^s adglomero [ad-hglomero],


to,

add

seifto.

gather, assemble, crowd to-ere. -novi, -nitus [ad


-f gra-

addo,

-didi, -ditus [ad -f do], give in addition to, put on,


-ere,

gether, collect, join.

adgnosco,
-I-

add,

impart,

bestow

addere

se, join.

gnosco], recognize. adgredior. -i, -gressus [ad


dior], go
t<>

adductus, -a, -um. p.p. of addrawn tight, drawn, duco,


strained, bent.

or toward, attack,
-ui,

assail, accost, address, attempt.

adhibeo, -ere,
or
to,
-ii,

-itus

[ad

-f

adeo,
[ad

-ire,
-f eo],

-ivi

-itus

go

approach,

habeo], have present, invite. adhac, adv., to this place or time,

adig^o
hitherto, as yet, yet,
still,

6
until
Dleo],

adsum
magnify,
offer.

honor,

adore,

now.
acligo, -ere, -egi, -actus

worship,

[ad

4-

adoperio,
[ad
-f

ago],
force.

drive

to,

drive,

hurl,

-operui, -opertife operio], cover up, cover,


-ire,
-iri,

torap.

adimo, -ere, -emi, -einptiis [ad -1- einoj, take to one^s scJJ\ take

adorior,

-ortus [ad
oro],
1,

-f orior],

attempt.

from

01*

aivay

o the eye, pluck

adoro [ad
adquiro,
[ad

-f

j^ray to, sup-

-ere, -quisivi, -quisitus quaero], acquire, gain. -f adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutus [ad 4- Adrastus, -i, m., a king of Argos. iuvo], aid, assist, help, support. adsentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus [ad -f sentio], assent to; apadlabor, -labl, -lapsus [ad -f labor], (jlide to or toward, sail prove^ agree to, agree ; give consent, Also deponent. reach. acquiesce. to, adligo [ad-|-ligo] hind (or fasten) adservo [ad -f servo], 1, guard^
access, entrance.
,

or put out. aditus, -us [adeo], m., approach.,

plicate, worship, adore.

to,

hind, fasten, hold, conjine.


-h

jjrotect, defend, rvatch.

adloquor, -loqui, -locutus [ad


loqiior],
cost,

adsidue [adsiduus],
ally,

adv., continu-

speak to, address, acappeal to. admiror [ad -|- iniror], 1, wonder at, he surprised at, admire. admitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [ad -(- iiiitto], admit. adinoueo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -\moneo], remind, admonish, warn.

constantly,
-a,

perpetually

persistently.

adsiduus,

-um

[adsideo], adj.,

constant, unremitting, incessant.

adsimilis [ad

-f similis], adj., like

to or unto, similar, like.

adspiro [ad -f spiro], 1, hreathe or hiow upon ; aid, assist, favor,

prosper, smile upon. admoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus adsto, -are, -stiti [ad-fsto], [ad -f moveo], move, hring near stand at, hy, near, or upon, to, carry (or conveij) to, offer. stnud ; alight, light upon. adiiitor, -i, -nisus or -nixiis [ad adsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus 4- nitor], lean upon or against, [ad-f suesco], accustom to, make (or render) familiar to, bella strive against, strive, struggle, exert one^s self. animis, 6, 882 he (or hecome) adno [ad -|- no], 1, swim to or accustomed. toirnrd, Jlftat to, reach. adsuetus, -a, -um, p.p. of adadniio, -ere, -ui [ad -f nuo], nod suesco. to, nod assent, assent, consent, adsiiltiis, -iis [ad -f saltus], m., promise. assault, attack. -jadoleo, -ere, -olui, -ultus [ad adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutu;

aaritator
rus
[ad +,^
^^^,^,y ^^^

Aloidae
^^^^ ^ipQy^^

haiicl, prese-,

be propitiov'^ [agito], in., driver, aclsiirgo, -ere.

Albanus, -a, -um [Alba], adj.^ oj Alba, Alban ; as noun, Albani, -orum, m., the Albdns. albesco, -ere [albus], grow white,

tus [ad + SO: ^g^-j^ 2^ ^j^.^^^ ^iQ_ aclulterium, -) chase^ pursue tor; adultus, -a, -.^^g^ harass, hurry,
lesco, adult,
j

adveho,

-ere,

-^goj, u.,
.

gleam, dawn. albus, -a -um, adj., white. Alcides, -ae, m., a descendant oj Alceus; Hercules, the grandson of Alceus. army (on
^^ain,

veho],

canf

g^;^,^,^^

ales,

alitis

[ala],

adj.,

winged

pass^ as niiddle, ^^,^^^^ groiqh advelo [ad -f velo^^^^. motion,


wreathe, encircle,
croic-i^. ^^^.g

as noun, c, a bird. Aletes, -is, m., a comrade

of

advena,
eigner.

-ae,

c,

stranrjer,

Aeneas. alienus, -a
eign.

-um

[alius], adj.,

0/

another, another's, strange, for-ire, -veni,

advenio,

-ventus [ao
arrive
at,

Venio],

coine

to,

'^liger,
'''^ero],

reach.

advento [ad

venio, intens.],

1,

^uis
^^''

-gera, -gerum adj., winged. -qua, (qui),

[ala

-quid

come near, draw near, approach. adventus, -us, m., coming, arapproach. adversor [ad -f versor],
rival,
resist.
1,

od), indef. adj. (and subst.), Venu.,'^^ - some one, any

Aeneas,
oppose,
'^"-

an
^'''^erwise.

Aeneis,
Aeneid.

-idis

or -idos,

<,phst.,

adversus, -a, -um, p.p. of adverto, turned toivard, facing,


face to face, fronting, opposing,
opposite.

aenus,

-a,

-um

[aes], adj., of cop-

per, of bronze, brazen; as noun,

aenum,

-i, n.,

a brazen

vessel,

adverto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ad

cauldron, kettle. or toward, Aeolia, -ae [Aeolas], f., an island -f verto], turn to of the Liparian group, north of attend, observe, give heed, note ; Sicily, the home of Aeolus. pass., arrive at. advoco [ad + voco], 1, call, sum- Aeolides, -ae, m., son or descend1. Ulysses, 6, ant of Aeolus. mon.

advolvo,
[ad
roll.

-ere,

-volvi, -volutus
roll to or toward,

529.

2.

3Iisenus, 6, 164.

+ volvo],
-i,

Aeolius, -a, -um, adj., of Aeolus. Aeolus, -i, m., the god who ruled
the winds.

adytum,

n., the inaccessible,

shrine. sanctuary, tomb. Aeacides, -ae, m., son or descend-

aequaevus, -a, -um [aequus aevum], adj., of equal age.


aequalis, -e [aequo],

ant of Aeacus.

adj., equal,

adijro
hitherto, as yet^ yet,
noio.
still,

6
until
[;id 4-

adsum
Dleo],

magnify,
offer.

everlasting..

artigo, -ere, -egi, -actus

^orsMp, adoperio,
ivrap.

^ndless,

last^

-ire, -oj

ago],
force.

drive
-ere,

to,

clrive,

hnrl,

[ad-foperio],

c^^er, eternally,

adimo,
-f

-emi, -emptus [ad


;

adorior, -iri,-ort^^-]^ m.
attempt.

(acc.

einoj, ta/ce to one^s sc/f, taJie of the eye, pluclc

lerem),

froni or away or put out.

adoro [ad
adquiro,
[ad

oroj^

t/ie upheaven, uppcr

plicate, ivorsh\

aditus, -us [adeo], m., approac/i, access, entrance. adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iiitus [ad -Jiuvo],
aid., assist,

-ere, -^ [aether], adj., quaero^,.^ ^^ ^f,^^^.^ ^jet/iereal, celes-

/le/p,

support.

Adrastus, -%enly, adsentio


L?^[ops, -opls,

adlabor, -labi,
to, reac/i.

-lapsus

[ad

-f

m. anEt/iiopian.
,

labor], (jlide to or toward, sail

etlira, -ae
f.,
t/ie

lAWpa

cf.

aether],

clear

s/cy,

adligo
to,

firmament,

[ad-l-ligo], bind (or fasten

/leaven.

Aetna, -ae,.f., a volcano in Sicily. adloquor, -loqui, -lociitus [ cop- Aetnaeus, -a, -um, of Aetna, Aet' loquor], spca/c to, addre naean, dwelling on Aetna.
appeal to. admiror [ad + \^^_f^^\^^^ at, bc surpns^-j adiuStto r T ^T
cost,
,,

hind, fastcn, /lold, confinf-j

a5,,^,,^;

aevum,

-I, n.,

never-ending time,

lapse of time, time, age, old age. Africa, -ae, f., Africa.

-a,

-um

'

[aer], adj., airy,

Africus,
wind.

-i,

m.,

t/ie

sout/iwest

Jiigh, lofty,

towering, soaring.

aes, aeris, n., copper,


tliings

hronze

also

Agamemnouius,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

made

of these, such

as

arms, annor, trumpct, cymhals, statue, a s/iip^s prow, s/iield,

of Agamemnon. Grecian, son of Agamemnon, 4, 471.

Agathyrsi, -orum, m., a Scythiaii


people.

money,
air.

etc.
f.,

acstas; -atis,

summer, summer Agenor, -oris, m., king of Phoenicia and ancestor of Dido.
1,

aestuo [aostus],

hoil,

sect/ie,

surgc^ swelJ, he excited, rage.

aestus, -iis, m., anything- boiling or lieaving, Jieat,flame, tide, sea,


flood.

agcr, agri, m fieJd, land, country. aggcr, -eris [ad + gero], m., wluit is carried to a phice, hcap,
.

mound,
top,

diJce,

emhankment,
raiscd

hanJc,

aetas,

-atis

[for
,

aevitas, froni
1

summit, rampart.
itp, iiiiTc(fsc,

surface,

aevuui], f. agc, tiine of life, (ild agc, perind nf time, time. aetcrnus, -a, -uiu [ or ae viteruus
t

aggcro [agger]

/loap up, piJe

cnJargc.

2.

aggero, -ere, -gessl, -gestua

agitator
[ad

Aloidae
heap upon,

gero], carry

to,

add

to, 3, 63.

agltator, -oris [agito], m., driver,


charioteer.

Albanus, -a, -um [Alba], adj., oj Alha, Alhan ; as noun, Albani, -orum, m., the Alhdns. albesco, -ere [albus], grow white,

agito

gleam, davm. -um, adj., white. lently, drive, chase, pursue ; tor- albus. -a ment, persecute, harass, hurry, Alcides, -ae, m., a descendant of Alceus ; Hercules, the grandson hasten, speed. of Alceus. agineu, -inis [ago], u., army (on
[freq. of ago], 1, drive vio-

the

train, march), coluran, ranJc, line, array ; hand, group, company ; herd, flock ; motion,

ales,

alitis

[ala],

adj., ivinged ;

as noun, c, hird.

su-eep or stroke of the oars, 5,

stream, current. agna. -ae, f., ev:e lamh. agnus, -i, m., lamh.

211

Aletes, -is, Aeneas. alienus, -a


eign.

m.,

a comrade
[alius],
adj.,

of

-um

of

another, another's, strange, fordrive,

ago,

-ere,

egi,

actus,
conduct,

force, impeJ, lead, urge, compel,

aliger, -gera, -gerum gero], adj., winged.

[ala

-f

-quid -qua, (qui), hring aliquis (quod), indef. adj. (and subst.), do, treat, execute,perform ; pass, some one, any some, any ; spend; age, agite, imper., come ! one. agrestis, -e [ager], adj., o/ the

pursue;

steer,

country, country, rustic, rural. aliter [alius], adv., otherwise. agricola, -ae [ager and colo], m., alius, -a, -ud, adj. and subst., . other, another, eise ; alius tiller of the soil, farmer, husthe another, one . alius, handman, peasant.
. . . .

. other ; alii the one Aiax, -acis, m., nanie of two others. alii, some Greek heroes in the Trojan War. 2. The alligo, see adligo. 1. The son of Telamon. almus, -a, -um [alo], adj., nourson of Oileus.
.
.
.

aio, defect., speak, say, say yes,


affirm.

ishing, fostering
cious,

kindly, gra-

henignant,
alui,

propitious,
ali-

ala, -ae,

f.,

wing, pinion

mounted
-cre,

henign, blessed, genial.


alo,
-ere,

huntsmen, heaters. alacer and alacris,


adj.,

altus or

-cris,

tus, nourish, feed, sustain, sup~.

active,

eager, courageous,

alatus,

joyful, cheerfui. -a, -um [ala], winged.

hreed; encourage^ strengthen, animate, 0, 726. Aloidae, -arum, m., stepsons of

port; rear,

Alba, Alba Longa, -ae [albus], thc parent f., a town in Latium
;

Aloeus;
I

they were
;

Otus and
stormed

Ephialtes, sons of

Neptune and

city of

Rome.

Iphimedia

having

Alpheiis
Olynjpns, tlicy were Apollo, 6, 582.
slain

10
by
;

amictus
nnpleasant,
ful.

umveJcome,

pain-

Alpheus,
this

a river in Elis under ground, and fable deciares that it rose again in the fountain of Arethusa in Sicily.
-i,

ni.,

Amazon.

disappears

-onis, f., an Amazon] *one of the fabled race of female vvarriors dvvelliug on the river

Tliermidon

in

Cappadocia.
f.,

Amazonis,
1,

-idis,

an Amazon,

Alpinus,
ultaria,
hif/h,

-a,

-uiu [Alpes], adj.,


[altus], n., altar.

490.
-a,

of the AJps, Alpino..

Amazonius,
aloft

-ium

ilte [altus], adv.,

on high,

-um, adj., of the Amazons, Amazonian. ambages, -is [ambigo, go


ahont], f., a going ahout, circuit, winding, tnrning ; details, par~
ticuJars, story
;

highhj; deep, deeply; comp. altius, higher.


alter, -era, -eruu, adj. pro.,
other,
tJie

mystery, oracJe.

one of two
;
. .
.

the second,

ambedo,
-f ethi],

-ere,

-edi, -esus

[amb
char,

the

next

anoth<'r

alter
1,

eat

or

gnaw around,

alter, the one

the other.

ent,

devoitr ;

consume,

ulterno

[alternus],

do

hy

5, 752.

turns^ waver, hesitate,

deliher-

ambiguus,

ate, weigh. alternus, -a, -um [alter], adj., one after the othcr ; hy turns, in turn; alternating, in succession,

-iim [ambigo], adj,, uncertain, wavering, vaciJlating ; douhtful,two-foJd; dark,


-a,

ohscure; unreJiahJe, treacherous,


insinuating.

alternate.

ambio,
i.,

-ire,

-ii,

-itus

[amb

-f

altrix, -iois [alo],

nurse.
high,
lofty,

altus, -a,

-um,

adj.,

go around, surroiuid, encompass, encircJe; approach,


eo],

greal; deep, profound ; nohle, exalted; subst., altuni, -i, n., heaven, deep sea, sea, ocean, main.

address.

ambo,
tu-!o.

-ae, -o

num.
-um,

adj.,

hoth.

ambrosius,
hrosiaJ,

-a,

adj.,

amdi-

alumnus,
alveu.s,
-i

-i

[alo],
;

m.,
m.,

fostercavity,

divine;

immortal,

child, foster-son

son.

vineJy heautifuJ, loveJy.

[alvus],

amens,
Jess ;

holloin;

huJl of
f.,

a ship, hoat,

-entis [a -f- mens], adj., out ofone^s mind or senses, sense-

sUtr, G, 412.

mad,

distracted,

insane,

alvus,

-I

[alo],

helly, hody.

Hiuans,

-antis [anio], adj., /ont? of; fond, loving, affectionate subst., m. or f ., lover.
-i,

frnntic; ama.zed, astonnded. amicio, -ire, -icui or -ixi, -ictiis [am(c=ambi) -f iacio], throw or

wrap around; enveJop,


conceaJ, veiJ.

wrap,

ainnr.-ious,

ni.

or

f.,

marjnrnm.
,

niuilrus,

-a,

-um.

adj

h^itrr.

aniictus, -us [amicio], m., outer

anilciio

u
of the

anlielo
BelDrycians
2.
1,

garment
veil.

chak^ mantle, robe,

mous
-a,

boxer.

and a facompanion

amicus,
friendhj,

-um

[amo],

adj.,
ivell

of

Aeneas,

221,
of a double ques-

'dnd,

kindly or

an, interrog. conj., introducing the

disposed.

second

member
first

amicus,
aniitto,
[a
-1-

-i

[amo], m., friend.


-ere,
-niisi,

tion

(the

member

being

missus
let

mitto], send away,


-is,

go,

often suppressed), or, or indeed, or rathcr, or perhaps.

lose.

anceps, -cipitis [am (= ambi)

4-

amnis,

m., a hroad and deep stream, river, water, torrent. amo, 1, love, cherish; nautical,
hug,
5,

caput], adj., two-headed, douhle, twofold ; uncertain, wavering doubtful, dubious, perplexing.

103.

amoenus,
lovely,

[amo], adj., pleasant, charming, de-a,

-um

amor,

m., love, affection ; longing, passion, desire, eagerness, hist ; love-charm, personified, object of love; Cupid, the god of love, Love.
-ere,

Ughtful. -oris

[amo],

Anchises, -ae, m., a Trojan, son of Capys and Themis, grandson of Assaracus, and father of Aeneas. Jupitersmote him with a thunderbolt and made him helpless because he had boasted of Venus's love. Anchiseus, -a, -um, adj., of Anchises.

amoveo,

-movi,

-motus,

Anchisiades,
of Anchises
-ae,
;

-ae, m., descendant

take aicay, remove.

Aeneas.

Aniplirysius,

an anchor. m., Ancus Marcius, -i, sian, of the fourth king of Rome. in Tliessaly along wliich Apollo Androgeos, -o, and Androgeus, tended the flocks of Admetus 1. Son of Minos, king -ei, m. applied to the Sibyl because she of Crete, slain by the Atlienians. was inspired by Apollo. A Greek chief at Troy. 2. amplector, -ti, -plexus [amb 4f., wife plecto], twine or wind around, Andromache, -es or -ae,

-um, Amphry- ancora, Amphrysus, a river Ancus,


-a,
;

f.,

encircle, embrace, enfold.

of Ilector.
-is,

amplexus, -us [amplector], m., anguis,


embrace.

c, snake, serpent.

amplius, adv., see amplus. amplus, -a, -um, adj.,

large,

angustus, -a, -um [ango], adj., strait, narrow; subst., angustum, -i, n., a narrow place,
passage.

spacious, grand, ample, great splendid, magnificent, glorious; adv., amplius, more, longer.

Amycus,

m. -i, NeDtune. son of

anhelitus, -us [anhelo], m., hard or difficult breathing, panting. a anhelo [anhelus], 1, breathe with 1. Amycus, difficulty, pant. He was a king

aubelus

12

aii

pello

Troy, went to It^.ly and founded Patavium (Padua). anilis, -e [aiius], adj., of an okl Antenorides, -ae, m., son or tcoman, an olil ivoman^s. descendant of Antenor ; Anteaiiima, -ae, f., breath, hreath of noridae, Acamas, jigenor, and spirit, shade, soul. Pohjhus, tlie sons of Antenor, life, life ; aniinal, -alis [anima], n., living 6, 484. being, animal. antequam or ante quam, animiis, -i, m., soid, spirit, mind adv. before. (as opposed to the body and to Antheus, -ei, acc. -ea, m., a physical life) loill, purpose, conipanion of Aeneas.
anheliis, -a, -iim [anhelo], adj., pantiiig, heaving.
.

intention

heart, passion, feel-

ing, indination, disposition, affection ; temper, rage, anger,

antiquus, -a, -um [ante], adj., of former times, of old, ancient;


aged,
old,

long-standing, time-

ivrath

;
-i,

courage, daring.

Anius,

m., king of Delos


sister of

priest of Apollo.

Anna,

-ae,

f.,

honored ; former. and antrum, -i, n. cave, cavern, grotto. Aornos, -i ["Aopvos, hi)'dh'ss], m., Dido. Lake Avernus, \n Campania.
,

annalis, -e [annus], adj.,

yearhj.,
-iiiin,

annual ;
m.,
cital,

subst.,

annales,

aper, -pri, m., 2cild boar. aperio, -ire, -perui, -pertus,


cover, lay hare

?/-

annals,

records,

story, re-

; disclose, reveal^

account. aiinosus, -a, -um [annus], adj., fuU of years ; aged, old. aiinus, -1, m., year, season.

maJce

lcnoxon,

shovj

make or

opoi a way throngh; opcn. apertus, -a, -um [aperio], adj.,


open, exposed, clear. apex, -icis, m., point,
tip,

annuiis, -a, annual.

-um,
-i,
f.
,

adj.,

yearhj,

^yeak,

summit;
a coast town
foot of
Alt.

piointed flame, 2, 083.

Aiitandros,
of
Ida.
JNIysia

apis,

-is, f., bee.

at

tiie

Apollo,

-inis,

m., ApoJlo, son of

Q,nte, adVo

and prep.
previoush/,

1.

As

adv.,

before,
2.

in

front.

Jupitcr and Latona, twin brother of Diana, god of prophecy, music, poetry, medicine, and
arcliery.

As

prep. w,

acc.,

before, in

front of, beyond. antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latiis [ante -|- fero], carry or bear hefore, pnt before, prefer. aiiteiiina, -ae, f., yard (of a sliip),
sail-yard.

appareo,

-ere, -ui, -iturus [ad

pareo], appear, come into sight


be exposed to vieu\ he laid open,

be seen or disch>sed. appello, 1, address, accost, speak


(ii,

name,
5,

call ;
r)40.

declare,

piro-

Antenor,
leader

-oris,

m.,

a
tlie

Trojan
fall

claini,

wlio,

attt-r

of

appollo,

-ere,

-puli,

-pulsiis

ascendcr
^lclt^
;

13
o,

Aretliiisa
of the Great

fabled

foi3

&n'ngr or

and

Little Bear,

or
si<l^til-^'
,

of

the
-i,

former
m.,

alone

the

^^iitHS -ere, -scefl,

1, fZrive o,

north.

scando],
\_'.

a|

Arctorus,
aperio],
adj.,

the

brightest
;

star in the constellation Bootes

^W^^
V^
3v\t)S.t-i

^^^y^

_us
f.^

[asce: to

the

sun,

or climbi ^'^^\]ie '^^

Arcturus. arcus, -fis,


curve.

m.,

bow,

rainbow

.4sm, Adjust; equip,


[a'j:)are ;

anything bow-shaped or curved;

^Y^,

-inis

put on,

ardens, -entis [ardeo],


^i'^'dj.. .i^^fefZ or joined ^^ to ; pocu, studded loitli^ 4, 482. apud, prep. w. acc, toM, a, 6?/,

part. as

viis

-'

adj.,

burning, gloxoing, blazing, gleaming, flashing, glistening,


glittering
;

infl.amed, fiery,

ar-

7?^ar

?)?/,

ar.iong.

dent,

eager,
;

earnest,
fierce,

spirited,

aqua, -ae, f., water. Aquilo, -onis, m., the north


V

impassioned
loind,

furious,

angry.

unnd.

^^-aquosus,
ara, -ae,

-a,

-um
altar.,

[aqua],

adj.,

rain-bringing, rainy,
f.,

xoatei-y.

funeral pile Arae, -arum, the Altars, a reef in tlie Mediterranean between
Sicilv

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsnrus, to burn ; blaze, be on fire or in flames ; glow, glitter, glisten, flash, sparkle; burn with love,
impatience, or desire
be eagerfor.
;

long for,

and Africa. aratrum, -i [aro], n., arbor (-os), -oris, f.,


timber
;

ardesco,
2)lough.
tree
;

-ere, arsi

[ardeo], be-

loood.,

triink, stem, shoot.


-a,

arboreus,

-um
-um,

[arbor], adj.,

gin to burn, take fire, bxirn ; of the emotions, become aroused, excited. or inflamed. ardor, -oris, m., burning; ardor,
zeal, eagerness, fervor.

branching, treelike.

Arcadius,

-a,

adj.,

Arcadian,

arduus,
high.

-a,
erect,

-um,
on

adj.,

steep

of Arcadia, the central part of the Pelopomiesus. arcanus, -a, -vim [arca], adj.,
hidden,
secret
n.,
;

lofty,

towering
aloft
n.,

raised
subst.,

high,

high,
-i,

arduum,

high

subst.,

arca-

place, height.

num,

-i,

a secret.

arceo, -ere, -ui. inclose, shut in bind, restrain, confine ; keep off,
repel, debar.

areo, -ere, -ui, he dry, wither, dry up ; part., arens, -entis, dry, dried up, shallow. ArethQsa, -ae, 1, a fountain near

arcesso, -ere, -sivi, -situs, cause come, summon, send for, to


call.

Arctos,

-i,

f.,

the constellations

Syracuse into which the nymph Arethusa is said to have been changed when pursued by the river-god Alpheus.

arffentum
argentum,
-i,

14
silver

A-eilo
-I,

n.,

silver,

armus,

u.ly

and founded

plate. silvprware.

beasts, ^aA'.ia).

Argi, -orum, m., Argos, tlie cap- aro, 1, ploug^^ m., son or habit; sail. Antenor ; Anteital of Argolis, a place dear to Arquiteiiens,ias, j\genor, and Juno Greece in general. teneo], adj., Argos, adjons -um, of Antenor, Argivus, -a, of -bearing ; Ai-give, Greciau, Greek; subst., Apollo. quam, Argivi, -orum, m., Argives, ante arrigo, -ere, Greeks. + rego], diV"^. -ea, m., a Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of Arpart. as adj., arrfecgolis, Argolie; Greek, Grecian. attentive ; erect, al5..,of arguo, -ere, -ui, -utus, make roused, encouraged ; ardenif.,; clear, show, prove, declare, be;
.

tray, reveal.

tense, eager.

aridus, -a, parched.

-um

[areo], adj.,

dry.,

aries, -etis, m.,

ram ;

hattering-

arripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [a rapio], seize, snatch, take -f possession of; hasten to.
ars,
5,

ram.

artis,

f.,

.skill,

dexterity,

arma, -orum,n., arms, iveapons, armor ; tools, titensils, implements ; tackle, Jittings, equipment of a ship (sails, mast, lig., imr, ivarrudder, etc.)
;

521

a)'t ;

practice, vocation,
skilfid

profession

or cunning

imrkmanship,

of art craft, artijico, sxibtlety, cunning, intrigue, stratagem, trickery,


1,

work

fare,

feats of arms ; soldiers, imrriors.


-a,

troops,

057."

artife.v, -ieis
Jicer,

[ars 4- facio],
artist ;

a7'ti-

armatus,
armcd,

[armo], part., eqnippcd; subst., ar-i,

-um

artisau,

schemer,
; px^ri,

plotter.

matus,

m.,

armed
n.,
;

man, artus,
beasts

-us, m., joint, limb

soldier, vmrrior.

mcmber ; frame,
artus,
ch>se,

body.
[arceo],
adj.,
1,

armentum,
for
drove.

-i

[aro],

-a,

-um

plonghing,

cattle

herd,

tight,

closely

Jitting,

293.

ariindo, -inis, f., reed, arrow. armiger, -eri, m., armor-bearer. [arma -\- arviim, -i [^ayo'], i\., ploughed or armipotens, -entis potens], adj., powerfid in arms ; cultivated landj land, Jield;
valiant, brave, loarlike.

arinisonus,

-a,

-um

[arma

-1-

arx,

mno^,?i([]. ,resoundin(i loith arnis.

armo

[arma], 1. arm, equip with arms, rquip; Jit out, make ready, prepare, 4, 299.

region ; shore, 2, 209. arcis [arceo], f., citadel, stronghold, tower, fortress hcight, hill; hcaven ; peak, pinUdfjc.
-I,

Ascaiiius,

son of Aeneas and

asceiido
at^u^^
lclca
;

15
Alba
tower
liy

attonitus

fabled founder of
-ere, -scencli,

sicl^*

.xtiiS

-scensus
climb,

tU^'
I,,

scando],

ascend,

Ulysses at the destruc tion of Troy. asylum, -i [atrvXoi'], n., place of refuge ; sanctuary.
at, ast, conj., but, yet, hut yet
;

at

us [ascendo], m., an
th,6

least, still

moreover, however.
-truni,
adj.,

^^0 01'
f.
"

climhing.

ater,

-tra,

black,

^yc*
.

Asia, Asia Minor. f. [aspergo], -inis

dark,
deadly.
Atii,
5,

dusk ;

gloomy,

dismal

spray. a^:' vi^sad -f specto], 1, ZooA; ^o; po/:>ow, grase ^ or upon; heapudt, survey earnestly. m., [aspicio], ??ectus, -us
Q-iicj,
^t

-orum, m., a Roman gens,


508.

to
,

afsight,
ence.,

vieiv,
1,

appearance,

Atlas, -antis, a mountain in Mauretania in northern Africa on whicli fable said tlie heavens also a king of Maurerested pres;

613.

tania, the father of the Pleiades,

asper, -era, -erum, adj., rongli., rugged, craggy, jngged ; chased,

Hyades, and Calypso Ferseus, with the Medusa's head, changed


;

emhossed; harsh,
angry,
bitter,

Jierce,

cruel,
;

loarlike, formidable,

relentless

him atque

into Mt. Atlas.

(ac)

[ad

-f

que],

conj.,

aspero
ruffle
;

tempestuous. roughen, [asper], 1,


-a,

raise, arouse.

aspersus,

-um

[aspergo],

adj., sprinkled, spattered.

and, and also, and besides; with comparatives and words of likeness and unlikeness, as, than. Atrides, -ae, m., son or descendant of Atreus; Agamemnon or

aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [ad -fspecio], look at or upon, behold, see; consider ; regard,
pity.

Menelaus.

atrium,

-i,

n., court, hall,

room.

atrox, -ocis,

adj,, savage, harsh,

Jierce, cruel, relentless.

asporto [abs + porto], 1, carry attingo, -ere, attigi, attactus [ad -f tango], touch, reach, find, frora or away ; take away.
arrive Assaracus, a Assaracus., i, m king of Phrygia, son of Tros, attollo,
,

at,

conie

to.

brother of Ilus and Ganymede, and grandfather of Anchises.


ast, see at.

[ad -f tollo], lift, throw) up ; huild, raise (or erect, rear ; rouse, excite ; with se or passive as middle, lift one^s
-ere
self, arise,

astrum,
heaven.

-i,

n.,

star

pL,

sky,

appear.

Astyanax, -actis, m., son of said Hector and Andromache to have been cast down from a
;

attonitus, -a, -um, p. p. of attono, thunderstruck ; amazed, aioed, astounded, astonished, spellbound, dazed.

attrecto
attrecto [ad

16

auspicium

aura, -ae (old gen. -ai), f., air (inmotion), hreeze, hreath, vital handle. breathorair; lightofday, light, Atys, -yos, m., a young friend of lustre, gleam, radiance ; favor, Ascanius. applause ; ad or sub auras, on auetor, -oris [augeo], m., origitracto], 1, touch,

nator, aiithor, founder, bvilder,

high, aloft, to the heavens.

father,

progenitor ;
;

authority,
adj.,

auratus,

voucher

counsellor.

audax, -acis [audeo],

dar-

-vim [aurum], adj., ornamented, or emcovered, broidered icith gold ; gilded,


-a,
-a,

ing, hold, courageous, resolute,

golden.

dauntless ; confideiit. audens, -eiitis [audeo], part. as


adj., dari)ig, bold, brave.

aureus,

-um [aurum],

adj.,

of gold, golden ; gilded, bright, glittering, gleaming.


-a,

audeo,
dep.
,

-ere,

ausus suin, semi- auricomus,

-um [aurum

-f-

dare, venture, be bold for,

with prep. in, 2, 347. leafed, 6, 141. audio, -ire, -ivl, -Itus, hear ; lisauriga, -ae [aurea (bridle) -\ten to, heed. obeg ; hear of. ago], m., charioteer, driver. aufeio, auferre, abstuli, ablaauris, -is, f., ear. tus [ab -H fero], bear or carry f., daim, morning off or away, take away, remove. aurora, -ae, personified, Aurora, goddess of augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, augdawn, and wife of Titbonus, who ment, increase, add to the numprecedes the chariot of the suuber o/.
auj>ur,
-uris,

imth coma, golden leaves or foliage, goldengolden-haired], adj.,

c,

aiigur,

sooth-

god.

sayer, prophet, seer.

auguriuni,

-I

[augur], n., science

aurum, made
plate.

-i,

n.,

gold

of

gold,

anything money, gohl


;

or art of divination ; divination, augury ; omen, portent, sign,

Ausonia,

token ; presentiment, foreboding Aiigustus, -i, m., surname given Octavius Caesar, by tlie Senate,
n.c. 27, as

Ausonia ; ancient naine for central and south-ae,


f.,

ern Italy

Jtaly.

Ausoniiis, -a, -uni,


nian, Jtalian. anspex, -icis [avis
-|-

adj.,

Ausoc.

emperor

of

Rome.
f.,

aiila, -ae (old gen. -ai),

hall,

specio],

court, palace.

diviner, seer, interpreter, soothcover,

aulaeuin,

-i

(avXaia), n.,

sayer

also poet., leader, guide,

rurtain, tapcstry, drapery, richly

dircrtor, protector.

aiispicinni, -i [auspex], n., augembrtndered fabric or stuff. port Boeotian -idis, f., a 7iry, anspire, divination, froni Aulis, omen, token, thetlight of birds from wliicli tlie Greeks sailcd sign ; power, authority, will. against Troy.
;

Auster
Auster,
ausuiii,
-tri.

17
wind
aversus,
as
-a,

balteus

m.,so7ith wind,

-um
turned

[averto], part.

the south.

adj.,

away ;
;

ivith

removed, far away from, 1, 568. or. either averto, -ere. -verti, -versus [a + autem, conj., biit, on the converto], turn avxiy or aside trary, on the other hand, yet, avert ; remove, carryoff; rarely however ; moreover, now, beintr., 1, 101.
. . .
. . .

[audeo], in., daring deed, venture, attempt; daring. aut, aut, conj., or ; aut
-i

averted gaze, averse, estranged,


unfriendly, hostile
rernote,

far

sides, again.

avidus,
-ontis,

-a,

-um

[aveo,

craue],

Automedon,
oteer
rhus.
of

Achilles

m., and,

cliari-

enger.

after

avis,

-is, f., bird.

bis death, armor-bearer of Pyr-

autvminus,

-i

[augeo], m., season

of increase, autiimn.

auxilium,

-I

[augeo],

n.,

aid,

avius, -a, -um [a -f- via], adj., out of the path or way, pathless; subst., avia, -orum, n., byways, unfrequented places or ways, 2, 736.

avunculus, -i [avus], m., mother''^ avarus, -a, -um brother, maternal uncle, uncle; graspgreedy, avaricious, etous, cf. patruus.
[aveo], adj., coving.

help, assistance, relief, succor.

avus,

-i,

m., grandfather, grand-

aveho,

-ere, -vexi, -vectus [a -f veho], carry OT bear away ; pass.,

sire, ancestor.

sail aicay, depart, 2, 43.

axis, -is (alwi/), m., axle, axletree; car, chariot ; pole, heavens.

avello, -ere, -velli, -volsus [a -f vello], tear off or awny ; pull

B
baca,
-ae,
f.,

away
steal,

or

off,

pluck; take away,


berry
;

carry

any small

off.

Avernus,

-i {dopvos, hirdless),

m.,

fruit of trees.

adj., Avernus, a lake in Campania bacatus, -a, -um [baca], studded or set with pearls, of between Baiae and Cumae. pearls. Birds flying over it were killed by the exhalations. Near it was bacchor [Bacchus], 1, celehrate the orgies of Bacchus, rage, one of the fabled entrances to rave, revel, rush tcildly about. the Lower World and also tlie the god grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl. Bacchus, -i, m., Bacchus, of wine, called also Liber, '-DePoet. for the Lowe.r World. liverer," and Lyaeus, " CareAverniis, -a. -uin, adj., of Averdispeller," son of Jupiter and nus ; subst., Averna, -orum, Semele wine. n., the region ahout Lake Averbalteus, -i, m., belt, girdle. nus; the Lower World.
;

baratlirum
barathrum,
abyss,
giilf,
-i

18
n.,

blaiidus
-es,
f.,

[/Sdpa^poj/],

chasm.
beard.

barba,

-ae,

f.,

wife of Doryclus, a follower of Aeneas. bibo, -ere, bibi, drink, drink in,
quaff.

Beroe,

barbaricus,

-a,

-um
-um,

[barbarus],
adj.,

^dj., foreign,

barbaric, strange.

bibulus,

-a,

-um

[bibo],

adj.,

barbarus,

-a,

barba-

thirsty, dry.

rian, barbarous, savage, cruel

foreign, strange.

Barcaei, -orum,

m.,

the

Bar-

town Barce,

caeans, iiihabitants of Barce, a of Libya.


-es,
f.,

bicolor, -oris [bi(s) -|- color],adj., of two colors, dappled, mottled. bidens, -entis [bi(s) -f- dens], adj,, ivith (or having) tico teeth or tico

rows of
sheep.

teeth complete

subst.,

nurse of Sychaeus.

beatus,

-a,

-um [beo],adj., blessed, biformis

[bi(s)

-{-

forma],

two~

formed. Bebrycius, -a, -um, adj., Bebry- bigae, -arum [bi(s) + iugum], cian, qf Bebrycia, a country in 2)air of horses, two-horse chariot. Asia Minor, more commonly biiugus, -a, -um [bi(s) + iuguni], known as Bithynia. adj., of a two-horse charint, Belides, -ae, m., son or descendant two-horse, drawn by a pair of horses. of Belus. ^bellatrix, -icis [bello], i., female bilinguis, -e [bi(s) -f- lingua], adj., warrior ; as adj., warlike. doubJe-tongued, treacherous. bello [bellum], 1, wagewar, make bini, -ae, -a [bis], adj., two each, war, fight, war. two by tivo ; two. bellum, -i [originally duellum bipatens, -entis [bi(s) + patens], cf. duo], n., war, conflict, battle adj., opening in two ways, personified, War. douJ)Je, swinging ; wide open. belua, -ae, f., beast, monster ; a bipennis, -is [bi(s) -|- penna]. adj,, large, ov ferocious, animal. two-edged ; subst., two-edged {,ixe, Belus, -i, m. King of Tyre 1. battJe-axe. and Sidon and father of Dido. bireniis, -is [bi(s) -|- remus], f., 2. Founder of Dido's royal line. a boat with two J^anks of oars 3. Ancestor of Palamedes, 2, 82. a gaJJey ; a bireme. bene [bonus], adv^, woJl, righfly. bis [for dvis cf. duo], adv.,
;

happy.

bpnignus, -a,-uiu [f()rbenijenus, irom bonus + gero, bring forth],


adj.,

tiricc.

Bitias,
noble.

-ae,

m.,

a Carthaginian
.wiooth-

benignant, kindly, friendly,


-a,

gracious.

blandiis, -a,

-um. adj .,
;

Berecyntius,
Bfrcryntus,

a l'iirygia sacred to Cybele.

-um, adj., of mountain in

tongited,

flattering,

caressing,

persuasive, aJJuring

tranquiJ

pJeasant, quiet.

Bola
Bola,
in

19
tlie

caelum
C
-inis, n.,

-ae,

f.,

a town of

Aequi

Latium.
-a,

bonus,

-um, adj.,f700^(general cacnmen,


all

peak,

top^

term, applying to

summit. cado, -ere, cecidi, casus, fall, excellence), kind^ kindly^ propisink douni ; of heavenly bodies, tious^ friendlij.
kinds of
set,

Boreas, -ae (Bopeas), m., thenorth vnnd ; the JVorth. bos, bovis (/SoOs), c, bull, hullock^ ox, coio, heifer
;

sink,

wane ;
;

subside,
(in
;

be-

come
die,

quiet
perish,

fall

battle),

be slain

happen,

pl., cattle.

occur.

bracchium, -i ((3pax'i-<^i'), u., rm, cadiicus, '-a, -um [cado], adj., doomed or destined to fall or forearm ; branch, projection (as die ; fallen, slain, 6, 48L aheadland), 3, 535; pl., sailyards.

brattea, -ae, f., metal ; gold-leaf gold-foil. brevis, -e, adj., short, shallow subst. pl., brevia, -ium, n.,
shoals, shallows.

cadus, -1, m., jar ; urn. a thin plate of caecus, -a, -um, blind ; blinded,
desperate, reckless den,
less,
;

secret,

hid-

private

gloomy,

dark, obscure, dismal ; vague, aim;

breviter [brevis], adv.,


(or icith) a

briefly, in

uncertain, ineffectual. caedes, -is [caedo], f., slaughter,

few

icords.

murder, killing, bloodshed;


blood, gore.

fig.,

Briareus

(trisyll.), -ei.
;

dred-armed giant three sons of Uranus.

m., a hunone of the


for brevis-

caedo,
cut

-ere, cecidi, caesus, cut,

down;

slaughter, slay, kill;

brnma,

-ae

[brevima

sacrifice.

adj., [caelum], -e sima, sc. dies], shortest day, caelestis, divine; celestial, heavenly, vnnter solstice, winter. subst. pl. caelestes, -ium, c, brumalis, -e [brunia], adj., of the gods. winter, ivintry, winter''^. Brutus, 'i, m., Lucius Junius caelicola, -ae [caelum -f colo] c, inhabitant of heaven, deity, He expelled the TarBrutus.

quins and was


462,
its

first

consul.
f.

god.
4,

bubo, -onis, m. (but

in

caelifer, -era,
fero],
adj.,

-erum [caelum

-f

only occurrence in the

heaven-supporting,

sky-bearing. Aeneid), owl. Bntes, -ae, m., a descendant of caelo, [caekim, chisel or graver''^ tooV], 1, carve in relief, engrave, Amycus, king of Bebrycia, 5, 372, emhoss, chase. Buthrotum, -i, n., a seaport town caelum, -i, n., sky, heavens, of Epirus. heaven; air, weather ; Upper Byrsa, -ae, f., tlie citadel of Carthage."

World.

Caeneus
Caeneus
(dissyl.), -ei, m.,

20
a Tliescalidus, -a, irarm, hot. caligo, -inis,
caligo,
1,

cano
-um
f,,

[caleo],

adj.,

salian girl iiamed Caenis, trans-

fonned into a boy by Neptune, and later restored to her original


sex, 6, 448.

jnist,

fog, dark-

ness, obscurily.

be

dark or gloomy ; be
m.,
foot-path,

caenum,

-i,

n.,

dirt,

mire, filth^

thick with mist.


callis,
-is,

mnd. caeruleus and caerulus,


[caeluni],
darlc
blne,

path

-a,

-um

dark^ gloomy,

azure black, funereal ;

(narrow, stony, or rough). calor, -oris [caleo], m., warmth,


heat, vital heat.

subst. n. pl., the sea.

calx, calcis,

f.,

heel,foot.

f., a town on the Caesar, -aris, m., in the southern coast of Sicily. Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. His mother was niece Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Caniiilas, who took Veii and freed of Caius Julius Caesar, the

Aeneid, Camarina,

-ae,

Kome from the Gauls, b.c. 390. renowned general, statesman, autlior, and dictator caminus, -i. ni., forge, furnace the hxtter
;

adopted the youth, who tlius crevice, crater. became Caius Julius Caesar Oc- campus, -i, m., plain, field, racetavianus later, when emperor, conr.'<e, surface of the sea ; Mavortis Campus, the Campus the title Augustus was added. See p. 431. Martius in Kome, on the left
;

caesaries, -ei, f ., hair of the head, flovnng locks. [sod. caespes, -itis [caedo], m., tiwf, caestus. -iis [caedo], m., cestus,
gauntlet,

bank of the Tiber. candens. -entis [candeo],


adj., v:hite,

part. as

glowing, shining.

boxing-glove loaded with lead and wound round the boxer's hand and

candidus, -a, -um [candeo], adj., (straps pnre white, white, beautiful,
fair.

candor,

-oris

[candeo],

m.,

arm). Caicus,

whiteness, brilliancy, splendor.


-i,

m., a Trojan comrade of A,eneas and commander of

caneo, -ere, -ui [canus], be white,


gray, or hoary. canis, -is, c, dog.

one of his vessels. Caieta, -ae, f., a town in Latium canlstra, -orum [^KdviaTpa], n., (now Gaeta), named after the basket, baskets. inirse of Aeneas. canities, -ei [canus], f., grayness ; calcar, -arls [calx], n., spur. hoariness, gray hair. Calchas, -antis, m., a priest cano, -ere, cecini, cantus, sing, and seer of tlie Greeks at Troy. play, chant ; celobrate, rchearse, caleo, -ere, -ui, be toarm or hot, narrate ; foreteU, reveal, preylow. dict; proclaim, announce.

canorus
canorus,
tunefiil,
-a,

21
adj.,

castellum

-um

[cano],

carcer, -eris, m., prison, prison-

house, dnngeon ; harrier, startmelodious, harmonions. cantus, -us [caiio], m., singing, ing-place. song ; melody., strairi, sound. carchesium, -i [^Kapx'n<^t.ov'], n., canus, -a, -um, gray, gray (or cup, drinking-cup, heaker, hoiol (witli two handles). white) haired, hoary ; venerable, ancient, time-honored. cardo, -inis, m., hinge, pivot, capesso, -ere, -sivi, -situs [capio] socket ; turning-point, crisis, emergency. seize, grasp, lay hold of; strive careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, he withto reach, perform, execute. capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take, out, hefreefrom ; he deprived of, lack, want, miss; relinquish, seize, take possession of, capture, reach, occupy ; ensnare, deprivz one''^ self of, 4, 482. delude, deceive, hetray, heguile ; carina, -ae, f., keel, hoat, vessel,

charm, fascinate, captivate. ship ; hull. Capitoliiim, -i [caput], n., the carmen, -inis, n., song, strain, Capitol or temple of Jupiter note, lay ; hymn, poem, verse, Optimus Maximus on the Capiinscription ; prophecy, predictoline hill at Rome. In the tion ; incantation. plural, the summit, with the Carpathius, -a, -um, adj., of temple and other buildings. Carpathus, an island in the Aegean, northeast of Crete capra, -ae [caper], f., she-goat,
goat.

Carpathian.
-a,

caprigenus,
genus],

adj.,

carpo, pluck of the goat kind;


[caper
-|-

-um

-ere,

-psi,

-ptus, pluck,

of goats.

captivus,
captured,

-a,

-um

[capio], adj.,

captive,

plundered

subst., captive.

capto

[capio],

1,

catch at eagerly,
;

strive to seize, catch

listen to.

capulus, -i [capio], m., handle, hili. caput, -itis, n., head; summit,
peak, top ; life; man, person,
creature.

o,f, feed on, enjoy ; prey upon, consume, loaste aivay ; av. viam, hasten, pursue one^s way. carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, heloved ; loving, fond. Caspius, -a, -vim, adj., Caspian, ofthe Caspian Sea; Asiatic. Cassandra, -ae, f., daughter of Priam and Hecuba, beloved of Apollo and gifted by him with

prophecy

notrequitingliislove,

Capys, -yos, m. 1. Comrade of Aeneas and commander of one


of
liis

vessels.

2.

Eighth king
linen
;

of Alba.

carbasus,
sail,

-i [KdpTrao-os], f.,

canvas.

she was condemned to proclaira the downfall of Troy, but was believed by no one. cassus, -a, -um, adj., void, deprived of. castellum, -i [castrum], n., for-

castigo
\
tress,

22
fast-

cella
place, spectators'' seats in a thear
tre
;

cnstle,

strongJiold,

ness, 5, 440.

theatre, amphitheatre.
f.,

castigo [castiis tis(\ punish ;


chide.

ago],

1,

chas-

caverna, -ae [cavus],

cavity,

rebnlce,

reprove,

holloiv, cave, grotto, cavern.

cavo

castra, -orum, n., camp, encampment ; naval camp^Jleet. Castrum Inui, a town of Latium, near Ardea. castus, -a, -um, adj., chaste, pnre, guiltless ; virtnous, pious, rigkteous; sacred, hobj. [cado], m., faU; -us casus,
chance,
fate,

[cavus], 1, hollow out ; hew away, cut throngh, 2, 481 cavatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hollowed out and therefore overhanging, overarching, vaulted. cavus, -a, -iim, hollow, vaulted, arching, enshrouding, envelop;

ing.

Cecropides,

fortune;

event,

mcissitude ; downdestruction ; misfortune, fall, disaster ; danger, calamity,


ocrurrence,
peril
;

m., descendant of Cecrops; pl., the Athenians. Cecrops was the fabled founder
-ae,
-ere,

of Athens.
ceclo,

crisis,
f.,

emergency.
chain, fetter.
f.,

cessus, withdraw, retire, depart, recede ; give


cessi,

catena, -ae, caterva, -ae,

jjlace,

give ivay, yield, submit;


;

Celaeno, -us, f., one of the Plarpies. There were three of tliese mousters, Aello (tempest), Ocypete(swift-winged), and Celaeno Sent by the gods to (bhxck). year 147 n.o, torment Phineus, king of Thrace, catulus, -i, m., ivhelp, cub. they were driven tlience to the Caucasus, -i, m., a range of Strophades by tlie sons of Bouiouutains between the Black reas, in return for proplietic adaud Caspian seas. vice given by Phineus to the cauda, -ae. f., tail. Argonauts. Cauloii, -onis, m., a town of southern Italy on the east coast celebro [celeber], 1, throng, fre;

crowd, troop>, throng, multitude, hand. Cato, -oiiis, m., M. Porcius Cato the Censor, noted for his stern and uncomprouiising morality he died at the age of 85 in the

be behind
sion.

fall to, as

a posses-

of liruttium.

quent, celebrate in crowds, sol-

m., see Corus. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, occasion, pretext ; legal, cause, case,

Caiirus,

-i,

emnize.
celer,
-eris,

-ere,

adj.,

swift,

snit, lawsuit.

quick, Jleet, rapid, speedy. cclero [celer], 1, hasten, speed,


qiiicken.

cautes, rock ;

-is,
cJiff,

f.,

sharp or pointed
f.,

crag, rock.

cclla, -ae,

f.,

storehouse, cell (of

cavea,

-ae

[cavus],

holluw

the lioneycomb).

celo

23

Charon
1, strive,

celo. 1, r.onceal, hide. celsus, -a, -um [obsolete cello, )'ise'] adj., high, lofty. Centaurus, -i, m., Centaur, a

certo [certus], gage


certus,
flxed,
nite,

struggle,
;

contend, flght;
in.
-a,

vie

vnth

enadj.,

-um

[cerno],
inevitahle

fabled monster having human head and shoulders and the legs and body of a horse also fem.,
;

determined,
certain,

settled, defl;

un-

swerving,

5,

122,

the

name

of

one

of

unchanging, direct resolved on, hent on ; unerring


inevitahle
lute
;
;

Aeneas's vessels.
indecl. adj., hundred.

faithful, trusty, reso-

with facere, inform. centum. centumgeminus, -a, -um [cen- cerva, -ae [cervus], f hind, deer. tum -f geminus], hundred-fold^ cervix, -icis, 1, necTc ; shoulder. hundred-armed, an epithet of cervus, -i. m., stag, deer. cesso [cedo], 1, cease, stop; loiter, Briareus. linger, delay, he slow or idle; Ceraunia, -orum. n., a mountain
,

hesitate. range on the coast of Epirus. -a -um, adj. (nom. sing. (ceterus), Cerberus, -i. m., the three-headed m. not used), rest of, remaining, dog of Pluto which guarded the other. entrance to the infernal regions. Cerealis, -e [Ceres], adj., of cetus, -I [pl. nom. and acc. cete (ktjtos), n.], m., sea-monster, Ceres; with arma, utensils for ichale. preparing (or making) flour or ceu, adv., as, just as ; as if, as hread : cooking utensils. when. cerebrum, -i, n., brain. Ceres. -eris, f., goddess of agri- Chalcidicus, -a, -um, of Chalcis, Chalcidian; of Cumae. Cumaeshe was daughter of culture
,
;

Saturn and Ops, sister of Jupiter, and mother of Proserpina


meton., corn, grain, hread. cerno, -ere, crevi, cretus, see, hehold; discern, descry, perceive.

an

Cumae was

originally setin

tled by colonists from Chalcis Euboea.

Chaon,

-onis.

m.,

Trojan,

certamen.

-inls [certo], n.,strife,

struggle, contest, comhat, flght rivalry, emulation ; energy, exertion.

brother of Helenus. Chaonia, -ae, f., a country of northwestern Epirus.

Chaouius,
Chaos,
abl.

-a,

-um, of Chaonia,

Chaonian.
[certo], adv., emulously,

certatim
eagerly,
rivalry.

earnestly,

with

or

in

certe
at

[certus],

adv.,

certainly,

surely,assuredly,truly; at least,

any

rate.

Chao, n., Chaos, personified by Virgil as god of the Lower World he was father of Erebus and Xox, 4, 510. Charon, -ontis. m., Charon, son of Erebus and Nox, ferryman
;

Cliarybdis
of the
sliades

24
river

circumvenio
-)-

over

the

circuitus, -us [circum


circuit, 8, 413.

eo], m.,

Styx.

a whirlpool in the Straits of Messina near the coast of Sicily and opposite the rock Scylla. Chimaera, -ae, f., a fabulous firebreatliing monster of Lycia, having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon, G, 288 also one of the ships of Aeneas, 5, 118. chlaiiiys, -ydis [xXa/ii5s],f., alarge woolen outer garment worn by the Greeks cloak, mantle.
-is, f.,
;

Charybdis,

circiilus,
circlet,

-i

[circus],

m.,

circle,

chain, coUar, band.


[circus].
2.
1.

circum
about.

adv., roMMc?,

prep. w. acc, around,

about,

at,

near.

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus


[circum -|- do],pz<i around,place (or throw) around ; w. acc. and abl., encircle, surround, enclose, encompass ; w. acc and dat., twine or coil around.

circumfero,

chorea

(e short in 6, 044), -ae f-, dance, [^xop^^oi]-, circling

-latus [circum -}- fero], carry around, pass around, with some holy object, e.g. water piirify, 6, 220.
-ferre, -tuIT,
;

dance^ choral dance.


choriis,
-i

circumflecto -ere,
choral choir
ciim
-|-

-xi,

-xus

[cir-

[xo/)6s],

ra.,

flecto],

ftfijid

or turn about
or
circuit.,

dance, dance ; chorus^ band, train, troop, company.


agitate,

or aroimd; with longos cursus,

make a long detour


3, 430.

cieo, -ere, civi, citus, move, stir,

shake, stir up ; excite, kindle^ rouse^ stimulate; make,


enact, cause^ produce
;

circumfundo,
[circum
-f

-ere, -fudi, -fusus

call^ call

surround ;

fundo], encompass, pass. used as middle,

upon, invoke. 2, 383. cinxi, -ere, ciiictus, circiiinfusus, cinii^o. sur-a, -iim [circumrounA, encirrle, Jly or circle fuudo], p.p. as adj,, surroundaround ; gird ; envelop, overing, encompassing, gathered spread, 5, lo ivreathe, croivn, around. circiimspicio, -cre, -exi, -ectiis 5, 71. cing;iiliiiii, -i [cingo], n., girdle, [circum -f specio]. look around (or about) upon, survey, obsei^e. belt. cinis, -eris, m., ashes, emhers circiiinsto, -are, -steti [circum -f tomh, sepulchre, 4, 633. sto], stand around or about, circa, adv., and prep. w. acc, oicompass, surrou^id. around, ahout. circumtextiis, -a, -um [toxo], Circe, -es, f. a famous sorceress, l^art., woven around. daughter of the Sun she lived circunivenio, -ire, -veni,-vcntus on an ishand off the western [circum -f venio], come around, coast of Italy. snrriiund, encircle, encompass.
; , ;

circumvolo
circnmvolo [circum
Jly

25
volo],
1,

coetus
famous for a temple and oracle
of Apollo located there.

aroioid,
;

over

aroiind or envidop, cover, enshroud.


hovc.r

circumvolvo, -ere (no perf. ), -volutus, roU aroiind, revolve


pass., to complete, 3, 284.

clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear (used of things seen or heard) hright,
;

briUiant ; loud, shriU, cleartoned; renowned, iUustrious,

circus,

-i, ra.,

circle, race-course.
-el,

famous, gUjrious.
classis,
-is, f.,fleet.

Cisseus (dissyl),

m., a king of

Tlirace ancl father of Hecuba,

claudo,

the wife of Priam. Cithaeron, -onis, m., a mountain


in Boeotia sacred to Bacclius.

clausus, shut, close ; encJose, shnt in close against, har against. claudus, -a, -um, adj., lame
-ere,

clausl,

citliara,
lyre,

-ae harp.
soon.

[/ci^dpa],

f.,

lute,

crippled,

maimed, disabled.

claustra,
riers ;

-orum

[claudo],

n.,

cito [citus], adv., quickhj, speedily,


sicifthj,

fastpnings,
lands.
-1,

boUs, hars ; harstraits, ^narrows^ headm., nail


;

citus, -a,

-um

[cieo], adj., quick,

speedy, swift, rapid.


civilis, -e [civis], adj.,

clavus, hehn. or beof


civic,

rudder, tiUer,
cluens,

longing
civil.

to

citizen,

cliens,
cluo],

-entis
ra.,

[for

from

cUent, dependent.

civis, -is,

c, citizen,feUow-citizen, clipeus, -I, m., shield (large and round). feUow-coiintryman or -countryCloanthus, -i, m. a Trojan, comivoman. rade of Aeneas and commander clades, -is, f., slaughter, carof one of his vessels. nage; havoc, disaster, calamity ; Cluentius, -i, ra., a Roman gentile scourge, 6, 843. name. clam [akinto celo], adv., secrethj, Cocytus.-i 1_k(vkvt6s, a shrieking'], steaUhihj, unaivares. m., a river of the Lower World. clamo, 1, cry out, caU upon. clamor, -oris, m., shout, loud cry, coeo, -Ire, -Ivl or-ii, -itus [com- -(eo], go or come together ; conoutcnj ; sjiriek, scream, wail geal, curdle. applause, acclaim; roar, din, coepi, -isse, coeptus, hegin, comnoise ; protest. mence. clangor, -oris [clango],m., noise,
din, hlare
;

Jlapping, 3, 226.

coeptum,

-i

[coepi], n., undertak-

claresco,
o.f

-ere,

clarui [clareo],

ing, enterprise, design.

grow clear or hright ; of coerceo, -ere, -ul, -itus [com- -f arceo], keep in, conjine, restrain, sound, grow loud. surround. Clarius, -a, -um, adj., Clarian, of Claros; a town in lonia coetus, -us [coeo], m., meeting,
light,

,t

Coeus
assemhhj,
flock.

26
company

compello
-ae,
f.,

gathering,

coma,

hair, Jocks

foliage^

leafy crown, 2, 629.

'

Coeus, -i, 111., one of the six Titans comans, -antis [coma], adj., hairy ; crested. and fatlier of Latona. Tlie Titans were the sons of Coelus comes, -itis [com- -|- eo], c, companion, comrade, attendant; and Terra. follower, friend; aUy. cognatus, -a, -um [com- -f (g)na[comitor], m., hy comitatus, -ns tus], rclated bloocl, kindred. retimie, train, following, suite, cognouieii, -inis [com- -|- nomen], escort. family name, surname; name, comitor [comes], 1, accompany, apjiellation. attend, follow. cognosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus [com- -f mando], 1, commendo [coin- -I- (g)nosco], ascertain, intrust, commit, consign, comlearn ; know ; recognize. mend. cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus [com4-

ago],

drive together, collect,

gather,

assemble

condense

force, feign, 2, 196.

commisceo, -ere, -miscui. -mistus or mixtus [com- -)- misceo], mix together, mingle, hlend,
unite.

cohibeo, -ere,

-uT, -itus

[com-

-f

habeo], restrain, conjine.

commissum,
committo,

-i

[committo],

n.,

cohors,

-tis,

f.,

train,

company,

offence, fault, crime.

troop, Jlcet.

Collatinus, -a, -um, latia, a town near


latine.

adj.,

of ColKome Col;

-ere, -misi, -missus [com- + mitto], jo??i, iinite; enbegin, comgage in (combat) mence ; commit (a crime or
;

colligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus [com-I-

offence).

lego], bri}Lg together, collect,


;

commoveo,

gather, assenible
collis,
-is, ra., hill.
-i, 11.,

reef.

collum,
vate
;

neck.
tilJ,

[com- 4shake ; rouse, distiirb; alarm,


culti-

-movi. -motus moveo], move, stir;


-ere,
excite,
terrify.

agitate,

colo, -ere, -ui, cultus,

inhabit, live in, dwell in

cherish, honor, esteem, ^oorship,

comninnis, -e [coiiiadj., common. como, -ere, compsi.


[coin- -f

munus],

comptus

emo], comb, dress, arcolonus, -i [colo], m., hushandrange, hind up. man ; colonist. compages, -is [com- -f pango], f., color, -oris, m., color, complexion, joint, seam; fastening ; frame, hue, tint. framework. coluber, -bri, m., snake, serpent. 1. coinpello, 1, address, speak to,
rcgnrd.
<'()Iuiuba, -ae,
f.,
f.,

dove, pigeon.

acros/
2.

Kphraid.
-ere, -puli, -pulsus

colunina, -ae,

column, pillar.

compello,

iplector
[comdrive
;

27

confero
[com- -f capio], conceive, harbor, become possessed by, 4, 474 ;
adj.,

-I-

pello],

drive together^

force, conipel.
-i,

complector,
-\-

-plexus

plecto], encircle, eufold,


-ere, -evi, -etus
Jill

[comimagine, ajyprehend, 4, 502. em- concitus, -a, -um [concieo],


stirred up,
ivith, 3,

brace, hold.

aroused, roughenecl

compleo,
-I-

[comcrowd,

127.
-f

pleo],
;

up,

Jill ;

conclamo [comconcludo,

clamo],

1, cry

throng

complete.
-us, m., embrace.
-ere, -posui, -positus

out, shout, cry, exclaim.


-ere, -si, -sus

complexus,

[com-

-f
;

compono,
[combuiid,
-I-

cludo], shnt in, inclose, confine

pono],

jmt
settle,

together

found ;

arrange,

jmt (or lay)


calm, allay.

to rest,

bury ; quiet,
adv.
,

suiTound, encompass. concors, -cordis [com- -f cor], adj., harmonious, friendly,


peaceful.

concresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretus cording to (or by) argument or [com- -I- cresco], grow together, compact. take on form by hardening comprehendo or comprendo, part. concretus, -a, -um, in~ -ere, -ndi, -nsus [com- -f preingrained: grown, inherent, hendo], seize, grasp ; recount, stiffened, matted, clotted, hardac,

composito [compono],

enumerate, describe.

ened.
quell,

comprimo,
[com-t-

-ere, -pressi, -pressus

premo],
-a,

check,

repress, restrain, curb, stay.

concurro, -ere, -curri (cucurri), -cursus [com- -f curro], run together or rush together (to a
place); engage, encounter, fight. concursus, -us [concurro], m.,

coneavus,

-um

[com-

-(-

cavLis], hollow.

concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus concourse, throng, crowd, as[com- -I- cedo], depart, ivithsembly, gathering, multitnde. draw, go or come away, grant, concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus permit, alloio. [com- -\- quatio], shake, shake concha, -ae [Koyxv^i f-j conch, violently ; agitate, alarrn, teroverwhelm. concido, [com- -!- condensus, -a, -um [com- -f dencado], faJl, fall down. sus], adj., crowded together, concilio [concilium], 1, procure, huddled together, close together. win, secure ; gain or loin the condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [comfavor of -{- do], found, establish, build cbncilium, -i [com- -f (root) cal, store (or treasure) up ; hide, concaW^, assembly, gathering, comceal ; lay to rest, bury, consign pnny, council. (to tlie tomb); restore, 6, 792. concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus confero, -ferre, contuli, collatus
;

shell

fig.

trumpei. -ere, -cidi


,

rify,

arouse, excite

coiifertus
/^com-

28
to<iethor
;

,cAo

fero],

hring

with graduin, walk side hy accompany, 6, 488.


confertiis,
-a,

side,

-iin

[oonfercio],
iu

congressus, -us [congredior], m., meeting ; pl. intervieir, 5, 73o. conicio, -ere, -leci, -iectus [com-t- iacio], throw together, throw,
,

crowded
conficio,
pass.,

together,
-ere,

dense or
-fectus

cast,

hurl

witli

se,

hasten,

v7o.s6 arrrnj.

rush, dash.
-feci,
aiul

conifer, -era, -erum [conus -\fero], adj., cone-hearing. confio [com- 4- facio], Jinish, accom- conitor, -i, -nixus and -nisus [com- -1- nitor], exert one^s self, plish, compJete, execute ; ivear

conficior

out,

waste,

loeaken,
-f isus

exhaust,

strain
strive.

every

nerve

struggle,

speud.

confido, -ere,

[com- coniugium, -i [coniungo], n., -1- tido], semi-dep., trust iu, rely marriage, vjcdlock, union ; meton., hushaud, wife. upon, have faith or coujidence coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus in, trust. [com- -I- iungo], join, join tocon/i<o, -ere, -fixi, -flxus [com-f figo], transjix, ])ierce

sum

through.
-|-

getlier,
alhj.

unite,

clasp

associate,

c5nfiteor, -eri, -fessus [comfateor],

conftss,
-ere,
tiiiio],

acknowledge,
flictus

avow.
confligo,
-flixi,

coniunx,coniugis [coniungo], c, husbaud,wife ; consort, spouse ;


hride, hetrothed.

-lapsus [com- -|labor], fall together,faU ; sink together, contend, struggle,Jight. dowu ; faiut, swoon ; fall upou. confugio, -ere, -fugi [com- -f fugio], .^re to Jor help ovjor aid, conluceo, -ere [com- -)- luceo], shiue brightly, gleam, glare. have rerourse to. confundo, -ere, -fudi, -fiisus conlustro [com- -f lustro], 1, look [com- -f fimdo], pour together, at, inspect, survey mix, mingle, blend; confuse, conor, 1, try, endeavor, attetnpt. perplex, disturb ; break, vio- consanguineus, -a, -um [com-1-

[com-

dash

or

strike

conlabor,

-i,

late.

-1-

sauguis],
;

adj.,

<f the sauie


relative,

congemo,
loudly.

-ere,

-ui

[com-

4-

hlood

subst.,

kiusman,
-atis

gemo], groan or sigh deeply or

hrother.

consanguinitas,

[consan-

congoro, -cre, -gessi, -gestus guiueus], f., hlood-relationship, [com- -I- gero], collect, pile (or kiuship. hcap) up; huild, consfrurt. conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -scencongredior, -i, -gressus [com- + sus [com- -|- scando], ascend, gradlor], go together, meet, enclimb, mount ; emhark upon. gage (in battle witli), encounter. couscius, -a, -um [com- -f scio],

Cora
I!ora, -ae,
in
f.,

31

creatrix
etc, hasten on or along (or speecl) over or along.
;

a town of the Volsci


adv.,

dash

Latium.
:

oram

before, hefore one^s eyes, in one^s presence, in person, with one^^s own eyes face to face, openly ; 2, prep. w.
1,

corrumpo,
[com-

-ere, -rupi, -ruptus rumpo], + break to pieces ; damage, injure ; taint,


infect.

abl.,

before, in the presence of,

before the eyes

of
,

'orinthus,

-i, f .

a city of Greece,

cortex, -icis, m., hark. cortina, -ae, f., caldron, kettle tripod of ApoJlo (on which the
priestess sat)
;

destroyed
in batti.

by

Mummius,
^
"-

b.c.
,.
'

fig.,

oracle.
the

Corus,
s, -a,
,'

-i

[or

Caurus], m.,

cousessus
"

-um '^
'

-,

rcornul, adi., -J'

'

northioest loind.

consido, 7 *^"^^^' ""f ^^'^ ^^^'[com- + sicll^^ ivaving, swaying ; flashing, perch ; sinJc t. ^ rcornu gleaming, glittering. pesl, ,7 ,,^. , + !^ -^' np ones ahode r4:. noofecL horn.,. Corybantius, -a, -um, adj., o^ consilium, -i [ct. the Coryhantes. ^riestsof Cyh( counsel, advice ].
,
,
-,

,,0, 894. assemblii - -,_ -a, -um

corusco,

-are,

move

rapidly

lcornuml,

wave, shake, hrandish, swing. coruscus, -a, -um [corusco], adj.,

-'

'

'

design.

'.ntler

^us

[com-

temnoj,

despise,

consisto,

~ere,

-stiti,

-stitus
still,

defy.

[com- + sisto], stand stand ; halt, pause^ stop stand; remain, one''^
rest, be at rest.

contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus take [com- + tendo], stretch, strain ;


endeavor, strive ; hasten ; aim, shoot ; conteyid; with cursum, hold or steer one^s
direct,

settle

consono, -are,

-lii

[com-

sono],

resound, reecho.

course.

conspectus, -us [conspicio], m.,


siyht, vievj,presence
;

contentus,

-a,

-um

[contineo],

conspectu

part. as adj., contented, satisfied.

in medio, in the midst of the conterreo, -ere, -ui, -itus [comgazing throng, 2, 67. + terreo], frighten greatly, conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus terrify. [com- + specio]," ZooA; at, see, contexo, -ere, -texui, -textus hehold, spy, descry, catch sight [com- + texo], weave together, construct, frame, bnild. of; Jind, discover, (5, 508. consterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus coiiticesco, -ere, -ticui [com- + [com- + steriio], taceo], hecome still ov silent, strew over, cover, strew, bestrew. cease speaking ; he still or silent. constituo, -ere, -ui, -utus [com- contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentiis [com- + teneo], hold together + statuo], 2)lace, set, station
.

confertus
Comwith

28
toyethcr
;

.o^lo

fcro],

hrhig

gradum, imlk
6, 488.

side hy aide,

accompany,
confertus,

-a,

-uiu

[confercio],
in

congressus, -iis [congredior], m., meeting ; pl. intervieir, 5, 733. conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [comiacio], throw together, throw, -i,

crowded
conficio,
pass.,

tofjethrr,

dense or
-fectus

cast,

hurl

with

se,

hasten,
4-

rlose arrffij.
-ere,
-feci,
aiid
;

riish, dash.

conifer,

-era,

-erum [conus

fero], adj., cone-hearing. confio [com- + facio], Jinish, accom- conitor, -i, -nixiis and -nisus [com- + nitor], exert one''^ self, loear plish, complete, execute ; strain every nerve; -Vwtus exhaust, out^ ivaste, loeaken,

couficior

spend.
coiifido, -ere, -f Isus sum [com4- fido], semi-dep., trust in, rely

strive.

together^
-i

coniugium,
ton.,

[coni^.

marriage, vjedlock, .'enio],

m.,

upon^ have faith or conjidence


in.,

hushand, wif,

gathering,

trust.

con/io, -ere, -fixi, + figo], transjtx, pierce through.


"

coniungo, -ere, -*' [com- + iungo'-verti, -fixus [comgether,


ally.

unite'^,

turn
direct,

-versus around,
bring
to

-fessus [comIfiteor, -eri oppo&.r^ ayuinsi; j^^rifidfj ^.,^ in 7'eplyto.

-|-

e;
-a,

'>(x\!ui\xi,ccige.

convexus,'
adj.,

contraho, -ere, -traxT, -traetus [com- + traho], draw or hring


together, collect, gather^ dssemble,

[conveho], convex, hollow, concave

-um

subst.,

convexum,
;

-I,

n.,
;

often
arch,

pl., hoIIoi<), cavity,

recess

muster.
-a,

vanlt; slope

contrarius,
adj.,

-um

[contra],

convivium,
quet, feast.

-J

Upper World. fcom- + vivo], han-

opposite;
;

opposed, oppos-

convolsus, see convello. verse, hostile. convolvo, -ere, -volvl, -voliitus contreniisco, -ere, -tremui [com[com- + volvo], roll up, coil. -I- tremo], siiake, quake, tremhle. coorior, -Iri, -ortus [com- + contundo, -ere, -tudl, -tiisus o-orior], arise, break forth, break -tunsus [com--|- tundo], bruise ; out, spring up.
subdue, conquer, over- copia, -ae [com- + ops], f., ahunpower. dance, plenty; forces, troops, contus, -f, m., pole, pike. uumhers (usually pl.) ahility, coniibiuui (sometimes trisyll.).-i power. means ; opportunity, per[com- -H nubo], n., wedlock, uiission. leave. marriage, nnptials ; marriage tie. cor, conlis, n., hrart ; soul feel; coiiiis. -I. m., rone ing, emotion ; cordi esse aliciii, ; peak (of a helmet). be dear to somehody, please.
;

ing, contrary

unfavorahle, ad-

crush,

Cora
Cora,
in

31

creatrix
etc, hasten on or aloncj (or speed) over or cdong.
;

-ae,

f.,

a town of the Volsci


adv.,
hefore^

dash

Latium.
:

coram

1,

before

corrumpo,
[compieces
infect.

-ere,

-rupi, -ruptus

one^s eyes, in one^s presence, in person, vnth one^s own eyes face toface, openly ; 2, prep. w.
abl.,

+
;

rumpo], break to damage, injure ; taint,

before, in the presence

of

before the eyes of

Corinthus,
destroyed
146.
1.

-i, f.,

a city of Greece,

cortex, -icis, m., bark. cortina, -ae, f. caldron, kettle tripod of Apollo (on which the
,

by
-a,

Mummius,

b.c.

priestess sat)

fig.

oracle.
the

Corus,

-i

[or

Caurus], m.,

corneus,
of horn,

-um

[cornu], adj.,

northwest wind.
rapidly icave, shake, brandish, swing. coruscus, -a, -um [corusco], adj.,

6, 894.

corusco,

-are,

move

2.

corneus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[cornum],

of cornel icood, of the cor-edis

nel tree.

cornipes,
adj.,

[cornu

pes],

swaying ; waving, gleaming, gliUering.

flashing,
adj.,

horn-footed, hoofed^ horn- Corybantius, -a, -um,


n.,

of

hoofed.

the Coryhantes,-pT:\esXsotCyhQ\Q;

corna, -Ss,
tip

horn, antler

end,
for

Corybantian.

(used
-i,

by synecdoche
n., cornel cherry.

Coryuaeus,
of Aeneas.

-i,

m., a companion

sail-yards).

cornum,

Coroebus,

m., a Plirygian ally he was a son of of the Trojans Mygdon and lover of Cassandra.
-i,
;

coroiia, -ae

[K-o/jwfTj],
,

f.,

croivn,

m., an ancient town of Etruria, now Cortona. Cossus, -1, m., A. Cornelius Cossus, consul B.c. 428, who won tlie spolia opima by slaying the Corytlius,
-i,

diadem, v:reath garland, chaplet. crown, [corona], 1, corono wreathe.

king of Veii.
costa, -ae, f., rib, side. m., [Kodopvos'], cotliuruus, -i cothurnus, hunting-boot, huskin ; a Grecian hunting-boot reaching

corporeus,
carnal.

-a,

-um

[corpus], adj.,

of the body, bodily, coiporeal,

halfway
,

to the knee.
-a,

hody ; form, corpus, -oris, n. Jigure, frame, frameicork ; size, bulk ; corpse, carcass ; person; ^^ mass, 6, 727. corripio, -ere, -ripiii, -reptus [com- -(- rapio] s)iatrh, snatch up or av:ay, seize, catch, grasp rouse; with viara, spatium,
,

crassus,
clotted.

-um,

adj.,

thick,

crastinus, -a, -um [cras, to-morrow'], ofto-morrow, to-morrow'' s. crater, -eris [/cpaxTj/)], m. (acc. acc. pl. -eras), mixsing. -era
;

ing-hov-l, bowl, jar.

creatrix, -icis [creo],

f.,

mother.

creber
creber, -bra, -brum,
qucnt^ rcpentcdy

32
adj., fre-

Cuniae
f.,

crista, -ae,

crest,

plume.
[crista], adj.,

incessant,

nn-

cristatus, -a,

-um

merous, constant; ahoundimj crestcd. plumcd. tecming in, with; fresh. croceus, -a, -um [crocus, saffron']., crebresco, -ere, crebul [creber], adj., saffro7i, saffron-hued (or become frequent ; (of the wiiid) -colored), yellow.
increase in strength, freshen. credo, -ere, -didi, -clitus, intrust,
trust,

crudelis, -e [crudus], adj., cruel harsh, hard-hearted ficrce,


merciless, p/fiVess, ruthless, relentless;

confide in

helievc,

su]')-

pose, think;
383.

with se,

risk^

5,

deadly, bitter, unfeelcruadj.,

ing, unnatural.
1, hurn.,

cremo,

consume.
rattle,
;

crudeliter [crudelis], adv.


elly,

crepito, -are [crepo], crackle ; murmnr, rustle

barbarously,
-a,

fiercely,* etc.

crack.
rattle,
5,

crudus,

-um

[cruor],
;

crepo,
206.

-are,

-ui,

-itus,

crash; break with a crash,

hloody, raw, of rawhide vigorous, lusty, sturdy.

strong,

crueutus,
hloody,

-a,

-um

[cruor], adj.,

Cres, -etis, m., a Cretan. Cresius, -a, -um [Cres], adj., of


Crete, Crctan.
,

hlood-staincd ;

hlood-

thirsty, crucl,

murderous.

Cressa, -ae [Cres], f. a Cretan n., couch, hed. icoman. Creta, -ae, f., Crete. cubitum, -i [cubo], n., elhow. Cretaeus, -a, -um (Creta), adj., culmen, -inis, n., top, summit roof; height, pinnacle, 2, 200. of Crete, Crctan. cretus, -a, -um [cresco (creo)], culpa, -ae, i.,fault, crime, offence, part. as adj., born, sprung, dewcakness, error. scendcd. culpatus, -a, -um [culpo], part. Creusa, -ae, f. wife of Aeneas, as adj., hlanied, hlameworthy, and daughter of Priam. guilty.
,

cruor, -orls, m., hlood, gore. cubile, -is [cubo, lie doion'],

crimen,
charge,
crinis,

-inis,

n.

'acc2isation,

arraignment ;
m., hair
;

crime^
locks

culter, -tri [eolo], m., knife. cultri.v, -icis [colo], f. inhahit,

guilt, sin, offence.


-is,

nnt, protcctrcss.
pl.,

train {ov trnil) of light. Crinisus, -i, ni., a river of southwestern Sicily the river god. crinitus, -a, -um [crinis], adj.,
;

cultus, -us [eolo], m., cultivation ; dress, appenrance, guise, plight, habits, mode oflife, life. 3, 501 cum, prep. w. abl., with. 1.
;

2.

cum,

conj.,

when, ichile; al-

long-haired. crlspo, -are,


curl
;

no

perf.

-atus,

inave, brandish.

though, thoiigJi; since. Cumae, -aruin, f., an ancient town on the coast of Campania.

Cumaeus
Cumaeus,
-a,

33

Cyclades
m., the earliest Cretans. inhabitants of Crete
;

-um [Cumae], Cu- Curetes, -um,


[/cu/a/Stj],
f.
,

maean, of Cumae.

cumba,
skif.

-ae

boat.,

curo [cura], 1, care for, regard, heed, pay attention to ; take

care to do anything, care to cuniulo [cumulus], 1, heap up, carefor, refresh. heap ; load, fill, load doivn ; incurro, -ere,cucurri, cursus, run, crease, augment. move swiftly ; fiow ; hasten, sail, cumulus, -i, m., heap, pile, mass. glide, skim over ; speed, dart, ciinabula, -orum [cunae, cradW].
n.,

cradle,

hirthplace

first or

shoot.

earliest abode.

currus, -Os [curro], m., chariot,


car.

cfinctor,
tant.

delay ; linger, wait hesitate, be umoilling or reluc],

cunctus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[coniunctus],

cursus, -us [curro], m., running course chase, race, flight, voyage, journey, course, road,
route
;

all

(taken togetlier), the

speed, haste

evolution,

ivhole, entire.

cuneus,

m., icedge ; seats of a theatre, in which the sittings are


-i,

charge. curvo [curvus],


sea).

bend, curve, arch, hollow out; swell (of the


1,

arranged in wedge-shaped sections


1.
;

assemhly.
-inis

curA^us,
[cupio],
f.,

-a,

-vim,

adj.,

curved,
spear-

cupido,

ar-

curving, winding.

dent desire, longing, eagerness, passion. m., Cupid, -inis, 2. Cupido,

cuspis,

-idis,

f.,

point,

X)oint, spear, lance, javelin.

custodia,

Amor

or Love

son of Venus

and god

of love.

-ae [custos], f., a icatching or guarding ; fig., the person who watches, watch,

guard, sentinel. cupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, decustos, -odis, c, guard, watch, sire, loish, long, long for. ivatchman, guardian; keeper, cupressus, -i [^KvirdpKTcros'], f.
cy2)ress.

cur, adv., lohy ? wherefore 9 for luhat reason ? cura, -ae, f., care ; anxiety, solicitude, concern ; sorrovj, trouble,

defender, protector. Cybele, -es (also Cybela, -ae), f. Phrygian goddess, the Mag1.

na Mater of the Romans she was daughter of Coelus and Terra, wife of Saturn, and mother distress, grief, anguish ; busi2. A mountain in of the gods. ness, duty, office ; regard, affecPhrygia sacred to Cybele. tion, love, pangs of love ; object Cyclades, -um [Ki^K-XdScs, cf. of care or love, loved one. kvk\os, ci^-cle'], islands " encirCures, -iuni, c, town of the Sa;

bines east of

Rome.

cling

'
'

Delos in

tlie

Aegean

Sea.

Cyclopius
Cyclopius,
adj.,
-a,

34
[Cyclops], Cyclo-

Dardanus

-uin

o/

the

Cijdops,

pcan.

Daedalus,

-I

[AaiSaXos, skUfiil]^

Cyclops, -5pis [Ki^/cXwi/', roundThe Cyclopes eyecl], a Cyclops. were fierce giants haviug but one eye, which was in the middle of the forehead.

m., a mythical Athenian of great mechanical skill and inFor a time he ventive genius. dwelt at the court of King Minos
of Crete

Labyrinth Afterward, having for him. cycnus, -i [kvkvos']., ni., swan. helped Theseus to solve the Cyllenius, -a, -um, adj., o/ Cylmystery of the Labyrinth, he leue, a mountain in eastern Arcadia, the birthphice of Merwas imprisoned by Minos. By cury subst., Cyllenius, -i, m., means of artificial wings which Ilercnry. he^ invented lie and his sou the latter was cyinba, see cumba. Icarus escaped cymbium, -i [cymba], n., cw/), drowned in tlie Icarian Sea, but bowl ; this was small and boatDaedalus landed at Cumae. shaped. dainno [daninum, loss], condemn, Cymodoce, -es, f., a Nereid sentence ; devote, doom, con(daughter of 'Nereus), a seasign. nymph. Danaus, -a, -um, adj., o/ DaCyinothoe, -es, f., a Nereid, sister naas, Danaan ; Greck., Grecian ; of Cyniodoce. Danaus was an ancient king ^f m., mountain of Cynthus, -f, a Argos subst., Danai, -ornm, Delos, the birthplace of Apollo the Danaans, the Gi^eeks. and Diana. daps, dapis, f. a sacrificial feast cyparissns, -i [cf. cupressus], fenst, hanquet (especially a rich, taken sumptuous, ordainty one),/oo(Z, f. cypress ; a poetic form

and

built the

froni the Greek.

meat, viands.

a large island in Dardania, -ae, f., poetic name the eastern Mediterranean. for Troy. Cythera, -onim [^Kvdtjpa'], n., an Dardanides, -ae, m., male descfDilaiit of Dardainis, Tmjan. ishmd in the Aegean Sea northwest of Crete and sacred to Dardanis, -idis, f. female descciidant af Dardanus. Venus near this she was said to have been boru from the foam Dardaniiis, -a, -iim [Dardanus], adj., of Dardanus, descendant of the sea. Cythereiis, -a, -iim [Cythera], of Dardanns\ Dardanian, Trojan. adj., o/ Cyifipra, Cytherean (jod- Dardanns, -i, m., soii of Jupiter .su1)st., Cytherea, -ao, f. aud Klectra, sctn-in-law of Teudess of Cythera, \'enns.

Cyprus,

-I,

f.

Dardaniis
cer,

35

clefero

coimtry, one in battle with the founder of tlie royal hoiise Latins at ^''eseris, b.c. 340, the of Troy. other in battle with Gauls and Dardaniis, -a, -iim, adj., of DarSamnites at Sentinum, b.c. danus, Dardanian, Trojan. 295. Dares, -etis, in., acc. Dareta, a declaro [de -|- claro], 1, make Trojan boxer. plain, proclaim, announce, prodator, -oris [do], m., giver. nounce, declare. de, prep. w. abl., from, away from, doion from, out of; with declino [de -f clino], 1, bend expressions of material, from^ down, loicer, close (of the eyes or evelids). of, out of; fig., o/, in regard to, about, concerninr/ ; in accord- decor, -oris [decet], m., heauty, grace^ comeliness. ance icith, according to. decoro [decus], 1, (Zecoraie, adorn, dea, -ae, f. yoddess.
,

debello [de

deck. -f bello], 1, suhdue, vanquisk, quell, crush, conquer. decorus, -a, -um [decor], adj., hecoming, comely, beautiful ; debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [de 4- haseemly ; decorated, beo], oice ; jjass. he due, be litting, destined. adorned. debilis, -e, adj., weak, maimed, decurro, -ere, -curri (-cucurri) -cursus [de -f curro], rundoicn, powerless, disabled, crippled. hasten down ; speed, sail, sail decedo, -ere, -cessi, -eessus [de
,

-t-cedo], icithdraw,
tire.

depart, re-

over.

decem,

indecl.

num.

adj.,

deeerno,

-ere,

-crevi,
decide,

decus, -oris [decet], n., beauty, grace, comeliness ; honor, glory, ten. pride; ornament, adornment, -cretus
resolve,

[de -{- cerno], determine.

decoration.

dedignor [de
off,

dignor],

1,

deem
reject,

decerpo,

-ere, -psi, -ptus [de -f

unworthy, disdain, scorn,


refuse.

carpo], pJuck

pluck.

decet, -ere, -uit, it is fitting, proper, or suitahle. decido, -ere, -cidi [de-f cado],
fall
4-

deduco,

-ductus [de draw, -fduco], lead, drag doion or away, launch;


-ere, -duxi,

bring,

down, fall.
deceive,

lead, conduct.

decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [de


capioj,
heguile,
betray.

defendo,
-|-

Decius,

-i,
;

m., a

Roman
P.

gentile

-ere, -fendi, -fensus fendo], icard off, avert [de defend, guard, pi^otect. defensor, -oris [defendo], m.,

name

defender, protector.. Decius ]\[us, fatlier and son, who devoted defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [de -ffero], bear, carry, convey\ themselves to death for their
especially

defessus

36
Deiopea,
Juno's

demens
-ae,
train.
f.,

conduct^ lead ; rcport, aniiounce, hring icord or information.

nymph

in

defessus,-a, -iim [dffetiscor, he- Deiphobe, -es, f., the daughter of Sibyl, come ivearied'], adj., loearied,
fali(/ued, exhausted;

Cumaean

tired out,

and

priestess

of

Glaucus ApoUo and

luorn out

icfart/, sjipnt.

Diana.

deficio, -ere, -feei, -feetus [de -ffacio], /rn'?, he wanting ; faint,


sink, he exhausted; desert, leave,

Deiphobus,

-i,

m., a son of

Priam

forsake.

and, after the death of Paris, husband of Helen at the capture of Troy Helen betrayed him
;

defigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [de -1tigo], fasteu dnwn ; Jix, fasten ;
cast doinn, 0, 150.

to the Greeks.

delabor, -i, -lapsus [de + labor], glide down, fall down, siooop
dcjwn
;

defleo, -ere,
fleo],

-evi,

/-etus

[de

-f-

fall, sink, descend.

iveep for,

mourn
-xus

for, he-

delijo, -ere, -legi, -lectus [de


lego],pic/t; 02it, choose, select.

+ +

wail, lament. defluo, -ere, -xi,


flao],

[de

-f

delitesco,

-ere,

-litui

[de

latesco], hide away, hide, lie down, float down hid, Jurk. faU, drop, slide ; fall down. defungor, -i, -functus [de -{ Delius, -a, -um [Delos], adj., o/ Delos, Delian, of Apollo, who fungor], finish, complete., have was born at Delos. done with. degener, -eris [de + genus], adj., Delos, -i [A^Xos], f., one of the group of islauds called Cyclades d('(/f'n('rat<', i(jnohle, hase. in the Aegean Sea, famous as dego, -ere, degi [de + ago],2:a8.s,

flow

spond.

the
adv.,

birthplace
;

of

ApoUo and
alone

dehinc [de-f-hinc],
this time or place
;

from

Diana

this

island

had

hence, hence4-

forth

then, next, hereupon.


hisco],

dehisco, -ere, -hivi [de yawn, (jape, open.


iacio],

deicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [de

consented to shelter their mother Latona and had till then been a floating island. In recognition of its hospitality Jupiter anchored it with chains of ada[5eX0/j'],

mant. throw down, cqst doion, hurl down; drive down, drive delphin, -inis phin. out, disl()d(je ; hring down, kill,
f),

m., dol-

542

dcprivc.

of;

cast in, 5,

deinbrum,
delu<lo, ludo],
cheat.

-I

[deluo], n., sanc-si,

400.

tiKiri/, ."^hrinc, tcniple.

dcin<le (dissyll.), imXw., from this time,fr(>m that time, hereaftcr, ihereafter, then, thereupon, next,
afterwards.

-ere,

-sus

[de

mock^

deceive,

delude^

demens,

-entis [de

+ mens],adj.,

deineutia
mad,
insane
;

37
imld;
,

desero

frantic^

+
off.

pello],

drive

away,

loard

foolish, reckless, infatuated.

dementia, -ae [deinens],


7iess,

insanity^

mad- dependeo, -ere [de + pendeo], hang down from, hang down, frenzy; folly^
f.

infntiiation.

hang.

deinitto, -ere, [de + mitto],

-misi, -missus depono, -ere, -posui, -positus send down^ let [de + pono], lay doion ; lay fall (or Jloio), shed (tears); reaside, banish, allay, 2, 76 set ceive, admit, 4, 428 w. navis, apart. bring to port^ anchor ; demis- deprensus, -a, -um, p.p. of desus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hangprehendo (prendo), overtaken, ing down, let doivn, lovjered caught, seized. surprised. doivncast, drooping, suhdued, depr6mo,-ere,-prompsi, -promplow ; derived from, descended. tus [de + promo], draw out,
;
;

demo,
[de
-|-

-ere,

dempsi, demptus

draw forth, take


derigeseo.
rigesco
-ere,

out.

emo], take away, remove,


-i,

-rigui

[de

dispel.

(rigeo)],
;

Demoleos,
Aeueas.

m., a Greekslain by
-|-

rigid or fixed congeal.

become stiff, swoon ; curdle,

demoror

[de

moror],

1,

delay,

derigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [de

detain ; poet,, linger out, prolong, 2, 648.

+
+

rego], straighten, aim, direct.


rapio], tear
strip

deripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [de


off,
off,

demum,

adv., at last, at
till

length,

tear
in

finally, not

then, only then.

away ; pull
haste
(i.e.

(or drag)

down

deni, -ae, -a [decem], adj., each, ten at a time ; ten.

ten

launch), 4, 593.

denique, adv., at
length.

last,

desaevio, -ire, -ii [de+saevio], finally, at rage fiercely or furiously^ vent


one^s rage.

dens, dentis, m.,tooth ; fluke (of descendo, -ere, -scendi, -scenan anchor). sus [de + scando], go down, densus, -a, -um, adj., thick^ come down, descend ; make a dense, close, croicded, compact; ivay into, sink into, penetrate
frequent, repeated, constant, incessant.

stoop

to,

resort

to.

descensus,
[de
-f niintio],
1,

-us

[descendo], m.,

dennntio
announce,

descent.

declare,

foretell

describo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus


[de

threaten, 3, 366.

+
;

scribo],

mark off, map


icrite.

out,

depasco,

-pavi, -pastus (also dep.) [de + pasco], feed upon, devour, consume; taste.
-ere,

trace

write down,

desero, -ere, -serui, -sertus

[de

sero], forsake,

leave

behind,

depello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus [de

leave,

abandon,

desert.

desertus
desertus,
--a,

38
detrudo,
-I-

Dido
-ere, -trusi, -trSsus [de

[desero], p.p. as adj., fursaken, left behind,

-um

trudo],

thrust

down

or

off,

ahandoned, deserted ; uninhabited^

j)ush

down

or

off.

desolate,
;

lonely,
plu.,

unfre- deturbo,

quented

neut.,

solitudes,

away

1, hurl down oroff, drive or out, dislodge.

desert, wilderness.

desido, -ere, -sedi sink down, sink.

[de
1,

-}-

sido],

deus, -i, m., god, deity. deveuio, -ire, -veni, -ventus [de
-I-

venio],
at,

come down; come


reach.
-i-

to^

designo [de

-|-

signo],

mark

off,

arrive

mark
[de
-I-

out.
-sii,

dev^olo [de
-situs

volo], l,fly down.

desino, -ere, -sivi or


sino], leave

devolvo,
down.

-ere,

-volvi,
roll

off,

cease^for-

[de-f-volvo],

-volutus down, hurl

bear.

desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stlturus [de


-f sisto],

devoveo,
-|-

-ere, -vovi. -votus [de

leave

off,

cease, desist,

abandon.

voveo], devole, doom victim for sacrifice).

(as

despecto
.

down

[de upon.

specto],

1,

look

dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, to OT on the right ; propitious, favorahle


;

despicio, -ere,-spexi,-spectus [de -I- specio], look down upon; despise, reject, scorn.

-ae
fig.,

(sc.

dextra (tera), manus), f., right hand


subst.,
,

destino,

1,

place

or set apart

pledge, faith. Diilna, -ae, f. daughter of Jupiter

destine, doom. destruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus [de -}- struo], ijull or tear down,

and Latona, sister of Apollo goddess of hunting and of the moon


;

identified also witli Hecatc, god-

demolish, destroy.

dess of the
(trisyll.)

Lower World.

desuetus,

-a,

-um

[de-

(dicio), -ouis (nom. sing. not in

suesco], p.p. as adj., unaccustomed, unused ; dormant.

use) [dico], t, dominion, power,


sivay, rule.
1.

desum,

-esse,

-fui

[de-(-sum],

dico,

1,

devote, dedicate, con^

he vmnting, ahsent, ov missing.

secrate, set apart, assign.


2.

desuper [de

-f

super], adv.,

from

above, ahove.

detineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [de

dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, speak^ say ; tell, relate, speak of ; sing, celehrate (as a poet) name, call
;

+ teneo], ^-eep hack, detain,


detorqueo, -ere,
[de
-|-

hold.

foretell, predict.

-torsi, -tortus

torqueo],

turn from

ov

Dictaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dicte (a mountain in Crete), Dicof Crete, Cretan. dictum, -i [dico], saying, speech,
;

away, tiirn aside or J^ack, turn. detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus


[de
-\-

tncan

traho],

draw

off or

away

loord,

command.
or -onis,
f.,

from;

take off or from.

Dido,

-lis

called also

diduco

39

diripio

Elissa^ daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, wife of Sycliaeus, fouiuler

and queen of Cartliage. diduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus jlis le, d in 4- duco], draw apart^
different directions;
divic'
i.,

digressus, -us [digredior], m. going away, departure. dilabor, -i, -lapsus [dis -f labor], glide away, sUp azcay, depart,
disappear, vanish.
diligo,
-f

sep-

-ere,
,

-lexi,
oiit,

arate

distract.

lego]

^9<c^'

-lectus [dis choose ; es-

Didymaon, -onis, m., workman in metals,


dies, diei (dii,
in sing.,
1, 636';,

^mous
f.

teem, love, hold dear. dimitto, -ere, -misi,


[dis -f mitto],

-missus

m. and

m. in plu., day, light of

appointed time, time (in general) period of time, an age. differo, differre, distuli, dila-

day

send in different (or all) directions ; send avKiy, send forth, despatch ; dismiss
let go.

dimoveo,
[dis -f

-ere,

-movi,

-motus

tus [dis
difflcilis,

-f fero],

put

off,

defer,

delay, postpone.
-e

apart, moveo], move cleave part, or away, asunder,


disperse, dispel, dissipate, drive
avKiy.

[dis

-f-

facilis],

adj.,

not easy, difficult; liard, painful; dangerous, 5, 865. diffido, -ere, -fisus [dis -f fido], distrust, lose faith or confidence
in.

dinumero
count,

[dis -f

numero],

1,

count
-is,

over,

compute,

reckon.

Diomedes,
most
ploits

diffugio, -ere, -fugi [dis -f fugio], flee apart or in different directions, scatter, disperse, flee.

m., son of Tydeus (king of Aetolia), one of the


valiant
of

the

Greeks
his

before Troy.

Among

ex-

diffundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusus [dis


fundo], powr in different directions,pour out ; spread ahroad,
-}-

were the wounding of Venus and Aeneas and the caj)ture of the horses of

spread, scatter, diffuse. digero, -ere, -gessi, -gestus [dis

Rhesus. Italy to he went After the war

gero], separate, arrange, set in order, put in order ; explain,


-f

interpret.

digitus,

m.,flnger, toe. dignor [dignus], l,cosV?er, count


-i,

and founded Arpi. Dionaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dione, the mother of Venus, Dionean. a comrade of Diores, -is, m. Aeneas and kinsman of Priam.
,

(ov deem) worthy

deign.
adj.,

Dirap,-aru!n[dirus],f.,fV^'''"^*' dirigo [dis -f rego], see derigo.

dignus,

-a,

-um,
fltting,

loorthy,

suitable,

proper ;

deserved.

dirimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [dis due, -f emo], take apart ; break ojf, interrupt, put an end to, end.

digredior, -gredi, -gressus [dis diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [dis asunder, pull -frapio], tear -f giadior], go away, depart.

dirus

40

diu
apart, ride apart, gallop apait^
separate.

apart or to pieces; snatrJi away, plunder ; ravage, irillage^ lay


waste. dirus, -a, -um, adj., ch'eadfiil,feartvild, ful, awfiil, dire, grim,

disicio,
-

-ere, -ieci,

-iectus
;

[dis

iacio], scatter, disperse

throw
de-

ck lon,

overthrow,

shatter,

monstrous, fell; acciirsed, horrible, frightful,

m
disii

'lish.

terrible, fierce ;

ominoits, ill-omened^ portentous,


fateful.
1.

Dis, Ditis, m., Dis, Pluto, god of the Lower Woiid.


dis, ditis, adj., see dives.

-ere, -iQnxi, -iunctus iungo], separate, remove, + keep apart, keep away from. dispello, re, -puli, -pulsus [dis
[dii;

ngo,

pello], drive

apart,

disperse,

2.

scatter, dispel, dissipate.

discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [dis dispendiuiu, -i [dispendo], n., go apart or awaij, expense, cost; loss, 3, 453. -f cedo], retire, depart, withdraw. dispergo, -ere, -si, -sus [dis discerno, -ere, -erevi, -cretus + spargo], scatter, disperse. [dis + cerno], distinguish one dispicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [dis + specio], see clearly or disthing from another separate
;

mark

off,

loork, embroider.

tinctly, descry, discern, perceive^

discessus, -us [discedo], m., going away, departure. disco, -ere, didici, learn, learn how, become acquainted with. discolor, -oris [dis + color], adj.,

see.

dispono,
[dis

-ere, -posui, -positus pono], put in order, + arrangc, distribute.

dissilio, -ire, -ui [dis

salio], leap

of different color or hue. discordia, -ae [discors],


^cord, strife, dissension
;

(or spring)
f.,

dis-

be

bui'st

(or rent)

apart or asunder asunder or

person.,

apart.

the goddess of discord. discors, -cordis [dis cor], adj.,

dissiinulo [dis

simulo],

1,

clis-

discordant, different, unlike.

semble, repress (or conceal) one^^s feelings or emotions; disguise,


liide,

discrimen, -iuis [discenu)], n., that which separates, distance,


interval
scale),
;

conceal, keep secret.


-ere,

distendo,
[dis

-tendi,
stretch
fill.

-tentus
out
or

note

(of the
;

6,

G40

musical discrimination,
;

+
;

tendo],
distend,

apart
disto,

distinction,

difference

crisis,

-are

[dis

sto].

stand
-stric-

turning point ; danger, peril. discunibo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus


[dis

apart,

br dista)it.
-ere, -strinxi,

distriii;jo,

+
in

cumbo],
-ere,

recline.

tus, stretrh out.


aiid

discurro,
-curri,
l'un

-cucurri
[dis

ditissinius,
(ITvos.
I

-a

-iiin,

adj.,

see

-cursus
different

curro],

directions

or

diu, adv., /or a long time, long.

divello
divello,
asuiider,
-ere,
-velll,

41
-viilsus

Doricus
Epirus famed for
Jupiter.
its

oak grove
to

(-volsiis)

[dis 4- vello],

rend

and oracle which were sacred

doleo, -ere, -ui, -itus, grieve, sorroiD, mourn, suffer pain. remove. -um, m., a people of Dolopes. verbero], [dis -f 'diverbero 1, Thessaly who fought against strike (or cut) asunder^ cleave, Troy under Pyrrhus. divide. diversus, -a, -um [diverto], adj., dolor, -oris [doleo], m., grief, sorrow ; pain, anguish, sufferturned in opposite or different
pieces
;

teaf asunder or in separate-, aioay, tear

directions, different, diverse, va-

ijig,

jjang, distress; indignation,

rious, unlike

remote, distant.
adj.,

dives, divitis aud dis, ditis,


ricli,

anger; fig., affront. dolus, -i, m., device,


craft,
deceit,

artifice
;

ivealthy, rich in,

abounding

stratagem,

trick

wile,

in

precious,

6, 195.

fraud,

guile, treachery

(or hidden) ivily plot, secret divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, divide, misdeed; fig., maze, 5, 590. spparate, part ; distrihute, apportion, share ; direct, turn, 4, 285. doTiiina, -ae [feminine of dominus]. f. mistress, queen. divinus, -a -vim [divus], adj., rule, [dominus], 1, ilivine, heavenly ; sacred, holy ; dominor reign, he supreme, be lord or inspired, prophetic.
,

divitiae, -ai'um [dives],f., riches,


loealth.

master.

dominus,
-a,

-i

[domus], m.,master,

divus (or dius),


divine
deity.
;

-iim. adj.,
-i,

lord, ruler, tyrant.

subst.,

divus,
f.,

and diva,
do,

-ae,

m., god, goddess,

domitor,

-oris [domo], m., tamer^

ruUr, subdupr.

domo,

-are, -ui. -itus, tame, sub-

due, rule, vanquish, conquer. dedi, datus, give, hestov}, present, furnish, supply, domiis. -iis and -i, f. house, home, abode, hahitation ; fig., houseyield, offer ; vouchsafe, grant, hold, family, line, race, house. permit, alloio ; make, cause, produce ; put, place ; give forth, ut- donec, conj., as long as, while;

dare,

ter

with vela or lintea, spread

until,

till.

sail, set sail,

make

sail, sail.

dono [donum],
reward, hestow.

1,

give,

present,

doceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus, teach, inform, show, explgin, point out,
tell.

donum,

-i

[do], n.,
;

offering, sacrifice
-a,

present; reward, pnze.


gift,

doctus,

adj., ivise,

[doceo], p.p. as learned, experienced.


-a.

-um

Donusa, -ae, f., an island Aegean Sea near Naxos.

in the

Dodonaeus,

-um, adj., Dodo- Doricus, -a, -iim, adj., Doric^ Dorian ; Grecian, Greek. naean, of Dodona, a town in

dorsum
dorsuin, animal
-i,
;

42
Ji

edico
conj., while, as
;

n.,

bark of
m.,

man

or

dum,

fii;.,

ridge^ reef.

long as ; until
if only.

long as, so provided that,

a comrade of Aeneas, and husband of Beroe. dotalis, -e [dos], adj., of or pertaining to a clowry ; dotalis Tyrios, as a dowri/, 4, 104. draco, -ouis [5pd/cw;/], serpent, dragon. Drepanum, -i, n., a town on the western coast of Sicily. Drusus, -i, m., the name of a distin,fjuished family of the Gens

Doryolus,

-i,

duiiius,
thicket.

-i,

m.,

bramble, brier,

duo, -ae, -o, nuin. adj., two. duplex, -iois [duo -f plico], twofdd, donble ; both, 1, 03.
hard, harden ; endure, persevere ; be patient, strong, or Jirm. durus, -a; -um, adj., hard to the touch, unyiehling ; hardy, tough,
1,

duro

[durus],

make

Livia.

sturdy, stout, strong, vigorous,

m., a Pelasgic people of Greece, living between the Ambracian and Malian i>ulfs. dublto [dubius], 1, be in doubt,
doubt, hesitate, question.

Dryopes, -um,

patient ; rough, dangerous, difJicult,

arduous

severe,

cruel,

ha7'sh,

unfreli7ig, stern.

dux,

ducis
;

[duco],

c,

leader,

guide

rhieftain, king.

dubius,

adj., vmvering, doubting, hesitating, doubtfid, diibious, perplexing critical, dangerous, peiilous, difficult, hazardous.
-a,

-um,

Dymas,

-antis. m., a Trojan slaiu

U7icertain,

at the fall of Troy.

diloo,

ductus, lead, e, see ex. draw, bring, guide, direct, con- obur, -oris, n., iro7'y. j^^roZojigr, duct ; pass, spend; eburnus, -a, -um [ebur], adj., of
-ere,

duxi,

make, build, construct


6,

rnoidd,

ivory, ivory.

(or choose) by lot reckon, calcidate, computfi, think ; 7rin, gain, receive. ductor, -oris [duco], m., leader.
;

848

draw

derive

ecce, interj., lo ! beholdf see f ecquid [ecquis], interrog. adv., as


to

anything?
(-qiii),

i7i

a7iy

respectP

any? any
ecqiiis

at all?

at all?

dudum

[diu

-|-

dum],

adv.,

long

since, long ago, formerly, lately,

recently, hut now.

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet to the taste or smell, fresh water plcas;

(-qua), -qiiid (-qiiod), interrog. pron. and adj., a7iy 07ie? any one at all? anythi7u/? as adj., any, any
-qiiae
at all?

ant,deHghtful, rharming
precious, loved, beloved.

dear,
island

cdax, -acis [cdo], fnid of eating,


vorarii>u.^,

dcvouring,

co7isuin-

Dulichiuui,

-I,

n.,

an

iug, dest7'(>ying, dest7'urtive.

southeast of Ithaca.

edico, -ere, -dixi,

-dictus [e

-|-

edissero
dico], declare,

43
speak,
rate.

egregius
utter,

prodaim; com-rtiis [e

say

tell,

nar^

mand,
/

order^ decree, bid.


-iii,

eclissero, -ere,

dis-

eflfringo,

-ere,
,

-fregi,

sero], set forth, explaiu, declare,


relate, tell.

[ex

-H

frango]

-fractus bi-eak out, dash

out, crush, shatter.

-um, p.p. of edo. effugio, -ere, -fflgi [ex + fugio], intr. edo, -ere, edi, esus, eat, deJlee forth or away, glide vonr, consume. away or along, speed along 2. edo, -ere, edidi, editus [e -ftr., escape,Jleefro7n,flee; avoid, do], (jive out or forth; utter, shun. say ; publish, announce, declare. effugium, -i [effugio], n., flight, edoceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus [e -f escape. thoroughly or eflfiilgeo, -ere, -si [ex -J- fulgeo], teacli doceo], detail, completely, inform in shine forth, be effulgent, gleam, apprise. glitter, glow, shine. edflco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [e -|- efltundo, -ere, -ffldi, -fflsus [ex duco], lead forth or out ; bring -ffundo], pour forth or out, waste, 5, 446 forth, bear ; erect, build, rear shed, 2, 271 forge, fashion. utter ; slacken; give up, yield efFero, -ferre, extuli, elatus [ex up. bring (or carry) out or efFflsus, -a, -um [effundo], part., -I- fero],
editiis, -a,
1.
, ;

forth or away ; raise, elevate, Uft up, dispJay ; draiv ; w. gres-

poured forth, spread out,


tered,

scat-

dishevelled

suffused,

streaming ; headlong, 6, 339. egens, -gentis [egeo], part. as adj., ferus], efferus, -a, -um [ex needy, in ivant, poor, destitute, iioild, frantic, furious, savage. wanting, desirous of, desiring. effetus, -a, -um [ex -\- fetus, pro- egenus, -a, -um [egeo], adj., in want, needy, destitute. ductive'], worn out (by bearing), egeo, -ere, -ui, be in need or in exhausted. loant, need, require ; be poor or efflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex -1facio], make, form, cause. destitute. [ex fingo] f., im- egestas, -atis [egeo], f., ivant, eflflgies, -ei -for
ivalk,

sum

pedem,

go forth,

depart.

'-\-

age, statne, likeness.

poverty.

efflngo, -ere,
-f

-finxi, -fictus [ex

tingo], shape,

form, fashion

portray, represent. effodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus [ex + fodio], dig out or up, dredge, 1, 427 gouge out. effor [ex -\- for], 1, speak out.
;

ego, pers. pron., I. egredior, -i, -gressus [ex -f- gradior], step (or walk) forth, go (or come) out, disembark, land. egregius, -a, -um [e 4- grex], adj.,

famous, renowned, noble. illustrious.


excellent, distinguished,

ei
ei,

44
ei milii,

Epirus
lo !

interjec,

ah! alasl

?coe is

me !
[ex

eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus


of vessel

iacio], cast oiit. forth., or aioay

and crew,

cast ashore,

eiecto,

wreck^ shipwreck. 1, freq. (ex and iacto), cast


forth^ vomit.

elabor, -i, -lapsiis, slip (or glide') forth or aicay ; sJip by, escape from, dodr/e, spring aside. elephantus, -i, ni. elephant ; ivory. elido, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [ex + laedo], 'strike (or dash) out
,

hehold ! see! Enceladus, -i, m., one of the giants who fought against heaven. Jupiter slew him with a thunderbolt and buried him under IMount Aetna. enim, conj. 1, assigning a reason or explalning a preceding statement, which however is often only implied, for ; 2, amplifying or exemplifying a preceding statement, namely, for instance ; 3, strengthening or
:

en, interjcc,

emphasizing an assertion, indeed^


in truth,
triily.

or up.
Elis,
-idis,
f.,

a country in the eniteo, -ere, -ui [ex-f niteo], northwestern part of the Peloshi]ie forth, heam. XJonnesus its capital had the enitor, -ti, -nisus or -nixus [ex
;

same

nalne.
f.
,

-f-nitor],

bring forth, bear

off^

Elissa, -ae, Dido.

another name

of

spiring.

eloquor, -loqui, -locStus [ex lorjuor], speak out, speak.

-|-

eno[ex-fno], 1, swim out away ; fly away, float away ;


cape.

or
es-

eluo, -ere, -ui, -utus [ex -l- luu], icash out or aioay, cleanse. Elysium, -i, n., Elysium, the home of the blessed in the

m., sword, knife. Entellus, -T, m., a Sicilian who vanqiflshed Dares in the boxing
ensis,
-is,

contest.

Lower World.
emetior,
nietior],
-iri,

enumcro
-mensus
[ex
-f

[ex
or

-f

numero],
over
;

out,

up,

count enumerate^
1,

measure out or off; recount. travel over, traverse, pass hy or eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go (in all senses) over. march, go forth, emico, -are, -micui, -micatus rushforth, proceed ; go against; [ex-|-mico], spring (or leap) resort to, have recourse to. out or forth or up ; bound for- Eous, -a, -um [^(j3os], adj., of the ward ; da.^^Ji (or dart) forvard. d<(ii'n, of thc morning, eastern, oriental ; subst., Eous, -i, m., emitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [tx dainn, morning, morning star. -I- mitto], send forth or out. emoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus Kpeos, -1, m., builder of the [ex + moveo], mjioue, cZ%>Zace; wooden horse. Epirus, -i, f., a district of northshake, upheave; di.spel.
;

epulae
western Greece, bordering
the Adriatic.

45
on eripio,

etiain
-reptus [ex + snatrh avjay or from, rapio] take (or tear) away, remove; seize, draw, unsheathe, 4, 579 rescue, prcserve ; with fugam,
-ere, -ni,
,

epulae,
f.,

-arum (epulum,

-i,

n),

banquet, feast; food, viands. epulor [epulnm], 1, feast, banquet.

hasten Jlight.
-ae, m., son oi descend-

Kpytides,

erro,

ant of Epytus. Epytus, -i, a Trojan. eques, -itis [equus], m., horse-

wander, rove, stray, roam, hover about ; go astray, err.


1,
,

man,

rider, knight

; pl.,

cavalry.

-tre -tris, (-tris), eqiiester [equus], adj., of a horseman,

error, -oris [erro] m.,wandering ; maze, 5, 591; error, mistake deception, delusion, trick, deceit. erubesco, -ere, -rubui [ex +

equestrian. equideni, adv., truly, indeed, by all means, no doubt, surely.

rubesco], redden, blush at ; have respect (or regard) for.

eructo [ex
vorait
;

erumpo, equus -i, m., horse, steed. [ex + rumpo], Erebus, -i ["E/je/Sos], m., god of break through. darkness, son of Cliaos and
;

belchforth, sendforth, cast up or out. -rupi, -rviptus -ere,

+ ructo], 1,

burst

forth,

darkness, the eruo, -ere, erui, erutus [ex + brother of Nox ruo], tear out or up, uproot Loioer World. undermine, overturn, overthrow, ergo. adv., therefore, then, accordruin, destroy utterly. ingly, consequently ; with gen., -i, m.,master, lord. in consequence of, on account of. erus (herus), [Eryx], adj., Eridanus, -i, m., a river of the Erycinus, -a, -um of Eryx. Lower World which was said to make its way to the earth's sur- Erymanthus, -i, a range of mountains in Arcadia where Hercules became the river
face,

where

it

Po. erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [ex -f rego], raise np, set up, cast up
erect, build, rear.

Erymanthian boar. Eryx, -ycis, m. 1. A Sicilian, son of Venus and Butes, halfslain by brother of Aeneas
killed the
;

Erinys, -yos,
scourge.

f.,

a Eury

curse,

Hercules
2.

in

a boxing match.
of

mountain and town


Sicily.

Eriphyle,

wife of Amphiaraus, slain by her son Alcraaeon because she had persuaded her husband to join .the expedition of the " Seven against Thebes,"
-es,

western
et,
conj.,'

and;
;

also,
.

even, too

et

moreover, et or que,

both, and.

etiam

though he, being a soothsayer, knew he would be slain.

iam], conj., and also, too, Ukewise, even, and even^ even now ; still, yet.
[et

etsi
etsi

46
even
if,

exaniiins
-ere, -vasi, -viisus [ex

[et+sij,

conj.,

al-

evado,

though^ though. Hliiadne, -es, f ., wife of Capaneus, one of tlie " Seven against Tliebes," who threw herself on the funeral pile of her husband

vado], go (or co7ne) out, foi'th, or up ; mount iip., ascend, climb pass over or by, escape.

evanesco,
nesco],
disappear.

-ere,

-niii

[ex

va-

vanish

aivay,

vanish,

and perished. Euboicus, -a, -um,

adj.,

of Eu-

eveho,

boea, a large island off the east-

+ +

-vectus [ex veho], carry out ; bear up or


-ere, -vexi,
exalt.
-ire, -veni,

ern coast of Greece Euboean. euhans, -antis \_evav., euo?], part. adj., crying Euhan or Euhoe
;

aloft., 7'aise,

evenio,

-ventus [ex

venio],

come out or forth,


happen.

(tlie

cry

of

the

followers

of

come

to pass,

Bacchus); shrieking (or revel- eventiis, -lis [evenio], m., eventy ling) wildly or madly, celebratoccu7'rence. 7'esuU, fortune. ing.^ everto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ex Eunielus, -i, m., a Trojan who re+ verto], upturn., ove7'tuj'n, porled to Aeneas that the fleet overthrow., 7ipheave; riiin, deliad been set on fire. stroy. Euinenides, -vini [Ei^/xej/^Ses], the evincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus
disposed ones, a conciliatory or propitiatory title of the Furies the Eumoiides,
icell
;

kindly or

[ex

vincio],

bi)id

(or

icind)

a7'ound, loreathe.

the Furies'.

Europe. Eurotas, -ae, ni., a river of La- evoco [ex + voco], 1, call fo7'th conia on which Sparta stood. or out, sunwion. Eurous, -a, -um [Eurus], adj., evolvo, -ere, -volvi, -voliitus [ex of Eu7'us, eastern. + volvo], 7'oll forth or out ; w. Euriis, -i, m., the southeast or reflcxive pronoun, 7'oll doioi,
-ae, f
,
.

Europa,

evinco, -ere, -vici, -victus [ex + vinco], vanquish cornpletely or utfrrly, overcome, conquer.

^'^.s-^

loind, icind.
-i,

Jlow.
tlie

Euryalus,

m., a Trojan,
;

ex, e

[cf.

^K,

i^~\,

prep.

w. abl.,

f riend of Nisus both were killed while trying to get through tlie

07it of,

fnrm, of;

after, since

encompassing camp of the Rutulians.

according to, in. exaestiio [ex + aestuo],


up,

1,

l>oil
/>o/7,

foam

up

seethe,

Eiirypylus,

-i,

m.,

onc of
a

the

surge.

(Jrcck leadiM-s before Troy.

exaniiuatiis, -a,
p.p.
;is

-um

[exanimo],
ex-

Eurytioii, -onis, m.,

Lycian ally and companion of Aeneas, brotlier of the archer Pandarus.

adj.,

breathless,

hausted, terrijied. exaiiiniis, -c (and -us, -a, -uiu)

exardesco
[ex

47
lifeless,

exm
watch,
guard,
sentry,
sentif

animus],

adj.,

nel. dewl ; hreathless, terrijied. exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsus excudo, -ere, -cudi, -cusus [ex

[ex

-|-

ardesco]
take
-ire,

blnze
be

trp

or

cudo],

strike

(or

hammer)

forth,

Jire,

Jcindled,

out,forge, mould, shape.

burn.

exaudio,
[ex

-ivi or

-ii,

-itus

audio],
;

hear

/)?<:??/

or

distincthj

hear,

regard,

heed.

excedo,
-I-

-ere, -cessi, -cessus [ex

cedo], go out, depart, withdraw ; leave, disappear.

excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [ex + quatio], shake off or out, dash (or drive) off or from, dislodge, throw down ; arouse. exedo, -ere, -edi, -esus [ex + edo], eat out, devour, consume,
destroy utterly.

excelsus,
lofty.

-a,

-um

[excello], part.

exeo,

-ire, -ivi or -ii,

-itus,

go

as adj., elevated, raised,

high,

(or come) forth or out ; avoid,


elude.

excidium,
fall.

-i

[exscindo], n., over-

exerceo, -ere,

-ui,

-itus

[ex

+
;

throw, ruin, destruction, down1. excido, -ere, -cidi [ex + cado], fall out, fall from"; slip from,

arceo], keep busy, employ, busy,


exercise, occiipy
;

practise, train

2.

disappear, vanish, escape. excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [ex

caedo], cut out or off ; hew out, quarry ; raze, destroy. excio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [ex

engage in, carry on, administer, ply, pursue ; harass, vex, torment, persecute. exereitus, -us [exerceo], m., army ; host, multitude, band.

exhalo [ex
exhaurio,

+ halo],
-ire,

1,

breathe out.

-hausi, -haustus

the [ex + haurio], drain to dregs ; exhaust, icear out ; uncause; arouse, stir up, excite. dergo, endure. excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex + capio] take up ; take next or exigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [ex + ago], drive out or forth, drive in turn, answer, rejyly, succeed;

cieo],

call

forth

or

out

receive,

loelcome
seize
;

catch,

sur-

investigate,

ascertain

iveigh,
;

prise,

befall,

overtake,
excite,

consider,

ponder,
fulfil,

determine
;

attend

detect, divine, foresee.

complete,
spend.

Jinish

pass,
adj.,

excito

[ex

cito],

1,

arnuse, stir up, kindle.

exiguus,
cry out, small,
thin.

-a.
little,

-um

[exigo],

exclauio [ex+clamo],
exclaim.

1,

scanty, few, feeble,

excolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [ex eximo, -ere. -emi, emptus [ex + emo], take away or out, re+ colo], cultivate, improve, ref.ne, perfect.

move

hanish, appease,

1,

216.

e:xcubiae,

-arum

[excubo],

exin, see exinde.

exinde
exinde, adv., then^ after
(ifterwards.

48
that, next,
plete,

exsolvo
finish
;

satisfy,

gorge^

satiate.
adj.,
cle-

exitialis, -e [exitium],
fitructive,

explico [ex

-f

plico], 1, unfold, set

fataU deadly.

exitiuni, -i [exeo], n,, destruction, ruin. exitus, -us [exeo], m., egress,
exit
;

forth, explain, descrihe. exploro [ex -\- ploro], 1,


out,

search
ex-

investigate,

explore,

end, death

event,

issue,

amine ; find out, discover. expono, -ere, -posui, -positus


[ex-1-pono], p7it forth or out land a person from a sliip. exposco, -ere, -poposci [ex -f
posco],
implore.

result.

exopto [ex +
exordiun,
-i

opto],

1,

choose out,
ii.,

long for, desire earnestly.


[exordior],
he-

entreat earnestly,

heg,

ginning, introduction. exorior, -iri, -ortus [ex


rise,

arise,

-proinpsi, expronio, -ere. -proniptus [ex -f promo], hring come forth, spring
-f-

orior],

up.

forth
[ex-f-oro],
-a,
1,

utter.

exoro

entreat, heodi], part.,

exquiro, -ere,

-sivi, -situs [ex -f

seech, hcg, implore.

exosus,

-um

[ex

-[-

quaero], seck out, search diligenthj for; implore, pray for.


exsan^uis, -e [ex
hli)odh'Ss; pale,
-f

hating,

detesting,
-ivi or

ahhorring,
-ii,

sanguis], adj.,

hostile to.

vmn.

expedio,
[ex
gle
;

-ire,

-itus

-f

pes], extricate,

disentan-

exsaturabilis, -e [exsaturo], adj., that can he satisfied, satiahle.

make

ready, prepare, hring

exscindo,
[ex
4,
-1-

-ere,

-scidi,

-scissus
tear)
extirpate,

forth; explain, disclose, imfohl make one\s way ; pass. in middle sense, pass safoly, escape. expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus [(!X
-f-

scindo],
or out
;

cut
;

(or

down

destroy

425.
1,

exsecror [ex-fsacro],
execrate.

curse,

pello],

drive

out,

expel,

Jtanish.

exscquor, -sequT, -seciitus


-ere,
-f

[ex

expendo,

-pendi, -pensus [ex -f peiido], iceigh out ; pay, pay the penalty of or for, S2(ffer ; expiate, atone for. experior, -iri, -pertus, try, make

sequor],

foUow

out, execute,

pejform. exscrto [exsero],


tlirust)

1,

stretch (or

forth or out. exscrtus, -a, -uni [exsero], p.p. as


adj., thrust out, projecting,

of expericnce, test. cxpers, -tis [ex-|-pars],


trial

adj.,

truding
covcrcd.

hare,

proexposcd, unn.,
exile,

wilhout part or share


fravi. fmthout.

in,

free

exsiliuni,
-etiis [cx H
;

-i
;

[exsul],
-solvi,

explco, -ere, -evl,


pleo],
fill

hanislniicnt

a place of exile.
-soliitus

out or up, fll

coiu-

exsolvo,

-ere,

exsomnis
ex

49

Fabius
mediately, at once, straighiimy.,

solvo],

nnloose, unhind

set free, deliver.

forthvnth.

exsoinnis, -e [ex
sleepless.

somnis], adj.,

extendo,
[ex

-ere,

-tendi,

-tentus

tewd.o'], stretch out, stretch,

exsors, -sortis [ex


loithont pa.rt
710

+ sors],
lot in,

adj.,

extend, advance, enlarge.

or

having exter or exterus, -era,


;

-erum
(or

share in, deprived of


534.
1,

out

[ex],

adj,,
;

outside,

external,

of due course, 5, exspecto [ex + specto],


for,
expect,
aicait,

foreign
look

siiperl.,

extremus

vjait

delay, linger ; p.p. as adj.,

for long

extimus), -a, -um, outermost, farthest, most distant. remotest,


extreme,
subst.,
last,

flnal, uttermost

iooked for, long expected. exspiro [ex + spiro], 1, hreathe out or forth, exhale ; die. exstingno, -ere,-stinxi, -stinctns [ex + sdnguo], extinguish, put
(or hlot^ out,
kill,

extrema,
the

-oram,
death,
577.

last

things,

worst,
perils,
1,

ex-

tremities,

outermost

parts, frontiers,

externus,
external,

-a,

-uin [exter], adj.,


sabst.,

destroy.
sto],

stand stranger, forth or out ; rise ahove, tower exterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus [ex + terreo], frighten, affright, ahove. -structus exstruo, -ere, -struxi, terrify, appall. [ex + struo], huild up, erect, extorris, -e [ex + terra], adj.,
exsto, -stare
raise,

[ex

foreign ; foreigner.

huihl.

hanished,

exiled.

exsul,
exile.

-ulls

[ex

salio],

c,

extra [exter],

prep., outside of,

icithout, heyond.

exsulto
spring

[ex
(or

sulto,

cf.

salio],

extremus,
exuo,

-a,

-um,

see exter.

leaj))

up,

hoil

up
rise

-ere, -ui, -utiis [cf. induo],

exnlt, rejoice ;

throh, heat.
1,

p2(t off, lay aside, take off ; strip,

exsupero [ex

+ supero],

lay hare, free from.

(or toicer) ahove or on high, mount up or ahove ; pass over,


hy, or heyond.

exuro,
parch.

-ere, -ussi, -ustus [ex

uro], hurn up or out, consume,

exsurgo,
siirgo].

-ere,
rise

-surrexi

[ex

exuviae,

-arum

up, stand.
n.,

exta, -orum,
especially

entrails, vitals,

tlie

heart, liver, liings,

thing taken stripped from an enemy, or left armor behind garments,


;

[exuo], f., anyfrom a hody,

etc,

from the appearance of which the auspices were determined,


in
its

sjjoils; relics ;

skin, 2, 473.

extemplo [ex + templum,


old sense of
locus'],

Fablus, name, adv., im-

especially

-i,

m., a Roraan gentile

Quintus Fa-

fabrictitor
bius
6,

50

fatum
story, reputation,

Maximus, the great Roman


opposed
to

renown,fame
;

general
845.

Hannibal,
m.,

person.,

Rumor.
f.,
;

faine,
[fabrico],
thirst,

-is,

hunger, famine

fabricator, -oris
frai]ier,

greed

person., Famine.

contriver,

maJcer,

famula,

-ae, f.,female slave,

man~

builder,

constructor.

servant, attendant.

Fabrioius, tile name,

especially C. Fabriwho
distinguished
ryrriius,

-i,

m., a

Roman

gen-

famiilus,

-i,

m.,

slave,

servant,

attendant.

cius Luscinus,
hiniself in the
6, 844.

war with

fandum, -i [for], may he spoken or


far, farris, n:,

n.,

that which

uttered; righi.

sjjelt,

grain, meal.

fabrico, and deponent [fabrica].


1,

fas

[cf. for],

indecl., n.,

law (or

Jrame, huild, construct, make.

will)

of the gods, divine law,


v'ill ;

facesso, -ere, facessi (-ivi), facessitus [facio], intens., do (or

divine
tice,

destiny

duty, jus-

right; with
-is,

esse, laioful,

perform) eagerhj, heartily,


zealously, execute.

or

right, ]}roper;~permitted.

fascis,

facies, -ei [facio], f.,/o?*m, fgure,

m., bundle ; pl., the bundle of rods borne as fasces, a

shape
pect,

cxmntenance ; asappea7'ance, image.


;

face,

a symbol of authority before the higher Roman magistrates.

facilis.
rf^ady.

-e

[facio],

adj.,

easy,

factus, pass., fio, fieri, factus, make, do, peiform, execute ; form, build grant, snppose, 4, 540. factuin. -i [facio], n., deed, action,
feci,
exploit, art, entcrprise, plan.

facio, -ere,

fastigium, -i, n., top of a gable or roof, summit, pinnacle, hattlement, roof ; summa fasti<ia reruin, the main points of the
story,
1_,

;J4'2.

fastus, -us, m., haughtiness, arrogaiice, piride, disdain.

mtalis,

-e

[fatum],

adj.,

fated,

faliax, -acis [falloj, adj., deceitful, treacherous.


fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive,

allotted,

apjxiinted,

destinnl;

fatal, deadlij, destructive.

fateor, -eri, fassus, confess, admit. acknowledge


fatijio,
1,
;

disappoint, fail ; beguile, cheat elude, baffle, escape the notice

tell,

declare.
tire

vcary,
vex,

exhaust,

of

; counterfeit oath).

violate

(an

trouhJe,

worry,

plague,

harass
fatisco,

pursue.

falsus,

-iim [fallo], p. aclj., false, pretended, feigned, groundless ; delusive, counter-a,


feit,

-ere,

yawn, gape open,


n.,

open.
fatiiin,
-i

[for],

prophecy.

deceptive.
f.,

oracle,
dooiii,

decree

falx, -cis, fania, -ae

sic/clc.

death

fate misforlune, dis-

destiny,

[f<'r], f., 7'2imor, repoj't,

astcr.

taiices

51

fictus

extol, exalt, laud ; with reflex., fauces, -iuin, f., throat, jaics, enbetake one''^ self, go, proceed, trancp, mouth. rush, rise. faveo, -ere, favi, faiitus, befavorable to, bt^friend^favor, applaud ; ferox, -ocis [feru.s], adj., wild, with ore, preserve a reverent, warlike^ bold, flerce, savage, haughty, proud. solemn, or holy silence, 5, 71. favilla. -ae, f., ashes, embers, ferratus, -a, -um [ferrum], adj., iron-shod or covered. cinders. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], adj., favor, -oris [faveo], m., favor,

good
fax,
fire,

v'iU.
f.,

of iron. iron.
torch,

facis,

Jlrebrand,

ferrugineus
adj.,

-a,

-um
of

[ferrugo],

flame, fiery train.


-a,

the

color

iron

rust,

feeundus,

-um,

adj., fruitful,

fertile, productive. felix, -icis, adj., fruitful

ferrum,
;

dusky, dingy, rusty, murky. -i, n., iron ; sword, axe,

ferus, -a, -um, adj., femina. -ae, f., ivoman. savage, cruel. femineus, -a, -um [femina], ferus. -i, m. wild
,

fortunate, blessed tious. favorable.

happy, kind, propi-

spearhead;
iron.

anything

made

of

wild, flerce,
beast,

wild
5,

female, of a woman or of women, women''^. fenestra, -ae, f window, opening,


adj.,
,
.

creature
818.

monster ;

horse,

ferveo, -ere, -bui, or fervo, -ere,


-VI, boil. gloiv,

breach, gap.
fera, -ae [ferus],
feralis, -e, adj.,

goes briskly on. fessus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, ful, dismal. fere, adv., nearly, almost ; just weary, tired, worn out, exhausted; iceak feeble. generally, usually. feretrum, -i [fero], n., bier. festino. 1, hasten, quicken, make feriuus, -a, -um, adj., o/ icild haste ; hasten to perform. beasts; subst., ferina, -ae, f., festus, -a, -um, adj., festal, festive. flesh of a ivild animal, venison. ferio, -ire, strike, cut, slay. 1. fetus, -a. -um, adj., pregnant, fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, teeming with, full of. bring, carry, move, bear along 2. fetus, -us, m., offspring, young, or onivard, waft ; lead, direct. littpr ; branch, shoot, growth. impel, prornpt ; endure, suffer iibra, -ae, t.,flbre, root ; entrails present, offer, grant; produce, any vital organ. [figo], fibula, -ae f., clasp, bring forth, yield ; bear away, carry away, carry off, plunder buckle, brooch, pin. relate, report, say, bring word; fictus, -a -um [fingo], adj., /a?se,
.

wild beast. funereal, mournf.,

aglov;

burn ; be alive ov fervet opus, the work

Fidena
feigned; subst., fictuin,
falsehood.
-i,

52
n.,

fletus
dary, end, limit, goal, startinQ
point, country.

Fidena, -ae, f., an^ancient Sa- finitimus, -a, -um [finis], adj., hordering, neighhoring ; subst., bine town of Latium on the
Tiber,
five

miles nortlieast

of

neighbor.
fio. fieri,

Rome.
fidens, -entis [fido], part. and adj., confdent, bold, trusting in, relying upon.
fides, -ei [cf. fido],
f.,

factus sum, see facio.


1,

firnio

[tirnms],

make

firrn or
asstire,
;

strong,

make

steady,

estahlish; confirm,

ratify

en-

confidence,

courage.
,

faith, trust ; honor^fidelity, hon- firmus, -a, -um, adj. firm, strong, soUd, lasting ; resolute, steadesty ; pledge, promise ; person.,

Faith, Honor.
fides,
-is, f.
;

fast.
fissilis, -e [findo], adj., easily spUt^
fissile.

string
lute,

(mostly in pl.), lute instrument, stringed

fixus, -a, -um, p.p. of figo. n., [flagruni], -i fido, -ere, fisus, semi-dep., trust, flagellum, scourgo, lohip, thong, lash. confide in, have confidence or flagito, 1, ask importunately or faith in ; dare, venture.
lyre.

fiducia, -ae [fido],


reliance.

f.,

confidence,

insistently,

demand.

flagro,
[fido], adj., trusty,

1,

burn, hlaze, glow; rage.

fidus, -a,

-um

flamen,

-inis [Ho], n., blast, gale,

trusticorthy,

faithful,
;

loyal

hreeze, icind.

safe, hospitahle

assuring.

flamma,

-ae,

f.,

hlaze, flame, flre

figo, -ere, f ixi, fixus, fix, fasten, fasten up, hang up ; transfix,
pierce
;

Ughtning ; flrebrand, jmssion, rage, lorath, love.

torch;
flre

set firmly,

plant;

witli

flammo
flatus,
blast,

[flamma],
-iis

1,

set

on

oseula, imprint. figiira, -ae [fingo], f.,flgure,form,


shape.

inflame, excite, enrage.


[fio],

m.,

blowing,

gust.

niius, filum,

-I,

m., son.
thread.

-i, n., -i,

flavens, -entis [flaveo], adj., yelloiv, golden.


flavus, -a,
green.
flecto,
tur)i,

fimus,
funlo,
fin.i?o.

m., mire,filth, dirt, mud,


fidi,

-um

[flaveo], adj., yel;

slime.
-ere,
fissus,
clcavo,

low, golden, golden-haired


-ere,

pale

spUt, divide, scparato.

flexi,
;

flexus, bend,

form, fashion, make ; shape, mould, control ; arrange; devise, in-ere, finxi,

fictus,

guide

change, iufluence^
-etus, iceep, laiceeping,

move.
fleo,

-ere, -evi,

vent, imagine, snppose.

finis,

-is,

m.,

and

rarely

f.,

houn-

mcnt, bewail, mourn. fletus, -iis [fleo], m.,

flexilis
(amentation,
VKiiling.

53
mourning^ fomes,

frag"or

tears,

jaexilis, -e \^ecio'], flexihle^ pliant.

-itis, m., tinder,fuel. fons, fontis, m.,fountain, spring., source ; vmter, lake, stream.

floreo,

-ere,

-ui

[flos],

hloom,
aclj.,

for, fari,
tell.

^tus, speak,

say, utter,

floreus,

hlossom, jlourish. -a, -uni

[flos],

fore,

forem
f.,

for futurus, -a,

-um,

Jlowery.
flos, -oris,

esse,

and essem.
door, gate, entrance.
f.,

m., ^oice?', hlossom.


1,
;

foris, -is,

fluctuo
icaver,

[fluctus],
toss,
-iis

fliictuate,

forma,
image, heauty

-ae,

surge

rage.
sea.

fluctus.
Joic,

[fluo], in., icave, hilticle,

figure kind.

form, shape, appearance

flood, surging fluentum, -i [fluo],

n.,

stream,

flood, river.

formica, -ae, f., ant. formido, l,fear, dread. formido, -inis [formido], i.,fear,
dread, terror, awe. fornix, -icis, m., arch, vault. fors, fortis [fero], f., chance
adv., fors

fluidus, -a,
ing^flnid.

-um

[fluo], adj., floic-

fluito

[fliio], l,float, drift.

as

flumen, -inis
fluo,

[fluo],

n.,

flood,

and forte, perchance,

stream, river, torrent. -ere, fluxi, fluxus,

floic,

perhaps, hy chance. forsan. forsitan, adv., perhaps,


possibly.
fortis, -e, adj.,
iant,

stream, drip

ehh,

glide avjay,

vanish, dccline.
fluvialis, -e [fluvius], adj., of a
river, river.

hrave,
*

hold,

val-

courageous ; stout, sturdy,

strong, heroic.
[fluo],

fluvius,

-i

m.,

river,

stream.

fortuna, -ae [fors], f., fortune, fate, chance ; good or had fortujie, lot,

focus,
fodio,

-i,

m.,

hearth; flreside,
fossus,
adv.,
dig,

condition.
-a,

home ;

altar.

fortunatus,
adj.,

-um

[fortuna],

-ere,

fodi,

fortunate,
-i,

prosperous,

pierce, goad, spur.

happy, hlessed.
foully,
pollnte,

foede

[foedus],

forum,
justice.

n.,

forum; court of

basely, shamefully.

foedo [foedus],

1, defile,

disfigure, befoul ; vjound, violate.


1.

mutilate,
adj.,
foiil,

m., gangway, hatch, hold. foveo, -ere, fovi, fotus, cherish,

forus,

-i.

foedus,

-a,

-um,
[cf.

foster ; fondle, caress ; spend in dalliance, 4, 19o ; cherish a hope,


1, 18.

loathsome, filthy, hideous, ugly.


2.

foedus, -eris
league, treaty,

fides],

n.,

fractus, -a,

-um

[frango], part.
shattered,

truce,

alliance,

and

adj.,

hroken,

agreement ; law. folium, -i, n., leaf.

crushed ; iveakened, discouraged. fragor, -oris [frango], m., crash.

frasraDs
diJi,

54

fulcio
cold, frigid, chill ; frosty, ivintry,

roar, noise, tiproar, shout, applanse.


[fragro], part.
fractiis,

chiUing.

fragrans, -antis

frigus.

-oris,

n.,

cold,

cold

as adj., sweet-scented, fragrant.

vjeather, frost ; chill of

fear or

frango,
hreak,
grind,

-ere,

fregi,
in

of death.

dash
1,

pieces,

crush,

179.

frater, fratris, m., hrother.

frondens, -entis [frondeo], part. and adj., leafy. frondesco, -ere [frondeoj, put
forth lenves.

fraternus,
brotherly,

-a, -\in\

[frater], adj.,

fraternal, friendhj of a brother, brother''^. fraiido [fraus], 1, defraud, cheat.

frondeus,
leafy.

-a,

-um
-um

[frons], adj.,
[frons], adj.,

fraus, fraudis,

f.,

fraud, deceit,

frondosus, -a, leafy, wondy.


1.

deception, treachery.

fraxineus, -a, -um [fraxinus], adj., of ash ivood, ashen. fremitus, -us [frenio], m., din,
shouting,

2.

uproar,

t^irmoil,

ac-

frons, frondis, 1, leaf, foliage ; branch, bough; wreath, garland, chaplet. frons, frontis, f., forehead, brow, face ; front, p>row.
-i,

clamation.

frumentum,
;

n.,

grain, corn.

fremo,

-ere, -ui, -itus, roar, rage

fruor,

-i,

friictus

and fruitus

aloud ; resum, enjoy. sound, reecho ; shout assent or frustra [cf. fraus], adv., invain^ approval, applaud; wail, bewail, to no pjurpose, idly, uselesshj. lament. frustror [frustra], 1, disapjmint, freno [frenum], 1, bridle, curb, frustrate, bafHe ; make vain, deshout,
shriek,

cry

restrain, check

control, govern.
rein,
bit,

ceive,

mock,
-i,

fail.
n.,

frenum,
curb.

-i,

n.

bridle,

friistum,
food, etc.

picce,

bit

of

frequens, -entis,

frequent, crowded, in large numbers, in crowds, in throngs. frequento [frequens], \,frequent,


adj,,
visit,

frux,
fiicus,

friigis

[fruor],

f.,

fruit,

corn, grain, meal.


-i,

m., drone.
f.,

fuga, -ae,
fugio, -ere,

flight,

exile,

swift

resort to, throng, visit in

coiwse, speedffigi,

croicds.

fugitus, trans.
Jlee,
jiy,

fretum, -i, n., strait ; water, sea. fretus, -a, -um, adj., leaning on, Irusting in, rehjing upon, depending npon. frfgeo, -ere, frixi, be c<dd, rigid,
or
xtijf,

and

iiUrans.,

ffre

airay, Jlee from, avoid.

escape, shun,

fugo

[fnga], l^put toflight, rout^ drivc aicay, txoiish.


-ire,

as in deatli

be

t(>r]>id.

fulcio,

fulsi,

fiiltus,

prop

frigi<lus, -a,

-um

[frigeo], adj.,

ujJ, sujijiort,

sustain, uphold.

fiilcrum
fulcrum,
-i

55
the

galea
Furies,
Allecto,

[fulcio], n., support,

Megaera,

foot; headrest. fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, aiid fulgo,


pr<>{\ post.

aiid Tisiplione.

-ere. Jlash, glfani, shhie, glitter.

furibundus, -a, frantic, mad,


loild,

-um

[furo], adj.,

raging,
1,

raving,

fulgor. -oris, m.. lightning, iancy, gleam, sjylendor.

hrill-

frenzied.

furio [furiae],
riate.

madden, infu-

fulmen.
nin(f.

-inis

[fulgeo], n., light-

thunderbolt.
-a,

furo, -ere, -ui, be

mad

or angry,

fulmineus.
adj.,

-nm

[fulmen].
;

like

lightning

Jlash-

rage, rave, be icild. frantic, <>r inspired ; be distracted or ovcr-

ing.

come
-a,

witli gi'ief, 3. 313.

fulvus,
taiuny.

-um,

adj.,

yelloio,

1.

furor.
ncss.

-oris

[furo], m.,

madper-

rage, frenzy, fury ;

fumeus,
smoJiy.

-a,

-um

[fumus],

adj.,
2.

son., a Fury,

Bage.
1,

furor
draic.

[fur],

steal

awuy,

icith-

fumo

[fumus], 1, smoke, reek. fumus, -i, m., smoke. funale, -is [funis], taper, torch.

furtim

[fur],

adv.,

by stealth.

secretly.

fundamentum.

-i

[fundo],
adv.,

n.,

furtivus, -a,

-um

[furtum], adj.,

funndation. funditus [fundus],


completely.
1.

stolen, secret, hidden, stealthy.

fropi

furtum,
trick,

-i

[fur], n., theft, steallh,

the very bottorn, utterly, entirely,

deceit, stratagem, artifice, cheat,

fraud.

fundo [fundus],
tablish, build,

1,

found,

es-

fusus, -a,

moor.

[fundo], part. and adj., poured out, spread out,

-um

extended, stretched out. 2. fundo.-ere, fudi, fusus, pour, pour out or forth; scatter. dis- futurus, -a, -um [sum], part. and adj., future, destined to be, comperse, rout, put to Jliyht ; bring ing ; subst., futurum, -i, n., doim, lay low, slay. the future. fundus, -i, m., bottom, depth,
abyss.

funereus,

-a,

-um

[funus], adj.,

funereal, da.rk.

fungor, fungi, functus, per- Gabii, -orum, m., an ancient to\Mi of Latium near the Alban Hills, form, discharge. about twelve miles from Eome. funis, -is, m., rope, cord, cable. the funus, -eris, n., funeral, funeral Gaetulus, -a, -um, adj., of
dead body,corpse; death, murder. disaster. furiae, -arum [furo], f., madness, frenzy, rage, remorse ; person.,
rites;

Gaetuli, Gaetulian ; African. Tlie Gaetuli were in northwest-

ern Africa,

modern Morocco.
helmet.

galea, -ae,

f.,

Gallus
Gallus,
siibst.,

56
o/ Gaiil

glacialis

-a,

-um,
-is,

adj.,

a Uaul.

Ganyinedes,

m., Ganymede, oii account of his genialis, -e [genius], adj., genifil, soii of Tros jftyous, happy, festive. beauty he was carried off by the cup-bearer geuitor, -oris [gigno], m..,father, to be eagle of Jove sire. of the gods in place of Hebe, tbe genitus, -a, -um, part. of gigno, daughter of Juno. horn of, son. Garamantes, -um, m., a tribe in Africa, genius, -i [gigno], m., guardian the interior of northern spirit, divine gtiardian, protectsouth of Ihe Gaetuli, in the moding genius. ern Fezzan. Garamantis, -idis, adj., Gara- gens, gentis [gen., rootof gigno],
;

tus, descended from, horn from or of. genetrix, -icis [gigno], f., mother.

mantian ; Lihyan. gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum,


dep.,
rejoice,
delif/Jit in.

f.,

rare, trihe, clan, stock', hoiise,


;

senii-

family
ant.

natifm, people, descend-

take pleasure or

gaudium,
delifjht^

-i

[gaudeo],

n.,

joy,

genu, -us [761^1'], n., knee. genus, -eris [gen., root of gigno],
n.,
rfire,

fjladness.
,
.

birth, descent, origin;

gaza,

-ae, f

wealth, riches, treas-

iires.

descenflant, child, son, offspring ; stock, nation, species; kind,

Gela, -ae,
city

an ancient Greek people. of southern Sicily on the germanus,


f.,

river Gela. gelidus, -a, -um [gelu], adj., cold. (ielous, -a, -um [Gela], adj., of
(iela.

m., of the same -i, or ; sub.st., gerparents father manus, -i, m., hrother ; ger-

mana,

-ae,

f.,

sister.

gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, carry, Jiear, irear, have, put on; with geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin. belliim, Wfige, carry on. (lonhle, tvofohl^ two. gemitus, -us, m., groan, sif/h, gestauien, -inis [gesto], n., something carried or borne; equipmofui ; lamentfitio7i, imilinfj ment, uieapon. cry ofpain or rage ; roar. [gero], 1, bear,wear, carry, gesto gemma, -ae, f., gem, precious
stone, jc^nel.

have.

gemo,

-ere, -uT, -itus, grofin, sigh,


;

Getious,
Getan,

-a,

-um

[Getae], adj.,

Ifiment

hemofin, bewail.
f.
,

Thracian.

The Getae

gena, -ae,

cheek.

lived l)y the J)anube.


gi<;iio, -erc,

j>ener, -eri, m., son-in-Jaw.

genuT, genitus [gen,


hear,

generator,
hr('('(h'r.

-oris

[genero],
heget

m.,

heget

cf. yiyvofxaL'], hcget,

J>ring forth, girr Jtirth to.


1,
;

genero [gcmis],

generii-

glacialis, -e [glacies], adj.,

icy.

g-lacies
glacies,

5^

ffraviter
one v}ho marches or strides ; an epithet of Mars.

-ei, f., ice.


f.,

glaeba, -ae, glancus, -a,

soiV, land.

-um

\_y\avK6s'], aclj.,

gradus,

-us, m., step,pace, stride

bhiish-gray,

f/ray,

sea-green,

step of a stair or ladder.

duU

green, dark,
-i,

Grai

Glaucus,
a sea
the

m.
2.

1.

A fisherraan
chanored into
fatlier

or Graii (dissyll.), -orura, m., the Greeks.

of Boeotia

who ^vas

Graiugena, -ae [Graius

god.

The

of

+ gigno], m., a Greek by birlh, a Greek.

Deiphobe. Graius, -a, -um (dissyll.), adj., 3. Leader of the Lycian allies Greek, Grecian ; subst., Graius, of Priam he was slain by Ajax, -ii, m., a Greek. son of Telamon. granen, -inis, n., grass, herb, globus, -1, ni., 6??, orh, gJohe, herbage. sphere. graraineus, -a, -ura [gramen], gloraero, 1, roll (or gather) into adj., grassy. a ball or mass, roll up ; coUect, grandaevus, -a, -ura [grandis -f
Sibyl,
;

Cumaean

Ci'owdtngether, assemble, throng,


troop, flock.

aevuni], adj., oUl, aged.

grandis,
f.,

-e,

adj.,

Uirge,

great,

gloria,

-ae,

glory;
tion.

love

huge. fame, renown, of farne, arnbi- grando,

-inis,

f.,

hail.

grates, gratibus [grator], f., defective, thanks, requital. Gnosian, of Gnosus, the ancient capital gratia, -ae [gratus], f., grace, of Crete Cretan. charm, favor ; regard, fondness Gorgo, -onis, f., a Gorgon ; a for; gratitude, thanks. snaky-liaired daughter of Phor- grator [gratus], 1, congratulate,

Gnosius,

-a, -ura, adj.,

Medusa by name, whose v-ishjoy. head was cut off by Perseus gratus, -a, and presented to Minerva, who pleasant,
cus,

-ura, adj., p^^^asing,


grateful,

agreeable,

placed
shield
;

it

in the center of her

vjeUome, dear.

Gorgons ; there were gravidus, -a, -um [gravis], adj., three, Stheno, Euryale, and ^NIeteeming with, heavy with, fUecl dusa, monsters with snaky liair, 2cith.
pl.,

who turned

into stone all wlio

looked upon them. Gracclius, -i, a Roman family of the Sempronian gens especially Tiberius and Gaius. gradior, -i, gressus, step, walk, move, advance, go,proreed.
;

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, ponderous, weighty, Jirm ; weighed down, laden, burdened, pregnant ; bur-

dened
ent.ial,

icith

years, feeble
;

hard
influ-

to bear,

grievous, severe

distinguished, venerable,

revered.

Gradivus,

-i

[gradior],

m., the

graviter [gravis], adv., heavUy,

gravo
violently
;

IS

haurio
this side, this
. .

with dignity, deeply,


1,

hac, adv., on
hcre
;

imy^
.
.

stronyhj.

hac

hac,

hei^e

gravo

[gravis],

weigh down.

there.

hurden^ oppress. greniiuin, -i, n., lap, bosom. gressus, -us [gradior], m., step,
icalk, (/ait, coiirse, ivay.

hactenus

grex, gregis, m., flock, herd. Gryneus, -a, -um, adj., Grynean, an epithet of Apollo derived from Grynia, a city in Aeolis, Asia Minor, in wliicli was a hesitate, Jinger. halitus, -us [halo], m., temple sacred to hini.

[hac -F tenus] adv., thusfar, up to this time, io this pioint, till now. haereo, -ere, haesi, haesus, hang, cliug, adhere, stick fast to ; hold fast, remain flxed to, be rooted ov fastened, cleave be flxed or motionless ; pause,
,

breath,

gubernaculum,
Jielm, rudder.

-i

[guberno],

n.,

exhalation.

halo.

1,

breathe, be fragrant.
-oiiis,

gubernator, -oris [guberno], m., steersman, helmsman, pilot. gurges, -itis, m., whirlpool, gulf,
abyss ; stream, flood, sea.

Haiumon, Ammon,
hamus,

m.,

Hammon

or

Libyan god identified with Jupiter by the Romans.


a
-i,

gusto [gustus],

1, taste, eat.

gutta, -ae, f., drop. guttur, -uris, n., throat.

Gyaros, -i, f., an island in the Aegean, one df the Cyclades. Gyas, -ae, m., a companion of Harpalyce, -es, f., a Thracian prince.ss famed as a huntress and Aeneas.
gyrus,
-i,

m., Jiook, li7ik. harena, -ae, f., sand, sea-shore, beach, strand; sandy ground, arena. harenosus, -a, -um [harena], adj., sandy.

m., circle,

coil, fold.

warrior.

Harpyia,

-ae

(trisyll.),

f.,

H
habena, -ae [habeo], f., rein. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have,
hold, possess
;

Harpy. Harpies were foul monsters with heads and slioulders uf vvomen and bodies of birds. hariindo, -inis, f., reed, arroio. hasta, -ae, f. spear, lance.
,

consider, regard,

deem.
habilis, -e [habeo], adj., handy, well-shaped, light.

hastile, -is [liasta], n., s;)par-s/i/if, spear,-Innce, javelin; spear-Iike

branch or shoot. haurt, adv., not, by no means, not


at all.

habito
lin-.

[liabeo],

1,

inhabit, dwell,

haiirid,
lig.,

-ire,

haiisi,
;

liaustus,
,'

habitus, -us [habeo], ni., appearance ; dress, attire, yavb.

driiik, driiik in

drain. cxhaust
suffer.

drain the cup of

liebeo
hebeo, -ere,
i)iaclive,

59

hic

he hlunt ; he sluggish^ languid, dull.


1,

heres, -edis, m., heir.

Hermione,

-es,

f.,

daugliter of

hebeto

[liebes],

hlunt,

dull,

dim, impair. Hebrus, -i, m., a river of Thrace.

Menelaus and Helen and wife of Orestes the son of Aga-

memnon.
heros, -ois
[ripws'},

Hecate,

-es,

f.,

a goddess of

tlie

m., he7'o, illus-

and sister of trious man, champion, godlike Latona. She was also often man. identified with Diana on earth Hesperia, -ae [Hesperius], f., and Luna in heaven and so repWestern Land, Hesperia, Italy. resented by an image with three Hesperis, -idis, adj., icestern,
heads,
4,511..

Lower

World

Hesperian
des, -um,

subst., pl.,
f.,

Hesperi-

Hector, -oi*is, m., son of Priam and most valiant chami^ion of


the Trojans.

Hectoreus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[Hector],

Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus (or of Atlas and Hesperis), in charge of the gardens of the Hesperides.
the

of Hector, Hectorean, Trof.,

These gardens,

onan

island of

the Atlantic west of Mount Priam. wife of Atlas, were said to produce the Hecuba, -ae, famous golden apples. heia, interjec, up ! away ! come ! Helena, -ae, f., daughter of Jupi- Hesperius, -a, -um. adj., Hesperian, western, Italian. ter and Leda and wife of ]Menelaus slie was carried aw^ay to heu, interjec, of grief or pain, Troy by Paris and this brought alas ! oh ! heus, interjec, to attract attenon the Trojan War. tion, ho ! Helenus, -i, m., a son of Priam. Helorus, -i, m., a river of south- hiatus, -fis [hio], m., a gaping, eastern Sicily. ahyss, chasm, opening, gulf, Helymus, -i, m., a Sicilian of mouth. Trojan stock and a friend of hibernus, -a, -um [cf. hiems],
jan.
;

Acestes.

adj.,
l.,

herba,

-ae,
;

gi^ass, herh,

herhage

turf, sod,

Hercules, -is, and Alcmena, renowned for his prodigious strength and for the so-called "Labors'' imposed upon him at Juno's instigation by King Eurystheus. Herculeus, -a, -um, adj., of Her2ules, Herculean.

plant sward. m,, son of Jupiter

of winter, wintry. stormy, tempestuous ; subst., hiberna,


n., icinters.
;
.

-orum,
1.
it ;

hic, haec, hoc, this

he, she,
.

hic
. .

hic, this

that,
. .

one

another ;
.

ille, the latter

hic . the former,


this

the one
2.

the other.
[hic], here, in
there,

hic,
place,

adv.

hereupon,

there-

upon.

liiems

60
horrificiis,

Hyades
-a,

hiems, hiemis, f., ioi7iter, storm, stormy season ; person., Winter,


Iliems.

-um

[horreo-f-

facio], adj.,

terrihle,

dreadful,

frightful, fearful.
,

hine, adv.
forth^
side.

Jieyice,

from here^from horrisonus,


tliis

-a,

thisplace,

from

time, liencehiiic
.

sonus], adj.,
ing.

[horreo -fof dread, (awfid,

-iim

herenpon;
.

ov fearful) sound ; JiarsJi-sound-

hinc, on this side


hio,
1, gape.,

on that

open the month, yawn. Hippocoon, -ontis, m., a Trojau coiiipanion of Aeneas.
hisco, -ere [hio], gape, falter.

hodie, adv., to-day.


hoiiio, -inis, c,

horror, -oris [horreo], m.,Jwrror, dread, alarm ; sJiudder ; dreadful dim. hortator, -oris [hortor], m., inciter, instigator, encourager. hortor, 1, encourage, urge, exhort,
advise, counsel.

maw, human

heing.

honor

or lionos, -oris, m., honor^

hospes,

-itis,

m.,

guest,

Jiost,

glory,

renown ;
*

reward, prize
grace,

stranger.

offcring,

sacrijice ;

hospitium,

honored custom or heauty ; ohservance, 5, 601. honoratus, -a, -iim [honoro], guest-Jand, ally, refuge. Ad]., honored, revered, venerated. hospitiis, -a, -iim [hospes], adj., hora, -ae, f.,Junir, time ; person., hospitahle ; guest-refriendly, Horae. -ariim, f., the Hours. ceiving ; strange, alien. -iim [horreo], hostia, -ae, f., animal for sacrijice, horrenurliis, -a^ ailj.,| dreadfiil, terrihle, awful, victim, sacrifice. frigttful, horrihle ; dread, awe- hostilis, -e [hostis], adj., of an ins]:^'ing, 6, 10. enemy, Jiostile. horrens, -entis [horreo], part., hostis, -is, c, stranger, enemy,
hristUng,
sJiaggy,

[hospes], n., hospitality, protection, friendly or Jiospitahle reception, icelcome


-i

rough
hristie,

foe.

gloofny, somhre.

huc

[hic].

adv.,

to

this

place,
adj.,

horreo,

-ere,

horrui,

hifher, Jiere.

sJiudder, quaJce, tremhle, dread,

hQiiianiis, -a,
huiiiilis. -e

-um [homo],
adj.,

sJindder at.

of man, hnman.
to

horresco, -ere, horriii, hegin


tremhle, sJiudder, sJiiver dcr at, dread.
;

[humus],
1,

loio,

sJiud-

low-iyiug.

hiimo [hunnis],
hiiiniis,
-T, f.,

hury.
.s'o/7,

horridiis, -a, -iim [horreo], adj., hristling, rongh, sJiaggy ; horrid,


frigJitfd, dreadful, awful, grim.

ground,

earth

Iiiiini, h)cative,

on or upon

tJie

gronnd.

horrifico

[horrificus],

1,

maJce

Hyades,
'

sJiudder, terrify, appall.

f., (vu}, rain), -iim of group daughters of rain,' a

Hyclra
seven stars
in
tlie

61

idcirco

head of the iam, adv., now, even now, already, their risby this time, then, at length ; at constellation Taurus once, straightway, forthwith ing in conjunction with tl)e sun presently, soon ; iam iam, now was thought to cause or indicate indeed ; non iam, no longer. rainy weather. Hydra, -ae, f., water serpent iamdudum, adv., now for a long tirae. the Lernaean Hydra, shiin by
;

Hercules

also

fifty-headed
the

iampridem,
time.

adv.,

nmp for a long

monster in the Lower World.

Hymenaeus,

m., Hymen, god of marriage ; ph, marriage,


-i,

[keeper. V m., doorianitor, -oris [ianua], ianua, -ae, door, entrance.

larbas, -ae, m., king of Numidia and a rejected suitor of Dido. Hypanis, -is, m., a Trojan. Hyrcanus, -a, -um, adj., of the lasides, -ae, m., son (or descendant) of lasius. Hijrcani, a tribe on the Caspian lasius, -i, m., son of Jupiter and Sea Hyrcanian, Caspian. Electra and brother of Dardanus. Hyrtacides, -ae, m., son (or
uiedlock, nuptials.
;

descendant) of Hyrtacus pocoon, 5, 492.

Hip-

iaspis, -idis, f., jasper. ibi [is], adv., thei^e, thereupon.

ibidem [ibi -f idem], same place.


icariis,
-i,

adv., in the
q.v.

son of Daedalus,
-ere,
ici,

iaceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, Ue, lie loio, lie prostrate, lie slain or dead;
lieflat or level
;

ico

and

icio,

ictus,
treaty).

strike,

smite,make (a

he situated.

ictus. -us [ico], m., blow, stroke,

iacio,
cast,

-ere,

ieci, iactas, throio,

hurl;

lay

foundations,

erect, build ; scatter, strew, 5, 79. iacto [freq. of iacio]. 1, throic,

v;ound ; force, 2, 544. 1, A mountain in Ida, -ae, f. Crete, Jupiters childhood home. 2, A mouutain near Troy whence

hurl, cast, toss, toss about, fling, drive about ; utter, say, pour

Ganymede was
1.

carried

away by

words ; revolve, consider, ponder ; with se, boast, part., iactans, gloi^y, vaunt ;
out
or forth
-antis, boastful, arrogant.

the eagle of Jupiter. Tdaeus,-a, -um [Ida], adj., oj

Mount
2.

Ida, Idaean. Idaevis, -i, m., a charioteer of

Priam.

iactura, -ae [iacio], a throwing Tdalia, -ae, f., and Idalium, -T, n., a town of Cyprus, sacred to away, loss.

iaculor [iaculum],
the javelin.

1,

hurl, hurl
n.,

Venus.
idalius, -a, -um, adj., of Idalia^ Idalian. idcirco [id -f circa] adv. /or that
, ,

iaculum,
dart.

-i

[iacio],

javelin,

idem
reason, on
fore.
iJiat

62
Ilioneus,

iinineritus
a Trojan companion of Aencas.
-ei,
ni.,

acconnt, there-

Idem, eadem, jdcm [is + -dein], ilium, -I, n., Troy. dem. pron., the same ; also, like- ilius, -a, -um [llium], Ilium, Ilian, Trogan. wise, at the same time.
ideo, adv., therefore, for that reason, on tliat account.
ille, illa,

adj.,

of

illud, demons. pron. adj.,


;

or subst., that
that famous.
illic
[ille],

he, she,

it, lh<'tj

Idomeneus

(quadrisyll.

)? -e5 ^'^^i

a kiiig of Crete and leader of tlie Cretans against Troy. iecur, -oris or iecinoris, n,, liver.
i<>;itnr, conj.,

adv.j

in

that place,
that side,

there.

illinc [ille], adv.,

from
si<h\

therefore, then.

thence
illflc

on that

io-narus, -a,

-um,

adj.,

ignoranl,

[ille],

adv., thithcr, in that


ther<'.

not knomng, ignorant of, nnacqnainted ivilh ; nnsuspicious <f.

vxiy or direction,

Illyricus, -a, -uni, of Illyria, the

ignavus,

country north of Epirus,/////>7'an. 1, Son of Tros and II us, -i, m. idle, slothful, lazy. 2, An earlier king of Troy. ij-ncns, -a, -um [ignis], 7i<\].,fiery. name of Ascanius or lulus. i<>nis, -is, ni., fire, flame, conflagralion, lightniug; furij, rage, imago, -inis, f., image, form, shape, figure, likoiess ; semfnrafh ; love. ghost, appearance ; hlance, [in + (g)nobilis], i5n6bilis, -e
-a,

-um,

adj.,

inactive,

adj.,

common,
mean.

hm,

hase^

ig-

shaxh',

phantom,

apparition

noble,

i*-noro [cf. ignarus], 1, he igno-

picture, conception, 0, 405. imber, -bris, m., rain, r<iin-storm,


rifin-cJoud, .^torm, water, flood.

rant
adj.,

of,

not knoto.
-a,

ignotus,

-um

[in

gnotns],
subst.,

imitabilis, -e [imitor], adj., that

nnknown, strange ;
-i, ni.,
f.,

may
imitor,
h ug<',

he imitated.
1,

isnotus,
ilex, -icis,
Ilia -ae,
f.,
;

.strang^r.

imitate, counterfeit.
-e,

ilex, liohn

oak, oak.
Silvia.

immanis,
v<tst,
iir<uj<'.

adj.,
;

monstTous,
atrocions,

niotherof Honiulusand
also called

en<irnious

Ivcnnis

Hhea

flerce. cru<'J, dreadfuJ.

Tliacus,
f/i((ii,

-a,

-um

[Iliuni],

adj.,

immcnior,

-oris

[iu-

memor],

Trojan, <f lUnm. Hias, -adis [lliuni], f., a Trojan

nnmin<lful, forgetfuJ, heedJess.

immensus, -a,-um
adj.,

[in-

+ metior],
J)oundIess,

woman.
ilicet [ire

nnmeasur<'d,

licct]. adv., straight-

ii'<ig, <it on<'<-, iiiiia<ili<it<'hj,

immens<\ mi<jhfy. forth- immcro, -erc, -mcrsi, -mcrsus


vast,
[

vilh.

in

nu'rgo], jdiingc Into, im-

ilionc, -cs,
l'riaiu

f.,

eldest daughter of

incr.^c,

drown, overivheJm.
-y-

immcritus,

-um

fiu-

+ meiV

imiii

neo

63

improbiis

forward, urge, set in motion, innocent. w. remos, set in motion, ply. immineo, -ere, }iang over, over- imperinm, -i [impero], n., comhang, threaten. mand, power, authority, soviminisceo, -ere, -misciii, -mixereignty, dominion ; empire, tns or -mistus [in -f iiiisceo], kingdom. mingle icith ; blend ivith ; fade impero, 1, command, order. into, vanish into or in. impetns, -us [in -f peto], m., at-

tus], adj., iindeserving, guiltless,

immitis,
Jierce.

-e

[in-

mitis],

adj.,

not mihl, harsh, cruel, merciless,

tack, assault; impiilse, impetus, violence.

impiger, -gra, -grnm


-ere,

[in-

pi-

immitto,

-misi,

-missns,

ger],

send into or to ; let go, let loose, urge on ; adrnit, let in ; let groio, w. Liabenas, loosen, 3, 5U3
;

not slow, not quick, nothing loath.

slothful
[in

impingo,
-f

-ere, -pegi,

-pactns

slacken,

give

loose

reins

to

w. se, dash into, riish into. Immo. adv., nay rather, nay then, noy hvt. undutiful. Immortalis, -e [in- 4- mortalis], implacatus,-a, -nm [in--f placo], immortal, vndying. irnperishahle. insatiati', u nappcased. immotns, -a, -nin [in- -f- motus], impleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus [in adj., unmoved, motionless, im-f pleo], fill, fill up. satisfy. movahle, Jixed, unshaken, stead- implico, -are. -avi or -ni, -atus,
fast.

pango], dash against, drive against, force against. impins, -a, -iim [in- -f pius], adj., impious, evil, base ; unnatural,

iminugio. mugio],
roar.

-ire,

-ivi

or

-ii

[in

-f-

or -itns, enfold, entwine, infuse, w. se, cling to.

belloic icithin, resound,

imploro

[in.-f ploro,

wai^,

1,

im-

immnndns,
filthy.

-a.

-um

[in-

-f-

muu-

plore, beg for, beseech, entreat. iinpono. -cre, -posul, -positus [in
-f ])oi\o'],

dus], adj., unciean, dirty, foul,

upon or
[in- -f par],
adj.,
1

over,

place (or put) in, into, crown ; impose, set.

impar, -paris
475.

imprecor
cate,

[in

precor],

1,

unequal, in unequal combat,

invoke good or

evil

impreagainst

one.

impedio,

-ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [in -f pes], entangle, encircle, involve ; impede, ohstruct, inter-

imprimo,

-ere, -pressi, -pressus,

[in -f primo], press to or upon,

weave.

stamp. engrave, emhoss. improbus,-a, -nm [in- -f probus],


adj.,

Impello, -ere, -puli, -pnlsus


drive
;

[in-|-

icicked,
;

bad,

cruel,

pello], pvsh, drive to or against,

cious
|

insatiate, ravenous,
;

maliim-

impel,

push onward or

portunate

braggart, 5, 397.

improvidus
improvidus,
-a,

64

incoiisultus
ning, attempt, undertaking, purpose.

-um

[in- -f pro-

vidusj, adj., unfo)'eseeing,

un-

wary, unsuspecting. incertus, -a, -um [ii\- -f certus], iiuprovisus, -a, -um [in- -(- proadj., uncerPin, doubtful,fickle video], adj., ill-aimed, 2, 224 unforeseen, ujifitful, dim,
;

lool'edfor, unexpected, siidden.

indistinct.

impiibes,

-is

or

-eris

[in-

-|-

incessus, -Os [incedo], m., walk,


gait.

pubes], adj., beardless, yoiithful, young, 5, 546. impune [impunis], adv., ivithout
pu7iishment, with impunity. -um, adj., see Tnferns. in, prep. w. abl. and acc. (1) w.
iinus, -a,
;

upon, among, at in case of, in respect to ; (2) w. acc, into, to, toivards, against on, upon, among, for. inaniabilis, -e [in- -|- amo] adj.,
abl., in,
o?i,

incesto, -are [incestus], defile, poUute. 1. incido, -ere, -cidi, [in- -\cado], fall upon, fall, meet. 2. incido, -ere, -cidi, -clsus [in-j- caedo], cut into, cut.
incipio, -ere,
-H

-cepl, -ceptus [in

capio], begin, undertake, es[in-

say.

inclementia, -ae
f.
,

-\-

clemens],

unloveJy, hateful, hnted, revolting.

crueity, severity.

inclQdo, -ere, -clusl, -clusus [in


-e, adj..

inanis,

empty, vain,
;

idle,

-|-claudo], sh\it up, shut in, inclose, confine.

useless, fruitless

shadowy, unbellum], adj.,


adj.,

substantial,

phantom.
-|-

incliitus,

-a,

-um

[in 4- cluo,

inbellis, -e [in-

clueo, (kXvcj, hear)'], adj., illus-

nnvarlike, feeble.

incanus,
gray.

-a,

-um,
,

hoary,

famous, renowned. incognitus, -a, -um [in- -f- cogtrions,

nosci)], adj., niiknown.

Incassiim, adv. in vain. incautus, -a, -um [in- -(- cautus], adj., careless, off one'.5 guard,
unsuspecting.

incoho, 1, begin, erect, lay the foundations of, make in outline.

incolo, -ere, -colul


inhabit, dwell in.

[in

-|-

colo],

incedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessus, go,


walk,

advance,
or
-i

proceed,

in

dignified
inceiKliiiin,

stately

manner.
w., fire,

[incendo],

incoliimis, -e, adj., unharmed, uninjurcd, unimpaired, safe. incoinitatiis, -a, -iini, adj., un-

fiamc, contfagration. iiiccndo, -ere, -cendi, -censns.


.srt

accompanied, unattended, alone. inconcessus, -a, -um [in- -\- concedo], adj., not pcrmittcd, allowcd. unlaicful.
not

firc lo, kindle,

bnrn

light

up, rnake
cite,

bright ; infiame, inenrage, excite.


-I

inceptuin,

[incipio], n., begin-

inconsiiltus, -a, -um [in- -f- cons ilo], adj., without advice.

incredibilis
incredibilis,
-e

65
+
credo],

mers
-a,

[in-

indeprensus,

-um

[in-

-\-

adj., incredihle, strauge.

iucrepito [increpo],
chide.

i,

challenge,

increpo. -are,

-ni, -itus [rarely

prendo], adj., undiscovered,with' out a clew or solution, intricate. Indi, -orum, m., inhabitants of India, Indians.

-avi.-atusj, rattle, clatter; chide,


challenge, 6, o87.

indicium,
closure,

-i

[indico],

n.,

distesti-

proof,

charge,

mony, evidence. incresco, -ere, -evi. -cretus, groic in, upon, or i(p, shoot up, increase. indico, -ere. -dixi, -dictus [in -f dico], declare, proclaim, anincubo. -are, -ui (-avi), -itus nounce ; appoint, order. (-atus) [in -f cubo], lie upon, rest upon; brood over, gloat indignor [indignus], 1, deem (or consider) uniuorthy; be indigover, 6, 610.
nant ov angry ; chafe, fret. incultus, -a, -um [in- -\- colo], wild, indignus. -a, -um [in- -|- dignus], uncuUivated^ negadj., adj., unicorthy, undeserved lected, unkempt, disordered. shameful, cruel. lucumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus [in -|- old verb canibo], lie upon, indomitus. -a, -um [in- -|- domo], invincible, inadj., untamed, lean upon or over, overhang domitablr ; fierce, fiery, savage. fall upon, swoop doion upon ; urge on, add weight to ; bend to induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [in -{- duco], draiv on, put on ; inaiiy task, ply. duce, influence, incite, persuade. incurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -jindvdgeo, -ere, -dulsi, -dultus, [in curro], run into, -cursus
rush
in, into, or against, attack.

indulge

in,

give

way

to,

yield to.

induo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, pitt on, incurvo [in -f- curvo], 1, bend. assume ; stirround, deck, croion, incuso [in -)- causa], chide, blame,
accuse, upbraid
;

cornplain.

3,

526

pass. as middle w. acc,

incutio, -ere, -eussi, -cussus [in -H quatio], strike upon, against,


or iiito; put into.

put on, gird one^s self loith indntus, -a, -um, clad in, arrayed
in.

indago,

-inis,

f.,

an encircUng or ineluctabilis,
tlie
fig.

-e [cf. luctor], adj.,

enclosing of a portion of nets f orest with toils ;


;

inevitable.

the chase.

inde, adv. from that place, from there, thence; from that time,
,

ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii. -itus [in -feo], go into, enter ; enter zipon, begin, undertake.

inermis,

-e

[in- -p

arma],

adj.,

then, next^ after that.

unarmed,
skilled,

defenceless.
-)-

indebitus,
adj.,

a,

-um

[in- -f debeo],

iners, -ertis [inlazy,

ars], adj., un-

not due, undeserved, unpromised.

sluggish,

timid,

harmless ;

lifeless,

dead, 2, 364.

incxpertus
inexportiis, -a,
i-iorj, adj.,

66
-1-

ingemino
-ius,
sni)erl.,

-um

[iu-

expe-

hncer,

inferior,

tvorse
',

nntricd.

iiiextricabilis, -e [in-

extrico],

adj.. iwxtrirahle^ intricnte.

infiibrieatus. -a,
rieatu.s],

-um

[in-

-|-

fabiin-

adj,,

unicnnight,

shnped, rongh.

infandus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[iu-

f()r],

i^nnmiis (or -imiis), -a, -um, lovcest. deepest, inmost, lowest part of, bottorn. infestiis, -a, -iim, adj., hostile, dend.Jy, fatal, threntening. infigo, -ere, -fixi -fixus [in + iigo],^ upon, fasten upon, imfasten, fix, implant. Tnfintlo, -ere. -fidi, -fissiis [in

nnspcakable^ umttterable
detestnble
;

pale

dreadfid, terrUde, nivfid; base,


crvel,

impious,

findo], cleave.
infit, defect.
.

aliominabJe,

iniqnitous.

he begins.

Infans, -antis [in- + for], adj., not speaking ; subst., m. and f.,

infiammo
dle, set

[in

fiamma],
-flexl,

1,

kin-

on fire, inflame.
-ere,
-flexiis

an

infant.

inflecto,

infaiistus, -a,
adj.,

-um

[in-

+ faustus],
un-

[in

+
;

flecto],

bend ;

chnnge,
affect,

i/l-omened,

ill-fated,

aJter

move, inflnence,

fortunnte.
1.

swny.

iiifectus, -a,
adj.,

-um -nm

[in-

facio],

inflo [in

flo], 1, J)Jow into,

in-

not made, not done, false.


-a.

flnte, flJJ, sweJJ.

2.

infectus
adj.,

[iuficio] part.

Tnformis, -e [iu-

stained,

discolored,

dyed,
adj.,

forma], adj., shnpeJess, formJess, misshapen,


h ideous, unsightJy.

inirrought, ingrained.
infeli.v,
-icis [iu-

felix],

infractiis, -a,
adj.,

-um

[in-

frango],
over-

wretched; unfortuunlucky, luckless ; illnate, omened, ilJ-fnted.


unhappij,
infensiis,
-a,
;

Jirtd-cn,

xveakened,

-iim,

ad]'.,

hostiJe,

come, .*iuJ)dupd. infrendeo, -ere, and -ore. gnash tlie teeth.


infreniis, -a,

-frondo,

destrnctive

angry,

enraged,

-um

[in-

+ frenum],

fnrions.
inferniis, -a, -iim [inferus]. adj.,
infernal, of the Lower World. inf'ro, -ferre, intiill, inlatus [iu

adj., unJrridJed,

nsing no bridJes.

infiila, -ae, i.,fiJJet, Jicnd-bnnd, of wliite

wool used in religious ceremonies as a badge of consecvation and sauctity. + fero], carry (or bring) to or into, benr to, into, oy against infiindo, -ere, -ffidi, -ffisiis, ponr ; w. se, in, i)di>, or npo>i ; sprcnd over, offer, sacrifce, present advance, proceed, appear, predifl'use ; infuse ; crowd, throng
red
(used of people). iii^'oniiiio [iu + geniiuo], 1. redonJdc, repent; be redoubJed,
increase, flash repeatedJy.

and

sent 07ie\^ ^flf ; pass. as midtile, pursne, follow. Tiiferus, -a. -iim, adj., below,

underneath

comp., inferior.

ingemo
ingemo,
geuK^],
-ere,
(jro^i.n.

67
-f

IDOpS
injury, injustice, story of icrong affront, insult.

[in-geimiT xiijh^ lament.

ingens,
(jrent.

-tis. adj., eiiormoiis, vast,

hu<jf\ inijhtt/. massive^

immense,
gratus],

iniussus. -a, -um [inadi., unhidden. inlabor, -i, -lapsus [in


inlaetabilis, -e [inadj.,

iubeo],
labor],

iugratus,
adj.,

-a,

-iiiii

[iii-

glide into, enter, inspire.

unpledsant,
uiifeeling,

cold,
6. 2V?y.

ungrateful, unresponsive,

laetabili.s],

joyless,

cheerless,

dismal,

mournful.
-i,

ingredior.

-gressus [in -f gradior], enter, vmlk, proceed, aduance; undertake, enter itpon,
begin.
-ui,

inlldo, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [in + laedo], dash (or strike) into,

ingruo. -ere,

upon, or against ; drive upon, crash into. hurst upon, rush iniudo, -ere, -lusi, -Insus [in +
ludo],
gaj^e,

upon, siceeps on.

mock

at,

jeer cd,

make
adj.,
illus-

inhio [in 4 1, at, gaze at eagerhj;


liio],

gape

inspect, ex-

of, deride, insult. inlustris, -e [in, cf. lux],

sport

amine. inhonestus,
tus],
adj.,
'

hright,
-a,

clear,

hrilliant

-um

[in- -f lioues-

trious,

fanwus. remncned.

shanufnJ. ignomin- inluvies. -ei [in-, cf. luo i, f.. jiuk. ious, dishonorahle, disjiguring, innecto, -ere, -iie.xui. -nexus [iu + necto], tie, hiud. fasten ; bind hid.cous. around or ahout ; invent, deinhorreo, -ere, -ul [in -f- horreo],
hristle
;

of

the
rise.

sea,

hecome

vise. contrive.

rough, svell,

inno

[iii

no], \,Jloat ^ipon, snil


in.

inhospitus,

-a.

-um [in- +hospes],


[in-

upon. swim

adj., unfriendly, inhosjntahle.

innoxius,
adj..

-a.

-um
-a,

[in-

noxius],

inhumatus.-a. -um
adj.. unhuritd.

+ hnmo],

harmless.

innumerus,
-iectus [in

-um

[in-

nu-

ipicio, -ere, -ieci,


into,

merus],
herless.

adj.,

countless,

num-

iacio], throio (cnst or. hiirl) at,

innumerahle.

upon, or against.

ininiicus, -a,
tive.

-um

[in-

+ +

innuptus, -a, -um [in- + nubo], adj., unmarried, uiiwedded, viramicus],


gin.

adj., unfriendly, hostile, destruc-

iniquus.

-a,

-um

[in

aequus],

inolesco,-ere,-olevi, -olitus, groio in, to, or upon, hecome ingrown

or ingrained. unjust; unfriendlij, -a. -um [in-, cf. opinor], iuoplniis, hostile, adverse ; unfavornhle, adj., iinexpected, unforeseen. disadvnntage(jus ; narroto, dangprous ; unfortnnate. unhnppy. inops, -opis [in- + ops], adj., poor, needy, destitute, hereft of iniuria, -ae [in- + ius], f., icrong,
adj.. unfair,

IllOllS
Inoiis. -a, -iiin [Ino],

68
atlj.,

insperatus

o/ or insequor, -sequl, -seeutus [in 4 sequor], follow, pursue, foUow bdongimj to Ino ; son of Ino^ up ; persecute, harass ; w. inf., Ino was a daughter of 5, 823.

wife of Athamas she leaped into the sea with her child Melicertesin her arms the gods changed her into a sea god-

Cadmus and

proceed, 3, 32. insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus [in put in or into, in-i- sero],
sert.

dess,

Leucothea, and her son

inserto [insero],
thrust in.

1, piit in, insert,

into a sea god Palaemon.

insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [in -|sedeo], sit on or upon, sit down inremeabilis, -e [in-, cf. remo], upon, take possession of, occupy. adj., that lohich cannot be gone insidiae, -arum [insideo], f. over again, iiTetraceable ; inexambush ; stratagem, trick, snare, tricable.
inqiiain, defect., say.

inrideo,

-ere,

-risi, at,

-risus

[in
in-

wile, treachery,
plot.

deceit,

artifice,

rideo],

laugh

mock,
loater,

sidt, deride.

insido,
1,

-ere,

-sedi,
settle

-sessus,

sit

inrigo [in-1-rigo],

be-

dovjn 7ipon,
rest upon.

on or upon,
badge,

dew
and

difuse, pervade.

inritatus, -a,
adj.,

-um

[inrito], part.

insigne,
sign,
tion.

-is

[insignis], n.,

irritated,

provoked,

token, ornament,

decoraadj.,

excited, exasperated., incensed.

inritus, -a, -um [in- -|- reor], adj., vain, ineffectual, useless, to no

insignis,
able,

-e [in -f signum],

marked ;

distinguished, remark-

purpose^ fruitless.

inrumpo,

-ere, -rupi,

-ruptus [in
;

rumpo], break

into

burst

conspicuous ; beautifuJ, briUiant, splendid ; noted, famous, renowned.

(or rush) into or through.

insinuo [in

-(-

sinus],

1,

icind in,

inruo, -ere, -ui [in -f- ruo], rush creep in, steal in, penetrate. iiito or upon. insisto, -ere -stitl [in -f- sisto], insania, -ae [insanus], f., iiisanstand upon, tread upon ; conity, madness, folhj. tinue, persist, begin. insanus, -a, -iim [in- -|- sanus], insomnium, -I [in 4- somnus], n., adj., insane, rnad ; inspired. drcain. inscius, -a. -un [in-, cf.scio], adj., insono, -are, -sonui [in 4- sono], not knowing ^ignorant, unaioare, sou)id loudhj, rcsound, roecho crack (with) a whip, 5, 570. unconscious ; amazed, bewilinsons, -sontis, adj., guiUless, indered. inscribo. -ere, -scripsT, -scriptus nocent, harmU'ss, unoffending. [in 4- scribo], lorite upon or in, insperntus, -um, [in- 4-a,

mark,

inscribe.

spero], adj., unhoped for.

inspicio
ins| icio,
[iii

69
-spectus
into,

interfor
over
;

-ere,

-spexi, look

besides, moreover, in

ad

spicio],

ex-

dition.

amine, iuspect. inspiro [in + spiro],

Tnsuperabilis
1,

[in-

supero], un-

conquerable, invincible. insurgo. -ere. -surrexi, -surrecinto, inspire, impart. tus [iu + surgo], rise upon, rise instar, n. indecl., 7iA-eess, image ; to (tlie oars), rise ; ply with grandeur, majesty, as a quasibreathe
preposition, with gen., as large
as.

vigor.

instauro, 1, reneio, repeat, begin again OT anew ; celebrate anew,


celebrate; reqnite, repay. insterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus
[in

+ sterno],
[ cf
.

spreadover, cover.
piick],
1,

instijo

a-Ti^o},

sjmr

on, urge on, incite, stimulate. instiniulo, 1, spur on, stimidate. instituo, -ere, -ui, -iitus [in

intaetus, -a. -um, [in- + tango], adj., untouched, untouched by virgin. tlie yoke, 6, 38 integer, -gra, -grum [in- + root unimpaired, tango], adj., of sound, entire undiminished, ; healthy, pure. inteuieratus. -a, -um [in-, cf. temoro], adj., inviolate, pure, unsullied ; of wine, unmixed,
;

statuo], found, build, erect; or-

3,

178.
-a,

dain, establisli. appoint. insto, -are, -stiti, press upon,pur-

intempestus,

-um

[in-,

cf.

tempus], adj., unseasonable ; gloomy, dark. sue ; press on or forv:ard, push -tendi, -tentus intendo, -ere, on, urge on ; persist, be eager or stretch [in + tendo], stretch, determined. out, extend, spread ; swell, fill instruo, -ere, -struxi, -strnctus
[in

struo],

build,

construct
;

hang

icith,

cover

icith.
1,

draw
train.

up, set in order, arrange


Jit

intento [intendo].
hold out,
1,

stretch out,
;

furnish, equip,
iusuetiis, -a,
adj.,

out
[in-

instruct,

brandish

threaten,

91.
-a,

-um

suesco],

intentus,

-um

[intendo], adj.,
;

unaccustomed, unusual, unwonted, unfamiliar.


iusula, -ae, f., island. iusulto [in + salio], 1, spring (or
leap^

stretched, strnined

intent,eager,

attentive, expectant.

upon or

at,

insidt, revile,

be insolent.

w. acc, between, among, in the midst of; during. -usus intercludo, -ere, -usi, [inter + claudo], shut off or in,
inter,
prep.

insum,

-esse, -fui [in

+ sum],

be

cut

off,

hinder, prevent.
adv., sometimes.

in or on.

interdum,

insuo, -ere, -sui, -sutus, sew in, into, or on. insuper [in + super], adv., above,

iuterea [inter
interfor [inter

+ ea],

adv., mean^

while, in the meantime.

+ for], 1, interrupt.

interfiisus.
interffisus, -a,
part.
t>'jeen,

invito
intus,
in.

-um

[iiiterfundo],

adv.,

on the

inside,

'

nth'

and adj., Jlowing hepoured hetween; sufcomp.


mside,

iniiltiis -a,

fused^ markfd. [inter], iiitcrior, -ius


adj.,

-uin [inadj., unavenged.


-e

-f ulciscor]

iniitilis,

[in- -f utilis],

adj.,

interior,

inner,

useless.
Iniiiis,
Iniii.
-i,

onthe inside;
-a, -iim,

superl., iiitiinus,

m.,

see

Castrum

inmost,

innermost.
-|-

iiiteiiiio

-ere [inter

luo], floio

invado,
into,

-ere, -vasl,
;

hetween, wash. interpres, -pretis, c, mediator, aua(/ent, messenyer, 4, 350


;

vado], enter

-vasus [in -f rush upon, rush


assail,
;

attack,

invade
accost,

thor, propliet, interpreter.

enter upon, undertake address reproaclifully.

interritiis, -a, -iim [in- -f terreo],


adj.,
tinterrijied,

invalidus,
adj.,

-a,

-um [in- -f

validus],

nndaunted,
-iiin
off,

not strong, feehle, weak,


-ere,

fearless,

dauntless.
-a,

injirm.
[inter-

iiiterruptiis,

invelio,

-vexl,

-veetus

runipo], adj., hrolcen


rupted.

inter-

[in -f velio], carry (or hear) or along ; pass, he in, into,

intervalliiin,

invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus intevo, -ere, -texui, -textus, in[in-fvenio], come upon, Jind (enveave, weave i)i, emhroider Jind out, discover, invent. cover. inventor, -oris [invenio], nu, frame, fashion ;
intiiniis,
-a,

[inter -f vallum], n., interval, distance.


-i

horne, ridc, drire, or sail.

-iim,

adj.,

see

in-

finder;
triver.

inventor, deviser, convergo, hend'],


[in- -f vinco],

terior.
iiitono,
-toiiare,

-toniii
-torsi.

[in -f

invergo, -ere [in

-f

tono], thuiider.
intorqiii'0, -ere,
-tortiis
[in -f torqueo], h^trl, cast against.

pour vpon.
invictiis,
adj.,

-a,

-um

iiitra [inter], prep. w.

acc,

icithin.

unconquered, invincihle. invideo, -ere, -vidi. -visus [in


vidco], envy. hcgrudgc.

-f

intractabilis, -e[inadj.,

-f tractal)ilis],

intractahle,

unmanage- invidia, -ae


h<(tr<'d,

[invideo],

f..

cnr]i,

unconquerahle, invincihle. intreino, -ere. -m [in + trerno], tremhle, shake, quake. intro [intro, adv. ], 1, enter, go
ahle
;

jcalousy, grudge, dislike,

ill-will.

inviso, -ere, -visi, -visus, come (or go) t<> sec, visit.
invisiis, -a,

iiifo.

peiietrale, picrce.
-I,

intro>i'e<lior,
-f

-<ressiis [intro-

[invideo], p. p. hohil, hatcful, dcte.^ifcd. odious.


1,

-um

gradior],

stepi into,

uudk

into,

invltu,
'

invite,

sunimon

allure,

enter.

incite, tempt.

invitus
invitus,
-a,

71

iimgo

-um,

adj., unvnlling,

iter, itineris [oo], n., ivay, jour-

unfriendhj.

7iey,path, road, march, passage


[in-

invius, -a,
jyathless^

-um

via], adj.,

course, voyage.

impassable,

difficuU;

iterum,

adv., again,
f.
,

asecond

time.

inaccessible.

Ithaca, -ae.
up,

an island in the

involvo, -ere, -volvi, -volatus,

eastern pajt of the lonian Sea,


the

wrap

i(p,

roll

envelop,

in-

home
,

of Ulysses.

volve; en(julj\ overivhelm. ionius, -a, -um, adj., of lonia,

Ithacus, -a, -um, adj., of Itliaca, Ithacan subst., Ithacus. -i, m.,

the Ithacan, meaning Ulysses. lonian ; lonia was a countrj^ of subst., luba. -ao, f., mane, crest, plume. western Asia ISIinor ionium, or ionium 3Iare, the iubar, -aris, n., ray oflight, sunsJiine, daicn. lonian Sea ; this was tlie lower iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus, order, part of the Adriatic. cornmand. bid ; desire, irish lopas, -ae, m., a minstrel of admonish, persuade, advise ; Carthage.
:

iphitus,
ipse, -a,

-i.

m., a Trojan.
intens. pron.. self.
itself.

urge.

enjoin.
-a.

-um.

iucimdus.

-um,
-f

d.i[].,pleasant^

himself,
selves, cery.

herself,

themthe

delightfal.

I myself etc;
f.,

"jeri/,

ifldex, -icis [ius

dico], c.,pidge.
n.,

iudicium.
angei',-^

-i

[iudex],

judg-

ira, -ae,

"irath, rage,

fury, resentment, hatred.


iris,

ment, decision. iugalis, -e [iugum], adj., of wedlock,

acc, Irim, Iris, goddess of the rainbow, daugh-idis,


f.,

of
-I

matrimony,

nuptial,

conjugal.

ter of

Thaumas and

Electra,

and iugerum,

[akin to iuguni], n.,

a Eoman acre, about five-eighths messenger of the gods, particuiuger, acre. of an English acre larly of Juno. iugo [iugum], 1, yoke ; nnite is, ea, id, demons. pron., that, (or johi) in marriage, marry. this ; he, she, it.
;

iste, -a, -ud,

(or this)
that. this.

demons, pron., 7m? iugum. -i [cf. iungo], n., yoTce team of horses ridge, summit of thine (or yours) ;
;

yonder, yon.
adv.,

istinc

[iste],

from

there

bench, thv:art. luiius, -i, m., the

name

of a

Ro-

gens to which the family of Caesar belonged. ita [is], adv. so, thus. italia, -ae (the initial I is long lulus. -i, m., Iidus ov Ascanius, tlie son of Aeneas. by poetic license), 1, Italy. Italus, -a, -um [Italia], adj.. iunctura, -ae [iungo], i.,joining,

where you

are.

man

Itali, Italian ; subst. m., the Italians.


,

-orum,

joint.

iuugo,

-ere,

iunxi,

iuuctus,

luno
yokei join, unitc
; clas}),

72
fasten

labor
youthfulness,

youth,

vigor o)
f.,
;

together, arrange.

youth.

luno,
of

-oiiis,

f.,

Jiuio, wife

and iuventiis,

-iitis

[iuvenis],

time
col-

sister of Jupiter

and daughter

(or season) ofyouth, youth

lective noun, the young, young w. iuferna, Juno men, the youth, ivarriors, 1, 407. of the Lower ]Vo7'ld, i.e. Proseriuvo, -are, iiivi,iutiis, help, assist, pina. aid ; pJease, gratify, delight. liinonius, -a, -iim [luno], adj., iiixta [iLingo], adv. near, ncar o/ Jitiio, Junonian, Juno''^. hy, close by, hard hy ; prep. w. luppiter, lov^is, m., Jiqnter, king acc, close to, next to, near to. of the gods, son of Saturn and Rhea w. Stygius, Pluto, king Ixion, -onis, m., king of the Lapithae and father of Pirithous o the Lower World. he was fastened to an ever-reiuro [ius], 1, take an oath, swe<ir volving wheel in Tartarus behy, call to witness ; swear. cause he had insulted Juno. ius, luris, n., law, right, justice,

Saturn

equity iussuin,
iussiis,

obligation, claim.

-i

[iubeo], n.,

command,
Kartt^Hgo,

K
Carthage, a city built by the Phoenicians on
-inis,
f,,

order, decree, mandate.


-iis

[iubeo], ra.,

onlyin
order,

abl.sing., by
h>i

command, by
f.,

decree, 2, 247.
justice,

iustitia, 'ae [iustus],

ast of Africa, opposite Sicily, and not farfrom the moderi} Tunis.
tlie
i

noitliern

rightepusness, equity.
iustiis, -a, -iim

[ius], adj., just,


;

right, righteous, fair

subst., lu-

labefacio,

-ere,

-feci,

-factiis

stum,

i,

n., that lohich is just,

right, etc.

[labo -I- facio], cause to tottcr, cause to waver, shake, agitate,

iuvenalis, -e [iuvenis], youth, youthful.

adj.,

of

weaken.
labes,
-is

[labor],
;

i.,

fall,

down-

iuvencus,
f.,

-i

[iuvenis], m.,

young

fall,

ruin
1,

stain, blemish ; begin-

hullock, bullock ; iuvenca, -ae,


heifer.

ning of
lal>6,

evil.

give icay,

totter,

waver,

iuvenis, -e, adj., young (api)lied to persons iu the fulness of


strengtli

faltcr, yicld.
1.

liibor,

-i,

Ijipsus,

sUde, glide

and
-is,

vigor)
c.,

subst.

iiivenis,

yon)ig
f.,

man,
youthf.,

pass
2.

doivnoraway, slip,faU, descend; decline away, perish,

young woman.
iuventa, -ae [iuvenis],
fuhicss, youth..

faint, swoon.

labor riabds).
toil. task,

-oris, ni., hrfior,


cfforf,

irork

struggle;

iuventus,

-atis

[iuvenisj,

hardshij), trial,

dangcr, suffer-

laboro
ing,
tiine,

73
misfor;

Laomedonteus
-ere, laesi. laesus, strike,

disaster,

distress,

laedo

calamity,
1,

sorroio

workToil,

smite,

injure,mar,wound ; hurt,

manship,
G, 277.

455;
1,

person,
loork,

offend, thicart.

jaboro

[labor],

toil

fashion,
elaborate.

prepare,

emhroider,

laena. -ae. f., mantle. Laertius, -a, -um. cid]., of Laertes, the father of Ulysses Laertian.
;

laetitia, -ae [laetus],


light, gladness.

f.,

joy, de-

Ijabyrinthiis, -i, m,, the Labyrejoice, he rinth; tbis was a celebrated laetor [laetus], 1, glad. structure built in Crete by Daeand laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, joyMinos, for king dabis
.

winding and intersecting paths amid which the stranger hopelessly lost his way.

abounding

in

ous, glad, cheerful, joicing,

happy

re-

exulting

fortunate,

lac, lactis, n., milk, juice.

prosperous, auspicious ; rich, fertile ; ahundant, fruitful, plenteous.

Liacaena. -ae,

f.

Lacedaemonian,

Spartan; subst., the Lacedae- laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the monian or Spartan woman, left hand, on the left side ; stupid, foolish, infatuated ; subst., the Helen, liaceclaemonlus, -a, -uni, adj., left. left hand. lambo. -ere. -i, -itus, lick, touch. Lacedaemonian, Spartan. lacer, -era, -erum, adj., torn, lamenta, -orun, n. pl., icailing, lamentation, shriek. bruised, lacerated, mangled, lamentabilis, -e [lamenta], adj., mutilated.
lamentable, deplorable, lacero [lacer], 1, tear, mutilate, -adis [Xa/x7rds], lampas. icound, mangle, rend. torch, Jirebrand. lacertus, -i, m., npper arm, arm.
pitiable.
f.,

larap,

lacesso. -ere, -ivi, -itus, provoke.


rouse, incite, irritate, challenge.

lanlger,
gero],

-era,

-erum

[lana

4-

wool-bearing,

woolly,

Ijacinius,-a, -um, adj., Lacinian, fleecy. lanio. this the name was 1, mangle, mutilate, lacerLacinium ; of ate, tear. of a promontory on the southern coast of Italy where there was a IJaocoon, -ontis, m., a Trojan priest of Apollo, serving also temple of Jund, 3, 552.
lacrinia. -ae,
tearful.
f.,

tear.

as priest of Neptune.

lacrimabilis, -e [lacrima],p2Yeo?(s,

Laodamia,

-ae,

f.,

daughter of

Acastus, and vaie of Protesilaus,


1,

lacrimo [lacrima],
iceep.

shed tears,

who was slain by Hector at Troy

lacus, -us. m., lake, pool, river, stream.

swamp ;

she killed herself because of her luisband's death. L/aomedouteus, -a, -um, adj., o/

liaoiiicdontiades

Lavinius

be co)icealed, be covered ; esca^ Laomedou, father of Pria n aiul the k)iowledge (or notice) of. kinp; of Troy Trojn)/,. Laomedontiades, -ae, in.,'so)i latex, -icis, m. ,Ii<2i(id,fluid ; wi)if
;

(or <h'xr<nuUint)

of Laoniedo)i
1.

}rnt<'r.

pl., tlip T)'<ijn)is.

Latinus,
of Latium
the Lati)is.

-a,
;

-um,

adj.,

Latin.,

lapidosus,
lapis,

-a,

-um
m.,

[lapis], adj.,

Latinl, -orum, m.

sto)iy, ha)'d

as stone.
stoiie,

-idis,

rock^

2.

ma)'ble.

Lapitha,
thae
the

-ae, c, o)ie of the Lapi-

; pl.,

a tribe

Lapithae, -arum, 111., of Thessalians who, at

Latinus, -i, m. a king of his capital city v^as Latium Laurentum, and his daughter Lavinia became the wife of
, ;

Aeneas.

niarriage of Pirithous, their


[labor],
fall

king, fought with the Centaurs.

lapso
s/ij).

1,

down^

lapsus, -us, m.. a sUpping., a (jlidswoop, motion; glidi)>,g i)ig,


ffight.,

acountry of ancient between the lower Tiber and Campania. Latona, -ae, f., the mother of ApoHo and Diana.
-i,n.,

Latium,

Italy lying

course

fall.
n.,

latratus, haying.
latro,
1.

-iis

[latro], m., harking^

laquoar, -aris,

a pa)ielled or

1, ba)'k,

bay.

fretted ceiling or roof.

Lar. Laris, m., godof the fireside, Jci-<irth, or household; a tutelar


deity.

'1.

latus, -a, -um,adj., broad, wide, extensive, vndespread, a))iple. latus, -eris, n., side, fla)ik.
prais^,

largus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

copious^

laudo [laus], 1, commoid, extol.


Laurens, -entis,
turn,

laud,

abundaiit,

spacious,
-a,

ample.
aclj.,

adj.,

of Tjaurenof

large, extoisive.

the
;

Liirissaeus,

-uin,

of
tlie

Latium
lauriis,
tree
l.aus,
;

ancient capital Lauroitian.


-us,
f.
,

Lnrissa, a town of Thessaly,

-i,

and

Imirel. bay-

Lnrissaean. lassus, -i\,-iim, mV]., fai)it, weary, iiiearied, tired, exhausted. late [latiLs], adv., hroadly, iddely,
of

home

Achilles;

hairel (ov b<iy) \oreath.


f.
,

laudis,

praise,

glory,

fa))ie,

roioion,
-ae,
f.,

ho)ior

merit,
of of

virtue.

far and wide. latebra, -ae [lateo],


pktce,

Lavinia,
f.,
;

daughter
a

hiding-

Lat-inus.
-1,

lurking-place
-a,

dark h<d- Lavinium,


[hitebra],

n.,

town

low, retreat, cavern, recess-

latehrosus,
adj.,

-um

Latium said to have been founded by Aeneas and named after his
wife Lavinia.

fnll

of

hidi}ig-places,

<'ra)i)iie<l.

Lavinius and Lavinus, -a -um,


lu)'k,
lie

lateo, -erc, -ui,

hidden,

adj., (/ Laviniu)n, Lavinia)i.

lavo
lavo, -are (-ere), lavi (lavavi), laiitus (lotiis. lavatus), icash,
bathe, sprinkle. lace
;

75
letalis,

libo
-e [letnm],
ac.

mourn^
H<

innrtal, fatal.

wat^

raoisten,

LiCtliaeus, -a

-um, adj.. glow a riverof the Lower Worl eye ;


waters caused forgetfulne; -erum [letum-h PW, adj., death-bearing, death-i
ing, deadly.
,

laxo

[laxus],
let
;

1,

loosen, open, re-

lease,

go,

relax;

relieve,

letifer, -era,

refresh

clear, 6, 412.

laxus,

-a, -uii, aclj., slack, loose,

loosened, open.

lebes, -etis, m., [Ifgo], lectus couch.

Jcettle,
-i,

caldron.

letum. -1, n., death, dcstruction. Leucaspis, -is, m., acompanion o


Aeneas.

m.,

hed,

Leucates,

-ae, m., a

promontory

Tyndareus, at the sout.hern extremity of tlie mother of khig of Sparta, and island of Leucadia, near the coast (^f Acarnania. Castor and Pollux, and of Helen and Clytenmestra. levamen, -inis [levo], n., relief, Liedaeus, -a -um [Leda], adj., solace, comfort, consolation. (or 1. levis, -e. adj., light, iu weight, Loda, descendant of

Leda.

-ae,

f.,

"wife of

dauf/hter),
lei^ifer, -era,

of Leda.

slender, delicate, gentle ;


-|-

swift,

-erum

[lex

ferro],

adj., Iav:-givin{/.

fleet, quick. 2. levis, -e, adj., smooth. slippery,

lego, -ere -legi, -lectus, collect, gather, select, choose,pick ; take

pxdislied.
1.

levo
raise
;

[levis],

1,

lighten,
;

lift,

furl skim, sweep over ; survey, scan, review.


in,
;

coast along, traverse,

lakeoff;

aid, assist

re-

lieve, alleviate.
2.

levo

[levis], 1, polish.

Ljenaeus.
press,

-a, -iim, adj.,

of

Bacchus,

Lenaean.

ofthe icine- lex, -legis, f., law, statute ; pL, Bacchic, governmeut ; terms, conditions. libanien, -inis [libo],n., libation,
offering, sacrifice.

Ieni6,-ire. -ivi or -ii, -itus [lenis],

make
lenis.

mild, soothe, calm, quiet,


adj., soft, mild,

allay, assuage.
-e,

gentle,

quiet.

lento [lentus],

1,

hend.

libens, -entis [liben], part., willing. cherrful, glad ; often with adverbial force, willingly, etc. Liiber. -eri, m., god of wine. an Italian deity identified by the

lentus, -a, -um, adj.. pliant,flexible, tough ; sluggish, slow.


leo, -onis, m., lion.

Romans
chus
;

witli
,

the"

Greek Bacf.,

fig.

wine.
liberty,

libertas, -atis [liber].

Ijerna, -ae.

a marsh, near Argos, in whieh lived the Ilydra slain by Hercules.


f.,

freedom.
libo.
1,

taste,

sip

w.
(or

oscula,

kiss ; pour,

pour

make) a

liaoiiie*

iibro
'^

76

^^'^'^^'^^

longre
abandon, forsake ; yield up ; sist from, give up.
de-

Laomedon.

^-^^^

liiiteuin,

-i

[linum],
-ere,

n.,

linen,

\
pl
1'

lo'^'^^^^'^

brandish, sivina : launch Ji'-, a j)eople -"*"", -orum, m. l]it"'^i "^ Illyvia iiear the head
7

cloth, sail.

ni.

liquefacio,
[liqueo
1.
-I-

-feci,

-factus

facio], melt.

^Ton
,
.

"^l^^

Adriatic.
f.,

liquens, -entis [liqueo], part.,


liquid, limpiil, clear, fluid.

ya, -ae,
'Ijoet.

northern Africa
2.

for Africa.

liqiiens, -eiitis [licjuor], part.,


liquid, fluid.

jibyeus, -a, -uin, adj.,

Libyan,

Afriran. Libystis, -idis, adj., Libyan.


lieeo, -ere,
-ui,

liquidus, -a,
liqiiid,

-um

[liciueo], adj.,

fluid,

fl.owing ;

clear,

-itus

impers.,

licet, -ere, licuit or licitiini est,


it is

allowed, permittcd, lairful,


;

pure, serene. liquor, -i, beJJuid or liquid ; flow, run.


lito, 1, sacrifice,

proper, right

asconj., aUhough,

make atonement,

though, even
]Ii<;nuni,
-i,

if.

appease, propitiate.

n.,

wood,

wooden litoreus,
bank
litus,
coa.^it,

-a,

-uin [litus], adj., of

structure.
li?o, 1,

the seashore,

on

the shbre,

on the
beach,

bind,

wind

(orcoiV) around,

(rare), 3, 390.
n.,

piinion.

-oris,

seashore,

lilium,

-i [Xetpioj/J, n., lily.

strand.
-i,

Lilybeiiis, -a, -uin, adj., of Lily-

lituus,

m., trumpet, clarion.

baeum, the western promontory lividus, -a, of Sicily dark bhte, Lilybaean.
;

-um

[liveo],

adj.,
livid,

lead-colored,

Iiinbus,-i, m., border, hem,fringe.

leaden, dusky, dark.

iimen,

-inis,

n.,
;

threshfdd,

donr,
;

entrance, gate
temple, palace

dweUing, abode

loco [locus], l,place, put, found. establish, build.

set, lay,

Locri, -oriiin, m., a colony of Locrians a race. from Greece, who settled in southern Italy, 3, 399. limes, -itis, m., crosspath, border locus, -i, m. (m. and n. in pl.), jmth, course, track.
;

starting-point of

limosus -a, -um [limus], adj., maddy, miry, slimy. liiniis, -i, m., mud, mire, slime.
liiieiis,

place, spot, site

region, locality,

country ; opportunity, place, chance, room ; condition, state. -a, -iim [linum], adj., of longaevus, -a, -uin [longus -j-ae,
f.,

flax, flaxen, linen.

lin^iia,

tongue^

note,

aevum], adj., aged. longe [longus], adv., far


distance, far, afar
;

off,

at

sjirrch, voice, rry.


liiKiiio, -cre,

liqui, leave, depart

from

a distatice

from. afar, greatly, at grcat

from,

lcave

behind ;

desert,

length.

long-inquus
longinqiuis,
a*^lj.,

7T

Lycius

-a,
nff,

far

-iim [longus], remote, distnnt


of

lonr/.

longius, adv., comp.


q. V.

longe,

lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctus, mourn^ mourn for, lament, beicail. lumen. -inis [lux], n., light. glow; torch ; light of day, day ; eye ;
life; air.

longus,

long luna, -ae [cf. lux], f., moon, continued, lastimj, prolonged; moonlight. distant, remote ; deep, 1, 159. ISnatus. -a, -um [luna], adj., loquela. -ae [loquor], f., speech, moon-shaped, crescent.
-a,

-um.

adj., lonr/,

ii-nrd.

luo. -ere, lui [Xyo;], atonefor.


-i,

loquor,

lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf. tell, sing. lupus, -i, m., icolf. loricH, -ae [lorum], f. a leather lustro [lustrum], 1, purify by atonement, pass. as middle, percorselet, corselet, cuirass, coat of
locutus,
speak,
say,
,

mail.

lorum,
reins.

-i,

n., strap or

thong ;

pl.,

form an expiatory sacrijice, 3, pass around or over, 279


;

traverse, pass in review, parade,


-a,

liibricus,

-um,

adj.,

smooth,

5,

578

survey,

examine,

re-

slippery, slimi/.

vieio.

luceo. -ere, luxi [lux], shine, gleam. lucidus, -a, -um [lux], adj., shining, bright, clear, gleaming. Liucifer, -eri [lux-f- fero], m., the
light bringer,

lustrum,

-i

[luo]. n., a sacrifce

f
j

the national sacrifice made every fifth year at Rome -when the
especially

of purirication;

j/
j

morning

star.

luctor.

1,

struggle, stnve, icrestle.

census was taken hence a lustrum or period offive years. lustrum. -i, n.. bog, fen ; haunt^
;

luctus, -ns [lugeo], m., grief, sorden, lair, covert of wild beasts. row, iroe, suffering, lamenta- lux, lucis. f., light, daylight, day ; per.son., 6, 274. tion glory; life. lucus, -i, m., sacred (or conse- luxus, -ns, m., excess ; luxury, crated) grove or icood; grove, magnijicence, splendor ; pleasicood, forest. ure, wantonness. ludibrium, -i [ludo], n., mock- Lyaeus. -i [Xi^w], m., the one who ery, sport. a delivers or sets free from care ludo, -ere. lusi, lusus, p^^ty, sport Greek name for Bacchus.
; ;

Liyaeus. -a, -um, adj., of Bacchus^ ceive. Bacchic, Lyaean. ludus, -i [ludo], m., sporte deuy, lychnus. -i, m., lamp. /hosts, Lycia. -ae, f., a country on the game. niksouthwest f., coast of Asia Minor. lues, -is, plague, pef abode hlight, wasting sickness. 7cius., -a, -um, adj., Lycian^
sport of, mock, deiude, de-

make

Jjyctius
subst.
pl.
,

78
tho-

male
m. a river of Asia Minor, famous for its winding course a winding (or wavy)
-dri,
,
;

Lycii, -orum, m.,

Maeander,

Lycians.
Lyctiiis, -a, -mii, adj., of Lyctus,

a town in Crete
tan.

Lyctian, Cre-

line or border.

Maeonius,
~i,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

o/ 3iae-

Lycurgus,

m., a Thracian king

who opposed

the

wor.ship

of

onia., a Lydian.

province
-a,

of

Lydia
of the
;

13acchus and, as a pimishment, wasdriven to insanity by the god.

Maeotius,

-um,

adj.,

Lycus,
Lydius,

-i,

m., a companion of

Macotians, a people of Scythia Macotian, Scythian.

Aeneas.
-a,

maereo,

-ere,

mourn,

grieve^

\'

lament, sorrow. of Lydia, Lydian, Etruscan (because the maestus, -a, -um [maereo], adj., sad, gloomy, moimiful, sorrowEtruscans were thought to have come originally from Lydia). ful, unhappy. -iuni, n., huis. magiilia, lymplia, -ae, f., clcar water, water. magicus, -a, -um, adj., magic. lyux, lyncis, c, lynx. magis, adv., morc, rather. magister, -tri, m., master, lcadMachaon, -onis, m. a Grecian er ; pilot, helmsman, captain priiice, siid to have been tlie instructor, traincr tcachcr, son of Aesculapius, and a sur(juardian, tutor. geon ot the Greeks at Troy. magistratus, -fis [magister], m., machina, -ae, f. machine, engine majistracy ; magistrate. magnaninius, -a. -um [magnus of loar ; device, contrivance. -{- animus], adj., magnanimous, inacies, -ei, f., emaciation, leanness. nohlc-mindcd, grcat-soulcd, macto, 1, sacrifce, offer up, imhijh-spirited. molate ; slay, kill, slaughter. magnus, -a, -um, adj., great,
adj.,

-um,

macula,

-ae,

f.

S27ot.

large,

vast

noble, important,
natfi,

maculo

[raacuhi],
-a,

1,

spot^stain.

strong, grand, mighty, illustri-

maculosus,
madefacio, [madeo -\-

-um

[macula],
-factus
part.,

ous

maior

oldcr
cldcst.

adj., spotlcd. motllcd.

maximus

natfi,~ oldcst.

-cre,

-feci,

facio], wct., soak.

3Iaia, -ao, f., mother of ]\Iercurv (wliosc father was Jupiter) and

madens,
wet.,

-entis
-ere,

[madeo],

daughter of Atlas
of
n
tli'*

she was one

moist^ drippitu/.

Pleiades.
-ae,
f.,

ma(lesc5,

niadui [madco], hcrow,e wet ov soakcd ; drip. martidus, -a, -um [ma(h'o], ad'
loet,

[I,,

chcek-bone, jaioJiadly,

listance^
f;v,;/j, ^; <;

>"" fmalus], adv.,


'^y j

?7/,

drenched, drippimj.

lenyth.

scarcciy, hardly ; w,

Malea

79
manioae,

mate/*"
-arum
-a,

adjectives jometimes equal to a


ne<,^ative
2. 23.
;

[manus],

f.

iiiale

fida, unsafe^

ma)iacles.

manifestus,
fendo,

-um

[manus

-\-

3Ialea, -ae, f., a soiithern promontory of the Peloponnesus.

stri/cc}, adj.,

plain, clear,

evident, visih'e, manifest.

malesiiadus.
suadeo],

-a,

-um [male
impeUiiig

-\-

mano.
tovxd.

1,

drop, drip, trickle,floio.


-js

adj.,

(or

mautele,

[manus],

n.,

napkin,

persuading)

to evil, desperate.

maligaus,
geno],

[makis -f- manus, -us,f., hand ; handiioork, a)'t. skill ; act, artio)!, prowess, malignant, malideed; hand, crowd, troop, force. cious, wicJced ; scanty. small.
-a,
adj.,
iiialle,

-um

malo,
volo],

malui

[mairis

-|-

3Iarcelliis.

-i,

m.,

name

of a \\o-

wish
-i

more or

rather,

man

prefer.

family to which belonged ^larcus CLiudius Marcellus, a


successful opponent of Hannibal

malum,

[mahis],, n., eii,

ill,

misfortune, calamii'^, icoe ; evil deed, crime ; pest, curse, mischief.


1.

and conqueror
of

of Syracuse

also Caius Claudius

Marcellus,

malus,
icicked,

-a,

-um, adj., had, evil, impious ; poisonous,


hostile, 3, 398.

nnxinus
2.

Octavia the sister of Augustus and adopted son of the Emperor he died in early youth, 23 li.c.
;

son

malus,

-i,

m., mast.
f.,

mare,
order,

-is. n.,
-1,

sea.

mamma,

-ae,

hreast.

maritus,
suitor.

m., hushand, lover^

mandatum, -i [mando], n.,


command,
mandate.
1.

charge,

injunction,

marmor,

-oris. n., ma)'hle.


-a,

marinoreus,
-f-

-um [marmor],

mando [manus
mit,
i)UrHst,

do],
;

1,

coni-

consign

com-

adj., )nade of marhle, marhle; smooth, glassy, dazzling, B, 729.

mand.
2.

dircct, order.

Marpesius,

mando.

-ere,

mandi, mansus,

chew, charnp; eat, devour, con-

-um, adj., of Marpesus, a mountain in the island of Paros Parian, Mar~


-a,
;

sume. maiieo,
staij,

pesian.
ere,

mansi. mansus.
;

remain, tarry, uhidc ahide hy, 2, 160 await, loait


for.

Mars. 3Iartis. m,, god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno war, hattle^
;

wa)'Iike (or martial) spirit.

3Iassyli,
-iiim,

-orum
-a,

or

-um, m., a
adj.,

Manes.

of the Loiver World, souls of the dead in Hades, shades, gliosts, Manes; Lower W^ri(2, ahode
of the dead.

m., gods

people of northern Africa.

Massylus,
lioii.

-um,

Massy^
f.,

Lihyan.

mater, matris [^LnjTTjp], mother ; native land.

Tnateriius
maternus,
matui-6
-a,

80

mensis

-um

[niater], adj.,

o/ a mother, maternal.
[iiiatums],
-a,
1,

ripen

hastcn, speed.

matnrus,

-um,

adj.,

ripe,

adj., o/ Melihoea, a town ot Thessaly MeUhoean. melior, comp. of bouus. Melite, -es, f., a sea-nymph. inelius, adv., comp. of bene.
;

membrum, -i, n., limh, part, mature ; advanced. adj., memher. -um, MoorMaurusius, -a, meinini, -isse, def. (imperative, ish, African, Mauretanian. mementu), rememher, he mind3Iavors, -ortis, anotlier aame for
Mars.
fnl.
-a,

Mavortius,
adj.,

[Mavors], o/ Mars, martial, warW:e, Mavortian.

-um

Memniius,
tile

-i,

m., a

Roman
m.,

genof

or family name.
-onis,

Memnon,

snn

Tithonus and Aurora, kiiig of maximus, -a, -um, adj., tin. ^'thiopians, slaiu by Acliilles superl. of maguus. at Troy. 2. Maximus, m., a Roman -i, family name of those who bore memor, -oris, adj., mindful, re1.
;

memherinij grateful ; relentless. Cunctator, the opponent of meinor-abilis. -e [nienioro], adj., Hannibal, 6, 845. memorahle, famous, glorions. to jiweatus, -us [meo], m., course, meinoro [uiemor], call 1, memory or mind, mention ; remotion, movement. ifiedieo [medicus], 1, heal (or late, recount, rehearse, tell ; say^ speak, call. cure) vnth drufjs ; medicate, mendax, -aeis [mentior], adj., drng, (5, 420. meditor, 1, think npon, meditate ; Jying, faJse, deceitful, untruthit
,

the most famous

was Fabius

'

design, piirpose, intend.

ful. _

mediuui,
midst.

-i

[medius], n., middle,

Menelaus,
broiher

-I,

m., son of Atreus,

of

Agamemuon,
;

medius,
dle,

-a,

-um,

adj., in the

midof,

in

the

midst,

middle

midst of, middle ; intervening, hetween. Medon, -ontis, m., a Trojan. me<lulla, -ae [medius], f. marrow. Mearus, -a, -um [Megara], adj., phni, intention, tpill. ofMegara, a Sicilian city Megameiisa, -ae, f., tahle ; food,feast, rean. mel, niellis, n., honey. viauds.
, ;

Helen he of Sparta and one of the Greek k^aders in the Trojan war. 3Ienoetes, -ae, m., a companion of Aeueas. inens, mentis, i.,mind, intellect, reason; soul, heart ; disposition, feeling ; design, jmrpose^
king- of

husbaud

and was

Meliboeus,

-a,

-um [Mehboca], mensis,

-is, ni.,

month.

mentior
mentior,
nssert.
-iri,

81
?'>,

Miiiotaurus
-are,
-ui,

-itus.

falsely

mico,

vibrate, flash,

pretend;
-a,

part.,

men-

glitter,

titus,
feit.

-um,

hjinj, counter.,j,

migro,
grate.

gleam. go away, depart, 1,

mi-

mentum,

-i,

n., clii:^i\ex'rd.
1

miles,
&?/?/,

-itis,

m., soldier, soldiery,


adj.,

mercor fmerx],
purchase.

sU^iU
app\

armed men.
mille, indecl.

a thonsand

Mercurius,
of Jupiter

-i,

m.)ft, Wiiusv, son


HexiJ).
1

subst., pl., milia,

milium,

n.,

and

getx^

mes-

thousands.

senger of the

go-'ble.

minae, -arum,
tlements ;
cu7'ses ;

f.,

pinnacles. bat-

mereo,

-eip. -ui.

-itnpLend me-

threats,

menaces^

reor. -eri, -itus, dt 1^ deserve, })e v'orthy of, merit, ecrn.

perils.
f.,

3Iinerva, -ae,

mergo,

mersi, mersus, dip, plunge, sink, overwhelm ; hide,


-ere,

an Italian goddess identified wlth the Greek


;

Athena
wisdom,
fare.

she was
arts,

conceal, hury.

goddess of sciences, and waradv.,


all,

'

mergus,

-i,

m,

diver, a

kind of

water-fowl.

minlme
[mereor],
n., merit.,

[rainimus],

least,

ineritum,

-i

very

little,

not

at

by no

desert, service.

meritus,

-a,

-um

[mereor], part.,

means. minister, -tri

deserved, due, just, deserving.

[minus], m., attendant, servant ; tool, accom-

plice ; agent, helper. merus, -a, -um, adj., pure, unmixed ; siibst., merum, -i, n., ministerium, -i [minister], n., scrvice, office, duty. unmixed wine; 2)ure icine, [miiiister], 1, ministro serve wine. attend to, manage; supply, fiir-met, an intensive pronominal sufiiish, provide. fix, e.g. egomet, I myself. meta, -ae, f., turning-point, goal 3Iinoius, -a, -um [Minos], adj., end, limit, bonnd ; pointoi\a,n(\, of Minos, king of Crete.

promontory,

3,

429.

metallum, -i, n., metal. meto, -ere, messui, messus,


reap, cut, gather, 4, 513.

metuo,
metus,
aJarm.

-ere,

metui
m.,
fear,

[metus],
dread,

fear, be afraid of
-us,

[minae], 1, project, toirer ; threaten, menace. 2. minor, minus, comp. of parvus; subst. pl., minores, -um, m., descendants. Minos, -ois, m., a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, and after death a judge in the Lower
1.

iniiior

meus,

-a,

-um

[me], poss. pron.,

my, mine. mi, contr. of inihi.

World. 3Iinotaurus,

m., the Minotaur, the offspring of Pasiphae, half


-I,

miuus
man and
half bull
;

82

molior

he was coii- miscresci, -ere, feel pity for, by JMinos in the Labypity. rinth, where he was slain by miseror [Iniser], \,feel pity f>r,
fined

Theseus. iniiiiis [minor], comp. adv., l(\ss. mirabilis, -e [niiror], adj.,w;o(^(^rfuL admirahle ; exlraordinary
.,

pity,

comiY^erate, take pity on.


-t

mitesco, become)
ful.

e
'd,

[niitis],

grow (or

gentle, or peace-

j'

strange.

mitigo

[^ggg^

ago],

1,

make

inirandus, -a, -iim [miror], adj., strange, to be wondered at ; marveUous., wonderful.

mild or^-x appeasel mitra,


-|

'7e,

soften, soothe,

f.,

ticrban,

cap,

miror [mirns],
mirus,
-a,

iconder mire, woiider, marvel.


1,

at,

ad-

Phryginlc

cap.

mitto,

-e*e,

misi, missus, send,


hurl,
fling,

-um,

adj.,

wonderful,

despiatch;

thmw

marvellous. lay aside, dismiss ; Jinish, end; misceo, -ere, miscui, inixtus, offer. 6, 380. mix, mingle ; unite,join; con- 3Inestheus, -ei, and -eos, m., a Trojan comrade of Aeneas. fuse, disturb, agitate, stir up. mobilitas, -atis [mobilis], f., throw into confusion excite,
scatter.

motion,
-i,

activily,

swiftness,

Misenus,

m., (1) son of Aeolus,


;

speed.

trumpeter of Hector and after- modo [modus], adv., only, but; wards of Aeneas he was lately, just now, but now ; proon the coast of Camdrowned vided that. Mount Miscnus (or pania. modus, -i, m., method, manner, (2) mode, \ray ; bound, limit, end. Misenum), a promontory south of Naples. moenia, -ium, n., walls, rammiser, -era, -erum, adj., loretched, parts, fortifications ; city, citamiserable, unhappy, unfortudel. mola, -ae, f. niill ; coarse meal nate, sad, pitiable. used in sacrifice, meal. miserabilis, -e [miseror], f\dj., pitiahle, miscrable, moles, -is, f,, mass, bulk, huge wretched, deplorahle. mass, size ; massive weight, miserandiis, -a, -iim [miseror]. structure, buihling, or engine of adj., piteous, wretched, unwar ; dam, dike, mole ; labor, happy, liapless. task, toil ; diffirnUy, frouhle,
,

inisereo, -ere, -ui. -itus and

mi-

effiirt ;

storm,
-iri,

tempest,

clistur-

sereor, -cri, -itiis [miscr], pity, take pily mi, iK/rc {ov ferl) com-

Ixince.

molior.

passion for ; miseret, imi)ers., it grieves onefor, one pities, etc.

[molcs], pile up, build, rrect, construct, lahor uj)on; strive, eudeavor, attempt,
-Itiis

mollio
try,

58

mugitus
memorial, monument ;
pl., tradi-

nndertake

plan, contrive,

clevise ; get ready, prepare ; acconijjlish, cause, produce ; pur-

tions, chronicles, records.

mora,

sue with

ioil, 6,

477.

molliu,

-ire,

-ivi
;

and

-ii,

-itus

[mollis],

softcn

soothe,

calm,
cleli-

pacify, assuaye, appease. mollis, -e, adj., soft, tender,


cate,

hindrance, ohstrnction, ohstacle, pause. morbus, -i, m,, disease. moribundus, -a, -um [morior], adj., dying, ready to die, nwrtal.
-ae,
f.,

delay,

morior, mori, mortuus [future


p.

moritui-us], die, perish. moror [mora], 1, delay, linger, yidding, favorable. prmse, tarry ; detain, keep hack, comp. moUius, molliter, adv. caiise delay ; regard, carefor. delicateJy, skilfuUy. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, remind, mors, mortis, f., death. admonish, advise, warn ; an- morsus, -us [mordeo], m., a hitnounce, predict, foretell. ing, hite ; eating, gnawing, monile, -is, n., necklace, collar. 394 of anchor. an 3, faitg^, fluke monitum, -i [moneo], n,, admoni- mortalis, -e [mors], adj., mortal, tion, warning ; advice, counsel human ; subst., mortales, -ium, command. m., mortals, men, human heings. [moneo], monitus, -us m., mortifer, -era, -erum [mors -|admonition, warning ; advice, fero], adj., death-hriiiging,
pliant,
flezihle ;

gentle,

counsel.

Monoecus,
HercLiles
;

-i,

m., a

surname

of

3IonoecT, a promontory on tlie Ligurian coast west of Genoa, so calied from a temple of Hercules wliich
stood there.

arx

death-dealing deadly. mos, moris, m., manner, custom, fashion, wont, hahit ; law, rule pl., character, institutions, laws. motus, -us [moveo], m., motion,
,

movement, swiftness,

agility.

moveo,
m., mountain,
1,

-ere,

movi,

motus,

moMs, montis,
moiistro

hill,

move, set in motion, shake, re-

crag, clif, rock.

show, point out, indicate, inform, tell


adrise, instruct
;

[monstrum],

move ; effect, infltience, persuctde ; arouse, excite, awake ; agitate,


disturh,
volve,

trouble
;

meditate, re-

direct appoint,

ponder

declare, disclose.

prescrihe.

mox,

adv., soon, soon after, p>res-

monstrfiin, -i [moneo], n., omen, ently, afterwards, then. warning, sign, portent, prodigy; mncro, -ouis, m,, shaip point or monster, monstrous shape, feareclge, sword, blade. ful or awesome thing. mu<>io, -ire, -ivi or-ii, loiv hellow, montanus, -a, -um [mons], adj., rnmhle, moan, roar. mountain. mugitus, -us [mugio], m., lowing, monunientum, -I [moneo], n., helloiving.

mulceo
mulceo,
soothe,
quiet.

84
mulsus,
allay,

navifragus

-ere,

mulsi,

calm^

appease,
-!-

Mygdonides, -ae, m., Coroehus^ son of Mygdon, king of Phrygia. Myniiidones, -uin, m., Myrmidons,

miiltiplex, -icis [miiltus


adj.,

plico],

Thessaliau
-a,

followers

of

of

many

folds,

manifold,

Achilles.

various.

myrteus,
[luultus],

-um

[myrtus],
f.,

adj.,

miiltum
greatUj.

adv.,
adj.,

much, much,

of myrtle, myrtJe.

myrtus,
-a,

multus,

-um,

great, poivetful ahundant, dense, heavy ; many a ; pL, many ; comp., plus, pluris,

myrtle tree, myrtle shaft, myrtle branch, myrtle grove, myrtle wreath.
-i

and

-us,

N
nam,/or, hecause.

supeiL, plurimus, -a, -um. munio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [moenia], fortify, build. munus, -eris, n., ojffice, charge,

namque,
naris,

for, for indeed.


nostril.

-is, i.,

narro, 1, teU, narrate, relate. aid, Narycius, -a, -uiii, adj., of Naryx, service, function ; duty, present, a town of the Locri, Narycian. hoon; kindness, favor, From Naryx, a city across from reward, prize ; offering, gift, Euboea, a colony came out and sacrifice. settled on the coast of Brutmurex, -icls, m., jmrple-flsh, purtium. pledye,purple; a sharp, pointed, nascor, nasci, natus, to he horn, ov jagged rock. arise,spring up,_grow nascens, murmur, -uris, n., murmur, mur-entis, pres. p., new-born. muring, rumbling, noise, uproar, nata, -ae [nascor], f. daughter. roaring, shouting, applause.
; ,

murus, -i, Musa, -ae, f., Muse. Musaeus, -i, m., a Greek poet
m., loall.

nato [no],
1.

1,

swini, fl,oat.
-i

natiis

(gnatus),

[nascor],

of

the legendary age, contemporary

with Orpheus. mutabilis, -e [muto],

adj.,

change-

m., son, child, offspring, young. 2. natus, -us [nascor], m., used only in abl. sing., hy birth. nauta, -ae [navis], m., sailor,

ahlc, fickle, inconstant.

muto,

1,

change, alter,
-ariiin,

buatman, ferryman. turn, ex- Naiites, -is, m., a Trojan soothsayer.

change.

Mycenae,
ae,
f.,

and Myceiia,
Argolis,

naiiticus, -a,

-um,

adj.,

of ships,

of sidlors, nautical. navalis, -e [navis], adj., of ships, home of Agamemnon. ndvdl ; subst., iiavalia, -iiiiii, n., Myconos, -i, f., an island northdock, docks, dockyard. oue of the Delos, east of -um, [uavis -}navifra>us, -a, Cyclades.
a city of
the

avigium
,

85
^

nescio

frango], ad). shipwrecldng caus-

ing shipwn cks. navigiiira, -i [navis], n., vessel,


ship^ hoat.

adj., dishonor ; as impious^ ahominahle, wicked. nego, 1, say no, say that not,
denij, refuse.

navigo [navis], 1, sail upon or over.


navis,
[i^avis],

sail,

set sail

iiemo,

-iiiis

[ne
-a,

-|-

homo],

c.

no

one, nohody, none.

-is [vais], f,, ship^ vessel.

nemorosus,
adj., vujody.

-um [nemus],
grove,

m., hoatman. nav^ita, -ae Naxos, -i, f., cne of tlie Cyclades, noted for its wines.
-ue, (1) interrog. enclitic, in direct questions, usually nottranslated;
in
indirect,

nenius, -oris,
furest.

n.,

wood,

whether ;

son of Achilles called also Pyrrhus. followed nepos, -otis, m., grandson
-i,
;

Neoptolemus,

m.,

by an

or -ne, ivhether.

or.

pl.,

grandchildren, descendants,

(2) intensive particle used with

posterity.

Neptunius, -a, -um, adj., of JVeptune, Neptunian. quidem, not ne,adv. 720^; ne "', Neptunus, conj., in order -i, m., one of Saturn's t' even ; sons, brother of Jupiter, Juno, lest. and Pluto, and identified by the nebula, -ae, f., cloud, mist,fog. Romans with Posidon, the nec or neque, adv. and conj., and Greek god of the sea. not, neither, nor ; neque (nee) neque, see nec. nor neque (nec), neither. nequeo, -ire, ivi or -ii, nequitus, nec iion, and also. he unahle, cannot. necdum, adv., nor yet, and not nequiquam [ne -f- quidquam], yet. adv., and (nom. acc. in vain, to no purpose. necesse, adj. only), necessary, needful; un- Nereis, -idis or-idos [Nereus], f., any one of the daughters of avoidahle. inevitahle. Nereus and Doris a sea nymph, nectar, -aris, n., nectar. a Nereid. necto, -ere, nexuiornexi, iiexus, unite, join, Nereus, -ei or -eos, m., a sea god, hind, tie, fasten ;
the exclamatory infinitive,
,
.

1,

37.

father of the Nereids. fasten together. nefandus, -a, -uni [ne-f-for], adj., Neritos, -i, f., a small island near Ithaca. unspeakable, unutterahle ; imm., nerve, sinew, -i, pious, wicked, accursed, ahomi- nervus, subst. n., vm>ng, 1, 543. tendon ; howstring. nahle nefa.3 ['le + fas], n., indecl. noun, nescio, -ire, -ivior-ii [ne -\- scio], not to knovj, he ignorant of; that unhich is contrary to divine sin, icickedness, nescio quis, etc. Iknoio noticho law, impiety, or what ; some one, something. crime ; guilt, shame, disgrace,
:

nescius
iieseiiis,

86
adj.,

,aus

Nisus, -i, m., a Trojan follower of Aeneas. not knoviing^ igiiorant, unmoare. neve (ir nen [ne -f ve], cohj., or niteo, -ere, -iiT. shin\ gleam. glisten ; nitens, -enlis, part. and not, and not, 7ior, ucither. adj., shining, sparkling, gleamnex, necis[neco],f., violentdeath, ing ; hright, beaviing ; glossy, .^hiughter, murder. sleek, -uin, see necto. nexus, -a, well-fed. ni, CDnj., not, that not, lest, if not, niteseo, -ere, nituT [niteo], hecome hright, hcgin to shine, nnle.^fs, except. shine, gleam, gliften. nidus, -1, m., nest ; pl., hrood, nitidus, a, -uin [niteo], adj., ncstlings.
-a, -iiin

[nescio],

niger, -gra, -grum, adj., hlack, sahle, swarthy, dusky, dark, gloomy. niirans, -antis [nigro], part., hhfck, duskij, dark.

shining, sleek.
nitor, or nixiis. lean upon, rest upon, tread (or walk)
-i,

nisiis

upon

mount, climb ; press for-

ward, adcance.
nivalis, -e [nix], adj., snowy.

nigresco, -ere, nigrui [uiger], grow (or turn) hlack, grow (or hecome) dark. uihil (nil) [ne -f hilum], n., indecl., nothing ; adv.,not at all, hy no means. Nilus, -i, m., the Nile. niinbosus, -a, -uin [nimbus], adj., covered with clouds, cloudcapped, stormy, rainy. ninibus, -T, m., violent rain, rain-cloud, storm ; tem))c.st,
sform-cloiid, cJoud.
adv.,

niveus, -a, -um [nix], snow-white. nix, nivis. f. snow.


,

adj.,

snowy,

uixor
no.
1,

[nitor],

1, strive,

struggle.

swim. Uoat.

noceo, -ere, -iii, -itus, harrn, injure, do mischief.


noctiirnus, -a,
night.

[nox], adj., of the night, nocturnal, at or hy

-um

nodo

[nodns],
;

1, tie

(or fasten) in

a knot

hind, fasten.

nodus, [ne + mirum], niniiruin douhtcertainly, coil. douht, without


less, verily.

-T,

m.,

kiiot,

hond ; fold,

uoiniis, -adis, c,
aJl

nomad ; Noinaname,

niiniuin [nimius], adv., too,


too, too nuich.

des, -um, m., the Numidians.

Nisaee.
nisi

-es,

f.,

one of the Nereids.


-|-

and nl [ne
-iis

si], conj., if not,

noincn, -inis, fnnc. Noincntnin, -i,


Sabines.
iion, a<lv., not.

n.,

word;

n.,

a town of the

nnle.^^s.

nisus,
tion,

[nitor], m., cfforl, exer-

position or jiosture of re-

urMidiiin, adv., not yet.


iioniis,
-a,

sistanec.

-iiin

[novemj,

adj.,

nisus, -a, -uni, part. of iiitor.

ninth.

nos
nos, see ego.

87
nnllus,
-a,

Nysa
-um
;

[ne

-\-

uUus],

adj.,

nosco, -ere, novT. notiis. Jearn^ heconie acquainted iclth, recognize


;

no, uot a ni/

snhHt.,

no one.
;

num,
ative

interroii:.

particle
it

in

di-

iii

perfect tenses,
-iini,

know
adj.,

rect questions

iiotus, -a,

p.p.

as

answer

implies a negin indirect que.s-

knoicn,

well

known, familiar,

tions, ivhether.

famed.
noster.
-tra,

-trum
f.,

[nos],

our,

nilmen, -inis [nuo], n., nod, dirine will, purpose, power, influence,
aid, help, favor, ot perrnissio)i
divinity, deity ; power, might presence of a god or goddess.

ours, our oicn. nota, -ae [uosco],


spot, letter.

mark, sign,
note,

noto

[iiota], 1,

mark,

ob-

numerus,
crowd ;

-i, ni.,

nurnher, throng,

serve, take note of.

notus, Notus,
{lale,

-a,
-i,

-um. see nosco. lu., south wind ;


.

order ; measure ; pl., nunihers, measures, tune, mel-ae, m., a

ivind,

ody.

storm. noveni, uiim. adj., nine.

Xumida,
Numitor,
adv.,

Numidian.
a king of

-oris,
lie

m.,

noviens (novies) [novem],


nine times. novitas, -atis
ness.

^ba

was

fatlier

^itvia,

the mother of

Khea Romulus
of
adv.,

[novus],
1,

f.,

newre-

and Hemus.

numquam
[novus],
-a,
;

[ne

-f-

umquam],
time.

novo

make
;

neio.,

never.

new, repair, change

huild.

nune, adv., now, atthis


nuntia, -ae,
niiutio
f.,

novus,
recent
la.st.

-um,

adj.,

strange,

new, fresh, iDiheard of


-a,

messenger. [nuntius], 1, announce,


-i,

superl.,

novissimus,
f.,

-um,

report, declare.

nnntius,
night, darkness

m., messenger ; mes-

nox, noctis,
sleep.

sage, tidings,

command.
adv.,
recently,

nuper
f.,

[novus],
-iis,

noxa, -ae [noceo],


outrage, violence.
iioxius,

crime, guilt,

lately.

nurus,

-um [noxa], adj., -a, hannful, hurtful, dangeroiis.


-Is, f.,

nosquam
nowhere
totter.
;

1, daughter in-law. [ne -f- usquam], adv^,


never.
1,

nnbes,

cloud.

niito [nuo],

nod, sway, tremhle,


n.,

nubilus, cloudy ;

-a,

[nubes], adj., subst., pl., nubila,


clouds.
1,

-um

-orum,

n.,

niitriinentum, -i [nutrio], nourishment, fuel.


niitrix, -icis [nutrio],
f., f.,

nudo

[nudus],
-a,
;

lay hare, strip,

nurse.

ose, disclose, reveal.

nudus,
open

-um.

adj.,
5,

naked, hare,
871.

unhuried,

nymph. Nysa. -ae, f., a city or mountain where Bacchus was said to have
-ae [w/i^??],

Nympha.

88
been born.
it

obstruo
-i

Traditions assigned

oblTvium,
obloquor,
loquor],

[obliviscor],

n.,

to various countries, such as Aethiopia and India.

forgelfulness.

O
! ah ! oh ! 0. interjection, ob, prep. w. acc, on accouut of, owing to, for. for the sake of. obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,

-locutus [ob -|speak (or sing) in


-i,

response to. obluctor [ob + luctor], 1, strive, struggle, press against, hrace
against.

obmutesco,

-ere,

-mutui [ob

-f

draio

toward,

over, or

hefore^

njutus], hecome
less ; he silent,

dumh

or speech-

overspread.

obeo. -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, rjo toward or to, meet ; pass Over,
travei-se,

hushed, mute. obnitor, -i, -insus or-nixus [ob -f nitor],press against, struggle
against,
sist.

visit;

encircle,
in,

sur-

struggle,

strive,

re-

round;
in.

take

part

engage
-|-

oborior,
well

obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [ob iacio], throw against or hefore,


cast
hefore,

-ortus [ob + orior], arise, spring up ; hurst forlh,


-iri,
2tp.

put
;

hefore,

offer,

obruo, -ere,
ruo],

-rui. -i*utus [ob 4-

present, expose

oppose.
1,

obiecto [ohicio],
1.

throw against
[obicio],
hefore,

cover over, overwhelm, hury. sink ; destroy.


-a,

or toward, expose.

obscenus,
foid,

-um,

adj.,

filthy,
vile

obiectus,
part.

-a,

-u!n

dirty,

loathsome,
dreadful,
3,

and adj., lying thrown hefore, opposite,


ing.
2.

ill-omened,

307.

project-

obsciirus, -a, dim^ dusky,

-um,

adj.,

murky ;

dark, ohscure,

obiectus, rus
tion, sheUer.

[obicioj,

m.,

opposition, projection, interposi-

U})known, unseen ; uncertain. observo, 1, note. ohserve, 7vatch. obsidco, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [ob
-fsedeo], hesiege, hlock, occupy,
liold.

obitus, -us [obeo], m., a going to, a meeting (death orfate) death,
;

destruction, ruin.

obsidio, -onis [obsideo],


1,

f.,

siege,

obliquo [obliquus],

hend, turn,

hlockade.

turn to one side or sideways,


slant, set ohJiqnely.

obliquus,
sideways,
across.

-a,

-um,

adj.,
;

slanting
-I,

obstipesco, -ere, -stipui [ob -f stupeo], hecome (or he) stupenmazed, or turned astonished, Jied, lying horror-stricken ; stand aghast. obsto -are, -stiti, -status [ob -f
sto], ivithstand, oppose, hinder,

oblTviscor,

oblTtus, forget, he forgetful <f; oblitus, -a, -um, hacing forgotten, forgetful.

hlork, rhcck, fhwart.

obstruo, -cre, -struxi, -structus

obtego
[ob+stmo],
stop.

89
uj),

olim
hasten) to meet, meet
intervene.
;

close

block up,

appear.,

obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [ob Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. + tego], cove)' up or over, pro- ocior, -ius, comp. adj., swifter,

[ob

more fleet. obtorqiieo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus ocius, comp, adv., more swiftly, more speedily, more quickly. + torqueo], turn, ticist. obtrunco [ob + trunco], 1, lop oculus, -i, m,, eye. {or ciU) off, cut down, siay, Jcill, odi, odisse, def,, to hate.
tect, hide, coiiceal.

slanghter.

odiiim,

-i

[odi], n., hatred, hate,

obtusus, -a,-um [obtundo], part., bluntcd, dnlj, unfeeUng. obtutus, -us [obtueor], m. look,
,

enmity.

gaze.

odor, -oris, m. odor, scent, smell fragrancf, perfume ; stench. odoratus, -a, -um [odoro], adj.,
,

obiincus, -a, -um [ob + uncus], adj., hooked, curved, bent. obverto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ob + verto], turn toward or to,
turn.

fragrant, sweet-smelling. odorus, -a, -um [odor],


keen-scented.

adj.,

Oenotrius

and

Oenotrus,

-a,

-um
-a,

obvius,

-um

[ob

via], adj.,

in the way, in the path, to meet

[Oenotria], adj., of Oenotria, an ancient name of southern Italy Oenotrian, Italian.


;

exposed to, open to, S, 499. occasus, -us [occido], m,, a going

ofFa, -ae,

morsel, mouthful. offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatus


f., bit.

dovn, fall, ruin, destruction. occido, -ere, -cidi. -casus [ob


cado], fiJl, perish, die. occubo, 1, lie, rest in death,
dead.

[ob

fero]. bring to ox towards,

+
lie

offer,

present
-i

one''^ self,

w. vefiex., present meet.


;

offlcium,

[oflicio], n., service,

duty, kindness.

occulo, -ere, -cului, -cultus, hide, conceal ; occultus, -a. -um,


hidden, secret.

OTleus, -ei, -i, or -eos, m., a king of the Locri and father of the Ajax who insulted Cassandra.

occulto [occulo],
secrete.

1,

hide, conceal,

Olearos. -i, f., one of the Cyclades, Eouthwest of Paros.


oleo,
-ere,
-ui,

occumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus [ob+cubo], sink, fall, die,


meet, 2, 62.

forth) a smell ; part. as adj., smelling.

emit (or give olens, -entis,

occupo [ob +

capio],

1,

take pos;

oleum,

-i,

n., oJive oil, oil.

session of, seize, occnpy jill, reach.

cover

olim, adv., then, formerly, once,


once tipon a time ; some time at some future time, hereafter\ at times, sometimes.

t-cursus

occurro, -ere, -curri or-cucurri, [ob + curro], run (or

oliva
oliva,
-ae,
f.,

90
tree^

oraculum
-a,

olive

olive

opimus,
fertilc,

-um

[ops], adj., rich,


'

bra)ich, olive ivreath, olive.

olivuin, -i [oliva], n., olive


olle, -a, -ud, pron., old
ille.

oil.,

oil.

form for

sumptiious spolia opima, arms taken by a commander on the battlelield in single combat with the comfruitful,

Olympus,

m., a mountain in northeastern Thessaly, regarded as the home of the greater gods
-i,
;

mander
opperior,

of the
-iri,

enemy,

G, 855.

-pertus or -peri-ii,

tus, await. vxiitfor.

Olympus, heaven.

oppeto, -ere, -iva or


ome7i,

-petitiis

omeu,
si(/n,

-iuis,

n.,
,'

token,
rites.,

~[ob

peto],

meet,
OG.

encounter;
die,

augury marriage rites.

solemn
adv.,

vnth and without morteni,


perish,fall,
1,

omnino

[omnis],

wholly^

altogether, entirely.

[omnis + pario], adj., all-producing, parent (or mother) of all, parent. [omnis + omnipotens -entis

omniparens,

-entis

potens],

adj.,

all-poiverful,

al-

mighty, omnipotent.

omnis,
every.

-e,

adj.,

aU.,

the

whole,
stow,

onero [onus], 1, load, lade ; store away ; hurden.


onerosus, -a, -um [onus], heavy, hurdensome. onus, -eris, n., load., hurden. onustus, -a, -um [onus],
loaded, laden.

adj.,

-positus [ob + pono], place (or put) hefore, against, in front of or opposite ; expose ; oppositus, -a, -um, opposing, 2, 383. opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [ob + premo], press dovan, weigh down, overwhelm, crush, overpower, oppyress. oppugno [ob + pugno], 1, attack, assaidt, storm, hesiege. ops, opis, f. (nom. and dat. sing. not in use), power, aid, help, assistance ; pl., opes, opum,
-ere,

oppono,

-posui,

wealth, resources, means, riches


adj.,

power, dominion
ance.

aid,

assist-

opaco [opacus], opacus, -a, -um,

shade. adj., shady, dark,


1,

opto,

choose ; wisJi, wish for, desire, long for.


1,

shadowy, gloomy. operio, -ire, -ui, -pertus, cover,


hide.

opulontus,
1.

-a,

-um
n..

[ops], adj.,

rich, icealthy.

opus,
toil,

-eris,

icork.

lahor

operor [opus],

1,

be engaged in,

work, he husy, he occupied with,

task; work of art, art.


n., need, necessity.
f.,

2.

opus, indecl.,
region.

be employed. opertus, -a, -um [operio], jiart., hiddcn, secret ; subst., operta,

ora, -ae,

horder, coast, shore


-i

oraculum, (oraclum),
n., oracle,

[oro],

-orum,

n., secrets, secret i^Iaces,


0, 140.

or secret regions^

response ; phice where the response is given, shrine.

orbis
orbis,
coil.
-is,

91
orb, clisk

Pacliynum
-ei

m.,

circJe,

Orpheus,

and

-eos,

m.,

orbit, circuit, revohition,

fold ; -witli raruin, the earth, the loorld. Orcus, -L m,, the Lower World, Hades; god of the Lower

conrse ; aud witbout ter-

Thracian hard, son of Calliope,

and husband of Eurydice. orsus, -a, -um, part. of ordior.


1.

ortus, -a, -ura. part. of orior. 2. ortus, -us, [orior], m.,risnif/. Ortygia, -ae \_6pTv^, quail^, f., World, Pluto, Dis. the aucient name of Delos also ordior, -iri, orsus, hegin, hegin an island in the harbor of to speak.
;

ordo.

-inis, m.,

row, line, train


;

Syracuse.
os,
oris, n., moiith, face, visage, voice, countcnance, features ;

order, succession, series


roio (or

class

bank) of oars.

Oreas, -adis, f.. an Oread (a mouutain nympli).

speech, language
trance, door
;

opening, en-

os

summum,

the

lijjs, 1, 737. Orestes, -ae or -is, m., son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; os, ossis, n,, bone. he slew his mother for her be- osculuni, -I [os], u., ??>s, kiss. -entus -endi, -ere. trayal of his father, and for this ostendo, out to or hold [obs -I- tendo] crime was pursued by the Furies. before, shou-, point out, reveal, orgia, -oruni lopyia^, n., orgies,
,

rites of

Bacchus.

disclose.

Oriens, -entis [orior], m., dawn, day ; East, Orient.


orlgo, -inis [orior], source, beginning ;
f.,

ostento [ostendo],
521.
-i

1,

present to
display, 6, en-

view, show, exhihit,


[os],

origin,

birth,

de- ostium,

n., .mouth,

scent, stock, lineage, race.

Orion, -onis, m., one of the constellations.

trance, door ; harbor, port. ostrum. -i, n., purple dye, purple,

purple

cloth.

orior,

ortus, rise, arise, appear, spring yp, spring from, be


-iri.

born.

Othryades, -ae, m.,son of Othrys, Panth us. otium, -i, w, leisure, idleness,

quiet, peace, repose. ornatus. -ns [orno], m., attire, ovis, -is, f., sheep. adornment, ornament. rejoice, shout, ornus, -i, f., mountain-ash, ash- ovo. 1,
tree.

exult,

triumph.
1,

oro

speak, beg, phad, beseech, implore, ask entreat, argne. or plead, as a lawyer.
[os],
6, 849.

P
pabulum.
-i

[pasco],
n.,

u., food.,

pasturr. pasturage, foclder.

Pachynum,

-i,

Pachynns

or

Orontes, -is, -i or -ae, a Lyciau compauion of Aeneas.

Pachynum, the southeast promontory of Sicily.

paciscor
paciscor,
harter
; -i,

92
it

Pantaffias
was carried
off

malce a barfjain, afireement, or compact,


stake, 5, 230.
1,

pactus,

by Ulysses and
Pallas

Diumedes. Pallas, -adis,


ideiytitied

paco

[pax],

make

peaceful,

Athena, by the Romans with


f.,

calm, or quiet; suhdue. pactus, -a, -uin,p.p. of paciscor, agreed upon, stipulated.

Minerva. palleo -ere, -ul, he paJe, pallid,


or iran.
adj.,

Paean,

-anis,

origiiially

god of healing, pallidus, -a, -um [palleo], probably referring to j^ale, pallid, wan.
in.,
;

anotlier deity, biit later applied to Apollo

pallor, -oris [palleo], m.,paleness,


pallor.

hymn

in

honor

of

Apollo or some otlier deity, paean, song of thanksgiving or triumph. paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it repents, w. acc. of tlie one feeling the emotion I repent., or
,

palma, -ae, f., palm of the hand, hand ; hranch (or wreath) of
palm, prize,
victor, 5, 339.

reward,

victory,

palmosus,
j)almy.

-a,

-um

[palma], adj.,
f.,

regret,

you repent,

etc.

palmula, -ae
hlade, oar.

[palriia],

oar

Palaemon,

-onis, m., a sea god,

son of Atliamas and Ino. f., palaestra, wrestling -ae,

ground;

pl.,

ivrestling,

wrest-

ling contests.

Palamecles,
plius,

-is,

m., son of
;

toith vi7ies, vine-clad. king of Euboea Pandarus, -I, m. a Mysian ally of put to death by the Gree]<;s at Troy who broke the truce beTroy as a result of tlie malicious tween tlie Greeks and Trojans plotting of Ulysses. by wounding Menelaus with au palans, -antis, part., see palor. avrow. Palinurus, -i, m., pilotof Aeneas also a promontory of Lucania pando, -ere, pandi, pansus or passus, spread (or stretch), out, named after him. palla, -ae, f., rohe, mnntle. extc.nd; open, th7'ow open ; ex, ;

Nauhe was

palor, l,v)ander,flee; hescattered. palus, -ndis, f., marsh, pool, marshy lake, swampy water. pampineus, -a, -um [panipius]. covered with vines, wreathed

Palladius

-a,

-um
-i,

[Pallas], adj.,
subst.,'

pose,

reveal,

disclose ;

relate,

of Pallas, or Minerva;

explain.

Palladium,
statue
of
fallen

n.,

Tallas,

a small believed to
;

Paaopea,

a sea nymph, or iSxreid, daughter of Xereus.


-ae,
f.,

from heaven this Panopes, -is, m., a young Sicilian ('oiiipaiiiou of Achates. was supposed to insure tho safety.of Troy so long as it Pantayisls, -ae, m., a small river of eastern Sicily. was preserved within the city

have

Pantlius
Panthns,
Othrys
-i,

93
paro,
1,

passus
prepare, get ready.

m., a Trojan, son of


priest

make

ready,

and

of

ApoUo,

slain at the sack of Troy.


,

papaver. -eris, n. poppy. Paphos, -i, f., a city of western pars, partis,
Cypriis, sacred to Venus.

Paros, -i, f., one of the Cyclades famous for its marble.
f.,

part,

portion,

sharp

side, quarter, direction.

par. paris, adj., equal, Uke, alike even, well halanced. paratus, -a, -uiii [paro], part., readij. prepared. Parcae, -arum, f., Fates, Parcae, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.

Parthenopaeus, -i, m., one of " The Seven against Thebes."


partior,
1.

-iri, -itus,

share, separate,
p.p. of pario.

divide, distribute.

partus,
offspring.

-a,

-um,

2.

partus, -us [pario], m., birth,


[parvus], adv.,
too
little^

parco, -ere, peperci or parsi, parsurus, spare, refrain from


refrain from, cease from, abstain, for;

parum

using
bear.

or

injuring

not enough, not.

paruinper [parum], for a


ichile.

little

parens. -entis [pario], c.parent; parvvilus, -a. -um [parvus], adj., father, sire ; mother; ancestor. very small, little, small. pareo, -ere, -ui, -itus, appear parvus, -a. -um, adj. (comp., obey, cornply with. minor; superl., mininius), paries, -etis, m., loall of a buildsmall, little ; subst., minores,
ing, either external or partition.

-uin, m., descendants.

pario, -ere, peperi, partus, pasco, pavi, -ere, pastus, bring forth, bear ; procure, obpasture, feed, nourish, support, tain, win, secure; procxire, bring rear ; pass. as dep. or w. middle topass, cause, accomplish. sense, feed on, eat, graze, Paris.-idis, m., son of Priam and pasture ; of fire, freely play Hecuba he awarded the apple of abgut, 2, 684. discord to Venus, brought about Pasiphae. -es, f., daughter of Sol the Trojan war by carrying off (Helios), wife of Minos the Helen f rom Sparta, and was slain king of Crete, and mother by Philoctetes. of the Minotaur, as well as [par], adr., pariter equally, in of Androgeos, Phaedra, and the same VKiy, in like manner, Ariadne. on equal terms ; together, in even passim [pando], adv., here and
;

line.

there, everyichere.
1.

Parius, -a, -um [Paros], adj., Parian, of Paros. parina, -ae, f., shield, buckler a small round shield.

passus,

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

pando,
ing
2.
;

loose, dishevelled, flow-a,

outstretched, outspread.

passus,

-um,

p.p. of patior.

passus
3.

94

Pelasffi

passus, -iis [pando], m., step. patruus, -i [pater], m., paternal pastor, -oris [pasco], m., shepuncle, uncle. herd^ herdsman. paueus, -a, -um, adj. small, little ; Patavium, -i, n., an ancient town pl., fero, afew. of northern Italy, founded by paulatim [paulum], adv., little by Antenor, now Padua. little, gradually. patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus paulisper [paulum], adv. for a
,

[pateo

-}-

facio],

open.,

lay

(or

little

while.

throw) open.

paulum
part.,

[paulus],

adv., a

little,

patens,

[pateor], ope, ivide open, unobstructed.

-entis

a while.

pauper,

-eris, adj., poor,

humhle.

pateo, -ere, -ui, he open^ lie open^ pauperies,-ei [pauper],f.,po?76' >'??/. stand open ; extend, stretch ; be pavidus, -a, -um [paveo], adj.,
evident, clear, or manifest.

trembling,
sire

affrighted,

fearful,

pater,

patris,

m., father,

timid, anxious.

ancestor,

forefather ;
f.,

pL,
hotjol,

pavito [paveo],

1,

tremble, shaJce

parents, elders. patera, ae [pateo],


sliallow
libations, ciqy.

withfear, quake, he terrified. pavor, -oris, m., tremhling, terror,


fear, dread,

and spreading, used


-a,

in

alarm ; anxiety,
peace
;

ex-

citement,
[pater], adj., o/

5, 138.
f.,

paternus,
nal.

-um

pax, pacis,

one^s father or ancestor, jyater-

grace, favor, pardon, indulgence.

pecten, -inis [pecto], m., comb quill, plectrum, an instrument patesco, -ere, patui [pateo], bewith whicli the strings of the (jin to open, or become clear lyre were struck. rnanifest, open to view, be dispectus, -oris, n., breast, heart, clo.sed., lie open. patiens, -entis [patior], part. bosom ; mind, soul, thought, enduring, submitting to, subfeeling. missive, patient. 1. pecus, -oris, n. flock, herd, patior, -i, passus, suffor, endure, drove, throng ; cattle. siihmit to ; perinlt, allow. 2. pecus, -udis, i., animal, beast patria, -ae [patrius], f., fathershecp ; victim for sacrifices. land, native land, native coun- pedes, -itis [pes], m., foot-soldior ;
.

(collectively), infantry, soldiery. country, land. patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of pelaftus, -i, n.. sea, flood. a fathcr or ancestor ; paternal, Pelas<>i, -orum, m., Pclasgians,

try

ancestral
native.

of

one^s

country,

Patron, -onis,
Aeneas.

ni.,

a follower of

supposcd original inliabitaiits of Grceco and of otlicr Mcditerrancan countries and ishmds
tlic

Qreeks.

Pelasgus
Pelasgus,
r/ian,

95
Pelas-

percurro
icithin, deep,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

far avmy

deeply,

entirely, thoroughly, utterly. Grecian, Greek. Penthesilea, -ae, f., queen of the Pelias, -ae, m., a Trojan. Amazons, slain at Troy by Peli<les, -ae, m., son of Peleus, " Achilles. Achilles, 2, 648; grandson of Peieus, Neoptolemus, or Pyr- Pentheus, -ei or eos, m., king of Thebes, torn in pieces by his rhhs, 2, 263.

pellax, -acis
ivil'j,

[pellicio],

crafty,

deceitful, artful.
-is, f.,

pellis,

skin, hide.

mother, Agave, and her revelling companions because he had mocked at the rites of B9,cchus.

pello, -ere, pepiili, pulsus, drive, drive out or away, expel, banish.

Pelopeus,

-a,

-um

[Pelops], adj.,

penus, -iis or -i, m. and f., also penus, -oris, n., stores, provisions, viands.

of Pelops., Pelopian, Grecian. Pelorus, -i, m., and Pelorum, -i, n., the nortbeast promontory of
Sicily.

peplum,
shavjl;

-i,

n.,

robe,

mantle,

pelta, -ae, shield, small and crescent shaped. [penus], m., -ium Penates,

the peplos or mantle used to drape the statue of Minerva on festal occasions.

per, prep. w. acc, through, of space, time, agent, instrument, manner, and cause along, over, Penates, gods of the household, among ; throughout, during ; by of the home, of the hearth, of means o/, by ; because of, on thefireside ; gods of the state as a accountof;,m oaths, adjurations, hearth, flrecollective family
;

side, horne.

pendeo, -ere, pependi, hang, he suspended; bend, lean forward ;


delay, listen.

and entreaties, by. perago, -ere, -egi, -actus [per


ago],
drive

-f-

through,

can-y

pendo,

pependi, pensus, iveigh out, pay, suffer. Peneleus, -ei or -eos, m., a Greek
-ere,
^varrior.

perform, finish, go through, through with, achieve, accomconexecute; pursue, plish,


tinue.

penetralis, -e [penetro], adj.. inner; subst,, penetralia, -ium, n., interior of a house, inmost (or inner) apartments ; sanctuary, shrine.

peragro [per -\- ager], 1, travel (or wander) through or over


travel, traverse, loander, roam. percello, -ere, -culi, -cvilsus, beat, strike,

or

smite

vehemently

penetro

[cf.

penitus],

1,

penetrate,
;

make

one''^

way to

or into, enter

reach.

down, overthrovi. percurro, -ei-e, -cucurri or -curri, run [per -1- curro], cursus through or over, relate (or narstrike

penitus,

adv.,

inwardly ;

far

rate) hastily, enumera,te.

percussus
peroussus,
cutio.
-a,

96
per-

pernix
-i, n.,

-um,

p.p. of

Pergamum,
-orum, Troy ;
built
n.,

and Pergama,
Troy,

tlie

citadel of

percutio,
[per
-J-

-ere,

-cussi,

-cussus

quatio], strike (or smite)


-a,

the Trojan Cxtadel by Helenus in Epirus, 3,


also

through, strikc, smite.

336.

perditus,
lost,

-um,

p.p. of perdo,

ruined, forlorn, loretched,

pergo, -ere, perrexi, perr^ctus [per -f rego], go on, proceed, advance, continue.

hopeless.

perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, ruin, perhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [per -f undo, destroy, kill ; lose. habeo], maintain, assert, nport, peredo, -ere, -edi, -esus [per -}say. edo], eat'up, consume. periculum, -i [perlclum], n., danperemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of peger,2)eril, risk, hazard, jeopardy rimo, destroyed, rui)ied, slain. perimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus, depereo,
-ire,
-ii,

-itus,

be

lost,

stroy, slay, kill, ruin, annihilate.

Periphas, -antis, m., a Greek pererro [per + erro], 1, ivander companion of Pyrrhus. through or over, survey. periurium, -i [periurus], n., perperish, die, be undone.

perfectus, -a, -um, p.p. of perficio, vjorked, ivrought.

perifirus,

jury, treachery, perfidy. -a, -um [per

-f-

ius],

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per adj., perjured, faJse. 4-fero], bear through, bear, perlabor, -T, -lapsus [per -Jcarry, convey ; report, announce ; lal)or], glide through or over. bear, endure, suffer ; w. reflex., perlego, -ere, -legl, -lectus [per betake one^^sself, go. scan, examine, survey. -f- lego],
perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [per
-ffacio],

permetior,

-iri,

-mensus

[per

do

(or

make)

thor-

metior], meas7(re. traverse.

oughly, complete, finish, accomplish, execute, perform.

permisceo, -ere, -miscui, -mistus

or-mixtus [per
-|-

-f

misceo], mix,

perfidus,

-a,

-um

[per

fides],

mingle.

adj., faithless, false^ perfidious,

permitto,
[per
-f
;

-ere,

-misi,

-missus
allow,

treacherous.

mitto],

permit,

perflo [per

-f flo], 1, bloio

through

suffer

commit,consign, intrust,
-a,

or over, siveep over.

give over.

perfundo,

-ere, -ffidi, -fusus [per

permixtus,
nisceo.

-um,

p.p. of

per-

4- fundo'], pour over,

wet, drench,
dip, dye,

vmsh; bathe, anoint,


stepp.

permulceo,
or

-ere, -mulsi,

-mulsus
mulceo],

miilctus

[per

-f

Perjrnnicus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[Pergainn.s],

caJm, soothe.

of I'erganius, Fergamian,

pernix,

-icis [per -f nitor], adj.,


fleet, agile.

'frojan.

nimble, swift^

perodi
perodT,
-odisse,

97
[per
-f-

Phlesryas

-osus

odi], hate, abhor, loathe, detest.

perosus, -a, -um, p.p. of perodi. perpetuus, -a -um [per-fpeto],


adj.,

vjhole,

entire, continuous,

Petelia, -ae, f., rn ancient town of Bruttium. peto, -ere, -ivT or -ii, -itus, seek, attack, pursue, as an enemy; seek, steerfor ; aim, aim at; ask,
beg.

all

perpetual.
4-

perrumpo,
[per

-ere, -rupi, -ruptus Phaeaces, -um, m., Phaeacians, the Horaeric rumpo], burst (or break) name for the through. inhabitants of Corcyra (now persentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus Corfu). [per -I- sentio] feel deeply, see Phaedra, -ae, f., daughter of
,

clearli) ; feel, perceive.

persolv^o,

-ere,

-solvi,

-solutus

[per

-I-

solvo], pay, render, give,

return.

persono, -are, -ui, -itus [per sono], sound through, cause (or make) resound; j)lay.

-f-

Minos, king of Crete, and wife of Theseus, king of Athens. Phaethon, -ontis, m., son of Helias and Clyraene the sun. phalanx, -angis [^(pd.Xay^'],^., pha;

to

army ; phalerae, -arum,


lanx. host,

fleet, 2,
f.,

254.

trappings,

persto, -stare, -stitT, -status [per rernain fixed -I- sto], stand fast,
or unaltered, persist.

for a horse.

pertaedet, -ere, -taesuiii


pers.,
it

est, im-

wearies, w. acc. of the


;

one feeling the emotion weary, I loathe, you are


etc.

I am
iceaivj,

pertempto
test;
fill,

[per

-f

tempto]

1, try,

pervenio,
pervius,
-a,

pervade, thrill, 1, 502. -ire, -veni, -ventus,


to.

arrive at, reach, come

a quiver. Phegeus, -ei or -eos, m., a Trojan companion of Aeneas. Philoctetes, -ae, m., son of Poeas, king of Meliboea in Thessaly he was a companion of Hercules from whom he inherited the bow and poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken with these he slew Paris. Af ter the war he
-ae,
f.,
; ;

pharetra,

-um

[per

-|-

via], adj.,

passable,

free,

unobstructed,

founded Petelia in Italy. Phineius, -a, -um [Phineus],

adj.,

common.
pes, pedis
rope
sail,

at

[ttoOs], m., foot ; footthe lower corner of a


;

sheet

facere pedem,
the

to

of Phineus, a Tliracian king who was struck blind by the gods and torraented by the Harpies for puttiug out the eyes of
his sons.

work
pestis,

(or

manage)

sheets,

tack^ 5, 830.
-is, ;

Phlegethon.
taint,

-ontis

[^(pXeyidoji',

1, plague, pest, pesti-

blazing'], m.,

a river of

fire in

lence
tion
;

infection,

poUu-

Tartarus.

destruction, ruin, death.

Phlegyas,

-ae, m.,

a son of Mars,

Plioebeiis

98

pius
men, hence, goodness, righteousness,

king of the T.apithae and father


of Ixion.

virtue,

piety

affection,
;

Phoebeus,
adj., (if

-a,

-iim

[Phoebus],

hive; loyalty, devotion

patriot-

Fhoehus, of the sun. ism, justice ; mercy, pity, comPhoebus, -i, m., Phoebus, Apollo. jjassion. Phoenices, -um, ni., Phoenicians. piget, -ere, piguit, inipers., it disPhoenissus, -a, -um, adj., Fhoepleases, w. acc. of the one feeling nician ; subst., PhoenTssa, -ae, tlie emotion / am displeased, f., Phoenician ivoman, Dido. annoyed, vexed, Iregret ; you are Phoenix, -icis, m., a Greek chief, displeasod, etc. teacher and companion of pignus, -oris, n., pledge, token. Achilles. pineus, -a, -um [pinus], adj., of Pholoe, -er, f., a Cretan slavepine, pine. woman, pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint, Phorbas, -antis, m., a son of color, embroider, tattoo ; pictus, Friam, killed at the siege of -a, -um, emhroidered, tattooed, Troy. mnny colored, hright xjlumaged, Phorcus, -i, m., a son of Neptune of gay phimage, 4, 525. and fatlier of the Gorgons pinguis, -e, adj., fat, rich, fertile. changed at his death into a sea pinifer, -era, -erum [pinus -f-fero], god. adj., pine bearing, pine clad. Phryges, -um, ra., Phrygians^ pinna (penna), -ae, f., feather^
; ;

Trojans.

Phrygius,
Phthia,

-a,

-um,

adj., Phrij-

gian, Trojan.
-ae,
f.,

vH)ig, pinion. piuus, -iis or -i [cf. pix], pine tree ; met., ship.

f.,

pine^

a Thessalian

city,

pio,

1,

expiate,

atonefor; appease.

the birthplace of Achilles.

piaculum,

-i

[pio], n., expiatory


;

offering or sacrifice ; expiation

met., si, crime.

Pirithous, -i, m., son of Ixion, king of the Lapitliae, conipanion of Theseus, with whose aid he attempted to carry avvay Proser-

picea, -ae
pine.

[pix],

f.,

pitch-pine.,

pinafrom the home

of Pluto

for.

this he vvas chained in Hades. piscosus, -a, -um [piscis], adj., of pitch, pitchy, pitch-hlack. ahnunding in fish, about lohich pictura, -ae [^'n\go'],i., painting, pJay thefish, 4, 255.

plceus, -a,

-um

[pix],

adj.,

picture.

pistrix, -icis [cf. piscis],


-a,

f.,

sea-

picturatus,

-um

[pictura],

monster.
pius, -a, -um, adj., pious, devout,
devoted,
sacred,
loyal,

adj., painted,

embroidered.

pictus, -a, -um, p.p. of pingo. [pius], pietas, -atis f., duty tovvard the gods and duty toward

dutiful

holy,
just^

righteous^

good;

pure, blessed.

placeo

99
of

Pompa
multus, most, very mnch.
;

placeo, -ere, -ui, pliicitus, please, be pleasing; placet, impers., it ptleases, it is ordained, decreed,
or right; w. dat. of the person, it jyleases me, you, etc, I resolve, or decree, yoii resolve, or decree,
etc.
;

very high, very large

pl.,

vcry

rnany, countless, verg (or most)

abundant.
plus, pluris, adj., co np. of
tus, more.

mul-

placitus, -a,

-xxva.,

pleasing
cahnly,

pluvius,-a,-um [ph:o],adi.,min^,
causing rain, rair.-bringing. poculum, -i, n., drinking-cup,
goblct, cup.
.

agreeabie.

placide [placidus], adv.

genlhj. peacefuiJy, quietly, softly.

placidus, -a, -w\n [placeo], adj., cnlm, gentle, peaceful, quiet,

punishment, penpain oengeance. tranquil, serene, placid, friendly, Poeni. -orum, m.,Carthaginians. propitious, kindly, compassion- Polites, -ae, m., a son of Priam, killed by Pyrrlius. ate.
-ae,
^'

poena,
alty,

placo,
j)ease
1.

1,
;

calm, soothe, quiet, apsubdue, qudl.


f.,

polliceor, -eri, -itus, j)romise. polluo, -ere, -ui, -utus, pollute,


defile ; violate,

plaga, -ae,
zone, district.

region,

tract,

wrong, desecrate,

outrage.
net,

2.

son of Jupiter and Leda, brother of Castor plangor, -oris [plangor], m., a when Castor had been slain, beating of the breast in token of Pollux shared his immortality grief; met., lamentation, vmilwith him on alternate days. ing. planta, -ae, f., sole of the foot, polus, -i, m., pole, north pole,

plaga, -ae,

f.,

hunting

net.

PoIIiix, -ucis,

ra.,

foot.

heavens.
-ere,

plaudo.
beat
;

plausi,
;

plausus,

Polyboetes,
j)riest of

-ae,

m.,

a Trojan

flap, Jlutter

beat time.

Ceres.

plausus, -us [plaudo], m., ap- Polydorus, -i, m., a son of Priam, treacherously slain by jylause, clapping of the hands
beating flapping
. ,

5, 215.

Plemyrium,

a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. plenus, -a, -uin [cf. obs. pleo in compleo, etc.], adj., full, over-i,

n.,

the Thracian king Polymnestor. Polyphenius, -i, m., a Cyclops of


Sicily,

been

son of Neptune he had blinded by Ulysses and


;

was seen by Aeneas and


companions.

his

floioing.

plico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or


-itus, fold, coil.

Pometii, -orum, m., and Pometia, -ae, f. a Volscian town,


,

pluma.

-ae,

f., -i,

feather, plume.
n., lead.

called also Suessa Pometia.

plumbum,
plarimus,

pompa,
superl.

-a,

-um,

adj.,

a solemn procession or ceremonial.


-ae,
f.,

pondus
pondus,
mass.

100
Portiinus,
-i

potis
[portus],
of harbors.

-eris, n., loeight, Jmrden^

m.,

the

Roman god
portus, -as,
haven.
bnild, erect,

pone, pcuo,

adv., behind.
-ere, posui, positus, put,
latj ;

m,,

port,

harbor,

place, set Jix,


esta?)lish,

found,
l<iy

make;

assign,

apimint ;

down.,

lay aside,

dismiss, put away^ banish place before one, serve up. pontus, -T, m., sp^, deep ; wave.

poposci, demand, ask, request; ask for, beg for, pray for ; entreat, supplicate. possum, posse, potui [potis + sum], be able, can, have power or injluence, avail ; potens,
-ere,

posco,

popularis, popular. populeus,


adj.,

-e

[,,

'>ulus],

adj.,

-entis,
ful,

pres. p. as adj., poioer-

mighty, great, rich, master

-a,

-um

[populus],

'of

of the poplar

tree,

poplar.

populo and populor [populus],


1,

post, prep. w. acc, after, behind; adv., aj'terwards, hereafter,


then, next, behind.

lay icaste, ravage; devastate,

plunder, rob; deprive of mntilate, despoil.

populus,
porricio,

-i,

m.,people,
;

tribe,

na-

tion, race

multitnde, throng.
-reci,

-ere,

-rectus,

posterus, -a, -um [post], adj., next, following, succeeding. postliabeo, -ere, -ul, -itus [post after, hold in -f- habeo], place less esteem or affection.
postis,
door.
-is,

cast forth as

an

offering to the

m., post,

door-post,

gods, offer.

porrigo,

-rexi, -rectus [pro -}- rego], stretch forth or out, hold forth, extend.
-ere,

postquam,
ivhen.

conj., afterthat, after^

postremus
-um,
last,
est,

or

postumus,

-a,

porro,

adv.,

forward, far

off,

; aftenvards, later, in course oftime. porta, -ae, f., gate, door^ portal,

afar, at a distance

posterus, latest born, youngest; lowadj., superl. of


3, 427.

below,

outlet.

potens, -entis, see possum. potentia, -ae [potens], f., power,

might. [pro -I- tendo], /orefeZZ, portend, potestas, -atis [potis], f., power, presage. abiJity, opportunity. porticus, -us [porta], f., portico, 1. potior, -iri, -itus [potis], get gaUcry, colonnade, hall. (or iake) possession of, get, gain, portitor, -oris [portus, froni por, obtain, secure. become master of. root of polto], ni., toll-gathercr 2. potior, -lus, see potis. at a port, warder, inspector, 6, potis, adj., -e, able; comp., 208 ferryman, boatman. potior, -ius, better, preferable porto, 1, 6ear, carry, bring. adv., potius, rather, preferably.
;

portendo,

-ere,

-tendi, -tentus

poto
poto, 1, drink. prae, prep. w, abl., hefore. praecelsus, -a, -iim [prae
sus], adj., veri/

101

praesaepe
-I

praedictum,

[praedico], n.,pre-ivl

diction, prophecy.

+ cel-

praeeo,
[prae
5,

-ire,
-h

or

-il,

-itus
lead,

liigli, lofty.
-\-

eo],

go

hefore,

praeceps, -cipitis [prae


adj.,

caput],

186.
-tull,

liead-foremost,

headlong

praefero, -ferre,
prefer,

-latus,
hefore,

hurried, hasty ; sivift, speedy ; in headlong haste ; subst., prae-

put

(or place)
-feci,
set

rank
[prae

hefore.
-ere,
ficio],

ceps,
icards.

-cipitis,
;

n.,

precvpice,

praeficio,
-1-

-fectus

verge, edge

in praeceps, down-i

over,

put in
-flxus

charge
[praecipio],
n.,

of,

place {ov put) over.


-ere,
,

praeceptum,
injunction,
riile,

praefigo,

-fixl,

order,

command

precept; ivarning, advice. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae -|- capio], take hoforehand or in advance, anticipate. dread. praecipito [praeceps], 1, trans.,' -ere, -misi, -missus, praemitto, cast (or throw) headlong, hurl send hefore, ahead, forward, or headlong, urge on, impel, tncite

[prae 4- figo] fix on (or end) of, tip, point ; praef ixus, -a, -um, tixtped, pointed, praemetuo, -ere [prae + metuo], fear in advance or heforehand,

the front

headlong, fall, plunge; descend swiftly, run down, rush down.


intrans.,

fall

in advance.

praemium,

praecipue
praecipuus,
adj.,

[praecipuus],
-a,

adv.,

[prae + emo], n., prize, reward, recompense, gift. praenato [prae + nato], 1, glide
-i

especially, chiefly.

-um

[praecipio],
distin-

Jlow hy or past. praepes, -etis [prae


hy,
(cf. Trero/iai)], ?td].,

(root) pet

especial,

peculiar,

flying, swift,

guished.

fleet.

praeclarus,
clarus],

-a, adj.,

-um

[prae

praepinguis,
adj.,
tile.

-e [prae

pinguis],

illustrious,

fa-

very

fat,

rich,

or

fer-

mous, distinyuished, glorious. praeco, -onis [for praevico, from prae + voco], m., herald. praecordia, -orum [prae + cor],
n., hreast, heart.

praereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeripio. praeripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus


[prae

rapio], seize {ov snatch)


-a,

praeda,

-ae,

f.,

hooty, spoil, plun-

hefore, snatch (or tear) away.

der, prey,

game.
-ere,

praeruptus,
-dixl,

-um,

praedico,
[prae
-}-

-dictus
predict,

praerumpo,
tous, steep.

hroken,

p.p. of precipi-

dico]

foretell,

prophesy ; forewarn,

charge,
3, 436.

admonish,

praesaepe,
n.,

-is [cf.
;

saepes, hedgel^

enclosure

hive, 1, 435.

praescius

102

Priamides

[prae -f- iexo~\, fringe, line, borpraescius, -a, -iiin [prae + scio], adj., foreknowing, prescient. der ; conceal, cover, hide, cloak. praesens, -entis [praesiiin], adj., praeverto, -cre, -verti, -versus, preoccnpy ; pres. pass. as middle present., at hand^ present in peror dep., outstrip. son or hefore one\s eyes ; immepraevidco, -ere, -vidi, -visus dinte^ instant ; p^rompt^ ready. [prae -|- video], foresee. praesentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensiis [prae+sentio], perceive {ovfeel) pratum, -i, n., meadovj. pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked, beforehand, divine. wrong, false ; sub.st., pravum, praesideo, -ere, -sedi [prae +
sedeo], preside over, proteet.
-i,

n., evil,
1,

falsehood,

-i,

188.

praestans, -antis,
excellent,

p.

of praesto,
distin-

precor,

pray ; pray

to,

invoke

surpassing,

implore, beseech, supplicate, beg,

guished, preeminent.

pray for.
-status ov
it

praesto, -are, -stiti, stitus [prae -\- sto], surpass, excel


;

prchendo [prendo],

-ere, -hendi,

impers.,

it is

better,

was

better, etc.

-hensus, lay hold of,seize, catch, grasp ; overtake, reach. prehensus, -a, -uin, p.p. of pre-

praetendo,
[prae
-f-

-ere, -tendi,

-tentus
forth,

tendo],

stretch

hcndo. prcmo, -ere,


press

pressi,

pressus,
after,

hold out before; p.p., stretched out before, lying in front of,
3, 092.

press, press upon,

tread upon

down; press hard


;

ptursue closely

cover, bury, hide,

praeter, adv,, and prep. w. acc, by, beyond, before, besides, ex,c,ept.

conceal
oppress,

overwhelm, overpower, weigh doion; repress,


curb,
check,
confiae,

restrain,

praeterea
besides,

[praeter

-f

ea],

adv.,

keep

down

or back, stop, stay;

moreover ;

hereafter,

rule, r.ontrol.

praetereo,
[praeter
outstrip.

henceforth, thereafter. -ire, -ivi or


-f-

-ii,

eo],

j9ass

by,

prendo, -erc, prendi, prensus, see prchcndo. -itus prenso [prendo], 1, grasp. seize. pa.s.s, prcsso [premo], 1, press ; milk.

praeterlabor,

-lapsus [praeter prctiuin, -T, n., price, prize, reward, brihe. (or flow) by or -I- labor], glide (prcx. prccis), f., nom. and gen. along hy, sail by or past. siiii:;. obsolete, prayor, entreaty, praeterveho, -ere, -vexi, -vcc.^nppJiration. rarry [practer 4- velio], tus along hy ; pass. as niiddle or Priameius, -a, -um [Priamus], adj., of Priam. dep., be Jxtrne past, go by, sail Prianiides, -ae [rriamus], m.. hy or pa.st. son of Priam. practcxo, -ere -texui, -tcxtus
-i,

Priamus
Priamus,
-i,

103

pubesco

Priam, son of proavuf., -1 [pro+ fcivorahle, great-grandfather, a/iUS ; prosLaoinedoii and king of Troy [probus], l,appri ^^m0f slain at the Fall of Troy by probo Alba^^^^ Pyrrhus. 2, Son of Polites and Procas, -ae. m., an /<>*father of Numitor and Amu grandson of King Priam, 5, 564. boisteron; pridem, adv., longago, long since. procax, -acis, adj.,
m.,
1,
;

priino, adv., atjirst, in the heginning.

violent.

primum, adv.

^rsi

w. ut or cum,

procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus.Pi^o (or come) forth or forward, -^^^^"


vance, proceed, move, contiiAie,

as soon as. priinus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of prior, first, foremost, first part of; front, fore-, 5, 566; in primis, especially ; subst., chief
leader, nohJe.

pass hy. procella, -ae,


hlast.

f.,

gale,

storm.

procer, -eris, m., sing. obsolete except acc, usually pl., chief,
nohle, prince.

princeps, -ipis [primus


adj.,
first,

-f

capio],

proclamo [pro -f- clamo], 1, cry foremost out. subst., m., chief leader, com-is (and idis), f., daughProcris, mander, prince; founder. ter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, priucipium, -i [princeps], n., heand wife of Cephalus, king of ginning ; abl. as adv., principio,
chief,

in

the

heginning, in

the first

place, first.

prior,

-us,

comp.

adj.,

former,

Phocis, whoshother accidentally while hunting. procul, adv., /r off, far, at a distance, afar, far aicay.

first; subst.,

priores, -um, m.,

ancestors; prius, adv., hefore, sooner. priscus, -a, -um, adj., old, ancient;

procumbo,

-ere, -cubui,

-cubi-

tus [pro-l- cubo], hendforward, lean forward ; fall in death or

battle, fall (or sink) in ruins. Prisci Latini, the Old or -cucurri procurro, -ere, (or Early) Latins, 5, 598. -curri, -cursus [pro + curro], pristinus, -a, -um, adj., old, forpit out, run out, project. mer, ancient, pristine. adj., windPristis, -is, f., name of a ship of procurvus, -a, -um,

Aeneas.
prius, see prior. priusquam, or prius
1.
.

ing, curving, curved. procus, -i, m., suitor.


. .

quam, prodeo,
[pro
;
-\-

-ire,

-ivi

before that, before. pro, prep. w. abl., hefore

eo],

move
n.,

or ii, -itus (or go) forsign, porteiit,

for,

icard. advance.

in return for, in hehalf of, for the sake of instead of


2.

prodigium,
proditio,

-i,

omen, prodigy.
-onis
[prodo],
f^

pro, interjec,

0! Ah! Alas !

praescius
praescins,
-a. -
;

104
treason,

propinqiius
-i,

adj., fureJ-'^^^ evidence

prolabor,
proles,

-lapsus, /7? down^


offspring, progeny,
-lui,

praesens, h
present re, -didi, -ditus [pro
-|-

fall in rnins.
-is, f.,

son rjiv^ up, give over, abandon, hetray ; hand doivn, ^isert^
rvdaco,
^^)ro
-}-

posterity, race, lineage.

-ere,
du.co'],

-duxi,

-ductus

proIongT protract.
battle,Jight.

p.ielium, proranus,
adj.,

-i, n.,

-a,

-um[pro f fanum],

-lutus [pro -|luo], wet^ drench, wash; Jill. proluvies, -ei [proluo], f., flow., discharge, excrement. promereor, -eri, -itus [pro -fmereor], deserve, merit.

proluo, -ere,

profane, unholy, uninitiated. profero, -ere, -tuli, -latus [pro 4- fero], carry forward or forth,
extend.

promissum,
promise.

-i

[promitto],
-misi,

n.,

promitto,
[pro
-1-

-ere,

-missus

mitto], promise, pledge,


-ere,
-f

proficlscor,

-i,

profectus,

set

voio.

out or forth, depart, go. profor [pro -f for], 1, speak out,


speak.

promo,
forth,

prompsi, prompemo], bring out or


se,

tus [pro

put forth ; w.

cnme
f.,

profugus,

-a,

-um
exiled,

[profugio],

forth, emerge.

adj., fleeing,

banished
adj.,

pronuba, -ae
a
title

[pro, cf. nubo],

subst., exile, fugitive, outcast.

especially applied to

Juno
4,

profundus, profound;
beget^,
f.,

-a,

-um,
-f

deep,

as the goddess of marriage, heip-

iofty, high.

ing in marriage rites, nuptial,

progenies, -ei [pro

root gen.,

\m.
pronus, -a, -um [cf. pro], adj., bending (or leaning) forward, downward, sloping, shorewardsioping, 5, 212.

lineage,

race;

off-

spring, progeny, children.

progigno,

-ere, -genui, [pro -fgigno], bear, bring forth, produce.


-i,

propago,

-inis,

f.,

stock,

off-

progredior

-gressus

[pro

-f-

spring, p^rogeny, race.

gradior], go

forward or forth, prope


-\-

advance, proceed.

(comp., propius q.v., superl., pro.vime), adv. and


;

prohibeo,
liabeo],

-ere, -ui, -itus [pro

prep., near.

keep off or away, ward

propere, adv., speedihj, guickly,


swiff/y, hastily.

off, avert, prevent, forbid. proioio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [pro throw (or cast) forth, -I- iacio], down, or away, fling down or

propero, 1, hasten, make haste. propin<iuo [propin^puis], approach, come near, draw near. propiii<]iius, -a, -um [prope], a<lj., n<'(ir, nrighboring, ncar at hand ; kindred, related.

avmy, plunge. proiectus, -a, -um,

]).]i.

of

pro-

icio, projecting, jutting.

propior

105
[pro
-I-

pubesco
spes],
adj.,

propior, -us [prope], comp. adj., marer. propius [prope], comp. adv.,

favorable,
;

auspicious,

propitious

pros-

more nearly, more

closely

more

favorably or propitiously. j9B^ ward, or out, gaze out upon; -ere, -posui, -positus see, descry. [pro -H pouo], place before^ disprosum, prodesse, profui [pro P^ny-i offer, propose. -|- sum], avail, projit, he of asproprius, -a, -um, adj., one''^ sistance or use. own, lasting, permanent, ahidof protectus, -a, -um, p.p. ing. protego. propter, prep. w. acc, on account protego, -ere, -texl, -tectus [pro of.

perous, fortunate. prospicio, -ere, -spexfj^-spcctus [pro 4- specio], look for-

propono,

propugnaculum,
n., huluxirk,

-i

[i^ropugno],

-1-

tego], ptrotect, shelter.

defence.

protendo, -ere,-tendi, -tensus or


-tentus [pro -f tendo], stretch forth or out, extend. protinus [pro + tenus], adv., co7itinuously, uninterruptedly, right

prora. -ae [cf. pro], f.., prow. proripio, -ere, -ripiii, -reptus [pro -H rapio], snatch (or drag) forth or aioay ; hurry away,
hasten av'ay.

on

straightway,

irnmediately,

prorumpo,
[pro
-f-

-ere, -rupi,

-ruptus

forthvnth.
-ere, -traxi, -tractus

rumpo], hurst forth, cast protraho,


[pro
p.p.
-I-

forth, helch forth.

traho],

draw

(or drag)

proruptus, -a, -um, prorunipo, dashing,


hroken.

of

riishing,

prosequor,

-secutus [pro -[sequor], follow after, foUow, piirsue, accompany, attend;


-i,

forth or forward. proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [pro -)- veho], bear (or carry) forvjard ; pass., he horne onivard, sail ; proceed, speak on,
3,

481.
-a,
adj.,

proceed, continue,

2,

107.

proximus,

-um

[superl.

of

propior], Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, wife of Pluto, prudentia, -ae [prudens], f., forethought, foresight, wisdom, by wliom she was carried away sagacity. and made queen of the Lower pruna, -ae, f., live coal. World. prosilio, -ire, -uT, -ivi, or -ii pubens, -entis, adj., full of life or vigor, juicy ; downy. [pro -1- salio], leap forth, spring pubes, -is, f., groin, middle forth, dart forth or forvxtrd.. youth, young men ; brood, offprospectus, -us [prospicio], m,,
nearest, next.

prospect, vievu sight, outlook. prosper or prosperus, -a, -um

spring.

pubesco,

-ere,

-pubui [pubes],

pudeo
he

100
to

quaesitor
pure, clean,
cJear

growing up, grow

man-

or clear

w. se,

hood.

away, vanish, disappear.

pudeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, he ashamed ; purpura, -ae, f., purple. impers., pudet, etc, w. acc. of purpureus, -a, -um [purpura],
the person wlio experiences the feelini(, it sha.mes me, i.e. / am
adj.,

purple,

scarlet;
lustrous,

ruddy,
hrigJit

rosy, glowing,

ashamed,

etc.

colored.

pudor,

-oris, m.,

shame^ modesty,

purus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,p?<re, clear

virtue, jmrity, honor. puella, -ae [puer], f., girl.

Jieadless, 6, 700.

puto [putus,
orclear;
hoy

clearl,

puer,

-eri, ui., hoy. son, child.

tJiink,

clean suppose, helieve ;


1,

make

puerilis, -e [puer], adj.,

ofa

or hoys, youtJiful. pugiia, -ae, f., fight, hattle, comhat. struggle, contest, conjlict.

consider, ponder, reflect iipon. Pygmalion. -onis, m., son of Belus, brother of Dido, and

king ot: rhoenicia. pug-no [puL;iia], 1, fight, contend pyra, -ae. f., funeral-pile, pyre. in hattle, fight (or struggle) Pyrgo, -us, f., a Trojan nurse of rriam*s children. against, resist, oppose. pugnus. -i, m., fist, hand. Pyrrhus, -i, m., son of Achilles and neidamia, king of a pait of puloher, -ohra, -chrum, adj., Epirus. slain by Orestes he was fair, heautiful, lovcly, comely also called Neoptolemus. nohle, illustrious, glorious, excellent, famous.
;

pulso

[pello], 1, heat, lash, strikc


;

Q
qua
[qui and quis], interrog.,
indef. adv.,
1,

against ; touch, reach


throh.
1.

tremhle,

rel.

and
"2,,

wliere? liow?
loliat

2.

pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. pulsus, -ils [[)ello], iii., heating, tramn, tra)np/ing.
-a,

in wJiat

vuy? hy

means?

pulverulentus,
adj., dasty.

-um

[pnlvis],

8, in any way, anywJwrc, hy any means. quadrijjfae, -aruiu [quattuor -}iunuiii], f., four-horse chariot,

wJiere, Jiow;

pulvis

(-is,

1,478), -eris, m.,


iu.,

fZ?<si.

cJiarioi.

piiuiex, -ieis,

pumice-stone,

quadrupes,
pcs],
\\\].,

-edis

[(juattuor
;

-f-

porous rock ; rock.


Prinieeus, -a, -um, adj., of Pnnic color ; red, crimson, piirple. Piinieus, -a, -um, adj., Punic, Carthaginian.

four-foot<'d

subst.,

fonr-footcd aninial, animal. quaero, -ere, quaesivi or

-ii,

quaesitus, seek, searchfor, look for ; i)i(]uirc, ask ; seek in vain,


miss.
T),

puppis,

-is,

f.,

stern

ship, ves-

814.

quaesTtor,

-oris

[(luacro],

m.,

pOr^o

[purus

ago],

1,

makc

judje.

quaeso
quaeso
seek^
seech.
[cf.

107
defective,
[

quippe

quaero].
he<j,

ask,

entreat,

be-

-que, conj. enclit., and. queo. quire, quivi or


tus. he ahle, can.

-ii,

qui

quercus, -us, f., oak, crown oj qualis, -e, oak leaves, lohat sort? of ichat appearance or nature? what? 2, rel., such querela, -ae [queror], f., comadj., 1, interrog., of

as, as

much
[qui],

as, as.

pilaint.
1,

quam
hoio?

adv.,

interrog.,

queror,
lament,

-T,

questus,

complain,

2, rel., as,

as

much

as ; w.
.

hev:(iil.

moan.

coQip., than ; w. superl., as

as possihle.
conj., quaniquam, and yet. thou<jh ; quamvis [quam + vis

although,
(see volo)],

questus, -us [queror], m., complaint, lamentation, lament. qui, quae. qiiocl. pron., 1. interrog.,
rel.,

icho?

ichich?

icJiat?

2,

loho, ichich, what.

adv.

and
1,

conj., Jiowever

much,
time,

quia, conj., hecause.

hoicever, although.

quianam,
any

interrog.

adv.,

ichy?

quando,
cause.

adv.,

at

ich e refn re ? v:h y

pray ?

ever, ichen ;

2, conj., since, he-

quicumque, quaecumque; quodcumque, indef. rel. pron. and


adj.,

quantus,

-a,

-um,

adj., interrog.,
rel.,

ichoever, ichatever,

whoso-

how

great ? often w. tantus preceding, as great as, as much s, as ; qvian-

how much?

ever, v:hatsoever.

quid [quis], adv., v:hy? hoic? quidem, adv., indeed, truly,


least, forsooth.

at

tum,

adv., hoio

much, how, hoio

quies, -etis, f., rest, repose, sleep, quiet, pause, lull. quare [abl. of qui -f- abl. of res], adv., 1, interrog., on account of quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, rest, he quiet, repose, he still, cease. what thing? why? wherefore? 2, rel., on account of lohich quietiis, -a, -um [quiesco], adj.,
greatly.
'

thing,

ftjr

which reason,

on
adj.,

quiet, peaceful, calm, tranquil,


restful.

which account. quartus, -a, -um [quattuor],


fourth.

quin
not,

[qui

ne],

1,

conj.,

that

quasso
dish
;

[quatio],
sh<itter.

1,

shake, hranadv.,

quater
times.

[quattuor],

four

hut that, from ; 2, adv., lohy not ? nay, nay hut, nay even, moreover. quini, -ae, -a [quinque], five
each, five.

quatio, -ere, no perf., quassus, quinquaginta, adj., fifty. shake, beat, flap ; agitate, make qiiippe, adv. and conj., surely, indeed, forsooth, verily ; inasmuch tremhle, thrill ; torment.

quattuor,

adj.,

four.

as, since,

because indeed.

Quirinus
Qiiirinus, -i, m., a name of ulus after lie was deified,
1.

108
Rom- quomodo
or

rapio

2.

quo modo, adv., l^ interrog., in ivltat way? in what quid, interrog. manner? how? 2, rel., in the quis, quae, same manner as, just as. pron., luho? ichich? ivhat? quis or qui, qua or quae, quid quonam, interrog. adv., whither
pray?
ivhither?

or quod, indef. pron., adj., and subst., any, some, any one, some one, anyhody, anything, something
;

where

pra?/^

wheref

quondam,
formerly
hereafter,

adv., once, at one time,


;

{quis

quibus,

1,

9o;

sometimes, at times

5, oil).

sometime

ever,

6,

876. quisnam (quinam), quaenam, quidnam (or quodnam), in- quoniam,

conj., since

now, since,

and adj., who inasmuch as. quoque, conj., also, too. pray? ichatpray? qulsquam, quaequam, quid- quot, indecl. adj., how many? as
terrog.

pron.

quam
pron.

or

quicquam,

indef.,

many

as.
-|-

used as subst., any one,

quotannis [quot

annus], adv.,

anything.

yearly, annually.

quisque,

quaeque, quodque or quotiens [quot], adv.,^0MJ often?

(substantive)

quidque

or quic-

as often as.

que, indef. i)ron., each, every, each one, every one, everything. quisquis, quaequae, quidquid
or quicquid, indef. pron., ivhoever, whosoevtr, whatever,

quousque,
lony?

adv.,

hoio far?

how

R
-a,

rabidus,
savage,
zied,

-um,

adj.,

raving,

whatadv.,

raging,

furious, fren-

soever.
1.

quo

[qui],

1,

interrog.

mad, fierce, frantic. rabies, -em, -e, f., madness, rage,

whither? toivhatjilace? ivhere? frenzy, fury. wherefore? 2, rel. adv., to which radius, -i, m., rod, spoke ; ray, place, ivhither, where. heam. 2. quo [qui], conj., in orcler that, radix, -icis, f., root. so that, that. rado, -ere, rasi, rasus, graze, quocirca, adv., wherefore, for skim along or over, coast (or which reason. sail) along or near. quocumque, adv., to whatsoever ramus, -i, m., branch, bough
place, whithcrsoever, wherever.
irrcath.

quod

[qui], conj., as to the fact


;

rapidus,
suming,

-a,

-um

[rapio],
;

adj.,

that, hecause, in that, that

bnt,

rapid, swift, quick


fierce.

violent, con-

hoioever,

moreover,
;

th<'refore,

wherefore however.

quod

si,

hut

if,

if

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, seize, s)iatch ; snatch away, cari^ away

raplo
01-

109
snatch
iip to
;

rediiiio
-si,

o/, snatch

up

recludo, -ere,

-sus

[re-

heaven, translate, exalt, 1, 28 rescue; pillage, }->hinder, ravish, steal; scour, hasten on, hurnj on, speed, turn swiftly. rapto [rapioj, 1, drag (or hurry)
along.

claudo], unclose, open, disclose, reveaJ, unsheathe.

raptor, -oris [rapio], m., robber, plunderer ; as'adj., plundering,


jiroii^iing.

recolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [re- + colo], think over, consider, contemplate, reflect upon. recondo. -ere, -didi,-ditus [re- + condo], conceal, hide ; bury.

recordor

[re-

cor],

1,

call

to

ravening.

mind, remember,

recollect,

re-

caU. raresco, -ere [rarus], begin to rector, -oris [rego], m., ruler, open, open out, 3, 411. guide, pilot, helmsman. rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, with scattered, here rectum, -i [rego], n., right. meshes, 4, 131 and there, at intervals ; few, rectus, -a, -um [regol, p.p. of
;

faltering, broken. ratio, -onls [reor],

rego as adj.. straight, right. recubo, -are [re- + cubo], lie back f., calculation, or down, recUne. purpose, plan ; luay, manner. ratis, -is, f., raft, ship, hoat, bark, recurso [recurro], 1, riin back,
vessel.

ratus, -a, -um, p.p. of reor. raueus, -a, -um, adj., hoarse,
roaring, ringing, resounding.
rebellis,
-e

return, recur. recursus, -us [recurro], m., a running back, retreat, return.

recuso

[re-

causa],

1,

refuse, de-

cUne, object to, be reluctant. recussus, -a, -um, p.p. of recutio. rebeUious, insurgent. recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go recutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussus cause to resouiid, [^i-e- + quatio] back, recede, retire, withdraw, shake violently, shake ; p.p., retreat, stand back or apart; derecussus, -a, -um, resouncUng, part, vanish, disappear.

[re-+bellumj,

adj.,

recens, -entis,
recent, pure.

adj.,

neiv,

fresh,

reverberating.

reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditus


-vii,

[re-

recenseo, -ere,
review, survey.

-us or -itus,
[recido], adj.,

do], give back, return, restore, give up, deUver ; answer, reply ;
give, render,

recidlvus,

-a,

-um

pay, make.

returning, rising again, restored -cinctus o, -ere, -cinxi, recmgo. unloose. ungird, ciiigo], [re- +

redeo,

-ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus,

go

(or come) back, return.

rediinio,

-ire,

-ii,

-itus,

bind

recipio,-ere, -cepi, -ceptus [re- + capio], take back, get back, retake, rescue ; recover, gain,
receive, admit.

round, crown, encircle, ivreathe. redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [re- + emo], buy back, redeem,

ransom.

reditus

110
refiisus, -a,

relinquo
-um,
p.p. of

reditus, -us [redeo], iii., return. redoleS, -ere, -ui, be redolent of, smell of, he fragrant with. rediico, -ere, -duxi, -duetus [re- -f ducoj, Jead (or hring)
back,

refundo,

disturbed, upheaved, overflowing. regalis, -e [rex], adj., r.egal,


royal.

regificus, -a,
did.

-um

[rex

-|-

facio],

reduetus, reduco,
cluded
,'

draw hack ; rescue. -a, -um, p.p.


retired,

adj., royal, regal, kingly, splen-

of
se-

remote,
1,

regina, -ae [rex],


cess.

f.,

queen, prinf.,

receding,
-iicis

161.
adj.,

redux,

[reduco],
-felli [re-1-

regio, -onis [regoj,


trirt, ciuarler.

direction,
;

hvought back, returning.


refello, -ere,
fallo],

region, tcrritory, conntry

dis-

refnte, disprove.

refero,
[re-I-

-ferre,

rettuli,

relatus

fero], bear back or again,

regius, -a, -um [rexj, adj., royal, kingly, queenly. regnator, -orls [regno], m.,
ruler, sovereign.

bring {ov carrg) hack ; hear (or away or off, convey, waft; restore, revive, renew, rex>roduce; repeat, recall, resemhle
carrij)

regno [regnum],

1, reign, rule reign (or rule) over, govern.


-i

regnum,

[rex], n,, kingly rule,

report, relate, refer ; repJy, say,

royal power, sovereignty, power,

speak, utter ;

w.

me,

se,

etc,

dominion,

sway ;

kingdom,

go hack, return.
refiso, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [re- -}tigo], loosen, take unfasten,

down
-1-

annul, abolish, ahrogate.

reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus [re-

turn (or bend) back w. aniuium, think of, recoUect. r<'frini>o, -ere, -fregi, -fractus rc- -f- fraiigo], break off. refugio, -ere, -fiigi [re- -t- fugio], Jiee back or away, fly ; recede, standhack; recoil ; shun, avoid, fl,ee from. refulged, -ere, -fulsi [re- -f fulgeo], flash hack, shine forth, shine, glitter, gleam, glisten,
flecto],
[

realm, domain ; seat of government. rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, rule, govern, control ; direct, guide. reicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [re- -f iacio], throw back or off. relego, -ere, -legi, -lectus [re- -|legoj,
sail

past

again,

coast

<(Iong again. religio (always e in Virgil), -onis, f., reverence, religious veneration,

religious
;

scruple,

piety,

devotion
rites,

religion,

religious
cere-

religious

offering,

monial,
worship.
religiosus,

religious

ohservance,
[religio],

be refulgent.
-fii<Ii,

-a,

-um

rcfuiKlo, -ere,
-f

-fiisus [reboil up,

adj.,

religioxis,

holy, sacred.

fiuulo],

pour back,

reIin(iuo, -ere, -Iiqui, -lictus [re-f

overflow.

linquo], leave, lenve behind,

reliquiae
ahandon., relinqmsh
(;')!.

111
;

requies
revive
o suffer again, 2, o (or dare) again, 2, 750.
;

spare, 2,

risk

reliquiae, -aruin [reliiiquo], f. remains, rcnnnant, relics, surSee note on 1, 30. vivors. relueeo, -ere, -luxi [re- -|- luceo], shine back, glow, yleam, shine,
Jfash.

reor, reri, ratus, think, believe, suppose, dcem.

repello, -ere, reppuli. repulsus [re--hpello], drive back, repel,


repulse, reject,
refiise,

disdain,
. .

scorn, 4, 214,
1,

remeo,

return.
-iri,

rependo,
[re- -f [re- -f

reiiietior,

-mensus

-pendi, -pensus pendo], baJance, rnake


-ere,

metior], measure af/ain or back\ retrace, traverse again, observe again. remex, -igis [renius -f- ago], m.,

return or
r/uite,

requital,

repay,

re-

return.

repente [repens], adv., suddenly,


unexpectedly. reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus,

ruwer, oarsman

bancl of oars-

find (by .searching), jind'out, [remex], n., a di.scover. detect. roioing, rowing movement, oar- repeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus age ; oarsmen, creio. [re- -j- peto], seek again, return remitto, -ere. -misi, -inissus [reto ; recaJl, remember, recoUect; -|- mitto], send back ; repay, repedt, renevj ; retrace. retnrn; release, give up, relin- repleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [re- -|crcv'.

men,

remigium,

-i

qni.^h,

resign.

pleo].

Jill

again,

lill

up, fll.

reuiordeo. -ere, -mordi, -morsus [re- -(- mordeo], bite again, vex.
torrnent, distress, disturb.

repono,
[re- -f

-posui, -positus pono], jmt (or place)


-ere,

removeo.
[re-j-

-ere,

-movi,

-motus
take

back, replace, restore ; lay down or aside ; lay up, store up or

moveo],

remove,

avay ;

place, put, bury.


,

avny. reporto [re- -|- porto] 1 carry (or remfigio, -ire [re- -f mugio], belbring) back, report, relate. low back or again, reecho, reposeo, -ere [re- -|- posco], deresound. mand (in return), ask.
,

1.

remus,

-i,

m.

oar.

repositus
p.p.

2.

twin brother of Romulus, by whoni he was


-i,

Remus,

m.,

(repostus), -a, -um, of repono, buried ; cher;

ished

remnte.

killed.

renarro

[re- -f- narro], again, relate, recount.


-I,

1,

tell

reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [re- -I- premo], check, keep back,
restrain.

renaseor,

-natus
-}-

[re-

-j-

nas-

requies, -etis or ei [ref.,

-\-

quies],
4,

cor], he born again,

grow again.
1,

rest,

repose,

respite,

renovo

[re-

novo],

renew,\

433.

requiesco

112

reus
around or hehind; looJc hac\ upon, look hack and see ; see, notice ; regard, carefor, he mind-

requiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus [re-

quiesco],

7'('iit.

requiro, -ere, -sivi or -sii, -situs [re- -|- quaero], search (or seek) fnl of respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponfor or out, askfor, ask, inquire sus, speak sorroiq/uUy of^ mourn, answer, reply, respond, miss, sorroio for, 1, 217. respond to ; agree with, correres, rei, f., thing, affair, circumspond ; he opposite. stance^conditifon, occurrence, in- responsum, -i [respondeo], n.,
cident, event, matter, case, issue,
side,

ansiver, response, rephj.

restinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stincson ; advantage, interest ; comtus, quencli, put out. monwealth, state, empire,power, restituo, -ere, -ui, -iitus [re- -|world; deed, exploit, achievestatuo], set up again, restore,
cause, partij ;

cause, rea-

fortune, misfortune. rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus [re- -f scindo], tear down, d;

meiit

replace, reestahlish.

resto,

-are,

restiti

[re-

-|-

sto],

remain, he left, survive. molish, raze. resulto [resilio], 1, reecho, reverreserv^o [re- -f servo], 1, keep (or herate, resound. hold) hack, reserve, save. resupinus, -a, -um, adj., fallen
reses, -idis [resideo], adj., quiet,
sliujyish, inactive,

harktrard, hjing on one's hack^


stretched out.

dormant.
sit

resido, -ere, -sedi,

(or settJe)

down, resisno
opeu.

settle ;

suhside,

resurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrecahate, tus [re- -f- surgo], i'ise again,
revive, return.

grow calm.
[re-)-

signo],

1,

unseal,

rete,

-is, n., net.

resisto, -ere, -stiti, stand forth, stand revealed ; resist, opposre,

imthstand ; stop, halt, pause. resolvo, -cre, -solvi, -solutus [rc-|-

retego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [re-\- tego], uncover, reveal, discJose, hring to light ; iJluminate. retento [retineo], 1, hold hack^
restrain, retard.

solvo], untic, loosen,


;

unhind
dissolve,
disclose,

retinaculuui,
calile, rope.

-i

[retineo],

n.,

set free, release ; relax

separate ; unravel, hreak, disregard.

retinco, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [re+ tcneo], hoJd Jxtck, restrain.

resono
reecho.

[re-

-j-

sono],

1,

resound,
care for,

rctraho, -ere,

-traxi,

-tractus

respecto [respicio],
regard.

1,

[re- 4- traho], draio back, recalt. retro, adv., hackward, hack. rctrorsus [rctro + versus], adv.,
Jiark.

respicio,
[re-1-

-ere,

-spcxi,

-spoctus

specio], hjok hack, ahont.

reus,

-i

[rcs],

defendant,

one

revello
liahle
;

113
mij

rot;*

w. voti,
237.

hound by

vow,

5,

rigeo, -ere, rigui, be stif. rigo, 1, ivet, moisten, bedew.

revello, -ere, -velli, -volsus [re+ vello], tear (or pz<?/) off or

rima,

-ae,

f.

crack.
1,

rimor

[rima],
-a,

pry

into,

dig

aicay

bring (or drag)

away

into, explore, search.

dig up, disturb, violate. reverto, -ere, -ti, -sus, or revertor,


-ti,

rimosus,

-um

[rima], adj.,

-sus

[re-

verto]

re-

turn.

revincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [re- + vincio], bind back or rite, adv., icith proper religious around, bind, fasten ; loreathe, rites, properly, rightly, Jitly,
festoon.
duly, well.
revisit,

full of cracks or crevices, leaky. ripa. -ae, 1, bank. Ripheus, -ei, m., a Trojan, slain at the capture of Troy.

reviso, -ere, return to see,


retiirn to
; visit.

rivus,

-i,

m., stream.
n.
,

robur,
1,
;

-oris,

oak, oak tree

revoco [re-+voco],
sumnion) back,
(or cry) out.
restore, save, revive^

call

(or
;

Vjood, beams,

recall

retrace

vigor,
ness.

timber ; strength, courage, power, firm.1,

renew ;

call

rogito [rogo],
-volvi,

askoften, eagerly,

revolvo,
[re-

-ere,

volvo], roll

-volStus back; recall,


;

or earnestly.

rehearse, repeat, relate

revolve,

rogo, 1, ask. rogus, -1, m., funeral pile.

ponder; fall (or sink) back p.p., changed back, returned to,
6, 449.

Roma, -ae, f., Bome. Romanus, -a, -um [Roma],


of

adj.,

revomo,
vomit

-ere, -ui

[re-

(or belch) forth throiv up, vomit.

of Bome, Boman. Romulus, -i, m., son vomo], Rhea Silvia, and ot iip,

Mars and

traditional

founder of Koine.

rex, regis, m., king, ruler, sov- Romulus, -a, -um [Romulus], adj., of Bomulus, Boman. ereign. Rhadaniantlius, -i. m., son of roro [ros], 1, be wet icith dew, Jupiter ancl Europa, and a drip, drop. judge in Hades. ros, roris, m., dew. Rhesus, -i, m., king of Thrace roscidus, -a, -um [ros], adj., and an ally of the Trojans. He deicy, covered with dew. was slain by Diomedes. roseus, -a, -um [rosa], adj., of

Rhoeteus, -a, -um, of Bhoeteum, roses, rose a promontory on the Trojan rostrum. -i
coast
;

colored, rosy, ruddy.

[rodo],
;

n.,

beak,

Bhoetean, Trojan.
risi,

rideo,

-ere,

risus,

laugh,

proic, bow. rota, -ae, f., wheel

orbit, revo-

smile^ laugh at, ridicule, deride.

lution.

ruoesco
nibesco,
-ere,

114
[mbeo],
rope
,'

saltus
[.sacer],
1,

'ubui
m.,

sacro

consecrate, ded-

(/row red, reddcn.

icate, devote, hallow.


pl.,

rudens,

-entis,

sacrum,
sacer.

-i,

n., chiefly in pl., see

cordage, riggimi. sheets.


ruflo, -ere, -ivl, -itus, 7'oar, creak.

saeculum,
saepio,

-I,

n.,

generation, age.
saeptiis
or

rulna, -ae [ruo],


fall.,

f.,

fall,

down-

saepe, adv., often, freciuently.


-Ire,

overthrow, ruin, destruction, wreck ; convulsion, catastrophe,

saepsi,
in

[saepes],

hedge

aboni,

surround, enclose. rnmor, -oris, ra., report, rumor. saeta, -ae, f., hristle, hair. rumpo, -ere, rfipi, ruptus, hreak, saevio, -ire, -ii, -Itiis [saevus], bur.st ; break through, down, or ragc, he ficrce, savage, angry, or furious. off; burst forth or through;
open, rend,
violate,

commotion.

sever,

tear, force
;

saeviis, -a,

-um,

adj., fierce, sav-

betray,
utter,

destroy
shout,

give

age, wild, angry, furious; stern,


fcll, cruel, pitiless.

vent
forth.

to ;

shriek

Sagaris,
dart.

-is,

m., a Trojan servant.


f.,

ruo. -ere, rui, rutus, fall in ruin, fall (or rush) down, sink, set; rush (or hasten) up or forth; hasten,hurry ; upturn, uj^heave. rupes, -is [rumpo], f., rock, cliff,
crag.

sagitta, -ae,
sal, salis,

arrow, shaft,
n.,

bolt,

m. and

saU ;

salt

icatcr, sea.

Saliiis,

m., an Acarnanian, one of the competitors in the


-I,

rursus or rursum [reverto], adv., backward; anew, again.


rus, rfiris, n., country
;

pl., fields.

Kutuli, -orum,.m., the Butulians, an ancient people of Latium, south of the Tiber.

Trojan games in Sicily. SallcntTnus, -a, -um, adj., of the ^(dlentini, a people of Calabria, southeast of Tarentum. Salmoneus, -el or-eos, m., son of Aeolus, brother of Sisyphus, having atand king of Klis
;

tempted

to imitate the liiihtning

Sabaeus,

-a. -iim, adj.,

Arahian,

of the

Sahaean, tSabaeans, a

of

Jove,

he

was

hurled

into

Tartarus by a thunderbolt.
salsiis, -a,

people of Arabia Felix.

-iim [sal], nd]., salted,


at
least,

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., .si^achohj ; cred, consecrated, cursed ; .subst., sa<*ra, -oriim,
n.,

salt, briny.

saltcm,
rate.
1.

adv.,

at

any

sacred symbols,

rites,
;

sacri-

saltiis,
hoiiiKl.

-us

[.salio],

m., lcap,

firca, thin(/s, ^it^nisila

mystrries.
c.,pric'st,

sacerdos, -otis [sacer],


priestess.

2.

saltiis, -Gs, m.,

woodhmd jiaS'
woodhind.

ture, (jlade, forest,

salum
salum,
-i

115

sceptrum

open sea, the Saturnius, -a, -um [Saturnus] adj., of or belonging to Saturn, decp^ the main, sea. Saturnian ; subst., Saturnius, salus, -utis [cf. salvus], f., safety, Saturnia, -i, son of Saturn ; iceJfare, deliverance, relief. -'A^A. ,daughter of Saturn.Juno. saluto [salus], 1, greet^ salute, Saturnus, -i, m.,'a fabled and icelcome, hail. deified king of Latiuni, identified salveo, -ere [salvus], be well by the Romans wiih the Greek usually imperative, hail^ all Cronos he was regarded as the hail, icelcome. father of Jupiter, Juno, NepSame, -es, f., an earlier name of tune, and Pluto. His reign was Cepliallenia (now Ceplialonia),
[sal], n.,
;

an island
of Greece.

off tlie

western coast
off

the

"Golden Age."
[satur],
1,

saturo

fiU,

satisfy,

Samos,

-i,

f.,

an island

the

appease, satiate.

coast of Asia Minor, soutliwest of Ephesus, and sacred to Juno.

satus, -a, -um, p.p. of sero, soio?i, planted, sprung from, son (or

sanctus,

-a,

-um

[sancio], adj.,

sacred, inviolable, holy, venerabJe. revered,

daughter) of. saucius, -a, -um, adj., icounded,


pierced, stricken, smitten. saxum, -i, n., stone (large

august.
-a,
;

sanguineus,
adj.,

-um

[sanguis],

and

bloody

blood-red, blood-

shot.

rough), rock, reef, cliff, crag. Scaea. -ae, adj., western ; Scaea

sanguis,

Porta, the Scaean or loestern gate of Troy ; the principal gate, offspring, destock, descent; facing the sea, and the Grecian scendant. camp. sanies, -ei, f bloody matter, gore. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound ; sane, scaena, -ae [o-KTyvT?], f., stage^ background, scene, view. rational.
-inis,

m., blood;

race,

Sarpedon,
ter

-onis, m., son of Jupi-

scalae,

-arum

[scando],

f.,

lad-

der, scaling ladder. and Europa, king of Lycia, an ally of Troy who was killed scando, -ere, climb, mount, ascend, scale. by Patroclus. -um, p.p. of -a, sceleratus, sat, see satis. scelero loicked, accursed, polsata, -orimi [sero], n., growing
;

(or standing) grain, crops.

luted, impious,

infamous.

satio [satis],
appease.
satis, sat, adj.,

1,

satisfy,

satiate,

scelero,

-are,

no

perf.,

-atus
wicked,
crinie,

[scelus], poUute, defile.

andadv., enough,
sower,

siifficient, sufficiently.

scelus, -eris, n., an or atrocious deed,

evil,

sin,

sator, -oris [sero], m., planter ; creatov, father.

wickedness.

sceptrum,

-i \_a-KTjirTpov'], n.,

scep

scilicet
tre ;

116
power,
adv.,

sedile
hanish
p.p. seclusus, -a,

rule^

dominion,
scio

-um^

soverei(jnt>j.

secluded, remote, retired.

scilicet

[cf.

licet],

certaiiily, forsooth, douhtless.

seindo, -ere, scidi, scissus,


cJcave, divide, rend.

split.,

seco, -are, secui, sectus, cut, cut off or through, cleave ; en~ grave, carve ; sail, skim, speed on or along.

scintilla, -ae, f ., spark.


scio,
-ire,

-ivi

or
;

ii,

scitus,

knoio, understand

know how.

Scipiades, -ae [Scipio], m., a son or descendant of the Scipios., a


Scipio.

secretus, -a, -um, p. p. of secerno, retired, remote, loithdrccwn, secluded, lonely, secret ; secretum, -i, n., a secluded or retired place, recess, cave.

secundo,-are [secundus],
1,

l,/avo7',

scitor [scio],

tnj (or seek)

to

prosper, aid,

make

p^ropitious.

search into; as- secundus, -a, -um [sequor], adj., certain ; w. oraculum, considt, following, second ; favoring, fa2, 114. vorcd)Ie, fair, prosperous, proscopulus, -i, m., cliff, crag, rock, pitious, auspicious ; swiftJy or ledge, reef smoothly gJiding (or fl.ying').

know,

inqiiit'e,

scrOpeus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

st07iy,

securis, -is [seco],

f.,

axe.

rough, rugged, jagged, flinty.

securus,

-a,

-um

[se-4-cura],

scntum
(oblong,

-i

\^<7k6tos~\,

n.,

shield

made
-i,

of

wood and

covered

witli leather). n.,

care or anxiety, untrouhJed, tranquil ; care-dispeJJing ; careless, heedJess, readj., free

from

Scylaceum,

a town on tlie coast of Bruttium. Scylla, -ae, f., 1, a dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite Charybdis, personified as a sea monster, 3, 424. 2, one of Aeneas's ships. Scyllaeus, -a, -um [Scylla], adj.,
of Scylla. Scyrius, -a, -um [Scyros], adj., Scyrian, of Scyros, an island in the Aegean, northeast of Euboea.

gardJess.

secus, adv., otherwise, differentJy ; w. haud or non, not otherwise,


in
Jike

ac, in

manner ; haud socus Jike manner as, just as;

comp., secius, otherwise, less w. haud or non, no iess, nevertheJess, just as.

sed, conj., but.

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus,


seated, aJight
;

sit,

encanip, 5, he settJed, he resolved upon, pJeasing, 5, 418.

he 440 ;
J)e

secessus, -us [seccdo], m., recess,


retreat.

sedes,

-is

[sedeo],

f.,

seat
;

house,

aJ>ode, hahitation,

home
1,

paJace,

secludo,
[se-I-

-ere,

-clusT,

-clusus
up,
aff,

tempJe, shrine

foundation, bot84.

claudo],

shnt

tom

(of the sea),

away, or out^ exclude^ remove,

sedilc, -is [sedes], n., seat, bench.

seditio
seditio, -onis [seddition^
-f-

117
eo],
f.,

Serestus
m.,
old,
sire.

se-

aged,

or

venerable

insurrection^
-ere, -duxi,

uproar,
[se-

man;
six.

tumult.

senT, -ae, -a [sex], adj., six each,

seduco,

-duetus

-1-duco],
separate.

lead apart or aicau,

sensus, -us [sentio], m., feeling,


emotion, sense, soid, spirit. sententia, -ae [sentio], f. opinion, sentiment, judgment, view, thought, pmrpose, design. sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, perceive (by the senses), hear, see,
,

seges, -etis, f., Jield of grain, standin(j grain ; crop^ hai^vest,


groicth.

segnis,

-e, adj., sloio, sluggish., in;

comp., segnior, -ius, less vigo7'ous, less buoyant,


active, slothful
4, 149.

feel, note ;

sentis,
f.,

-is,

understand, know. m., thorn, brier,


[sentis],
adj.,

segnities, -ei [segnis],

sloth,

slothfulness, tardiness, delay.

Selinus, -untis, f ., a town on tlie southwestern coast of Sicily.

bramble. sentus, -a, -um thorny, rough.

septem,

adj., seven.

even once, but septemgeminus, -a, -um [seponce. tem + geminus], adj., sevenfold, applied to the Nile because of its semen, -inis [sero], n., seed, many mouths. spark, germ, element; pl., vital germs, elements. septeni, -ae, -a [septem], adj., semesus, -a, -um [semi- -f- edo], seven each, seven. adj., half-eaten. septimus, -a, -um [septem], adj., seniianlinis, -e [semi- -f- animus], seventh. adj., half-dead, dying, expiring. sepulcrum, -i [sepelio], n., tomb, seniinex, -ecis [semi- -|- nex] sepidchre, grave ; burial. sepultus, -a, -um, p.p. of sepelio, halfdead, dying. semino [semen], 1, sovj, produce, buried; overcome (as by sleep hring forth. or wine). semita, -ae, f., path, foot-path. sequax, -acis [sequor], adj., folseniivir, -viri [semi- + vir], adj., loicing, pursuing, rapid, swift. -i, seeutas, follow, pursequor, half-man, effeminate. semper, alvmys, ever. sue; seek ; fnd, attain ; resemustus, -a, -um [semi- -]- uro]. late. adj., half-burned, half-con- sereno [serenus], 1, make clear sumed. or serene ; clear up or away. senatus, -us [senex], m., senate. serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, fair, senecta. -ae [senex], f., old age. cloudless, calm, serene, placid. seneetus, -utis [senex], i.,old age. Serestus, -i, m., a follower of

semel, adv.,

once.,

senex, senis,

adj., old ; as subst.,

Aeneas.

Sergestiis
Sergestiis,
-i,

118
guard, maintain, cherish, nurse; contain, hold; imtch, ohserve. seu, see sive. severus, -a, -um, adj stern \ fatal, dreadfid ; gloomy, dismal.
,

m., a follower of

Aeneas. Sergius, -a, -um, adj., o/ Serguis, tlie name of a Roiuan gens. series, -ei [cf. sero,join together'], si, conj., (/", in case, if indeed, ij f., series^ train, row, succession. ordy ; whether. sermo, -onis [cf. sero, join tosibilus, -a, -um [sibilo], adj., gether], m., language, conversation, talk, disco^irse
;

report^

hissing.

rnmor.
1.

Sibylia, -ae,

f.,

Sihyl, proxthetess.

sero, -ere (no perf.), sertus, join together, weave ; converse,


discuss, talk.

sie, adv., so, thus, in this (or

such)

2.

sero,
^tlant
;

-ere,
hegei.

sevi,

satus, soiw,
f

a manner. Sieania, -ae, f., Sicily. Sieanus (Sieanius),-a, -um,


"

adj.,
,

serpens, -entis [serpo] m. and


,

snake, serpent. serpsi, serpo, -ere,


creep,
glide,

of Sicily, Sicilian ; subst. Sicani, -orum, m., Sicilians. sieco [siccus], 1, dry, wipe away,
stanch.

craivl ;

serptus, steal over

sieeus, -a,

-um,

adj., dry, thirsty.

or upon.

Serranus,
of

-i

[sero], m.,

surname

Caius Atilius Resuius,


;

who
also

sieubi [si -f ubi], adv., if anywhere, ivherever. Sieulus, -a, -um, adj., of Sicily,
Sicilian.

was plougliing when famous election as consul


in the First

told of his

sidereus, -a,
starry.

-um

[sidus],

adj.,

for his opposition to Carthage

Punic War.

sertum,
land.

-i

[sero], n., ivreath., gar-

sido, -ere, sidi (sedi), seat one^s self, alight, perch. Sidon, -onis, f., a Phoenician
city.

serus, -a, -um, adj.,


too late.

late.,

tardy,

Sidonius,
[servus],
f.,

serva,
slave.

-ae

feniale
o?>-

servans, -antis [servo], adj


servant.

-um [Sidon], adj., Phoenician, Sidonian, of Sidon, Tyrian. sidus, -eris, n., constellation,
-a,

sfar

season, iceather.

servio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itns [servus], he a slave or servant., srrve,


ohey.

servitiuni,
tutle,

-T

[scrvus],
rescue,

n.,

slavery, bondage.
1,

Sigeus, -a, -um, adj., of Sigeum, a i)romontory and town about five miles northwest of Troy. servi- si<?no [signum], 1, mark, designate, indicate ; disti)igHi.sh, com-

servo,

save,
;

preserve,

keep, retain

keep watch over,

memorate ; ohserve. notice, note. signum, -i, n. sign, mark, signal,


,

silens
token,
Jigure,

119
clew;

socius
unlucky ; subst., sinistra manus), left hand.
(sc.

design^

stnndard, ensign.
silens, -entis [sileo]. p. as adj.,
silent^ still, noiseless.

sino, -ere, sivi, situs, permit,

let,

allow, snffer.

silentium,
stillness.

-i

[silens], n., silence,

Sinon. -onis, m., a Greek through

sileo,

-ere, -ui,

be (or remain)
still.
f., flint,

silent,

calm, or
cliff.

whose craft tlie wooden horse was taken into Troy. sinuo [sinus], 1, coil, icind,
bend, curve. sinus, -us, m., fold, curve

silex, -icis,

m. and
f.,

rock,

writhe

crag,
shoi)t.

sail^

silva, -ae,

forest, icood

tree,

bosom,

gidf,

bay

winding

course, 6, 132.
-i,

Silvius,
769.

m., the

name

of several
6, 763,

descendants of Aeneas,

similis, -e, adj., like, similar. Simois, Simoentis, m., a river

Sirenes, -um, f., Sirens, Iwo (or three) fabulous monsters, half maiden, half bird, inhabiting dangerous rocky islands near
the coast
of

Campania, who,

near Troy.

by
semel and simple, unmixed,
[cf.
tlie

their sweet songs, enticed to

simplex,
plico],

-pliois
adj.,

their destruction those sailingby. Sirius, -i, m., the Dog Star.
sisto, -ere, stiti, status (cf. sto),

pnre.

simul, adv., at

same time, at once, togetlier ; simul simul, at the same tinie and ; simul ac and, both (or atque), sometimes simul
.

cause to sta.id, set, put, place bring, 4. 634; stop, stay ; make firm, establish, uphold, maintain
situs,
;

remain,
-us

settle,

abide.

sitis, -is, f., thirst,

drought.
m.,' position,

alone, as soon as.

[sino],

simulacrum,

-i

[simulo],

n.,

situation, place; neglect, filth,

mould. sive or seu [si 4- ve], conj., or if, sive (seu), or; sive (seu) spectre; semblance, representaor. or, either whether tion, 5, 585. pl., simulo [similis], 1, imitate, make socer, -eri, m. father-in-Iaw ;
image, likeness, statue ; ghost, j)hantom, apparition, shade,
. .

pretend, feign, counterfeit. sin [si -f ne], con]. ,'but if, ifhowever, if on the contrary.
like,

parents-in-Iaw.

sine, prep. w. abl., vnthont.

socio [socius], 1, make one a partner or associate in, share, associate, ally ; unite, join in
marriage. socius, -i, m.,
socius, -a,
-ura
ally,

singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one by one each, single, separate.

associate,

sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on the left side (or hand);

companion, comrade, friend.


[socius],
adj.,

sol
allied,

120
confederate^

sortior
p. of

friendly,

sonans, -antis,

sono, sound'

kindred.
sol, solis, m., sun, sunlight, sun-

ing, resounding, roaring, noisy,

murmuring.
sonipes,
-pedis
adj., icith

shinf, darj.

solaciuin,

-i

[solor],

n., solace,

[sonus -|- pes], soiinding (or ring; sub.st.,

consolation, comfort.

solamen,

-inis [solor], n., solace,

ing) hoof, noisy-hoofed horse, steed, charger.

comfort. soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semidep., />e loont or accustomed.

sonitus,

-iis

[sono],

m., sound^
sound, re-

noise, din, thunder.

sono, -are,

-ul, -itus,

solidus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

solid,

sonnd, firm, compact ; entire ; massive, 2, 765.


soliuMi,
-i, n.,

ivhole,

sound; ring, roar, rattle, murmur. sonorus, -a, -um [sonor], adj.,

loud-sounding, roaring, noisy. sollemnis, -e [sollus, aU + obso- sons, sontis, adj., guilty. lete amnus, round ], adj., an- sonus, -I, m., sound, tone. mial, solemn, sacred, festive, sopitus, -a, -um, p.p, of sopio, religious; subst., soUemnia, lulled to sleep, slumbering,

seat, throne.

-ium,
rites,
rijices.

dormant. ceremonies, festivals, sac- sopor, -oris


sleep,

n.,

solemn or religions

[sojDio],

m.,

sleep,

siumher ;

deep personi-}-

sollicito

[sollicitus],

1,

agitate,
anxioiis.

fied, 0, 278.

disliirb, disquiet,

make
adj.,

soporifer, -era,

-erum

[sopor

sollicitus, -a,

-um,

anxions,

fero], adj., sleep-hringing.

trouhled, excited, soUcitous. solor, 1, solace, console, comfort,


cheer,

soporo, -are, no perfect, -atus


[sopor],
sleep
;

console one^^s
-i,

self for
soil,

make sleepy, cause make soporific, drug.


-a,

to

aid, relieve.

soporus,
ground,
land,
sole,

-um

[sopor], adj.,
'

solum,
oarth

n.,

VMter, sea.

drowsy, slumbrous, sleepy. sorbeo, -ere. -ul, suck doion or


i)i,

solus, -a,

-um,

adj., alone,

simlloic.

only, solitary, lonely.

sorrtidus, -a,

-um

[sordes], adj.,

solvo, -ere, solvl, soliltus, loosen, unhind, release, set free, dissolve,

filthy, squalid, dirty.

soror, -oris,
sors, sortis,

f., sister.

relax

unfastrn,

let

go,
;

f.,

lot; fate, fortune,


;

castof;

dispeJ, hanisit, dismiss

condition,

destiny

oracle,

re-

pay, fnlfil, pprform, discharge.

soiiinium, -i [somnus], n., dream. somniis, -i, m., sleep, slumher, dream, night ; pers., Somniis,
-i,

m., Sleep.

prophecy, prediction allotment, portion. sortior, -Irl, -Itiis [sors], draw (or cast) lots ; allot, assign hy lot, distribute by lot, determine.

sponse,

sortitus

121

spunieus
,

sortitus, -us [sortior], m., a drawing (or casting) of lots, allot-

ment. spurgo,
scatter^

spina, -ae, f. thorn. Spio, -iis, f., one of the Nereids. spTra, -ae. t.,fold, coil.
spirabilis, -e [spiro], adj., that may he breathed, vital.
spiritus,
-iis

-ere,

sparsi,
;

sparsus,
he-

strew

sjxrinkle,

sprinkle, stain

spread^ dissemr

[spiro], m., breath,

inate, circiilate.

life, air,

soul, spirit.

Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta or Lace- spiro, 1, hreathe, hreathe forth, exhale ; hlow ; quiver, throb, daemon, the capital of Laconia.
palpitate.

Spartaiuis, -a, -um [Sparta], adj., of Sparta, Spartan. spatior [spatium], 1, ivalk, ^calk to and fro, proceed (in a slow.
stately, or
,

spissus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

thick,

; hard, compact. splendidus, -a, -um [splendeo],

dense
adj.,

splendid,

briUiant,

mag-

n ifice nt, sumptuous. solemn manner). [spolium], 1, st7'ip, rob, despolio spatium, -i, n. space, room, place, spoil, pillage, plunder ; deprive, distance ; time, interval, period ;
opportunit])
;

course, race-course.
f.,

6,

224.
-i,

speeies,
aspect.

-ei
;

[specio],
look,

sifjht,

spolium,
der,

n., spoil, booty,


;

plun-

spectacle

appearance,
[specto],
n.,

trophy

spolia

opima,

weapons and other


-i

spoil talten,

spectaoulum,
specto [specio],
at, eye.

sight, spectacle.
1,

by a victorious commander from the body


on
tiie field

of battle,

look
f.

at,

gaze

of his defeated antagonist.

specula, -ae [specio],


vatch-toicer.

lookout,

sponda, -ae, f., couch. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, sponsus, promise, pledge.

speculor [specula], 1, ivatch, keep sponsa, -ae, f., 07ie betrothed or promised (as a bride) watch, watch to discover, look of obs. spons, of oiit ; catch sight of, descry, ob- sponte (abl. wliicli only tlie gen, and abl. serve. spelunea, -ae, f., cave, cavern, occur), f., of o;ie's own accord
grntto, retreat.

or will

voluntarily, according

sperno, -ere,
reject, slight.

sprevi,

spretus,

to

one^s
-a,

own
-um,

inclination
p.p. of

or

spurn, despise, disdain, scorn,

desire, 4, 341.

spretus,
1,

sperno,

spero
spes,

[spes],

hope, hope for

slighted.

expect, fear, apprehend.


-ei,
f.
,

spuma, -ae
spray, froth.
dart,

[spuo],

f.

foam,

hope, expectation.
-i,

spiculum,

n.,

point ;

spumeus,

arrow, spear.

[spuma], adj., foamy, foaming, foam-covered.


-a,

-um

spumo
spniiio [spuma], 1,/oam.
spriiiiusiis, -a,

122
stimulo

string-o
[stiinulus], \,prick, goad,
i)icite,

-um

[spuma],adj.,
foiil, filthy,

spur, nrge on,

arouse.

foamimi.
sqiulleo, -ere, -ui, he

stimulus;
stipes,
stock.

-i,

-itis,

m., goad, spur. m., trunk, stem,


together, stow away,

squaUd, 7'ough, unkempt. squalor, -oris [squaleo], m.,fiUh,


xqualor.

stipo,
store

pack
up
;

encompass, squama, -ae, f., scale (of fish or surround, attend, accompany. serpent). stirps, stirpis, f ., trunk and roots sqiiameiis, -a, -um [squama], of a tree or plant ; stock, race,
throng,
adj., scahi.

hh)()d, lineage, offspring.

stabilis, -e [sto], adj.,j^rm, enduriiui,

sto,

-are,
2(p,

steti,

status,
continue,

stand,
rise, he

lasting.

stand
diodl,

stand on end,

stabulo

[stabulum], 1, abide, have one's abode.


-i

erect ; remain,

stand

stabulum,
stable
;

[sto],

ii.,

staU,

fixed; he huiU, he erected; depend (ov rest) upon,


he centred
strong,
in
;

(or

he)

abode, haunt.
1,

stagno [stagnum],
or sluggish.

he stagnant

stand
stat,

stand firm, at anchor,


impers.,
sterno],
n.,
it

he
he
is

monred ;
sJuggish
f.

stSgnum,
pool,

-i

[sto], n., stiU water,

fixed, resolved, or determined.

lake,
;

streara,

stra^es,

-is

[cf.

f.,

umter

pl.,

deep ivaters.
,

shiughter, carnage.

statio, -oiiis [sto],

stfjpping (or

stratum,
stratus,

-i

[sterno]

cover,

resting) place, station,

haunt
})lace,

hed, couch; pavement.


-a,

anchorage, roadstead. statuo, -ere, statui, -utus,


sct,

-um,

p.p. of sterno.

set iip,

raise, erect,

huihl

found, estabUsh.
stclla, -ae,
f.,

strepitus, -us [strepo], m., noise, di)i, uproar, stir, co)ifusion. strepo, -ere, -ui, -itus, make a
noise,
hn))i.

star, meteor.

roar,

rattle,

mur)nur,
-ere,
rustle,

stellatus, -a,
set

-um,

p.p. of stello,

with stars, gleaming, gUttcr-

strideo, -ere,
stridi,
irhistle,

and strido,
grate
; ;

iiig.

creak,
ichir

sterilis, -e, adj., harren, unfrnit-

roar,

hoicl;

ful, 7inprod7ictive, sterile.

sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus, spread out, spread; stretch on


the

gurgle, hiss^- tumng,flap. stridor, -oris [strideo], m., creaking, >chistU)ig, clank, din, rattU))g. grnti))g.

gronnd ; lay low, slay ;


destroy,

over-

thrntn,
ii-iisfc,

conquer ;
;

lay

strin<o, -ere,
d)'ain tight,

strinxi. strietiis,

dcvastate
-i,

smooth, c<dm.
cliarioteer of

bind

of

a sword,

Stliciieliis,

m.,

draw ;
5, 103.

strip,

trim, peel ; graze^

Diomedes,

Stropliades

123

sublimis
-ere, suasi, suasus, ad-

Strophados, -nm, 1, two small suadeo,


islaads
iii

the loiiian Sea, west

vise,

urge, persuade,

counsel
1,

of tlie Peloponnosus,

where the

invite.

subaotus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. subdflco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [sub -|- duco], drav: up, haul up, beach ; remove, withdraw, take aicay secretiy. subeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [sub -f- eo], go (or come) under or into, load, heap, 5, 54. bear, carry ; come up to, apstudium, -i [studio], n., zeal, proach, draw near. enter; foUow, desire, eagerness, eager desire, come after, succeed; come bepurpose ; pursuit, 1, 14; daep fore (or into) the mind, occur. or earnest attention ; study, in- subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [sub terest ; applause, cheers, accla-f-iacio], throvj, cast, or place mation. under ; answer, reply. stupefacio, -ere, -feoi, -factus subiectus, -a, -uni, p.p. of subi[stupeo + facioj, amaze, bev:ilcio, placed (or brought) under, der, stun, daze, stupefy, astound. bowed, bent, made subject, substupeo, -ere, -ui, be amazed, dued, conquered, vanqnished. dazed, astonished, astoundcd, subigo, -er'e, -egi, -actus [sub + bewildered, or stupefied; wonder ago], drive, propel ; compel, (or marvel) at. force ; conquer, subdue, subjustuppa, -ae, f tow, hemp, oakum gate, vanqiiish. calking of a vessel. subito [subitus], adv., suddenly, stuppeus, -a, -uni [stuppa], adj., subitus, -a, -um [subeo], adj., sudden, unexpected. of tow, hemp, or flax. Stygius, -a, -um [Styx], adj., of sublabor, -i, -lapsus, fail down, the Styx, Stygian ; infernal, of slip away, ebb away, fail, dethe Lov:er World. cline, wane. Styx, Stygis, f.. a river of the sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of tollo. Lower World which surrounds sublimis, -e, adj., aloft, on high, the fiual abode of the dead. nplifted, elevated.
.

Harpies were allowed to remain. Here Zetes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, who had driven the Harpies from the home of Phineus, permitted them to remain and turned back froni the pursuit hence the name of the isLmds from arpicpeLv, to tnrn; the islands of tnrning. struo, -ere, struxi. structus, heap up, biiild, erect, construct set in order, arrange, prepare; hring about, effect, accomplish, contrive, plan, cause ; cover,
'
'

sub, prep. w. abl. and acc.


abl.,

w.

under, beneath, at the foot behind, after, of, in, within ; just behind, next after ; 2, w.
acG., under,

towards,

to,

beneath ; up to, up towards, into, upon ;

near, after.

submerffo

124

sum

subniergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersiis succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [sub + mergo], sink, siihmer(/fi. [sub -t- cedo], go under, enter submoveo, -ere, -niovi, -motus approach; take up, undertake. -1[sub moveo], remove, drive successus, -us [succedo], m.,
off or aicaij.

success.

subiiecto, -ere,

[sub

-f iiecto],

-nevui, -nexus hind (or tic)


fasteii

succingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus


[sub
-f

cingo], gird, gird ahuut,

under or

he^ieath,

he-

equip, furnish.

neath, fasten, hind.

succipio
p.p. of
obs.

[archaic
;

form of sus-

subnixus,

-a,

-um,

cipio], 1, 175

6, 249.

subnitor, snpported hy, resting succumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cuon, seated on, defended hy. bitus [siib -f cubo], fall under suboles', -is, f., offspring. or down, yield to, succumh, suh-risi, subrldeo, -ere, smile. mit. subrigo, uncontracted form of succjirro, -ere, -curri, -cursus surgo. [sub -f curro] run to the aid subsido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [sub of, relieve, help, succor ; it oc-|-sido], sit (or settle) doivn, curs to one's mind, it seems. si)ik, siihside ; remain, stay. siido, sweat ; (or he wet 1, subsisto, -ere, -stiti [sub -fdrcnched) ivith, reek with. sisto], halt, stop, stand still, sudor, -oris [sudo], m., sweat. tarry. suesco, -ere, suevi, suetus, he~ subtemen, -inis [subtexo], n., come accustomed ; he wont or
,

vjoof, thread.

subter [sub], adv. and prep. w.


acc, helow, heneath, under. subtexo, -ere, -texui, -textus [sub-htexo], cover, conceal, ohscure, veil, overspredd.

acrustomed. suffero. -ferre, sustuli, sublatus [sub-f-fero], hear up, resist,


v^ithstand.

suliicio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [sub


-|-facio], suffuse
;

furnish, sup-

subtraho,
[sub

-ere, -traxi, -traetus

phj
-f

he ahle, suffice.
-fiidi, fiisus
Jill.

-f tralio],

withdraw, draw

suffundo, -ere,

[sub

from under, sweep from under. suburgeo, -ere [sub -f urgeo],


push up
to,

fundo], suffuse,

drive close

to.
1,

sul (gen.), sibi (dat. ), se or sese (acc), reflex. pron., himself


herself, itself; themselves.

subvecto
subveho,
[sub
-f-

[subvelio],
-ere,

carry

across, convi^y, transport.

-vexi,

-vectus
;

sulco [sulcus], \,pIough. sulcus, -i, m., furrow,


trail.

track,

veho], carry up

hear,

carry.

sulpur, -uris,
roll

n.,

sulphur.

subvolvo, -ere [sub -f volvo], up or along, 1, 424.

sum,

esse, fui, futurus, 6e, ex-

ist; he possihle.

summa
summa,
thing,

125
i,
,

stirgo
1,

-ae [summus],

cliiof

supero [superus],
rise ahove, overtop.

main

point, suni, all, the


-a,

surmount, tower above ;

vhole.

summissus, summitto,
summitto,
[sub

-um,

p.p.

of

go over, pass heyond, or hy, or over ; mount, ascend, climb


overcome, overpower, vanquish, conquer ; slay,
;

howing, humhJe, reverent.


-ere,
-iriisi,

kneeling

surpass, excel

-missus

destroy

survive,

remain ;

be

mitto], send under, cause


;

elated or proud, rejoice,

exalt,

to yield

suhrnit.

triumph.
adj., superl. of

summus,

-a,

-um,

supersum,

esse,

ful

[super

superus, highest, topmost, sitmsam], be left, remain, survive. mit of, top of, highest (or upper) superus, -a, -um [super], adj., part of, surface of; iitmost, most upper, higher, ahove, on high, important, principal, supreme of the Upper World ; subst., last, latfist, final. superi, -orum, m., inhahitants silmo, -ere, siimpsi, sumptus ofthe Upper World, the living [sub + emo], take iip, take, gods above, gods. receive ; inflict, exact ; choose, supinus, -a, -um [sub], adj., adopt, select ; p>^it on, assume. lying on the hack ; of the hands, supor, 1, aclv., besides, moreover, with palms upward, extended, more than enough, remaining, suppUant. left, surviving ; 2, prep. w. acc, suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [sub -|over, ahove, beyond ; upon, on ; pleo], fill up ; supphj, furnish. 3, prep. w. abl., ahove, over, supplex, -icis [supplico], kneelupon, ahout, concerning, for, ing, suppliant, humhle, entreatfor the sake of. ing ; subst., a suppliant. superbia, -ae [superbus], f., suppliciter [supplex], adv., humpnde, haughtiness, insolence, hJy, suppJiantJy, as a suppJiant.

supplicium, -i [supplex], n., superbus, -a, -um [super], prowcZ, punishment, penaJty ; hurt, haughty, insolent, arrogant; wound. magnificent, splendid, gorgeous ; suppono, -ere, -posul, -positus
mighty.

arrogance.

[sub

pono],

put

(or pJace)

superemineo, -ere [super + under ; suhstitute. emineo], rise ahove, tower supra, prep. w. acc, ahove, over.
above,
overtop.
-ere,
-}-

supremus,
no
perf.,

-a,

-um

[superus],
;

superimpono,
positus [super
(or lay) upo7i.

adj., Jast,finaJ,

extreme

subst.,

impono], pZace
adv.,

supremum,
Jast honors,

n., the Jast ; pl., rites, or ofiices.


-T,

superne [snpernus],
above, above.

from snra,

-ae, 1, caJf of the Jeg, leg.

surgo, -ere, surrexl, surrectus

sus
[sub
rise,

126
prick up

talaris
-a,

rego],

raise,

Sychaeus,
/Sychaens.
syrtis,
,

-um,

adj.,

oj

arise, spring up.

sus, suis, c, hog, soio.

suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [sub + capio], take up, lift up catch ; take up the new-born child, in order to acknowledge it, acknowledge, rear, nurture
;

sand-hank, shoal pl. as a proper name, the Syrtes, two great shoals on the northern
-is,
f.,

coast of Africa.

un- tabeo, melt -ere, away, be dertake, attempt, assume ; reply, drenched or dripping. answer. tabes, -is [tabeo], 1, wasting, suscito, [sub + cito], 1, stir up, decay ; repining, languishing. rekindle ; arouse, excite. tabidus, -a, -um [tabeo], adj., 1. suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of wasting. suspicio, suspected, held in tabula, -ae, board, plank.
beget
;

take up07i one''^

seJf,

suspicion,
2.

mistrusted.

tabulatum,
story.

-i

[tabuhi], w., floor,


n.,

suspectus, -us [suspicio], m., upioard view, upward look,


height.
-ere,
-di,

tabum

[cf.

tabes],

corrupt

matter, blood, gore.

suspendo,
[sub

-pensus taceo,
%ip,

-ere, -ui, -itus, be silent,

pendo], hang, hang

qniet, or still.

consecrate.

tacitus, -a,

-um

[taceo], p.p. as

suspensus, -a, -um, p.p of suspendo, hung up, suspended


in suspense, uncertain, douhtful, anxious, bewildered ; filled vnth

adj., silent, still, noiseless, in si-

awe, inspired. suspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [sub + specio], look up at, observe, survey ; look at with wonder or admiration, admire. suspiro [sub + spiro], 1, sigh. sustuli, see tollo.
sutilis, -e [suo], adj., sewed.

lence ; concealed, hidden, secret. tactus, -us [tango], m., touch. taeda, -ae, f., pine wood, torch nuptial torch, marriage, wcdInck.

taedet, -ere, taeduit or

taesum

est, impers., av. acc. of the per-

son feeling the emotion, it disgusts (or wearies) me, you, etc,

/ am
to

vjearied or disgusted,
it

you

are loearied, etc,

is

irksome

suus,
his

-a,

-um,

poss. reflex. pron.,


its

own, her own,

me, you, etc own, their taenia, -ae, f., fillet, head-band,
ribhon.
taeter, -tra,

own;

his, her, its, their ; fitting,


; favorable,

suitable, app^ropriate

-trum

[taedet], adj.,

propitious.

foul, JiHitJisomc, disg7(sting.

Sychaeus,
Dido.

-i,

m., the husband of talaris, -c [tahis], adj., of or pertaining to the ankJe ; subsl..

talentum
talaria,
-iiiin,
n.,

127

tempus

dals, sandals.

winged san- tauriis, -i, m., huU. tectum, -i [tego],n., roof ; house,
huilding, dwelling. ahode, hahitation,

talentum, or sum,
talis,
-e,

Grecian weight in value about 1200;


-i,

n., a

home; palace ;
-a,

covert,

talent, weight.
adj.,
siic1i.i

shelter, haunt.

of

such

Tegeaeus,

-um,

adj.,

Tegean,

of Tegea, an Arcadian town. tain, adv., so, so much, to such a tegmen, and te<>iimen, -inis
natnre, kind, or
so7't.

degree.

[tego]. n., covering, skin, hide,

tamen,

adv., yet,nevertheless, still,

garment, chdhing.
tego. -ere,
texi, tectus, cover ;
defend, protect;
f.,
'

however, but yet. taiiflem, adv., at length, at last pray. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch.
reach, arrive at ; strike, hlast

shelter, shield,

hide, conceal.

tela, -ae [texo],


tellus,
-iiris,
f.,

warp.

encounter, experience

overtake,
great, so

tantus,

come home to, 4, 590. -a, -um, adj., so


rauch, such
;

ground, soil, land; pers., the goddess Tellus ox Earth.


earth,
-i, n.,

telum,
shaft

missile, holt, arroio,


;

tantuin, adv., so
1,

spear, javelin
1,

weapon.
profane,

much. only, mercJy.

temero,
sloic; hindefile.

desecrate,

tardo [tardus],
der,

make

hamper^ delay, retard, im- temno, -ere, scorn, disdain, despise, defy.
-a,

pede.

tardus.

-um,

adj., slow, tardy,

tempero [tempus],
quiet; restrain
;

1, allay,

slnggish.

intr.,

calm, ahstain

Tareiitum, -i, n., a city founded from. by the Greeks in Calabria. tempestas, -atis [tempus], f., Tarquinius, -a, -um, adj., of the season, weather ; storm, tempest Tarquins, Tarquinian ; the pers., Tempest, 6, 772. name of the gens to which be- templiim, -i, n,, holy or conselonged Tarquinius Priscus and crated place, temple, shnne,
Tarquinius Superbus, the fifth sanctuary. and seventli kings of Rome. tempto [teneo],
1, try, test,

exam-

Tartareus,
adj.,

-a,

-um

[Tartarus],

ine

tempt, attempt, essay, en-

of Tartarus, infernai.
-i,

deavor ; seek (or search) for;


search, explore.

Tartarus,

ni.,

and Tartara,

-orum,

Tartarus, the abode of the wicked in the Lower World, the Lover WorJd.
n.,

tempus,

-oris,

n.,

time, period,
;

(or interval) of time

occasion,

opportunity; proper, fitting, or


suitahle time ; pl., temple of the

taurinus,

-a,

-um

[taurus], adj.,

ofa

hull,

a hulVs.

head, head.

tenax
tenax, -acis [teneo],
cious, pevsiHtent.
adj.,

12
tenateres, -ttis

testor
[tero], adj,, smooth,

polished, rounded, round.


-a,

tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentiis or tergenunus,

-um

[ter

-f-

gemi-

tensus, stretch, stretch out, exniLs], adj., threefold, triple. tend, swell, fill, 3, 2G8 ; direct, tergum, -i, and tergns, -oris, n., airn, turn, hend, lift, make (or back. rear ; hide, skin ; hody hold) one''^ way, direct one^s a tergo, from behind, behind, steps, go, ptroceed, hasten, hurry, in the rrar. 2, 321 ; stretch one''^ tent, en- tergus, -oris, n,, see tergnm. camp ; struggle, strive ; intend, terniino [terminus], 1, bound,
design.
limit.

tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, terminus, -i, m., houndary, gloom, ohscurity, shades ; dark rnd. or gloomy ahodes. terni, -ae, -a [ter], num. tenebrosus, -a, -um [tenebrae], three earh, three, triple.
adj.,

limit,

adj.,

dark.
-i, f.,

tero,

-ere,

trivi,

tritns,
loaste)

r?</),

Tenedos,

an island in sight
tlie

graze, ivear waste.

(or

away,

of Troy, about five miles off

earth, land, ground, tentus, hold, soil ; sho7'e, country, region have, keep, pos.^pss ; occnpy, inorbis terrarnm, irhole icorld hahit; hold in sioay, rule, rule w. world ; parens, 3Iothrr over; detain, hold back, retain, Earth. restrain, keep back; cling to, torrenus, -a, -um [terra], adj,, grasp, seize; reach, gain; hold rarthy, enrth-horn. possession or simy. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, terrify,. tender, adj., tener, -era, -erum, frighten, alarm, frighten away,

Trojan coast. teneo, -ere, -ni,

terra, -ae,

f.

soft,

deUcate.
-i

detrr.

tentoi-inni,

[tendo], n.,

tent.

terribilis, -e

[terreo],

ad]..

trr-

tenuis.
frehle.

-e,

adj., thin, fine,


;

lighl,

rihlr, frightful, drrad, hnrrihle.

slendcr, delicate, gentle

weak,

terrifieo
(ihirm.

[terrificus],

1,

trrrify,

tenus, post-positive prep. w. abl. or gen., as far as, up to, down


,

terrilicns,
facio],
iiis))irin(/.

-a, adj.,

-uni

[terreo

-f-

alarniing.
of

fear-

to, to.

dread.
terreo],

tepidiis,

-a,

-um

[tepeo],

adj.,

territo,

-jire [freq.

warni.

alann. lrrrify,frightrn. affright.


tinw.^,

tor [tres], nnm. adv., three


tlirirc.

tertlns. -a,
tostis, -is,

-um

[ter], iiuni. adj.,

terebro,

1,

hore through ov
;

ititn,

c,

loitness.
1,

hore, pierce

examine, explore.

tostor [testis],

testify,

swear,

testiido
swear
to ;

129

timor
king of Athens with Pirithous he descended into Hades in an attempt to carry away Proser;

hy, hear
to

icitness, attest

invoke^
6, 010.

appenl caU beseech, acljure, proclaim,


icitness,
f.,

piua.
tortoise ;

testudo, -inis [testa],

arch, vaultecl roof; testudo, a wliich soldiers formation in

Thossanclriis, -i, m., a Grecian cliief at Troy. Tlietis, -idis, f., a Nereid, mother

of Achilles. a protectiou for tlieniselves with their overlapping Thoas, -antis, m., aGrecian chief shields. at Troy. Teucer, and Teucrus, -cri, m., 1, Thracius, -a, -um, adj. Thracian. first king of Troy and fatlier-in- Thrax. acis, m., a ITiracian. law of Dardanns. 2, sou of Tlireicius, -a, -um, adj., Thraciiin. Telamon and Hesione, and half he founded Threissus. -a, -uin, adj., Thrabrother of Ajax Salamis in Cyprus. cian ; subst. Threissa. -ae, t'., Teucri, -oruni, m..foIIowers (or Thracian icoman. clescendants) of Teticer, Trojans. Tliybris. -idis [aec. Thybriin], Teucria. -ao. f.. Tray. m., the river Tiher. texo, -ere, texui. textus, iceave, Thyias, -ados, f. female worsliipper of Bacchus, a Bncchante. intericeavc, intermincjle ; j'>in,
, ; , .

niade

frome, construct,
textilis, -e
icrou(/ht,

huihl.
adj.,

Thymbraeus,
icoven,

-a.

-um [Thymtown which was a

[texo],

bra], adj., o/ Thymhra, a


of

emhroidered.
-i
[^OaXa/jLos'],

the Troad in
;

thalamus,

m., hed-

chamher, chamhcr ; marriagehcd. marriage, icedlock. Thymoetes, -ae, m., a Trojan. Tlialia, -ae, f. a sea nyniph, a thymuin. -i \_dv/j.ov'] u,, thyme. Nereid, daughter of Nereus. Tiberinus, -a, -um [Tiberis], adj.. ofthe Tiber ; subst., TiberThapsiis, -i, f., a city and penininiis. -i.m.. Tiher asarivergod. sula on tlie eastern coast of
,

temple of Apollo an epithet of Apollo. Thymhraean.

Sicily.

tigris. -is or -idis,


u.,

c.

tiger, tigress.

theatrum. -i [^earpoj/], Thebae, -arum, f.,


l^oeotia,

theatre.

capital

of

Tiniaviis. -i, m., a river of noitheastein Italy.

Thersilochus,
ally

-i,

tlmeo, -cre, -ui, fear, be afraid m., a Paeonian of, dread; be apprehnisive or
anxious.

of

the
-i

Trojans, slain by
Idrja-avpds'],

Aclnlles.

timidus.
m.,

-a,

-um

[timeo],

adj.,

thesaurus.

fearful. timid, coicardly.

trrasure, hoard.

timor. -oris [timeo], m., fear^apprehension, dread, cowardice.

Theseus,

-ei,

or -eos, m., mythical

o>>...

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