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VIEGIL'S
BOOKS
AENEID
I-YI
FAIRCLOUGH,
Ph.D.
AXD
SELDON
L.
BROWX/a.M.
PRINCIPAL OF WELLESLEY (mASS.) HIGH SCHOOL, CO-AUTHOI OF THE DANIELL-BROWX LATIN COMPOSITIOX
ov TToXV
aXXa
'/ro\v
BENJ. H.
CHICAGO
SANBORN &
NEW YORK
1920
CO.
BOSTON
COPTRIGHT, 1908,
BY
d.
fi.
L.
BEOWN,
-1, ,'.
'
'. ; " -
'
<
t -
r/
PREFACE
The
cised
cliarni of the
its
Aeneid has for nineteen centnries exerspell over the minds aud hearts of successive
geuerations.
Yery early
it is still
it
strangely enough,
strongest and most general appeal. The Aeneid fills a larger place in the education of our
boys and
girls
which justifies the earnestness and enthusiasm with which editors have striven to so present
significance.,
epic.
This
is
a fact of great
it
as to secure the
attention.
maximum
of return for so
much time
and
loss as well as a
pedagogic error. The ideal book must contain enough material to insure an adequate.presentation, yet not so much as to dismay the beginner by its amount or to perplex him by its subtlety. It is a question of perspective and proportion which must be adapted to the learner's point of view he alone is to be
;
considered.
The progress of the im^il, not the display of the editor's erudition, must be the constant objective. With this ideal in view we have worked out the details If in certain respects we have failed to reach of this book. in it, we shall find ourselves in the best of company: if some degree we have succeeded, our toil will not have been
in vain.
head of the beginner than to meet him on his own plane of comprehension and
It is far easier to teach over the
;
iii
4275SI
IV
it is
PREFACE
here that he must be met.
It is a simple
matter
to
load
few teachers and fewer pupils are able to use it is a much more difficult one to present in correct coordination and subordination just the material which the learner will be
able with profit to
make
his own.
must always remember that it is not what a pupil might do, but what he can and will do, which sets the limits of correct text-book making. The time of the secondary school pupil is so filled to-day that the number of hours which can be devoted to any one subject is by no means large. Under these conditions it is very easy to miss the
mark,
We
to so direct
"through a glass darkly " and not "face to face." While no book can obviate the inevitable effects of poor teaching,
a well-made one greatly increases the efficiency of a real teacher and frequently saves an indifferent one from disaster.
To
sucli
demands and
rigidly
to
good book could easily be made L^rger, but a smaller one could not meet the demands of our best secondary schools to-day.
neglected.
In the process of mastering the Aeneid, the student must first grapple with the linguistic difficulties, and for secondary school purposes no edition is of much use which
does not give
it
is
all
But
to tlie grammaticalside.
Tliis
may
be an exaggerated
PREFACE
mate, but in any case the Aeneid is a literary masterpiece, one of the great " world-poems," and should be studied as It is because of this conviction tliat we have introsuch.
duced much of the material to be found in this edition. VirgiFs beautiful personality has been emijhasized in the Introduction, and the student is encouraged to look for In the :N"otes the 3estraces of its influence in the poem. thetic side of the poem has received more attention than
is
usually given to
it,
and
it is
hoped that
help to foster a more general study of the poetical means employed to secure artistic effects. In four of the books
found special notes in small type, which deal mainly with the stylistic features of important paragraphs or secIt is not intended that these shoukl iucrease, but tions. rather that they should relieve, the burden both of student and teacher. It is recommended that they be utilized mainly
will be
ing the primary difficulties of the text, may turn with relief The teacher must to the beauties of form and substance.
use his
in
own judgment
any case
mode of handling them, and they need not receive much attention until the
as to the
student has acquired some facility in reading the text, and has mastered the elementary principles of Latin verse.
peculiar position in the history of Much of Homer has been abthe world's best literature. sorbed by Virgil, and in his turn Virgil has exerted incal-
and modern literature. A student of the Aeneid should not only have his literary taste and judgment awakened, but he should also be introduced A school library to at least Homer, Dante, and Milton.
should contain not only copies of the great English poets, but also good translations of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the
VI
PREFACE
Divine Coinedi/, and froin time to time a few rainutes may well be spent in reading aloud passages froni tlieni bearing
upon tlie Aeneid. Thus the Roman epic may beconie the means of opening the eyes of the young to great literary fields, which otlierwise may remain unknown to them.^
Correspondence with a iiumber of teacliers has convinced us that a harge majority of our fellow-workers will be glad
to find the long vowels
lieve
Book I. While we bethat such marking soon becomes unnecessary for the
marked
in
well-taught
teachers,
pupil,
we
also
agree with
the
majority
of
who
marked
thus, as an
The questions following tlie notes at will be found to demand the exercise
1
tlie
lUad of Homer :
Bryant (Iloughton, Mifflin, & Co.). The Iliad: done into Englisli verse, by A.
Culleii
S.
Way
(London,
1880-1888), 2 vols.
The lUad of Ilomer : done into EngHsh prose, by Lang, Leaf, and Myers (Macinillan). The Odysscy done into English verso, by William Morris (London, 1887). The Odyssey of Ilomcr : h\ English verse, by A. S. Way (Mac:
millan, 11)04).
The Odyssey of Ilomer : done into English prose, by Butcher and Lang (Macmillan). The Divine Comedy : translated by Longfellow (Iloughton, MitHin, &Co.). The Divine Comedy : translatcd in vci-se, by E. II. riumptre
(Hoslon), 2 vols.
Inferno,
l^itrfjatorio,
l\iradiso
text
vols.
PREFACE
sides
VU
memory.
need to be used by the student who answers them. As this feature is in line with the best standards of teachers and examiners, its value will be obvious. No edition of the Aeneid in common use contains a complete and satisfactory list of the figures of sj^eech used in Latin poetry. Scattered in various grammars and dicment,
all will
tionaries they
may
The list marked convenience. IUustrations drawn from many sources have been freely The coordination of art and literature and their used. parallel development are in harmony with the teachings of
and
As
a vocabulary
is
make this accurate, adequate, and easy to use. It has not been made an occasion or excuse for philological display. From the immense mass of material which it might contain has been selected what we
great care has been taken to
believe to be the
maximum which
The
grouped as to suggest in very many cases the natural development of the ideas associated with the word. Here all long vowels have been marked. In the marking of hidden quantities we have gone no farther than a decided preponderance of evidence will warrant. No text-book can properly be made the arena in which to settle philological differences.
and
Vlil
PREFACE
The
In
tlie
comparatively few
^vell as
Mss
and. ancient
commentators, as
the views
of
modern
It
weighed before a
would be practically impossible to enumerate tlie many authorities to whom an editor of Virgil is necessaril}'' indebted. One advantage which we have had over previous
editors
is
To both
of
these
we
obligation.
Virgil,
To
our Introits
not of
actual
To the many teachers who have shown an interest in our work we express our dee^o appreciation. If the book itself
meet with their approval, our " labor of love," which has been a pleasure in itself, will have been well repaid.
shall
H. R. F.
S.
L. B.
JUNE,
1908.
demand for a fresh reprint gives us an opportunity to thank the numy teachers in all parts of the country who have shown their appreciation of our work. A number of For this we are especially inerrors have been rectitied.
debted to Miss Esther Spencer, assistaut in Latin iu Stanford University, aud iMr. rl. V. Nourse, of the Lowell Iligh
School, San Francisco.
JUNE,
llilli.
H.
S.
K. x^ F. L. B.
t,
CONTENTS
PAGE
LiST OF Illustratioxs
XI
Introduction
Life and
Works
of Virgil
xvii
xxix
xxxii
Study of the Aeneid The Story of the Aeneid The Traditions and Character of Aeneas The Aeneid in relation to Art
Versification
A Critical
xxxvi
.
xli
xlviii
1
Figures of
liii
Figures of Rhetoric
liv
Temis
Iv
.
,
Ivi
Iviii
to Virgil
.
Ix
.
.
Text
NoTES
.
187
VOCABULART.
iz
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
riGlTHE
1.
Dante, Homer. and Virgil. A group from The Parnassus, Frontispiece one of RaphaePs mural paiutings in the Vatican.
PAGE
2. Facsimile of the
Codex Mediceus of
in the illustration
Virgil, a manuscript
of the
fif th
3.
Goethe
said,
Aeneid V. 668-696. xvii In the National Museum, Rome. Of " No words can give any idea of it it is
is
;
like a verse
4.
from
Homer"
Paris.
The Judgment of
Naples
Pompeian
wall-painting.
In
2
5.
The Jupiter Otricoli (so called, because found at Otricoli, near Rome). In the Vatican Museum. It is the most
famous representation of the god extant The Young Augustus and Julius Caesar.
portrait busts in the British
....
Two
10
12
6.
marble
36
13
Museum
See Introd.
in the Louvre, Paris.
7.
8.
Augustus, as emperor.
In the Vatican.
The Diana
of Versailles.
Introd. o6
9.
.........
Now
See
.
14 27
10.
Venus Genetrix. In the Louvre, Paris. See Introd. 36 The Death of Laocoon. This famous group of the Vatican was made by three sculptors in the island of Rhodes, viz.
Agesander, Polydorus, and Athehodorus, about the beginning of the
first
century.B.c.
in Troy.
......
38
11.
40
12.
Minerva.^ She wears an aegis, with the Gorgon's head, and At Deepin her right hand supports a winged Victory.
dene, Surrey
^2
xi
Xll
FIOrRE
13.
LTST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAOS
Iliaca, a small
The Tabula
gypsum
tablet,
with sculptured
In the centre we see Aeneas and his family leaving the city under the guidance of Hermes (Mercury). Aeneas is carrying Anchises (the
sceiies of the
sack of Troy.
Lower down, to our right, the party is embarking. The helmsman Misenus brings up the rear, but tlie woman is no longer to be seen. The tablet is in the Capitoline
Museum
-^14.
15.
at
Rome
.
60
61
74
Map
of the
Wanderings of Aeneas
16.
A Roman Sacrifice. A marljle relief in tlie Louvre, Paris A Roman Harbor. with Ships, Lighthouse, Triumphal
Arch, Statues, and Blazing Altar.
Torlonia,
A relief
in the
Museo
80
.
.
Rome
From
a photograph
17.
82 92
18.
19.
In a private collection in Londoni (See Byron, ChihU HarohVs PilIn the Vatican
.
.
94
96
98
105
124
In the Vatican.
"
lovely, thoughtful,
...
. . .
charm-
21. Atlas supporting the Heavens, which are represented as a gl()l)o witli tlie signs of tlie zodiac. A statue in Naples 22. The Death of Pentheus. A bronze mirror in tlie Collegio Roniano, l^ime
.
23.
enlarged
130
140
cameo
in Naples.
probably Pasiphae.
'
Artemis
Sibyl,
27.
The Cumaean
by Michacl Angelo.
28.
Proserpina becoraes the Bride of Pluto. A Greek vasepainting. The picture shows Demeter, a winged Eros
1
.......
On
p. 343.
the ceiling of
151
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
nOURE
(symbolic of love), Hecate with her torch, and Hermes pointing out the way
.
xiii
PAGB
154
161
29.
Charoa receiving a Dead Woman from Hermes. vase-painting. In Munich Hercules and Cerberus. On a vase in ^Naples Cybele turrita. A statue from Formiae The Glorification of Augustus. A f amous cameo
All the interest centres in the emperor,
Greek
165 180
....
. .
in Vienna.
hand a sceptre, and in his right the litiius of an augur. Above him is the star of his nativity (Capricorn). Beside him sits the goddess Roma. Another goddess holds a crown of oali leaves above his head. Caelus and Terra (withher children) are spectators of the scene. On the left, Tiberius is stepping from a chariot driven by a Victory. The boy is Germanicus.
holding in his
left
33.
34.
35. 36.
37.
In the lower part are captives, while Roman soldiers are raising a trophy Julius Caesar and Pompey, the former with laurel wreath and star. Two gems in Berlin Marcellus the Younger. Tlie uppermost portion of the great Paris Cameo, of which the main subject (set forth in a lower scene) is the glorification of the emperor Tiberius. In the part reproduced we see the deified Augustus with a sceptre. The soldier with a shield is Drusus, brother of Tiberius, who died in 9 b.c. The figure in Phrygian garb, poised in the air before Augustus, is Aeneas, the ancestor of the Julian family, who holds in his hands a sphere, symbolic of world-power. The figure on the winged horse, which is led by a Cupid, is Marcellus,i the adopted son and heir of Augustus, whose early death in 23 B.c. was much lamented Ganymede and the Eagle. Greek mirror, with relief Neptune. Lange^s restoration of the Posidon of Lysippus (end of fourtli century, b.c.) Head of the Venus of Milo. the most famous of the treasures of the Louvre in Paris
.
.
180
182
....
.
184
193
203
......
213
XIV
FIGURE 38.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGB
A Coin of Carthage
Head
of a Statue of Af)ollo.
Iii
234
the National
39.
40.
Museum, Rome
.
245
Acanthus on a Corinthian Capital 41. Diomedes, Ulysses, and the Palladium. An ancient gem 42. Hector dragged round the Walls of Troy. From a marble tablet in the Capitoline Museum, Rome 43. A Victim ready for Sacrifice. From a Roman bas-relief 44. Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius. Coin of Antoninus 45. A Coin of Aenea, shovving the head of Aeneas 46. Tripod of ApoUo. The god, dressed in a long robe, is seated
250
272
281 291
....
.
An
ancient
gem
....
.... ....
.
47.
Magna
48.
49.
The goddess wears a turreted crown and is seated in a chariot drawn by two lions. In her left hand she holds a tympanum. A relief from a Roman altar A Boy Praying. Bronze statue in Berlin
Mater.
Scylla.
322
330 339
From
In Naples
50.
51. 52.
Chain-armor.
Arethusa.
Jupiter
Museum
Carthage
.
.
343 354
366
From
a coin of Syracuse
A Hunting Scene.
Hammon.
Coin of Cyrene 54. Mitra, a Phrygian cap 55. Mercury. Note the talaria on his feet, the purse in his right hand, and the herald's wand in his left. From a
53.
369
371
Pompoian wall-painting
56.
373
A Bacchante. A gem
in
Florence
376
57.
Hecate. Slie has one body, but three heads and six hands. On each head is a calathus, and in her hands are twodirks, two whips, and two torches. Beside her are two cistae surrounded by serpents. A man is dancing before her. A
bronze amulet
58.
59.
60. 61.
Carchesium A Serpent as .7P?ii?<.'? Zoci. AVall-paintiiigfrom Ilerculaneum Figure-head of a Roman Ship The Long-distance Foot-race. From a Greek vase in the
..........
......
liiifish
Muscum
tlio
62.
63
l^arly
Cretan coin
419 432
role of Neptune")
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS
FIGtTBE
XV
PAGE
beautiful
gem now
in
Boston
64.
'
442
Somnus.
gem
65.
in Berlin
.........
The
figure
.
A
444
450
456 456
66.
67.
68. 69.
Orpheus and Eurydice. An intaglio of comparatively late In Munich date. Castor and Pollux in the Lower World. Pluto is on a rich A gem in Berlin throne, and beside him is Cerberus. Triton and his Conch. Engraving from a lamp Pavor and Pallor on Roman Coins. Note the personifica. . .
460
467
tions
70.
Chimaera. An ancient gem A gem in the British ^Museum 71. Ixion bound to the Wheel. A gem in St. Petersburg 72. Long-robed Priest. A bronze of C. Plotius Rufus, triumvir 73. Corona Civica.
.
.
408
487
491
........
The
letters
s. c.
are
500
603
Coin of Crete
.
in the
. .
Museum
75.
Two
faces of
509
(or Tiberis)
.
76.
In the British
Museum
......
On
a coin of Antoninus
510
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i
Fio.
2.
INTRODUCTION
1.
Publiiis Vergilius
of
Maro
to Italy until
native piace.
twenty-one years after the poet's birth, but VirgiVs natural sympathies, environment and edu-
make him an
enthusiastic
Eoman.
The
to Julius Caesar,
was born in the country, " of rustic parents and brought up in the bush and forest,"^ and Melissus, ^ freedman of Augustus, tells us that he kept His eariv his shy rustic manners even at the court. environThe ment. influence of his early surroundings was never lost Virgil was a poet of the streams and the woods to the last.^ All his works reveal that love of the land and country scenes, in which the poet must have revelled in his youth, and which he indulged in mature years, when he gladly
Virgil
;
due to a Latin form Virgilius, which is less correct than Vergilius. However, the spelling Virgil has been so loug iu vogue in English, being the form known to all our great poets and prosewriters, that it seems pedautic to insist on Vergil (see Professor Kelsey's letter in the Neio York Ncttion, Sept. 5, 1907, p. 206). 2 Rusticis parentibus nato inter silvas et frutices educto (Macrobius,
1
The
spelling Virgil
is
V.
2, 1).
^Flumina amem
silvasque.
{Georgics,
xvii
II. 486.)
XVlll
INTRODUCTION
tlie
forsook
capital fov
tlie
his villa in
tliat
niost
beautifui
neigliborliood of Naples.
His father was of humble station, but a man of energy and integrity, who prospered in the world by keeping bees and investing in forest land. The second book of tlie Georgics is devoted to trees and their culture; the fourth to bees; while certain passages^ in the Aeneid indicate the poefs interest in his father's employments. 3. Filial love was one of VirgiPs chief characteristics, and has left its mark upon his great epic. His father gave him a careful education, and the son repaid him
hisfather
witli affection.
the
refuge,
little
when driven from his home by armed force, he thus writes ^ " To thee, I intrust myself, and with me those whom I have ever loved, and above all my father.'' With such an experience, how much sympathy would Virgil feel for his Aeneas, iu tliat hour when Troy falls, and a refuge
:
must be found
4.
for the
aged Anchises
owed much more than his educaHe also owed to him his love of simplicity and his tion. purity of character. When, in the Georgics, we lind him si^ging tlie simple virtues of tlie Italian fai-mer his industry, watchfuhiess, and freedom f rom envy or sordid ambition we feel that his heart is inthe okl home, the truenurse of his genius. The purity of the home and the joy of children's love, the solid com-
To
forts
and
of rural
life,
It
270-2.
hos una inrcuiii, qitos semper amavl, Coinmeiulo, in primlsque patrem. {(Jatalepton, VIII.)
tihl ot
Me
IXTRODUCTIOIT
was
after
XiX
thepoethad become the friend of princes,hadseen the utmost glory of this world, aud kuown both the joys and the disappointmeuts of the highest fame that he heaved a sigh for the happiuess of conntry life, which he would uo longer be allowed to enjoy iu peaceful secliision: "Ah, too
fortunatethe husbandmen, if they knew their own blessedEepose without care is theirs, and a life that canness! not disappoint, yet is rich in mauifokl treasures; yet the
.
.
peace of broad domains fails them not, with caverns and living lakes, cool vales of Tempe, the lowing of oxen and soft
theworship of the gods and reverence for age; among them, as she passed from earth, Justice set her last footprints."^
5.
The
YirgiFs character,
His pieias.
his simple
iustilled into
him in his early home, he never ^q^q^^ even when assailed by the subtle cynicism
aud cold agnosticism of court circles. The English word 'piety^ usually signifies only one aspect of the Latin pietas, and pietas in its larger sense is the virtue which Virgil emphasizes as the chief characteristic of the hero of his Aeneid. Pity and piety are bjoth included in pietas, but the Latin term embraces also tenderness and affectionate regard for one's relatives,^ one's country, and
one's fellow-men in general.
his
1
'^
Yirgil's
own
pietas is seen in
reverential
Georgics,
II.
'
attitude
ff.
'
458
can still be used thus in English cf W. D. Howthe relic of ancient fashion ells: *' He pulled off his hlack satin stock and laid it ou the table." which the piety of his daughter kept in repair Modern Ch. XL.) Instance, (.4
XX
honored
father,
ritua.1
INTRODUCTION
of
their celebrations.
;
It is seen,
also, in
liis
still
;
who became
blind
handsomely by will for his half-brother, Valerius Proculus. In one of his odes/ Horace testities to the pious and affectionate character of Virgil, and the striking, almost passionate, phrase which he elsewliere applies to him, animae dimidium meae, 'half of my soul/ illustrates VirgiFs power
of inspiring affection in others.^
worth while dwelling on these features of Virgil's character, because they are all richl}'- exempliiied in his work and in every thing that Virgil wrote we can see, not a merely objective narrative, but the poefs personality and attitude toward life.
It is
;
6.
One
,
awkward
Ile
in
sulfered
from dyspepsia^ and perhaps on this account and habits. We ^yg^g abstemious in eating and drinking. have already noted his shyness. Far from courting publicity, he would avoid the throngs that followed and pointed him out by retiring into the nearest house. Horace describes his three friends, Virgil, Plotius, and Varius, as ''the whitest souls ever borne by earth,"^ a beautiful testimony, not
only to VirgiPs spotless character, but also to the purity of
his social
1
and intellectual
24.
circle.
2 Odrs,
Odes,
I.
8.
Attributcd to Donatns. of tlu^ fourHi ccMtury, but really by Suetonius, a well-known l)ioj;raplu'r of tho first ccntury. * He was C7'udiis. (Horace, Satirrs, I. r>, A*X)
*
Aniinac (jnntHs noqiip cttndidiim^s Terra tidit, neque qiiis me sit devlnctior altcr.
(Satires,
I.
5, 41.)
INTRODUCTION
7.
XXI
He YirgiPs edncation was carefully attended to. studied at Mantua and Cremona, then at the larger city of Milan (Mediolanum), and lastly at the age of
fionl^nd^"
literary training.
This was in seventeen he passed on to Rome. the year o3 B.C., one year after the death of
CatuUus and two years after that of Lucretius. Greek under ParVirgil studied under the best masters thenius, a poet of some note; rhetoric under Epidius, the and i^hilosophy under master of Antonius and Octavius This last study had great Siro, a distinguished Epicurean. attractions for the youth, and one poem in the Catalepton voices the delight with which, giving up the rhetoricians
:
and grammarians, he turned to philosophy. 8. The poem just referred to is composed in a peculiar
metre^ much used by Catullus, to whom, in the sixth Aeaeid, Virgil paid marked homage, for the line
eariiJr p^oets,
especialiy Lucretius.
^i^^ ^hich Aeneas begins his address to Dido in the world below,
Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi,
^
is
not a
the precision,
is
which. Catullus
famous.
But
if
much
greater
is
his
debt to another famous poet, Lucretius. CatuUus could teach form and style, but Lucretius could widen the horizon
of his spirit.
In a certain passage of the Georgks/ Virgil pays a remarkable tribute to the author of the great poem
No. 5. The term Catalepton (/card Xeirrov, i.e., snaall ') is applied to a group of 14 short poems attributed to Virgil. Some, at least, of these are genuine. * Catullus, 66," 39. 2 The scazon or limping iambic. ^ Georgics II. 475 fE. 3 VI. 460.
1
'
XXii
INTKODUCTION
anxious to sing, as Lucretius had done, of themarvels of the physical universe, yet he realizes that his genius is of a humbler kind, and he must be content to
On
JSfature.
He
is
This ambition to become a natural philosopher stayed with We find the philosophic coloring freVirgil to the end.
quently in the Aeneid, and Suetonius tells us that after putting the finishing touches to his epic, the poet had in-
The
style of
Lucretius
vigorous,
life to
philosophy.^
independent, almost
careless,
Ennius^
and
is
undoubtedly influenced by both of these great poets, and in his hexameters we find that in numerous details, as in general eftect, he strikes a happy mean between the easy freedom of the one
CatuUus.
went to Tlome, ten years of VirgiPs life are a blank, but this period was doubtless spent in hard study and numerous poetical es-
From 53
b.c,
when he
first
period of
says.^
life.
In 42
B.C.,
we
find
Virgirs
\^[iyi
tions under
once more at his okl home. The victorious triumvirs, in providing for the settlement of the
great arniies which
the Second
Tnumvirs.
trict,
had been raised during tlie ^^^-i ^^^^,^ coiifiscated Lands in the Cremona disand "Mantua, alas too near unhappy Cremona"'*
!
Ut reliqua vlta (antum philonophiae, vacarot. The term philosophia is here used inaiiily of so-ealled natural philosophy in its hmadest sense. 2 Ennius, called the " father of Ronian poetry," lived from 231)-16i) b.c. 8 Besides the Catalepton, there are extant tive minor poeius tliat liave heenattril)Mtfd to VirKil, viz. the Culcx, (7/-/.s-, Copa, Morrtum, and Actna, hut very few .scholars helieve that any of tlies(! are genuine. * Mantua vac vii.serae niiniunt vicina Cremonae. {Eclogues, IX. 28.)
1
'
'
INTRODUCTION
sufferecl as well.
XX 111
neighbors, was dispos-
The
poet, like
liis
But the momentary misfortune was a wonderVirgil found a friend in the noble ful blessing in disguise. Asinius Pollio, administrator of the proviDce, and secured the patronage of two distinguished men, Cornelius Gallus and Alfenus Varus, both of whom had been- his fellowstudents in Eome. Through tliem he was introduced to Octavius, and either recovered his farm or received in compensation an estate in Campania. 10. The poems, in which Virgil records his experience
with his
life.^
Edogues, written at various times after 43 b.c, and published in their present order in 37 b.c. The two which are mainly concerned with his expulsion from the farm are the
first
and ninth, but at least three, viz. the second, third, and fifth (and probably the seventh as well), preceded the tirst in point of time, and, like it, were written in the poefs native district. The sixth and ninth were composed at Siro's villa; the remainder, viz. the fourth, eighth, and tenth, were written in Rome. Pollio, Gallus, and Varus are all
sung in the Edogues, but the
tirst
of the
poems doubtless
sole ruler in
won
its
to Octavius,
Italy.
who
before 37
b.c.
had become
The Edogues
and country,
of
happy communion
with nature in her many phases. Their fragrant atmosphere and rich melodiousness have commended them to the choice
spirits of
many
generations.
1
Words
See
3 above.
xxiv
INTRODUCTION
all
To VirgiPs contemporaries,
ture.
.
new
era for
-.
Roman litera-,
The poefs ^
lirst
succegs
i
by prince and
reform the
ti people alike,
,.
The
.
statesman of the
Maecenas,
sought to secure his genius for the noble work Hence the four books of the of reconstructing the state. Georgics, upon which Virgil spent seven years, and which,
published in 29 b.c, two years after the battle of Actium, are the first, as they are also the most brilliant, of the
literary productions of the
eorgic
Empire.
is
of the Georgics
with but a slight undercurrent of that sadness which is never far away in VirgiL They are in fact a eulogy, a rhapsody ahnost, upon the farmer's life, and from first to last thrill with the poefs ardent love of his subject.
"The
of the Georgics.
It
would be almost as
fitting to call
a glorification of Italy.
It is for thee mother of harvests, mighty mother of men It is for I venture upon an ancient art of high renown."^ Previous Italy that Virgil sings of the husbandman's labor. poets had sung for Kome Virgil was the first to sing for a
;
united Italy.
12.
If the Eclogues
won
Fourth
P^",,
Virgil s
,.,
life.
The Aeneid.
him on a pinnacle of sph^udid isohation, and lie was everywhere acknowledged ^ Rome's greatest poet. It is little wonder, as
Georgics placed
'
'^
'^Salve,
tellus,
Miujna tnriim
Itiyredior.
{Georgics,
173 ff.)
I^^TRODUCTION
therefore, tliat
XXV
everybody looked forward with the greatest interest to the next achievement of his muse. The ancient biographer^ tells us that " ahnost before the Aeneid was begun, expectation was so keen that the poet Propertius did
not
hesitate
to
make
this
;
prediction
writers of
is
Eome and
Greece
'
coming to its 13. In 27 B.c. the title of Augustus was conferred on Octavius, and in the following year the emperor wrote entreating, almost threatening, letters from Spain, Virgil's
begging the poet to send him either the first clraft or at least some portion of the new work. It was very much later, however, when Virgil read to the emperor three books, the second, fourth, and
reading of the Aeneid
birth/ "
sixth,
the
three,
it
may
be
noticed, vrhich
are ahnost
We
are told
one of several respects in which he and Tennyson resembled each other.^ The young Marcellus, the hope of the Empire,
and when in his recitation the poet reached that exalted and pathetic passage near the end of the sixth book, in which the sad event is foreshadowed, the passage including those thrilling words which Dante
in 23 b.c,
had died
long afterwards heard the blessed chanting Octavia, the heart-broken mother, fainted away
in Paradise,
" Heii miserande puer, si qua fata aspera mmpas, Tu Marcellus eris Manibus date lilia pleuis. " ^
!
After spending eleven years on the composition of the Aeneid, Virgil set out in 19 b.c. for Greece and Asia, where
14.
Suetonius (Donatus) See note 3, p. xx. 2See Quarterly Review, January, 1901, pp. 99-129. 3 Aeneicl, VI. 882.
1
.
XXVI
he mtended to spend
. His journey to Greece, lllnessand
.
INTKODLX^TION
tlie
Aiigustus ou his ^
.
East, he
^q Italy.
was induced
to return
fever, contracted at
worse during the voyage, and death at Brundisium, a few days after landing, in the fiftyfirst year of his age. 15. Before leaving Italy, Virgil had made his friends,
L. Varius
His final
instructions to his
and liter-
which had not already been edited by him.^ This request had special reference to the Aeneid, which he had begged Varius to burn in the event of his death.^ So anxious was he to have this done that in
in his last
i-iii
ii
ttii-i
destroy
it
hours he vainly called for his manuscript, so as to witli liis own hands. It is pathetic to think of
it
cannot but increase our adniiration for his genius to learn that nothing satisfied him short of absolute
perfection.
work, and
We
poem.
IJe tliat as it
may, Augus-
it
and prescribing that while they were at liberty to remove superfluities, yet they were to make no additions.^ The corrections made were very slight.^
Vario ac simul Tuccae scHpta sua sub ea condicione legavit ne quid edereiU quod non a se editum esset.
1
rum Vario, priusqxiam Italia decederet, ^ii si quid sibi acciAcncida combureret. ^ Auf/ustusvero, ne tantuni opus periret, Tuccam et Varium hac lege iussit emendare ut sui>crflua demerent, nihil adderent tamen. (From
^Ef/prat
disxct
Servius.)
*
Summatim emendata.
INTRODUCTION
16.
XXVll
In SuetoniiTS and Servius only two examples are cited One is the of passages omitted by the original editors.
The
prooe-
prooemium of four
tion to tlie Aeneid.
lines,
mium
the Aenetci.
This is certainly out of keep^^^^ with epic tone, drawing the attention as it does to the poet rather than to his lofty theme, though not
to
The original is unlike the elosing lines of the Georgics. given on page 187, and may be translated thus " I am he
:
the woodland, constrained the neighboring fields to serve the a work dear to farmers; hrisbandmen, however grasping
but
now
Mars
I sing.
..."
Virgil
may
of composition, but
would have
retained
them in his published work. 17. The other passage belongs to the Helen episode in the second book, and though omitted from all the best manu TheHelen
episode
It
dropped by Varius and Tucca in deference to the poet's expressed dissatisfaction with the scene. The pacsage was apparently known to others, and was possibly published later by some one who regretted its omisIndeed, the very fact of its omission from the first sion.
567-588).
(Aeneid
it
into notice,
much
as rejected
poems
18.
of
Suetonius
on the
methods of
Virgil's
tokl that
when
methods
of
work.
^ ^^'^s writing the Georgics, he would con over and dictate in the early morning a large number ^^ verses, and then spend the whole day in cor-
XXVlll
recting and reducing
INTRODUCTION
them
to the smallest
compass/ the
been estimated that the length of time, seven years, given to the Georgics would mean an average of less than one line daily. No wonder that the poem reveals such exIt has
and that the Aeneicl, a work between four and five times as long and left unrevised by its author, should in this respect suffer by comparison. As to the later poem, we are told- that Virgil "first drafted the Aeneid in prose, and having arranged it in twelve books, proceeded to compose it bit by bit, just as the fancy took him, without attacking subjects in due order. And that nothing might stay his inspiration, he allovved some passages to remain imperfect, while others he bolstered up, as it were, with mediocre lines, which he jestingly declared were inquisite finish in details,
serted as props to
During the composition, Virgil on certain occasions read his work to others, though not often, generally confiuing himself to passages about which he was in doubt, that he might have the benefit of liis hearers' judgment. It is easy to see from this statement how it was tliat VirgiPs closest literary friends, Varius and Tueca, both of them critics whose approval Horace proudly claims, and one of them, Varius, himself a tragic and epic poet of
columns arrived."
distinction,
lCf.
were, in
:
all
Tennyson
lines,
they say,
At
iill
To
^
in;i,ke
them wcalthicr
Apneida
p7'os(i
prius oratioue
insiituit.
fonnatam digestamque
in XII. libros
particulatim coinponere
INTRODUCTIOX
with. tlie
XXIX
poefs sentiments and conceptions, and peculiarly well qualiiied to act as tlie editors of his j)Osthamous work. These personal details"should not be overlooked when we form our estimate of VirgiPs Aeneicl, one of the most ambitious poetical attempts in the history of literature, and
yet the offsx^ring of a shy, diffident
lofty aims
spirit,
conscious of
and
ideals,
self-complacency.
whether in painting, music, architectureTscuTpture or poetry, is the power it possesses, in the way, not of actual expression, but of sugAtestof This is somegestion and spiritual stimulation. thing which we all recognize in the noblest of the Psalms of David, in the best scenes of the Iliad and
19.
One
Odyssey, in the
brilliant
choruses of the
Agamemnon
of
Aeschylus or the Antigone of Sophocles, in Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton, and last, but not least, in many moving
passages in the Aeneid.
20.
If
how
could
^.
we account
European
literature
he has played a part second only to that of the Bible itself ? His successors in Latin literature,
]\Xai'tial, '
manEmpire.
rest,
were
all
nurtured on
^^.
\
^_
irgil.
o-t
He was
the main
study in the schools of rhetoric throughout the Empire, and Comparetti^ assures us that " the use which the gramma-
manulost, it would be pcssible, from the notices given us by the ancients of the Virgilian poems, and
so extensive that, if all the
iDomenico Comparetti Vergil in the Middle Ages, translated from Italian into English by E. F. M. Benecke (The Macmillan Co., 1895).
:
XXX
INTRODUCTION
tlie
grammarians
alone,
and the Aeneid. supreme, and his poetry was, so ancients it was the tirst of all
;
and was always in everybody's hands." From the time of Hadrian^ on, the so-called " lots of Virgil " were consulted by the superstitious, even as the faithful in like manner had rescholastic books,
to
In the sixth century people still crowded Trajan's Forum to hear the Aeneid recited, and a charchman like Jerome, on liearing of the fall of Rome when stormed by Alaric the Goth, gives utterance to his grief in words taken partly from the Aeneid, and Many Christian poems on Biblical partly fi'om the Psalms.
course
the
sacred Scriptures.
/1
'
themes were but centos made up of lines from VirgiPs works. 21. In the Middle Ages Virgil was known among the people as a magician and a saint, and on the threshold of modern literature he is Dante's giiide to lead him ^""^ into Paradise. And if Virgil had no other claim Z'''^^ Dante. to distinction, this fact, that he is the acknowledged '^ master and author " of Dante,*^ and the only source of his ''noble style," at a time when Greek had not yet come to its hour of resurrection, would surely be enough to win
.
for
affection of
all.
22.
On English
had an enormous
in-
In Celtic tales
influence on
the voyage of Aeneas gave" birth to the voyage of Brutus, who founds in Albion a new Troy or
Engiish
lit-
Londou.
story in
his
and
after
him
it
is
found
in
many
forms.
Empcror
of liome
85
E.
INTRODUCTION
Geoffrey^s
XXxi
work gave
to the
it
down
The
literature of the
with allusions to it. To deal adequately with VirgiFs direct influence on our literature would be a gigantic task, and here we can merely suggest how far-reaching it has been. In the Hous of Fame Chaucer gives an outline of the Aeneid, dwelling mainly on
is lilled
the Dido episode, a story of peculiar fascination for Elizabethan writers. Nash and Marlowe dramatized
all
it,
the
and
Shakespeare refers to
is
it
many
times.
Bacon
calls Virgil
memory
of
man
known." Most of our later poets have confessed their indebtedness to Virgil. For Dryden he is his divine master. Cowper
counted
it
"
An
effort vain
strain."
At
Naples, too, Matthew Arnold can think only of the "sweet, tender Virgil." William Morris gave striking evi-
dence of his fondness for the poet by translating the long Aeneid into English verse, and so we may pass down the
1
XXXU
list
INTIIODUCTION
\
of iminortals to Tennyson,
his
glorious tribute/
*'
Light
among
liis
phantom shore,"
but also by
that he
is
"tho most Virgilian of modern poets."^ It is with good reason, then, that Professor MacMechan^ has said " Beginning the Aeneid is like setting out upon a ibroad and beaten highway, along which countless feet have
:
It is a spiritual
highway, wdnding through every age and dvery clime." 23. Not ephemeral are books like this; they put ns in touch with the culture of former ages. Their roots have ^'^^^ down deep into humanity, and to tear them Perennial
vaiueofthe
Aeneid.
Thus
it
is
that the
words of Virgil come to us charged with the emotions of the centuries past, and these emotions cluster as thick about them as about tlie trumpet calls of Isaiah or
the soft music of the Twenty-third Psahn.
says Woodberry,^ " shows
in literature
tliat
"
The
Aeneid,^^
characteristic of greatness
;
which
lies
it
clothes
it
and event, and forward to Christhat clothes it with emotion, sentiment and
of
24.
1
There
Virf/il.
are,
course,
in the
To
W.
sprofessor of Enjxlish Litcraturc in Dalliousie CoUege, Ilalifax. The extract is from a ijublislicd lccturc on Vir<,nl. 4 Professor of Coinparative Literature in Cohimbia University, Ne\ See his Great Writers, p. i:W (McClure Co., N.Y., lit07). Tfork.
INTBODUCTION
Aeneid.
XXXIU
The
spell of
Homer
is
the
first of
its ciass.
with the lUad and Odyssey before him, made the Aeneid too lengthy and brought in too many scenes of battle and bloodshed. The hero
Virgil,
is not, first
it is
a mistake that
him
blance to Achilles,
the only model more like Virgil worthy of Virgil, and we, realizing the solidarity of classical literature and the sense of continuity running through it all, are sometimes urprised to find how original and indepenWe dent, for all his indebtedness to Homer, Virgil can be. no longer regard the Iliad and the Aeneid as epics of the same type. The world of the Augustan age was not the same world as in the old Homeric days, and we have
learnt that the later epic
of culture
is
and
art, of
w^ealth
earlier is the
As
in its rela-
tion to earture.
1
The Homeric poems were familiar to all Komans Avho could boast of any education w^hatever. They had become absorbed
epics, especially the
Annales of Ennius (239-169 b.c.) and the Punic War of Naevius (240-202 b.c). The Amiales of Ennius was a poetic chronicle of historical incidents from the earliest days of the city to the poefs own time. The work was regarded with veneration hy all Roraans, and the Aeneid is saturated with its iufluence. Naevius, in his epic, had handled the mythical history of both Rome and Carthage, and thus provided Yirgil with some of the material used in the first four books. The tragedies of Pacuvius (219-129 b.c.) and Accius (170 to about 90 ii.c.) had aliso ao little influence on Vir^il.
Notably the
XXXIV
iiito
INTllODUCTION
iiitellectiial life
the
of
Rome,
jiist
as
much
of
Hebrew
Not
only, therefore,
bound to show their influence in the Aeiieidy but that influence must logically be paramount. Virgil had already become the Theocritus^ and the Hesiod^ of Rome now that he was entering upon the epic field he must strive to become the Homer of Rome as well. 26. But to become another Homer, it was necessary to do far more than simply transfer Homeric verses to his pages. Suetonius tells us that some critics of Virgil Virgil's absorption of reproached him f or taking too f reely from the Greek. The poet retorted by declaring that if they would try to do what he had done, they would find it easier to take the club from Hercules than a verse from Homer."^ And there is no doubt that Virgil himself and
are these epics
;
almost
of
all
Homer much as we
echoes of
Roman
if
classics or
Matthew ArnokVs
the original,
we know
we
the
greater satisfaction.
Homer
is
the creator of
Virgil, Virgil is certainly the finest of his works." 9 The Aeneid is such a comprehensive work that
P^i^i^s of view.
compendium
;
of
Roman
it
it is
an epitome
of
Itoman
1 Iii
liistory; it is
Koman
imperialism;
tlie
Erlnr/ups.
2 j <i,e Grorglcft.
AValter SavapfG
Landor
(1775-18()4).
kuowledge of Latin
literaturo.
llomero rcrsuiii subripere. Ilis works revoal a reniarkable * J.(/. bis tragedy of Merope.
INTRODUCTION
is
XXXV
a splendid paean of
'
Roman
'
patriotism.
A recent writer
is
finds its
grandest pliase
life/'
a meditaexpression
striking
tion
upon
and
it
certainly
ever
iieard
of
Roman
in
spirituality.
It
the
atmosphere
should
he
deserves.
This spiritual note is heard above all others in the Eclogues, as in the Pollio poem, a beautiful dream of a golden aGfe, when "a little child shall lead" the world ^ The uote , ^ , mto righteousness and peace. It is neard agam of spirituaiity. [^ the Georgics, where ora et labora, " work and
28.
'
. .
pray,"
is
And
again
we
;
find it echo-
In the First Book, the hero ing through the long Aeneicl, resigns himself to fate and the will of the gods in the Sectaken from his eyes, and he sees the gods themselves uprooting Troy in the Third, he wanders to and fro, seeking guidance from above; in tlie Fourth, he forgets
ond, the mist
is
;
the divine
call,
when duty
de-
he engages in the most pious of devotional acts, the sacrifices and games in honor of a dead father; in the Sixth, he essays to pierce the veil which hides the unseen world, and wins that revelation of life immortal which has enthralled the fancy of the greatest In the Christian poets of mediaeval and modern times. light of that revelation, Aeneas, throughout the second half of the Aeneid, calmly pursues his divinely ordered way, working out the destiny of his race and country with all
mands the
sacrifice
in the Fifth,
p. 140.
XXXVl
blessing.
self,
INTRODUCTION
Herein we see embodied
it
tlie
soul of
Rome
her-
29.
But
is
in the
Sixth,
and
central,
Book
of the
This Hfe of
human
love unsatisfied
in the workl
has
effort,
it
of vain longing, of
fruition,
no
no
fulfil-
ment
beyond?
Is Lucretius right
when he
gloom of the grave, and leaves us to an immortal death? This is the question with which the poet grapples in this wonderful book, and in the answer we have (next to Plato's Phaedo) the noblest spiritual utterance of pagan thought. For out of all that the legends, traditions, poetrj, mysteries, religion, and philosophy of Greece and Rome coukl teach, Virgil has gathered up the nobkst elements and niade one suprerae effort to catch a vision of the world beyond the grave. 30. The Aeneid is an epic in twelve books, the first half dealing with the hero's wanderings from his okl home in The story of Troy, and the second half with his wars, inleads us
to the
the Aeneid.
down
curred in making a
new home
Tlie
poem thus becomes at once an Odyssey and an Iliad. The story opens, in true epic fashion, not with the begin-
ning of the hero's wanderings, but in the seventh year after the fall of Troy. The subject is briefly stated,
and then we have " a view of the supernatural machinery by which it is to be worked out." While sailing from Sicily, the Trojans encounter a stor^n raised by Aeohis
(god of the winds) at the request of Juno, who, in her hatred
of the Trojan race, wouhl gladly destroy
its last
and so prevent the founding of Rome. wrecked off the African coast, where Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, is hospitably received by Queen Dido, who is
INTRODUCTION
founding
tlie
XXXVll
Phoenician city of Carthage. Thus the poet peoples, skilfully contrives to bring into association the two Eomans and Carthaginians, who at a later time were to dispute the supremacy of the western Mediterranean. This, provided then, is one feature of the historical background
for the narrative.
Dido, who, by the help of Venus, has become enamoured leader, at of Aeneas, gives a grand banquet to the Trojan which she invites him to tell the story of Troy's fall and
his subsequent wanderings.
In the Second Book Aeneas tells the thrilling story of the capture and destruction of Troy by the Greeks, the subsequent massacre, and the escape from the city Book II. ^^ himself with his father and young son lulus (or Ascanius), together with a small band of citizens.
The Third Book contains the main narrative Book III. ^^ ^^^^ wanderings of Aeneas, who is endeavoring to found a city and carry his gods to a new land. At the outset he is quite in the dark as to his goaL Thus
he
Thrace, but listening to the supernatural warning Delos. of the murdered Polydorus, he steers his course to Here a divine voice bade him seek his ancient motherland. Anchises interprets this as meaning Crete, the ancient home
sails to
from
assured by the Penates that he should seek Hesperia. Once more the Trojans put to storm on one of sea, but are forced to take refuge from a Harpy. the Strophades, where they are cursed by Celaeno, a ButhAfter spending a wdnter at Actium they pass on to rotum, and visit the kingdom of Helenus, who, inspired by
is
XXXVIU
INTRODUCTIOX
Avoiding the eastern coast of Italy, they pass on to Sicily, where, on reaching Drepanuin, Anchises dies. On resuming the voyage they encounter the storm already described,^ as a result of which they land, not in Italy, but in Africa. Thus we are brought back to the beginning*of
Book I. The Fourth Book is the story of the hero's great temptation and of the tragedy of Dido. Aeneas lingers on in the
Book , IV.
,
pleasant land of Carthai^e, enthralled bv the ^ cnarms of the queen, and forgetful of his lofty
'
-^
-
mission.
Dido, her love for Aeneas becomes an overmastering passion, and though, on the loss of her husfor
As
band Sychaeus, she had vowed never to wed again, she lends a willing ear to her sister Anna, who urges lier to unite herself to Aeneas in marriage. Aeneas, however, is recalled to a sense of his duty by a divine warning, and, notwithstanding Dido's pleading and upbraiding, determines to leave
between her people and his there may be eternal hatred, mounts her funeral pyre and stabs herself with her lover's sword. In the Fifth Book Aeneas returns to Sicily on the anniversary of his father's death, in whose honor lie celebrates funeral games. While these are in proffress, 1 & Book V. _ the women, mcited by Juno, set hreto the ships, hoping thus to bring their journeying to an end. Rain, coming in answer to the prayer of Aeneas, quenclies the llames, and then, h^aving some of his followers behind, the
.
Carthage.
>
hero sets
In the Sixth Book Aeneas lands at Cumae, in Camj^ania, where he invokes the aid of Ai^ollo and the ^ , Book VI. ,. ^. SibyL With the hitters help he discovers the
,
\n
I.
81
ff.
INTRODUCTION
'golden bough/ Avhich enables
Y/orlc^,
XXxix
him
There he fincls Anchises, who enlightens him on tlie future of tlie Trojan race, and points out the souls of the famous Eomans, to be born in
later times.
Tlie last six books have been called Virgil's Iliad, because
warfare on Italian
Latinus,
soiL
Lavinia,
daughter of
kiug of
Laurentum, had been betrothed to Turnus, a Rutidian chieftain, but an oracle having declared that slie should wecl a foreign prince, Latinus pledged her to Aeneas. Turnus rouses tlie Latins to war, ancl Aeneas forms an alliance with Evander, who reigns in Pallanteum, on the site of the later Rome. The resulting conflict, which involves Italian tribes and legendary heroes, is conclucled by the deatli of Turnus in single combat with Aeneas. 31. Like a tragecly, an epic demands unity, and Virgil's Aeneid was probably the iirst Roman epic to secure unity The Punic Unity of the ^^^ ^^^ proper sense of the word. Aeneid. Wcu' of jSTaevius ^ and tlie more ambitious Annales of Ennius were probably deficient in tliis respect, for being verse chronicles of historical events, they could not have had a really organic unity such as tlie epic properly demands. Any unity wliich tlie Annales could claim must have been clue to the central idea of Rome's greatness or Kome's destiny. True unity, however, is secured by the action. Tliis shoulcl be complete in itself, with beginning, middle, and end; and the parts of which the epic is composed sliould be truly integral, so that no one can be withdrawn without affecting the whole. In tliis respect, the Aeneid
1
See
25.
Xl
INTRODUCTION
which destructive
have so often pulled to pieces. The Aeneid takes its name from the hei^o, yet it is not he but the action which gives unity, viz. the new settlement of the Trojans or the transfer of the Penates from Troy to Latium. The opening words, anna virumque, indicate the subject, with the hero's purpose,
dura conderet urbem Inferretque deos Latio,"
'
'
and the
Albanique
pg^tres
of a city,
but with the death of Turnus, because, as this removes the last hindrance which stood in the way of a defiuite settlement, the poetic interest here closes. No need is there for
Roman poet to tell his readers every Eoman daughter would do,
a
the nian of his choice.
deus ex machina, promises^ the union of the two peoples. Eome's future is assured.
32.
The
for herein lies the origin of the hero's mission, viz. to carry
A senous
.
initial diffi-
Penates to Latium. Heinze^ has pointed out how the author was confronted with
the Troian
^* _
cuity.
a serious
initial difficulty.
had fled from his fatherLand, driven To a Eoman, Rome was what out by a victorious enemy. Troy was to Aeneas, but coukl a Roman turn his back on a falling Kome and not perish with her ? Could the gods of
of the
Eoman
people,
Aeneid,
XIL
834
E.
2 Virgils
fif.
INTRODUCTION
xli
be carried to a foreign land ? Tn Livy ^ (a contemporary of Virgil), we may still read the fervid speecli of
Rome
how no
true
Eoman
could entertain the idea of removing from Rome to Veii after the destruction of the city by the Gauls. In the case of Aeneas, therefore, VirgiPs lirst aim must
have been to secure him against the reproach of weakness, cowardice, and disloyalty. He had to arouse sympathy for the fallen, and rob the Greeks of the glory which attends And yet the story of Troy's fall was familiar from success.
tradition,
woukl have been unwise, if not impossible, Thus to depart seriously from the well-known narrative. it is that early in the epic the poet shows not only that it was through no lack of valor that Troy fell, but also that the abandonment of the city was a duty imposed by fate
and
it
on the hero,
who was
of poetic art, the brilliant narrative of the Second Book, one of the most moving stories in the literature of the
world.
been pointed out that the personality of Aeneas, whether satisfactory or not, is essentially an In the Homeric original creation of VirgiFs. Traditions of Aeneas. poems, though playing an honorable part, he
33.
It has often
yet enjoys no special distinction, and, outside of Homer, such legends as clung to him were exceedingly vague and involved no striking features. He was, however, the
most suitable person to choose as the mythical hero of an epic on Eome, for he not only figured in both Trojan and Italian traditions, but he was the reputed ancestor of
1
The speech
given in Book
Xlii
INTKODUCTION
all
the Juliaii line, ancl in the Julian Augustus was centred the vast power of the Itoman Enipire.
Many
coasts.
name
of Aeneas
Greek who lived in Rome at the tinie of Virgil) cites the story that Aeneas died in Thrace, but he is also familiar with traditious which made him die in Arcadia and Italy. His tomb, indeed, was found in so many places that the writer fears tlie fact may prove a puzzle. " But let people reflect," he adds, " that
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
^
(a
this difficulty is
common
let
to
many
them learn
one pLace
many
if
any of the hero's race have survived, or because the hero founded the particular city, or stayed there a long time and was a benefactor." And in this way Dionysius accounts for the tonibs of Aeneas in Ilium, Bebrycia, Phrygia, Pallene, Arcadia, Sicily, and " many other places " where, after death, "he was honored with mounds and much
building of tombs."
founded temples in her honor at Pallene, Cythera, Zacynthos, and Buthrotum, while at Leucas and Actium, as well as on the river Elymus, in Sicily, the temples had the names of both Aeneas and Aphrodite. There was also a town of Aeneia in Pallene, a shrine of Aeneas in Ambracia, aud an islaud of Aenaria near Cumae, wliile near the Sicilian Er^^x, where
is
Tlius he
said to have
1 He (';imo to Roiue abuut 30 B.c, and publisbcd bis Earbj Ilistory qf Boine about 8 B.c.
INTRODUCTION
the AphrocUte
ciilt
xliii
was
strong, there
were temples
asso-
All this indicates a close connection in the current bebetween Aeneas and Venus, summed up the goddess. lief that Aeneas was the son of great variety As to the founding of Eome, there was a One myth made Eomus, a son of Ulysses,
of traditions.
its
Dionysius, however, cites several authorities founded Eome. This in support of the tale that Aeneas the time of the war bestory received special emphasis at Eome,i because Pyrrhus tween Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and the Eomans, as claimed to be a descendant of Achilles, and hereditary enemies. descendants of Aeneas, were naturally Acharnanians apphed At the end of the Pirst Punic War, the Aetolians, on the ground that to Eome for aid against the the war agamst Troy. their ancestors had not joined in ongm. Eome, therefore, was believed to have a Trojan Eome developed a literature, the poets took up the
founder.
and Carthage and Naevjus traced the quarrel of Eome Eomulus the son back to Aeneas and Dido. Ennius made but it was soon discovered of Ilia and grandson of Aeneas, to elapse between Aeneas that this did not allow enough time tradition, Eome had and Eomulus. According to a constant her first conhad but seven kings before 509 b.c, when one king to a generation suls were appointed, and reckoning reach the date 754 b.c. of thirty-five years, it was easy to accordmg to founding of the city. But as Troy,
matter,
for the
As
centuries earlier, Greek chronology, had failen some three in the intervening time between it was necessary to fill made to found Aeneas and Eomulus. Hence Aeneas was was followed by a line not Eome itself but Lavinium, and the actual founder of Alban kings, leading up to Eomulus,
of
Eome.
1
280-275 B.c.
xliv
INTliODUCTION
Thus we see tliat wlien Virgil undertook liis epic, he had to work into some sort of harmony a vast number of miscellaneous stories about Troy, the Mediterranean towns, Italy,
easiest
way
was
head of Venus appears on coins of the Julii in the middle of the second century b.c, and that Julius Caesar, in the
speech delivered at the funeral of his aunt, the widow of Marius, claimed descent from lulus, the son of Aeneas. In
Kome,
were certain other families which claimed a Trojan descent, and Virgil has given some of these the recognition they doubtless craved. In dealing with what we may call the Odyssey of his work, Virgil has endeavored and with great success
too, there
to include as
many
be embraced in a rational and connected account. Hence the Third Book, which, in view of its subject, was probably
difficult
to write,
between the Third Book and the rest of the narrative, which had already been framed without reference to the plan or details of this book. Such
Hence,
too, certain inconsistencies
inconsistencies Virgil would doubtless have rectihed, lived long enough to revise his work.
34.
had he
figured in
is
many
traditions, his
Aeneas is the Character of embodiment of both personal and national virVirgirshero. tues. He is above all pius,^ the humble servant He is of tlie gods, and the symj^atlietic friend of man. also brave, even tliough the lirst time we see him he is
characterization
the epic
VirgiPs own.
See above,
5.
INTKODUCTION
xlv
plunged in despair.^ He has known mucli suffering, and, as the founder of a race, bears the burden of a heavy responsibility, being ever concerned with weighty problems.^ He is a statesman and a prince, to whom the welfare of his people is of supreme moment, and in his portrayal we should recognize not only a glorified Augustus, but also an embodiment of those great moral qualities which won
for
Rome
As
tan age, too closely identified, perhaps, witli abstract ideas, Aeneas does not evoke among VirgiPs readers the same
enthusiasm as is felt for a hero of a simpler, more concrete If, however, we keep in view the type, such as Achilles. the establishmain idea, that Aeneas has a divine mission, ment of a city which is to rule and civilize tlie w^orld, we may understand something of the intense interest with which a Eoman audience contemplated the hero of the
Aejieid.
in danger of
is in
the tragedy of
Dido, where our romantic ideas often make us condemn the hero for faithlessness, blinding us to the fact that here was
crisis
to decide
and a stern sense of duty.^ He call to leave Carthage, and this pietas to the gods involved his duty to his country, his kindred, and his far-off posterity.'* In such a conflict between Love and Duty Aeneas
tion
1 1.
92
ff.
2"He
8
is
perliaps the
p. 204.)
in literature."
(Glover,
Studies in Virgll,
Xlvi
INTRODUCTION
could not have decided otherwise than he did and yet have remained a hero.
35.
mind that
Great ideas prominent in the Aeneid.
is
Eome.
The
battle
Actium had closed a century of terrible civic strife, and established the beneficent authority of one who brought security, peace, and a sense of national unity to an agitated, exhausted, and disunited E-oman world. It was "the culminating point of all the past history of Kcme and the starting-point of a greater future," and the
poet, realizing the significance of the event, surveys
with
pride Rome's steady progress from small beginnings, confidently looks forward to the giories yet to be.
and
The
gennine
and exalted patriotism. This is seen, not merely in tlie general conception and design of the poem, but ahso in
raany details, such as the frequent references to traditional
and
roll-call
Roman
heroes in
many sympathetic
allusions to ancient
customs and institutions, as well as to the various Italian towns and peoples, and to the many rivers, lakes, and mountains which figured in tlie national history. "VirgiFs
epic," says Schuckburgh,^ " is
Roman
history on
tlie
highest
plane."
The
in
by Actium
tlie
whom
enthusiastic admiration.
He was
tlie
empire, and
The
Aeneld
1
is
at once a glorification of
I.
Rome and
of Augustus.
p. 285.
Aeneid,
2Gl-2l)G.
2 n.
7.-,(;
fT.
3 Jui/u.^itiis,
INTKODUCTION
But the
xlvil
epic is also an expression of tlie best religious sentiment of Kome. This great empire had been built up
by
nay,
it
was the
/
work
natui-e
This Power
is
often designated as
it,
Fatum
or Fata or Fortuna,
and
all
Of the
latter,
Jupiter (called om.nipotens) appears at times as practically on a par with the Fates, though he is rather to be regarded as Among the other gods their viceroy, executing their wilL
Apollo plays a conspicuous part. He may be regarded as the spokesman or prophet of Jupiter, and just as he figures
prominently in
Plato's ideal
state,
so
we
find
Augustus
paying him special honor in his attempt to put fresh life This effort is reflected into the religious ritual of Kome.
in the Aeneid}
As
to
many
of the gods
who
it
is
not necessary to suppose that the enlightened poet really They believed in their positive and individual existence.
were creations of the popular fancy of earlier days. They had figured in all the literature of the past, and for a national poet to disregard theni would have been unnatural and indeed impossible. Even Lucretius, whose De Rerum ^atura
a protest against superstition, invokes Venus at the opening of his great poem, and the poet who sings the glories of the Julian family could not but give special prominence to the goddess from whom, according to popuis
lar tradition,
A^enus, indeed,
skilfully
is
may
xlviii
INTRODUCTION
epic,
and
it
should be noticed that, as far as the characterization of these supernatural beings goes, they testify largely to Virgil's
originality of concejDtion.
But
it is
certainly not in
them
that
main evidence of the " We must never forget, of the epic. stand Augustus and his age, that the
find the
is
we
religious character
if
Aeneid
the victory of
iiietas,
discipline, over
...
If
religious
crime and
the best
men
make Rome once more happy and prosperous." ^ 36. The Augustan age is famous for the efforts made by the emperor and his ministers to beautify Rome and make
The
relation
^*
worthy of
Yi2ii}i
its
of the
Aeneid pire.
^jj^i- jjg
to art.
found a city of brick, but was leaving one of marble, an aHusion to the splendid and costly buildings and works of sculpture which were due to him. Many passages in Virgil indicate the poefs interest in this side pf the emperor's activity, and we may be sure that, as a thoroughly cultivated man, he was as familiar with the artistic monuments of his time, as he was with the religious ritual and legendary lore which ligure so conspicuously in his poems. One of the most beautiful architectural works of Augustus was the temple of ApoUo on the Pidatine, which was richly
Fowler, Rffif/ion and Citizenship in Early Rome, in The Hihhert JourmU, Jnly, VMl Stiulents may profitably eonsult Carter. The Religion of Nutna (Macniill*n).
}
.
W. Warde
INTRODUCTION
xHx
adorned witli sculptures. To such artistic embellishraents we have a reference in the Sixth Aeneid, where Virgil dwells at length upon the sculptured scenes on the doors of Apollo's temple at Cumae, and in the First Book, where he
describes the
temple in Carthage. Similar references are found in the Eighth Aeneid and in
sculptures of
Juno's
the Georgics.
number of noble productions of Greek secured by Augustus to adorn his public buildings.
vast
art
were
All the
great masters of earlier days were represented, and contemporary artists were also employed. One of the latter was
Arcesilaus,
a statue of Venus for the forum of This statue,^ unlike most representations Julius Caesar. of Venus, was a f ully draped figure, and Virgil seems to have been thinking of it when he wrote his most detailed
who made
(I.
words pedes vestis deflxixit who is often I. 315 ff., Virgil has in mind statues of Diana, represented in short hunting attire, with the knees left In the Diana of VersaillesHhe drapery is actually bare.
turned back above the left knee, as if to display the latter fuUy to view (nuda genu, 320). The passage in Aeneid, V. 817 ff., where Neptune, attended by his varied train, glides over the stormy seas and quiets them, and that in the same book (240 ff.), where Cloanthus
heard by the choir of the Nereids and of Phorcys, by Panopea and Portunus, remind us of a famous work of Scopas, which, about 30 b.c, was taken from Bithynia and This work set up in the temple of Neptune in Eome.
is
showed Thetis carrying the body of Achilles over the and attended by Neptune himself, besides Nereids on
1
sea,
dol-
See Fig.
9, p. 27.
See Fig.
8.
INTRODUCTION
of
monsters.
In referring to attributes of the gods, Virgil often has his eye upon their forms in art. Thus we have Pallas with nimbus and Gorgon (II. 615) Apollo, Arquitenens (iii. 75),
;
liis
Mercury, with goklen sandals and caduceus Iris, with her saffron wings (IV. 700) and bow (IV. 239) (V. 609); the winged god Sleep (V. 838); Liber in his car,
gold (IV. 147)
;
driving
liis
;
tigers,
the
reins
Aurora, witli her roseate chariot (VI. 535). Portrait sculpture was very popular among the Romans, and in VirgiPs day the central figure in such art must have
(VI. 804)
His giant statue in the Vatican^ is a contemporary work, which furnishes a good commeutary on the
been Augustus.
poefs idealization of the emperor. In this statue the cuirass is adorned with reliefs suggesting heroic and mythological associations, while the accompanying Ciipid on a dolphin indicates the descent of the Julian family
from Venus.^
37.
,,.
.,.
On
Virgirs versification
the subject of Latin versification in general, and of prosody, the student the ordinary principles ^
^
^
and style.
should consult the school grammars.'' TJje verse used throughout the Aeneid
is
known
and consists of
(^^)
or their equiva-
lent spondees
The
fifth foot is
reguLarly a dactyl,
but occasionally a spondee, in which case the verse is called The last foot is always a dissyllable, and the spondaic.
1
2 8
See Fig. 7. On tlie rcpnvsentations of rivers and niountains in art, soe p. 374. A uscful litMc bonk is Kichanlson^s Ilrliia to thc Ittading o/ Class'
ical Latlii
l'JU7).
INTRODUCTION
second syllable
ll
may be
scheme
The
may
be used in
the verse allows the poet to group these feet with considerable variety, and in this variety of grouping we see one preponside of the poefs technical and artistic skill.
derance of dactyls gives to the verse a comparatively light and rapid movement; one of spondees, a comparatively heavy and slow^ movement. Contrast, for example, the fol-
lowing verses
(a) fert
(6)
umero gradiengque deas supereminet omnis (I. 501) iamque ascendebant coUem, qui plurimus urbi (I. 419).
joy, excitement,
and passion,
while slow movement harmonizes Avith solemnity, sadness, VirgiPs thought is beautiweariness, and kindred ideas. fully reflected in his metrical combinations, and the student
is
f rom this
by means of the caeA caesura is produced when a word surae and diaereses. ends within a foot; a diaeresis, when the end of a word The principal caesura, coincides with the end of a foot. commonly called the caesura, falls in the middle of the Thus verse, either in the third or the fourth foot.^
11
(I.
1)
(I. 6).
The
caesura, again,
it
may
according as
falls after
the foot, or
principal
The
lii
INTRODUCTION
is
usually masculine
the femi
a lighter
however,
is
occasionally
employed,
witli
Thus
||
Diaereses are
much more
ibidem
(I.
116).
At memor
719).
makes liberal use of other means to secure harmony of sound and sense. Thus the very words used
cated, Virgil
may
This
imitate sound, as in
exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum
is
(II.
313).
I.
called onomatopoeia.
Thus,
cum
recursat
(I.
222).
is
alliteration.
tlie
earlier literature,
artistically
in effectiveness of expression.
The
a
even triple
is
instance,
we may have
e.g. (lahb,
ahba, ahab.^
in wliich the verse of the
repeated letters.
Aeneid
a aud
b represent the
IKTKODUCTION
shows that Yirgil was a master of
mnsical language.
all
liij
the subtleties of
of
He knew
the
relative values
the
due much of the power or beauty of individual lines. For ilhistrations, see I. 694 and the paragraph notes on VI. 573 I. 1-7, 102-123 II. 730-795.
discordant effects, and to their artistic use
is
;
;
Here
it
convenience of reference,
1'hetoric.
lists
of figures of
syntax and
To these we add
38.
~
number
of terms of prosody.
(a)
FiGUREs OF Syxtax.
:
Anacoluthon
-,
part
bemg
left
grammatically
incomplete.
Anastrophe
the word governed
;
e.g. I.
Asyndeton
250.
e.g. I.
240, 249,
Archaism
the sense
e.g.
:
(dicit), 1. 37.
Enallage
e.g. I.
21 (regem
= regnantem).
Grecism
e.g. I.
320 II. 650. Hendiadys the use of two nouns, connected by a conjuncII. tit)n, instead of a single modified noun e.g. I. 61, 78
;
:
116.
Hypallage
e.g.
= dare
liv
IKTRODUCTION
:
Hypotaxis
the
iise
:
of
tlie
subordinate constriiction.
Hysteron proteron
order of ideas.
353.
e.g. II.
Parataxis
a primitive style of
sentence-structure,
side,
by
without regard
e.g.
rationis in armis
sit,
Pleonasm
tions
e.g. I.
GG9.
Polysyndeton
;
e.g. I.
85
IV. 438.
:
Prolepsis
epitliet)
e.g.
(anticipation?)
makes
it
logically appropriate
I.
snhmersas obrue,
(cutting)
;
:
659.
Tmesis
compound word e.g. I. 412, GIO. Zeugma (joining') the use of a word
:
nections,
though
e.g.
11.
259, 321.
(Jj)
FlGURES OF K-HETORIC.
the recurrence at short intervals of the same initial letter;^ e.g. 1. 124; IV. 238-239.
AUiteration
:
Anadiplosis
<n-
more
of the closing
e.g. II.
319,
Anaphora the repetition of one or more words at the beginning of successive clauses or i^lirases; e.g. I. 709, 717;
:
The
letter
iri
question
word.
Alliteratiun
may
may
INTRODUCTION
Aposiopesis {silencQ)
I.
:
Iv
e.g.
135
II. 100.
;
e.g.
399.
e.g.
I.
611, 634-635.
:
Epanadiplosis
and end
of a verse
e.g.
III. 435.
emphasis
e.g.
YI. 86.
219.
;
e.g.
I.
e.g.
V. 284
YI. 392.
:
Metaphor
name
in place of another
177.
Onomatopoeia
of
;
words e.g. I. ^o II. 418-419. Oxymoron: the combination of apparently contradictory words e.g. III. 383. Simile an illustration by formal comparison e.g. I. 148. Synecdoche: the use of the part for the whole or the
;
:
reverse;
e.g- II.
23.
(c)
Terms of Prosody.
the ending of a wqrd within a metrical
Arsis
Caesura {cutting)
foot.i
Diaeresis (dividing)
f oot
On
li.
Ivi
INTRODUCTION
of a foot
Elision
e.g.
:
III. 91.
thong
(or final
and
its
syllable of a following
Hexameter
Hiatus
elision
;
:
e.g. I.
Ictus:
Semihiatus
III. 211.
its
(J.e.
the value
e.g.
one syllable
745.
e.g.
41
332; II.
774.
e.g. II.
Thesis
ClIRONOLOGICAL TaBLE.
^ ,>^%^'^
^
i*^^
70. 69.
^Qi.
Birth of Virgil.
Cicero's aedileship.
Cicero's praetorship.
CX<^-J^'^^
65.
63.
INTRODUCTION
60.
Ivii
158.
57.
Gaul.
Cicero recalled.
Virgil assumes the toga
virilis.
p= 55.
Death of Lucretius.
Caesar invades Britain. Death of Catullus, 54. Virgil studies in Milan. Studies rhetoric and philosophy. 53. Virgil goes to Rome.
Cicero
elected
augur.
The Parthians
defeat the
E-omans at Carrhae.
52.
51. 49.
Cicero's
Pro Milone.
Eoman
of Gallia Transpadana.
48. 44.
Overthrow of Pompey.
Cicero^s Philippics.
Assassination of Caesar.
period,
(Second
43.
43-37 (the
Eclogues).
Birth of Ovid.
Virgil takes refuge in
42.
Battles of Philippi.
''^41.
"
40.
(""'
37.
36.
Phraates attacks Armenia and Media. Overthrow of Antonius. 31. Battle of Actium.
visits the East.
Octavius
29.
Iviii
INTRODUCTION
triumph.
The temple
of
Janus
closed.
Publication
of the Georgics.
title of
Augustus in Spain. He Virgil reads portions of the 23. Death of Marcellus. Aeneid to Augustus. The Parthians 20. Expedition of Augustus to the East.
restore the standards taken at Carrhae.
"19.
Dies at Brundisiuni.
40.
TliANSLATION OF AeNEID,
I.
1-33.*
and of the Man, who first from the coasts of Troy, exiled by Fate, came to Italy and Lavinian shores much buffeted he on sea and land by force of powers above, through cruel Juno's unforgiving wrath, and much too enduring in war also, till he shoukl buikl a city and bring his gods to Latium whence came the Latin race, the lords of Alba, and the walls of lofty Kome. Muse, the cause wherein thwarted in will or Tell me, wherefore angered, did the Queen of Heaven drive one so
Of Arms
I sing,
many
perils, to face
many
toils.
dwell ?
the
home
of Tyrian settlers,
INTRODUCTION
ricli
lix
in "^ealtli
This,
'tis said,
Juno loved above all other lands, holding Samos (itself) less Here was her armor, here her chariot; that here dear.
should be the capital of the nations, should the Fates perchance allow it, was even then the goddess's aim and cher-
Yet she had heard, indeed, that a race was rising from Trojan blood, to overthrow some day her Tyrian towers; from it a people of wide rule and proud in war should come forth for Libya's downfall: such was the cirThe daughter of Saturn, fearful of cling course of Fate. this, and mindful of the old war which erstwhile she had not yet, too, had fought at Troy for her beloved Argos, the grounds of her wrath and her bitter sorrows faded from her mind: deep in her heart lie stored the judgment of Paris and her slighted beauty's wrong, the hateful race and inflamed hereby yet honors paid the exalted Ganymede, more, she tossed on the wide main the Trojan remnant, left by the Greeks and pitiless Achilles, and kept them far from Latium; and many a year they wandered, driven by the Fates o'er all the seas. So vast a work was it to found the
ished hope.
Roman
1
race.^
followinor verse translations of tlie
Aeneid are recommended for school libraries: viz., those by Dryden, John Couington (Crowell, New York), William Morris (Longmans, Green &, Co., Xew York), James Rhoades (Longmans, 2 vols.), Charles J. Billson (Edward Aruold, London, 2 vols.), and E. Fairfax Tayior (Everymau's Library).
The
study of Virgil the following Roman Poets of the Augustan Age, "W. Y. Sellar (Oxford: Clarendon Vergil, H. Nettleship (D. Appleton & Co.) Press); Classical Wrlters Classical Essays, F. W. H. Myers (Macmillan) Studies in Virgil, Glover (Edward Arnold, Londou) Cuuntry of Horace and Virgil, Bossier (Putuam); Master Virgil, J. S. Tuuison (Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati) Vergil in the Middle Ages, D. Comparetti (Sonnenschein, London) Legends History of Roman Literature, TeuffeJ of Virgil, Leland (Macmillan) (George Bell & Sons, London).
Also for general reference in the
IX
INTRODUCTION
41.
TO YIRGIL.
WRITTEN AT THE REQUEST OF THE MANTUANS FOR THE NINETEENTH CEXTEXARY OF VIRGIL's DEATH.
Eoman
temples robed in
fire,
wars, and
filial faith,
II.
Thou
that siugest wheat and woodland, tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd
all
the INIuses
word
IV.
whom
INTRODUCTION
V.
Ixi
Summers
of the snakeless
Thou
doom
VII.
of
human kind;
phantom shore
to rise
Golden branch amid the shadows, kings and realnis that pass
VIII.
no more
Now
thy
Eorum
roars
sound for
no
longer,
and the Eome of freemen holds her place, from out the Northern Island sunder'd once from all the human race,
X.
I salute thee,
Mantovano,
my
day began,
Wielder of the
"
c
<
r
C
C
~
'
t
f f
f f f
C
f
f
f
^
5
FlG.
3.
JUNO.
'
'
"%
P.
VEllGILI
MARONIS AENEIDOS
LIBEE
I.
The
poe.Vs theme.
AriiLa
al)
oris
multiim
iactatus et alto
vl supeA'uni saevae
memorem
lunonis
ob. Iram,
Latlnum
10
Urbs antiqua
ostia, dives
opum
unam
15
Trome ; with
Laviniaque
:
consonantal, as often.
i
2.
with
<
r'
/
:^.,
9.
..
f
f r
VERGILI MAROXIb
illius
arma,
reguum dea geutibus esse, 81 qua fata siuaut, iam tum teuditque f ovecque. Progenieui sed euim Troiauo a sanguiue duci
audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces
20
slc
volvere Parcas.
FiG.
4.
The Judgment of
Paris.
belli.
25
(necAum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores excidorant animo manet alta mente repostum
;
initiria
formae,
30
rell-.
Troas, reliquias1.
Danaum
Saino
hic: hiatus.
I
prououiii-ud us
AENEIDOS
The storm
LIB.
I.
Haec ubi
qua data
dicta,
;
impulit in latus
85
Mora
fluctus
Teucrorum ex
oculis
atra.
Intonuere polL
et'crebi'Is
90
praesentemque
virls intentant
omnia mortem.^
frlgore
membra;
ante
orji,
ntigit "oppetere
1
Danaum
f ortissime gentis
Tydlde Mene
!
non potuisse tuaque animam bauc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi mgens
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simols correpta sub undls
scuta virum gale^sque et f ortia corpora volvit
'
I
100
The shipwreck.
velum adversa
ferit fluctusque
ad sjdera
tollit
'
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
unda dehiscens
aestus harenis.
Hi summo
f urit
/
110
Eurus ab
alto
'
puppim
ferit
115
volvitur in caput
Apparent
lam validam
et
vicit
Ilionei^
et
navem, iam
Achatae,
120,
laxls laterum
Neptune rehukes
tlie
xmnds.
magno miscerl murmure pontum emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus et alto
Interea
;
125
prospiciens,
summa placidum
i
l;'.0
Nec latuere doll friltrem lundnis et Irae. Eurum ad s6 Zepnyjpimque vocat, dehinc*
tillia filtur:
IlioneL
2.
dehinc.
AENEIDOS
lam caelum terram^ue meo
Quos ego
post
LIB.
I.
135
miM
illi
noi^ simili
poena commissa
luetis.
t^
dlcite vestro
imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, illa se iactet in aula vestras, Eure, domos Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.'
uon
;
140
He
stills the
waves.
X
145-
Cymothoe simul
temperat aequor
atque rotls
Ac
velutl
summas levibus perlabitur undasA^ magno in populo cum saepe coorta est
animls ignobile volgus,
160
seditio, saevitque
iamque faces
et
tum
pietate
gravem ac meritis
forte
virum quem
conspexere, silent arrectlsque auribus adstant j4f * ille regit dictis ^nimos et pectora mulcet
sic
155
flectit
lltora, cursil
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
:
insula portum
160
Hinc atque hinc vastae riipes geminique minantur in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late
'^
165
Nympharum
donius.^
'
non
170
ex numero
subit, ac
magno
telluris
amore
Ac prlmum
silicl
succepitque ignem
175
Cererem corruptam undls Cerealiaque arma expediunt fessl rerum frfigesque receptas
et torrere
Tum
Navem
prospicit errantls
Jios tota
armenta seqiiuntur
185
AENEIDOS
Coiistitit hic
LIB.
I.
9
sagittas
corripuit, fidus
ductoresque
primum, capita
alta ferentis
et
tum volgus
omnem
190
miscet agens
telis
nemora
et
humi
aequet.
Hinc portum petit et socios partitur in omnis. Vina bonus quae deindei cadis onerarat Acestes
litore Trlnacrio dividit, et dictis
*
195
socii
Vos
et
maestumque timorem
forsan^_haec olim meminisse iuvabit. Per varios casus, peT tot discrlmina rerum
tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas ostendunt illlc fas regna resurgere Troiae.
;
205
Durate
et
spem
voltti simulat,
IllT se
aena locant
alil
flammasque ministrant.
1.
deinde^
10
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
herbam
215
Tum
epulls
mensaeque remotae,
et crudelia
secum
Cloantlium.
Gyan fortemque
Venus appeals
to Jupiter.
Et iam
flnis erat,
cum
luppiter aethere
summo
225
despiciens
Atque illum
adloquitur Venus
qul res
hominumque deumque
230
quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passls cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
Certe hinc
Romanos olim
volventibus annls,
235
Hoc
240
FlG.
5.
JUPITER OtRICOLI.
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
H
laborum
?
Antenor
regiia
fontem superare Timavi, unde per ora novem vasto cum' murmure montis
Liburnorum
et
245
it
mare proruxjtum et pelago premit arva sonantT. Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrorum et genti nomen dedit armaque fixit
Troia
;
navibus (infandum
!)
prodimur atque
Italis longe
disiungimur
oris.
Hic
pietatis lionos ?
0\]1 subridens
hominum
sator atque
deorum
253
voltu,
*Pai'ce metti,
Cytherea
fata tibi
cernes
urbem
promissa Lavini
2V^
260
'm
magtfanimnm Aenean neque me sententia vertit. Hic tibi (fabor enim, quando llaec te cura remordet, longius et Yolveni^ fatorum arcana movebo)
;
dum
263
At puer Ascanius,
cui
dehinc.
12
additur (Ilus erat,
triginta
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
res stetit Ilia regno),
dum
orbis
270
Longam multa
centum
vi
muniet Albam.
Hic iam
ter
'^^-^^^r
^^^^^Z
t^^
FiG.
6.
AUGUSTUS.
JuLius Caesar
275
Romulus excipiet gentem et Mavortia condet moenia Homanosque suo de nomine dlcet.
Hls ego nec metas reruhi nec tempora ponO imperium sine flne dedl. Quln aspera lunp,
quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque
consilia in melius rieferet
fatlgat,
280
mecumque
fovebit
Veniet lustrls
Ifilxnitibus aetas,
cuui
domus Assaracl
Plitlilam clarasque
Mycenas
FlG.
7.
AUGUSTUS.
- -
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
P;
-^^:^
victis
servitio
premet ac
dominabitur Argls.
285
imperium Oceano, famam qul terminet astrls, lulius,^ a magno demissum nomen liilo. Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum^
accipies secura
;
y^
290
/ Aspera tum
cana Pides
iura
et Vesta,
;
Eemo cum
;
fratre Quirlnus
dabunt
^rm^yfs mission
to
Carthage.
alto,
Haec
ait et
Volat
ille
per aera
magnum
orls.
300
Et iam iussa
facit,
;
cordavolente deo
accipit in Teucros
At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, ut prlmum lux alma data est, exlre locosque
explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,
305
luUiis
2.
Maia :
the initial
cf. lulo.
14
P.
VERGILI MAROlJlS
rtipe
cavata
3io
ipse
bina
manu
obvia silva,
315
Namque
venatrix dederatque
comam
'
diffundere ventis,
320
collecta fluentis.
Ac
prior
'
Heus,' inquit,
iuvenes, monstrate,
mearum
vidistis sl
quam
325
quam
mortalis,
memorem, virgo? Namque haud tibi nec vox hominem sonat o den- certe
te
; !
voltus
An
et
Plioebl soror ?
An Nympharum
sanguinis fina ?
330
Sls fellx
nostrumque
orls
hominumque locorumque^
multa
tibi
locorumque
FlG.
8.
DlANA.
AENEIDOS
The
story of Dido.
LIB.
I.
15
Tum Venns
virginibus
'Haud equidem tali me dignor honore; Tyriis mos est gestare pliaretram
:
335
purpureoque
Agenoris urbem
Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, germanum fugiens. Longa est initiria, longae ambages sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. Huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, dltissimus agrl Phoenlcum et magno miserae dllectus amore,
;
340
345
ominibus.
immanior omnls.
Ille
Quos
inter
medius venit
furor.
germanae
et
aegram
Itisit
amantem.
pectora ferro
retexit.
355
ntidavit
Tum
celerare
Hls commota fugam Dldo sociosque parabat. Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni aut metus acer erat navls, quae forte paratae,
;
360
16
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
facti.
365
nunc ingentia cernis moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, taurlno quantum possent circumdare tergo.
locos, ubi
Devenere
Sed vos qul tandem, quibus aut venistis ab orls, quove tenetis iter ? Quaerentl talibus ille
'
370
vocem
et
Nos Troia antlqua, sl vestras forte per aurls Troiae nomen iit, dlversa per aequora vectos
forte sua Libycls tempestas appulit orls.
375
Sum
classe veho
mecum,Vama
Bis denls
aequor,
imlsus.'
385
'Quisquis
es,
vltalis carpis,
AENFIDOS
Perge modo atque hinc
LIB.
I.
17
te reginae
ad Imiina perfer.
390
Namque
tibi
turbabat caHo
iiiiiic_fceri^^
longo
'
395
Ut
reduces
illl
ludunt strldentibus
alls
et coetu cinxere
haud aliter aut portum tenet aut plenp subit ostia velo. Perge modo et, quaTe ducit via, dlrige gressum.'
The goddess
reveatsfrerself, then disappears.
400
matrem
405
Quid natum
ludis imaginibus ?
non datur ac veras audlre et reddere voces ? Talibus incusat gressumque ad moenia tendit.
_,
At Venus obscuro
et
moram aut veniendl poscere causas. Ipsa Paphum subllmis abit sedesque revlsit
mollrlve
1.
413
dea.
Ille
hiatus.
18
laeta suas, ubi
P.
VERGILI Mi^RONIS
illi
templum
centumque Sabaeo
^^ V
425
fundamenta locant
alil
immanlsque columnas
430
cum
gentis adultos
educunt
fetiis,
aut
cum
llquentia mella
ignavum f ucos pecus a praesaepibus arcent fervet opus redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. fortunatl, quorum iam moenia surgunt Aeneas ait et fastlgia suspicit urbis.
'
435
'
iilli.
440
iraUs.
Lucus
quo primum
Poeni
AENEIDOS
effodere loco signiim,
LIB.
I.
19
slc
nara
f ore bello
egregiam
gentem.
445
Hic templum Iimonl ingens Sldonia Dldo condebat, donls opulentum et numine dlvae, ^ aerea cui gradibus surgebant llmina nexaeque
aere trabes, foribus cardo strldebat aenls.
Hoc prlmum in luco nova res oblata timorem leniit, hlc prlmum Aeneas sperare saltitem
ausus et adfllctls melius confldere rebus.
450
Namque
dum
singula templo,
sit urbl,
manus
inter se
455
fama totum volgata per orbem, Atrldas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Acliillem. Constitit et lacrimans, Quis iam locus,' inquit, Achate, _ quae regio in terrls nostrl non plena laboris ?
'
'
460
En Priamus
Solve metus
Slc
ait,
mentem mortalia
aliquam
tibi
tangunt.
salutem.'
feret haec
fama
atque
animum
multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum. Namque videbat, utl bellantes Pergama circum
hac fugerent Gral, premeret Troiana^ iuventus,
hac Phryges, Instaret curru cristatus Achilles.
-
Kec
nexaeque
2.
Troiana
with
consonantal.
20
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
475
tamen
liuic
480
exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. Tum vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, ut spoHa, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amlcl tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermls. Se quoque prlncipibus permixtum adgnovit Achivls, Eoasque acies et nigrl Memnonis arma. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina poltls Penthesilea furens medilsque in mlHbus ardet,
aurea subnectens exsertae cingula
485
490
mammae,
Dido
enters,
and
later the
videntur,
495
dum
magna iuvenum
Eurotae
stlpante caterva.
QuaHs
in
iuga Cynthl
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
21
illa
pharetram
;
500
supereminet omnis
:
Tum
foribus dlvae,
media
virls,
testudijie templl,
505
operumque laborem
cum
magno
510
Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo
dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras.
metuque avidl coniungere dextras ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. Dissimulant et nube cava speculantur amictl, quae forttina virls, classem quo lltore linquant,
;
515
quid veniant cunctls nam lectl navibus Ibant oraijces veniam et templum clamore petebant.
;
Postquam introgressl et coram data copia fandi, maximus Ilioneus placido slc pectore coepit reglna, novam cui condere luppiter urbem
'
520
Troes te miserl, ventls maria omnia vectl, oramus prohibe Infandos a navibus ignls,
:
525
22
Noii nos
aiit
P.
YEKGILI MARONIS
non ea
Est
vis
locus,
dicunt,
530
Oenotri coluere
Hlc cursus
fuit,
cum
535
salo,
huc
]3auci vestris
adnavimus
^\Quod genus
Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem permittit patria ? Hospitio prohibemur harenae 540 bella cient prlmaque vetant consistere terra.
lioc
hominum
Sl genus
humanum
et
at sperate deos
Eex
erat
Quem
sl
non metus
paeniteat.
officio
f^
550
Sunt
Quassatam ventls
81
Teucrum,
Iidl,
665
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
23
unde
Dardanidae.
Dido dismisses
their fears.
Tum
*
breviter
Solvite corde
metum, Teucrl,
Ees
me
talia
cogunt
*"
565
Non
obttisa adeo
570
Voltis et hls
mecum
Urbem quam
discrlmine agetur.
575
Atque utinam rex ipse jSToto compulsus eodem Equidem per lltora certos adforet Aeneas
!
dlmittam
sl
et
Libyae
Itistrare
extrema iubebo,
errat.'
quibus eiectus
silvls
aut urbibus
hx"'
dictls et fortis
Achates
680
ardebant.
*l!^ate dea,
24
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi submersum dictis* respondent cetera matris/
;
685
Vix ea fatus
erat,
cum circumfusa
repente
umerosque deo
similis
namque
ipsa decoram
690
purpureum et laetos oculls adflarat honores quale manus addunt eborl decus, aut ubi flavo argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.
Tum
slc
improvlsus
'
595
domo
600
non opis
gentis Dardaniae,
magnum quae
Dl tibi, sl qua pios respectant ntimina, sl quid usquam iustitia est, et mens sibi conscia rectl praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt
saecula ?
605
In freta dum
me cumque vocant
terrae.'
amicum
610
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
25
casu deinde
'
Quis
te,
insequitur ?
Tune
alraa
ille
Venus Phrygil genuit Simoentis ad undam Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sldona venlre flnibus expulsum patrils, nova regna petentem auxilio Bell genitor tum Belus oplmam
;
620
vastabat
Cyprum
Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgl.
Ipse liostis Teucros insignl laude ferebat
625
Quare
Me
iactatam bac
demum
;
Non
Slc
memorat simul Aenean in regia ducit tecta, simul dlvum templls indlcit honorem. Nec minus interea socils ad lltora mittit vlginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum
terga suum, pinguls centum
cum matribus
Itixu.
agnos,
635
delnde.
2.
Dardanio
Anchisae
hiatus.
26
P.
VERGILI MAKONIS
rerum
y
to
Dido.
645
omnis
in
Ascanio cari
stat'
cura parentis.
Munera
et
65C
Pergama cum
extulerat, matris
maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile bacatum et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad navis tendebat Achates.
Venus, fearing Juno, weaves a plot.
6.55
At Cytherea novas
consilia, ut
artis,
quippe
domum
luno
timet
et
ambiguam Tyriosque
bilinguis;
urit atrox
sub noctem
ciira recursat.
Ergo
'
Amorem
66.')
mea magna
potentia sohis,
nate, j)atris
summi
ad
te
AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
27
nota
tibi, et
FiG.
9.
Venus Genetrix.
670
Hunc Phoenissa
hospitia;
tenet
haud tanto
28r
P.
VEKGILI MARONIS
se
numine mutet,
675
Qua
urbem
cura,
Sldoniam puer
Ire parat,
mea maxima
et
Hunc
ajit
Tu faciem
ut,
illlus
cum
te
685
regalls inter
cum
Amor
690
tollit in altos
umbra.
lamque
dona Cupido
695
Cum
venit, aulaels
iam
se reglna superbls
et
aurea.
AENElGdSIIi^'^.
.*'
9
canistrls
orcline
longo
;
penum
centum
aliae
Nec non
et Tyril per
pallamque
et
mentem
Phoenlssa
Ille
et pariter
et
magnum
reginam
petit.
Haec
oculls,
720
amore
Postquam prima quies epulls mensaeque remotae, crateras magnos statuunt et vlna coronant. Pit strepitus tectls vocemque per ampla volutant
atria
;
725
aureis.
30;
F.w t^aiiihfiARONis
Hic rOgina gravem geininis auroqiie poposcit implevitque mero r/jaterani, quam Belus et omnes
Belo
soliti;
,^^
""
tectis.
730
[luppiter, liospitibus
nam
meminisse minores.
'
735
4-
mensam laticum llbavit honorem .primaque llbato summo tenus attigit ore
Dlxit et in
;
ille
impiger hausit
auro
'
spumantem pateram
post
alii
et pleno se proluit
proceres.
740
quem maximus
Atlas.
Hic canit errantem Itinam solisque labores, unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde imber
et ignes,
Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles
hlberni, vel
745
Ingeminant plausu Tyril, Troesque sequuntur. ISTec non et vario noctem sermone trahebat
Infelix
Dido longumque bibebat amorem, multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset fljius armls,
750
'Imm6 age
et a
prlma
'
nobis
'
insidias' inquit
erroresque tuos
755
omnibus errantem
S^^^
AENEIDOS
LIBER IL
Aeneas begins his story.
sic orsus
ab alto
quorum pars magna f ui. Quis talia fando Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi temperet a lacrimis ? Et iam nox umida caelo
et
Sed
si
10
et breviter
Troiae
supremum
audire laborem,
quamquam
incipiam.
the
wooden
horse.
ductores
instar
Danaum, tot iam labentibus annis, montis equum divina Palladis arte
^
15
;
costas
votum pro
reditu simulant
ea
fama vagatur.
Huc
i.
31
32
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
ichile the
city gates.
condunt.
Kos
Mycenas.
25
molem mirantur
equi
primusque Thymoetes
sic fata ferebant.
iam Troiae
At Capys
'^lv
et
quorum melior
sententia menti
35
aut pelago
Danaum
insidias suspectaque
dona
Laocodn^s warning.
Primus
et procul
ibi
ante omnis,
magna comitante
caterva,
40
Laocoon ardens
:
summa
decurrit ab arce
'
uHa
?
putatis
dona carere
dolis
Danaum
AENEIDOS
Aut hoc
LIB. H.
33
45
equo ne
credite, Teucri.
ferentis.'
50
Quidquid id
est,
Et
si
fata
deum,
si
fuisset,
55
Troiaque nunc
staret,
utrumque paratus,
Accipe nunc
disce omnis.
Danaum
insidias et crimine ab
uno
65
Namque
tellus,' inquit,
me
aequora possunt
70
\^^:z^
Aut quid iam misero mihi denique restat, cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt ?'
34
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
Quo gemitu conversi aninii, compressus et omnis impetus. Hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus,
quidve ferat
;
niemoret, quae
sit fiducia
capto.
y
y
75
fatur.
Sinoii^s story.
'
/^\
Cuncta equidem
nec
quodcumque, fatebor
vera,' inquit:
'neque
si
me
hoc primum
finxit,
80
Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama
gloria,
quem
85
me comitem
et consanguinitate
propinquum
Dum stabat
conciliis, et
gessimus.
90
casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. Nec tacui demens et me, fors si qua tulisset,
si
patrios
umquam remeassem
victor ad Argos,
te
hibes, hinc
semper Ulixes
volgum ambiguas
et
Nec
100
AENEIDOS
LIB. U.
35
Sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo ? Quidve moror ? Si omnis uno ordine habetis Acliivos
idque audire sat
est,
hoc Ithacus
velit et
^
i-
/
(
He had
Tum
105
Prosequitur pavitans et
^
ficto
pectore f atur
fecissentque utinam
interclusit
Saepe
illos
aspera ponti
110
hiems
et terruit
Auster euntis
praecipue,
cum iam
cum primum
Argolica."
ad oras:
ad
auris,
'
120
quem
poscat Apollo.
Bis quinos
quemquam
36
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
me
destinat arae.
Adsensere omnes
et,
quae
sibi
quisque timebat,
130
lamque
et salsae fruges et
\ Eripui,
delitui,
iSTec
fateor, leto
me
et vincula rupi
135
dum
vela darent,
si
forte dedissent.
quos
illi
effugia et
140
Quod
per
si
te
qua
intemerata
fides, oro,
Pnam
sets
him free.
et
miserescimus ultro.
145
Quisquis
es,
Mihique haec edissere vera roganti Quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? Quisauctor? Quidve petunt ? Quae religio aut quae machina belli ?
noster
eris.
**"
luO
Dixerat.
Ille, dolis
ad sidera palmas
165
AENEIDOS
fas inihi
LLB.
II.
37
iura,
omnia
qua tegunt
Tu modo
160
magna rependam.
Impius ex quo
templo
*
165
Palladium, caesis
summae
custodibus arcis,
ex
sublapsa referri
17C
spes
Danaum,
Nec
Vix positum
sudor
iit,
*
175
emicuit
parmamque
Extemplo tem^tanda fuga cauit aeguora Calchas, nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, omiua ni repetant Argis numenque reducant, quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. Et nunc quod patrias vento petiere ^Nrycenas, arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso
improvisi aderunt.
Ita digerit omina Calchas.
-'^^
180
Hanc pro
38
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Calclias attollere molera
185
tueri.
Nam
si
yestra
manus
violasset
dona Minervae,
di prius
omen
in
ipsum
;
190
manibus
ultro
Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes/
The
tale is believed.
195
carinae.
litora
tendunt
205
quorum
pone
legit
ora.
AENEIDOS
Diffugimus visu exsangues.
LIB.
II.
39
Illi
agmine certo
Laocoonta petunt
et
et
iam
medium
220
tollit,
cum
saucius
aram
225
city.
Tum
merentem
230
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae
numina conclamant. Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. Accingunt omnes operi pedibusque rotarum
subiciunt lapsus et stuppea vincula collo
235
intendunt.
feta armis.
sacra canunt
40
illa
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
urbi.
24(1
subit
divum domus Ilium et incluta bello Quater ipso in limine portae moenia Dardanidum substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere
patria, o
!
monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris ora, dei iussu non umquam credita Teucris.
245
festa
250
involvens
umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos fusi per moenia Teucri
;
255
extulerat, fatisque
deum defensus
iniquis
inclusos utero
Danaos
et pinea furtim
Illos patefactus
ad auras
2G0
et dirus Ulixes,
demissum
et
Pelidesque i!^eoptolemus
Menelaus
Invadunt uibem somno vinoque sepultam, caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnis
accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia iungunt.
w
Q O O
S
m O
o M
1X4
AENEIDOS
Hector appears in a dream
to
LIB.
II.
41
Aeneas.
Tempus
incipit et
erat,
adesse mihi
largosque effundere
fletus,
Quantum mutatus ab
illo
275
!
Danaum Phrygios
illa
muros
280
accepit patrios.
lux Dardaniae,
s^^es
o fidissima Teucrum,
?
Quibus Hector ab
oris
Quae causa mdigna serenos foedavit voltus ? Aut cur haec vplnera cerno ? Ille nihil, nec me quaerentem vana moratur, cv{jtt^^ * sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
def essi aspicimus ]
^
285
-c
/v\i<r
Heu
'
ait,
'
eripe flammis.
290
ruit alto a
:
culmine Troia.
si
Pergama dextra
magna
1.
295
tibi
with long
final syUable.
^.^
42
Sic
ait, et
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
>
Aeneas
is
aroused from
sleep.
'-''
-i
incidit,
boumque labores
Tum
Danaumque patescunt
310
insidiae.
lam Deiphobi
;
Ucalegon
Arma amens
cum
sociis
sed glomerare
manum
315
ardent animi
furor iraque
mentem
in armis.
praecipitant,
Aeneas^
loith othcrs,
conUict.
Ecce autem
sacra
telis
Panthus Othryades,
Phoebique sacerdos,
manu
victosque deos
parvumque nepotem
320
AENEIDOS
.1
LIB.
II.
43
Qiio res
> amens ad limina tendit. summa loco, Panthu ? Quam prendimus arcem ?
talia reddit
Venit
summa
dies et ineluctabile
tempus
325
Dardaniae.
Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens ferus omnia luppiter Argos gloria Teucrorum transtulit incensa Danai dominantur in urbe.
;
in
moenibus adstans
330
;
"^
bipatentibus adsunt,
umquam
venere Mycenis
obsedere
oppositis
stricta,
alii telis
;
angusta viarum
parata neci
portarum vigiles
et caeco
Marte
quo
resistunt.'
335
flammas
et in
arma
ferpr,
tristis
Erinys,
quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt se socios Eipheus et maximus armis Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, et lateri adglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroebus
340
Mygdonides
illis
Priamo Phrygibusque
ferebat,
345
audierit.
'
350
44
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
relictis
;
succurritis urbi
incensae
moriamur
et in
Una
iuvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris
Sic animis
faucibus exspectant
siccis,
per
tela,
per hostis
360
Quis cladem
Urbs antiqua
ruit,
Nec
soli
quondam etiam
Crudelis ubique
They are
siiccessful at first.
Primus
se
Danaum magna
comitante caterva
370
Androgeos
agmina credens
Festinate, viri.
Nam
segnities ?
Pergama; vos
Dixit et
nunc primum a navibus itis ?' extemplo (neque enim responsa dabimtur
medios delapsus
1.
in hostis.
pavor.
AENEIDOS
Obstipuit retroque peclem
LIB. H.
45
cum
voce repressit.
Improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit attollentem iras et caerula colla tumentem
;
380
abibat.
Atque
^O
qua prima' inquit 'fortuna salutis monstrat iter quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur
socii,
mutemus
aptemus.
clipeos
Danaumque
insignia nobis
?
390
Arma
Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat dabunt ipsi.' Sic fatus deinde ' comantem
Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum induitur laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.
iuventus
395
spoliis se
multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Orco.
Diffugiunt
alii
alvo.
Heu
quemquam
fidere divis
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,
1.
deinde.
46
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
frustra,
405
nam
Non
tulit
et sese
medium
agmen.
Consequimur cuncti
et densis
incurrimus armis.
telis
410
Hic primum ex
alto delubri
culmine
armorum
facie et
Tum
et
undique
acerrimus Aiax
415
quondam
turbine venti
et laetus Eois
confligunt, Zepliyrusque
Notusque
ciet
Eurus
Illi
eqiiis
aequora fundo.
umbram
420
fudimus
apparent
insidiis totaque
;
agitavimus urbe,
procumbit
unus
pereunt Hypanisque
Dymasque
430
texit.
vitavisse vices
Danauni
fata fuissent,
obruimur.
AENEIDOS
at
LIB.
II.
47
Divellimur inde,
435
Ipliitus et Pelias
iam
tecta ruentis
440
cernimus obsessumque acta testudine limen. Haerent parietibus ^ scalae, postisque sub ipsos
nituntur gradibus clipeosque ad tela sinistris
protecti obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.
Dardanidae contra turris ac tecta domorum culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt,
extrema iam in morte parant defendere telis auratasque trabes, veterum decora illa parentum,
devolvunt
:
445
alii strictis
;
mucronibus imas
450
obsedere fores
Aeneas mounts
to the roof.
Limen
tectorum inter se Priami postesque relicti a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant,
455
Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde
saepius
1.
parietibus
with
48
tela
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
manu
Danaum
solitae
summa
labantis
sedibus impulimusque
46^
cum
sonitu trahit et
Danaum
incidit.
Ast
alii
Pyrrhus.
in limine
Pyrrhus
47o
nunc
positis
trisulcis.
equorum
agitator Achillis,
480
longa patescunt
485
AENEIDOS
The enemy pour
in.
LIB.
II.
49
At domus
interior
femineis ululant
ferit
Tum
rumpunt aditus primosque trucidant immissi Danai et late loca milite complent. Non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis
Fit via vi
;
495
cum
stabulis
caede Xeoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas, vidi Hecubam centumque nurus Priamumque per aras
Quinquaginta
procubuere
ilii
505
is
to die as
Forsitan
et,
arma diu
ariete
with consonantal
i.
50
Aedibus in
P.
VERGILI MAEONIS
sub aetheris axe
niediis niidoqne
incumbens arae atque iimbra complexa Penatis. Hic Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum,
praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,
515
Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis ut vidit, ^Quae mens tam dira, miserrime coniunx, impulit his cingi telis ? Aut quo ruis ? inquit.
'
520
Non
tali auxilio
;
nec defensoribus
si
istis
tempus eget
non
ipse
;
meus nunc
adforet Hector.
Huc tandem
ad sese
concede
longaevum
Pyrrhus slays
unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis, porticibus longis fugit et vacua atria lustrat
saucius.
insequitur,
et
premit hasta.
"
530
Ut tandem
tenetur,
At
tibi
'
635
di, si
qua
quae
AENEIDOS
At non
talis in
ille,
LIB.
II.
51
540
satum quo
te mentiris, Achilles
supijlicis erubuit
reddidit
Hectoreum meque
mea regna
remisit/
545
nequiquam umbone pependit. Cui Pjrrhus: 'Keferes ergo haec et mmtius ibis
summo
mea tristia f acta degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento nunc morere/ Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa trementem
Pelidae genitori
;
illi
550
traxit et in
nati,
implicuitque
comam
laeva, dextraque
coruscum
Haec
finis
Priami fatorum
sorte tulit,
Troiam incensam
videntem
555
Pergama,
tot
quondam
regnatorem Asiae.
nomine corpus.
circumstetit horror.
560
vitam exhalantem
et direpta
domus ^
quae
Eespicio
et,
sit
me circum
copia, histro.
565
4-
domus.
52
Tempted
to slay
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
is
Helen, he
restrained by Venus.
Tyndarida aspicio
ob Pergama Teucros
et
Danaum poenam
praemetuens, Troiae
patriae
communis Erinys,
cadentem
575
subit ira
Scilicet
580
Dardanium
!Non
ita.
Namque
feminea in poena
est nec
flammae
et cineres satiasse
meorum.' /
"^-^
cum mihi
se,
non ante
oculis
tam
clara,
videndam
590
alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta sok^t, dextraque prehensum
continuit roseoque haec insuper addidit ore
:
Quidfuris?
Aut quonam
595
AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
53
Non
coniunxne Creusa,
Ascaniusque puer
Qiios oinnis
et,
undique Graiae
resistat,
600
ni
mea cura
et hauserit ensis.
Kon
tibi
culpatusve Paris
has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Troiam. Aspice (namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti
mortalis hebetat visus tibi et
caligat,
umida circum
605
nubem eripiam
tu ne qua parentis
:
Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem Hic luno Scaeas saevissima portas eruit. prima tenet sociumque furens a navibus agmen
ferro accincta vocat.
lam summas
insedit,
615
nimbo effulgens
ipse deos in
Gorgone saeva.
suscitat arma.
Dardana
Eripe, nate,
fugam finemque impone labori. Nusquam abero et tutum patrio te limine sistam.'
Dixerat et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.
620
54
Troy falls
like
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
a mountain ash.
Tum
Ilium
vero
considere in ignis
625
;
et
ac veluti
summis antiquam
in montibus
ornnm
cum
usque minatur
comam
supremum
630
Descendo ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostis expedior dant tela locum flammaeque recedunt.
;
Anchises refuses
to leave.
sedis
635
Vos
o,
Me
si
Satis
ima superque
vidimus excidia
Ipse
et captae
superavimus urbi.
miserebitur hostis
645
exuviasque petet.
lam pridem
demoror, ex quo
me divum
pater atque
hominum
rex
igni.'
AENEIDOS
Aeneas pleads vainly with
liim.
LIB.
II.
55
Talia perstabat
jS^os
650
Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum cimcta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet.
Abnegat inceptoque et seclibus haeret in isdem. E-ursus in arma feror mortemque miserrimus opto. Nam quod consilium aut quae iam f ortuna dabatur ?
^
655
Mene
efferre
pedem, genitor,
te posse relicto
?
sperasti,
660
ianua
leto,
iamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, gnatum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.
alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus utque Ascanium patremque meum iuxtaque Creusam
Hoc
erat,
665
Arma,
viri, f erte
arma
Eeddite
proelia.
me
Numquam omnes
hodie moriemur
them.
inulti.'
670
to desert
Hinc
omnia tecum
675
sin
56
P.
VEKGILI MARONIS
Cui parvus lulus,
dicta relinquor ?
quondam tua
omne
replebat,
680
cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli
fundere lumen apex tactuque innoxia mollis
et
Nos pavidi
trepidare
At
'
extulit et caelo
pietate meremur,
690
^.
call.
They leave
the house.
umbras
tecti,
Illam,
summa
695
signantemque vias
tum longo
limite sulcus
se tollit
ad auras
700
lam iam
patrii,
Di
mora est sequor et, qua ducitis, adsum. servate domum, servate nepotem.
nulla
;
AENEIDOS
LIB.
in
II.
57
est.
numine Troia
Cedo equidem
Dixerat
ille,
comes
ire recuso.'
705
et
clarior ignis
Ergo
imponere nostrae
parvus lulus
710
715
manu
patriosque Penatis
et
caede recenti,
me
flumine vivo
720
Haec
succedoque oneri
725
movebant tela neque adverso glomerati ex agmine Grai, nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis
suspensum
et pariter
me, quem
dudum non
58
Creiisa
is lost,
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
the gripf-stricken hushand.
lamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito
omnemque videbar
730
cum
creber ad auris
visus adesse
prospiciens,
'
pedum
ISTate/
umbram
exclamat,
'
fuge, nate
propiuquant
Hic mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu
735
dum
heu
!
substitit ?
Incertum
740
Cereris
Hic demum
collectis
commendo
ipse
sociis et
urbem repeto
omnemque
reverti
750
et vestigia retro
Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. Inde domuin, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset,
755
me
refero.
AENEIDOS
LIB.
II.
59
Ilicet ignis
edax
summa ad
fastigia vento
Procedo
et
reviso.
760
Et iam porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes
praedam adservabant.
incensis erepta adj-tis
Huc undique
Troia gaza
mensaeque deorum
765
iactare per
umbram
vocavi.
770
Obstipui, steteruntque
comae
et
vox faucibus
liaesit.
775
Tum
sic adfari et
X-Quid
tantum mfeano mvat induygere ctplori, o dulcis coniunx ? Non haec sine numine divum eveniunt nec te comitem hinc portare Creusam
;
Olympi.
;
vastum maris_aequor arandum et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva Thter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris.
Longa
tibi exsilia, et
780
regnumque
et regiajsoniunx
parta
tibi.
Non
ego
Myrmidonum
Dolopumve superbas
ibo,
783
stet^runt.
60
Dardauis
sed
et divae
P.
YEKGILI MAROlSriS
j
Veneris nunis
me magua deum
lamque vale et nati serva communis amorem.' Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem
dicere deseruit tenuisque recessit in auras.
790
Ter conatus
ter frustra
ibi collo
comprensa manus
socios
demum
consumpta nocte
morning
reviso.
795
The
slar rises.
Atque bic ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque, collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile volgus.
Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. lamque iugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant
limina portarum, nec spes opis ulla dabatur.
Cessi et sublato montis genitore petivi.
800
i::',^IHu
"^JXL,
'
.o-o,,rno,
.^'.n......f'.rxt
.'"r^.-./vr^rnnV,:^"""
FiG.
13.
Tabula Iliaca
(story of
Book
II.).
AENEIDOS
LIBER
The Trojans huild afleet and
set sail.
III.
Postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem immeritam visum superis ceciditque superbum
Ilium et omnis
humo fumat
ISTeptunia Troia,
Antandro
incerti,
et
contrahimusque
et pater
aestas,
litora
cum
IQ
et
cum
Penatibus
magnis
dis.
A toion isfounded in
Thrace.
15
dum
fortuna fuit.
Feror huc et
litore
curvo
moenia prima
fingo.
62
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
shoots.
caelicolum regi
28
summo
humo
convellere silvam
25
horrendum
monstrum.
Nam
et
vellitur,
membra
Rursus
et alterius
Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestis Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis,
rite
35
40
lam parce
tibi
sepulto,
Non me
Troia
externum
Heu! fuge
Nam Polydorus
texit
45
AENEIDOS
LIB.
III.
6S
Tum
obstipui steteruntque
comae
et
vox f aucibus
haesit.
fJ
Hunc Polydorum
infelix
auri
Priamus furtim mandarat alendum Threicio regi, cum iam dif6.deret armis
Dardaniae cingique urbem obsidione videret.
Ille,
ut opes fractae
Teucrum
et fortuna recessit,
res
f as
55
vi potitur.2
Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, auri sacra fames delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem
monstra deum refero
et,
quae
sit sententia,
posco.
60
Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens aggeritur tumulo teUus stant Manibus arae,
;
65
;
inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulchro
condimus
et
ciemus.
dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum, deducunt socii navis et litora complent.
stetSrunt.
2.
potitur.
64
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Nereidum matri^
et
Neptuno Aegaeo,
75
quam
errantem Mycono
Gyaroque reyinxit
contemnere ventos.
immotamque
coli dedit et
f essos
Huc
Hex
feror
haec
accipit.
hominum Phoebique
sacerdos,
80
vittis et sacra
occurrit,
Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto 'Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum, da moenia fessis serva altera Troiae et genus et mansuranl urbem Pergama, reliquias Danauni atque immitis Achilli. Quem sequimur? Quove ire iubes ? Ubi ponere sedes?
;
85
nostris.'
90
laurusque
et
totusque moveri
reclusis.
mons circum
*
^
95
prima
tulit tellus,
accipiet reduces.
matrl
et
Neptuno
Aegaeo : hiatus.
Hminaqtie,
AENEIDOS
et nati
LIB.
III.
65
natorum
;
et qui
nascentur ab
illis/
Haec Phoebus
laetitia et cuncti,
100
quo Phoebus vocet errantis iubeatque reverti. Tum genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum,
Audite, o proceres/
ait,
mons Idaeus nbi et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna maximus nnde pater, si rite audita recordor, Teucrus Ehoeteas primum est advectus ad oras
optavitque locum regno.
105
Hinc Mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaque aera Idaeumque nemus,^ hinc fida silentia sacris, et iuncti currum dominae subiere leones. Ergo agite et, divnm ducunt qua iussa, sequamur ; w
placemus ventos
et
115
Nec longo
distant cursu
modo
luppiter adsit,
taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, rigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.
In Crete they found a new Pergamum, hut are
120
Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae, hoste vacare domos sedesque adstare relictas.
Linquimus Ortygiae portus pelagoque volamus,
1.
nemus.
6Q
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Donusam,
125
bacchatamque iugis
iSTaxon viridemque
f reta
concita terris.
tandem antiquis Curetum adlabimur oris. Ergo avidus rauros optatae molior urbis Pergameamque voco et laetam cognomine gentem hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis. lamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes;
et
135
domosque dabam
subito
cum
tabida membris,
140
tum
sterilis
quam
fessis
145
Nox
somnus habebat;
effigies sacrae
150
se
beiug consonantal.
AENEIDOS
LIB.
III.
67
tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictis Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo
^
est,
155
Nos
nos
te
secuti,
tumidum sub
idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tn moenia magnis
linque laborem.
litora suasit
160
165
Hae
170
Ausonias
Dictaea negat
luppiter arva.'
tum
gelidus toto
ad caelum
cum
interaerata focis.
180
68
P.
VERGILT MARONIS
Tum memorat
sola milii
^
fatis,
,
talis
^
183
Nunc
et saepe
Tencros
Aut quem tum vates Cassandra moveret ? Cedamus Phoebo et moniti meliora sequamur.'
Sic ait et cnncti dicto
paremus ovantes.
relictis
190
Driven by a storm
rates nec
tum mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Continno venti volvunt mare magnaque surgunt
aequora
;
195
Excutimur cursn et caecis erramus in nndis. Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo
nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in nnda.
Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles
mihi.
AENEIDOS
LIB.
III.
69
me
litora
primum
210
insulae
Harpyiaeque colunt
clausa
Phineia postquam
domus mensasque metu liquere priores. Tristius haud illis moustrum nec saevior ulla pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese extulit undis.
Virginei volucrum voltus, foedissima ventris
proluvies,
215
uncaeque manus,
et pallida
semper
ora fame.
Huc
laeta
220
caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. Inruimus ferro et divos ipsumque vocamus
in partem
praedamque lovem
tum
litore
curvo
exstruimusque toros dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt
225
Harpyiae
immundo tum vox taetrum dira inter odorem. Eursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata
arboribus clausa circum atque horrentibus umbris
230
rursum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris turba sonans praedam pedibus circuravolat uncis, Sociis tunc, arma capessant, polluit ore dapes.
edico, et dira
283
Haud
herbam
insulse lonio
semi-hiatus
70
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere litora, dat signum specula Misenus ab alta
aere cavo.
Invadunt
socii et
240
semesam praedam
et vestigia
foeda relinquunt.
245
Una in
'
infelix vates,
mea
figite dicta.
Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Plioebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima paudo.
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis
ibitis
quam
At
formidine sanguis
260
deriguit
Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis numina magna vocat meritosque indicit honores: Di, prohibete minas, di, talem avertite casum
*
265
'
Tum
litore
funem
AENEIDOS
LIB.
III.
71
Tendunt vela
noti
f ugimus
spumantibus undi%
qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat. lam medio api^aret fluctu nemorosa^ Zacynthos Dulicliiumque Sameque et Neritos ardua saxis.
Effugimus scopulos
Itliacae, Laertia regna,
270
exsecramur Ulixi
mox
et
et
Hunc petimus
j
280
tellure potiti
Argolicas mediosque
Tnterea
fugam
magnum
sol
circumvolvitur
annum
:
et glacialis liiems
285
magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo, 'aeneas haec de danais victoribus arma.'
Linquere tum portus iubeo et considere transtris;
certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt.
h-
290
Chaonio
et
nemorosa Zacynthos.
72
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
The meeting
icith
Hic
iucredibilis
auris,
295
cum
dona
Simoentis ad
undam
et geminas, XJt
305
me
arma amens
Verane
nate dea
Vivisne ?
?
'
Aut
si
omnem
ne dubita,
nam
vera vides.
Heu
excipit, aut
quae digna
?
Plectoris
Andromache
una ante
f elix
alias
Priameia virgo.
AENEIDOS
hostilem
acl
LIB.
III.
7h
altis
nec victoris
eri tetigit
Nos
325 \vt,*>JU'
iuvenemque superbum,
;
Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos, me famulo famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam. Ast illum ereptae magno infiammatus amore
coniugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus Orestes
excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras.
]\[orte iSTeoptolemi
330
regnorum reddita
cessit
Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit, Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis hanc addidit arcem. Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae f ata dedere ? Aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris ?
Quid puer Ascanius
?
.
335
quem
tibi
iam Troia
340
Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque virilis et pater Aeneas et avunculas excitat Hector ?'
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat
incassum
fletus,
cum
sese a
moenibus heros
345
multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Procedo et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum
et
8B0
74
P.
VEKGILI MARONIS
Nec
amplis
Helenus. as seer^
is
consuUed hy Aeneas.
lamque
his
^
vatem adgredior
dictis ac talia
quaeso
volucrum
liriguas et praepetis
omina pinnae,
dixit
fare age
religio,
novum
365
prodigium canit
vito ?
Hic Helenus,
sacrati capitis
caesis primuni de
more
iuvencis,
370
meque ad tua
limina, Phoebe,
ducit,
ipse
te
maioribus
ire
per altum
rex
375
deum
AENEIDOS
pauca
tibi e multis,
LIB.
III.
75
aequora
et
expediam
scire
prohibent
nam
cetera Parcae
380
Helenum
Principio Italiam,
quam
terris.
Ante
et Trinacria
et salis
quam
Signa
tuta possis
tibi
Cum
litoreis
locus urbis
erit,
N"ec tu
f ata
mensarum morsus
horresce futuros
395
viam invenient aderitque vocatus Apollo. Has autem terras Italique hanc litoris orani^ proxima quae nostri perfuhditur aequoris aestu,
effuge
;
Hic
et Xarycii
campos
ducis Meliboei
400
illa
iam vota
76
P.
YERGILI MAEONIS
Hunc
socii
aequora circuitu
dextrum fuge
litus et
undas.
Haec
loca vi
quondam
cum
una foret venit medio vi pontus et undis Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit arvaque et urbes
litore diductas
Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Cliarybdis obsidet atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus rursusque sub auras
erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda.
At Scyllam
Prima hominis
pube tenus, postrema immani corpore pistrix, delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum.
Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni
430
Praeterea,
si
qua
est
qua
fides,
animum
unum
proque omnibus
unum
435
praedicam
tibi.
AENEIDOS
lunonis magnae primura prece
LIB. III.
77
numen
adora,
sic
denique victor
440
Huc
ubi delatus
Cumaeam
accesseris
urbem
silvis,
insanam vatem
aspicies,
nomina mandat.
445
Quaecumque
digerit in
Illa
numerum atque
manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt; verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus
impulit et teneras turbavit ianua frondes,
numquam
450
sedemque odere
Sibyllae.
tanti,
Hic
tibi
quamvis increpitent
venturaque bella
Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri. Vade age et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Troiam.'
Helenus gives them rich
gifts.
^_y
amico
est,
gravid.
78
imperat ad navis
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
465
et
Sunt
et sua
;
dona parenti.
470
instruit armis.
An
affectionate farewell.
^'^
mora ne qua
ferenti.
Quem Phoebi
'
hanc arripe
velis.
est
illa procul,
quam pandit
Apollo.
480
?
Quid ultra
provehor
et
subtemine vestes
cedit honori,
:
et
485
Accipe et haec,
manuum
tibi
longum Andromachae testentur amorem, coniugis Hectoreae. Cai^e dona extrema tuorum,
sint, puer, et
ille
manus,
sic
ora ferebat;
aeVo.'
490
Hos ego
AENEIDOS
LIB.
III.
79
iam sua
.nos alia
ex
;
aliis
in fata vocamur.
495
quam
Si
quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva intraro gentique meae data moenia cernam,
cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos, Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor
Troiam animis
Italy at last.
Sacriflce offered at
Castrum Minervae.
.yr
luxta,
telluris
ad undam,
510
corpora curamus
ISTecdum orbem
acta subibat
haud segnis
omnis
515
Arcturum phiviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona. Postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, dat clarum e puppi signum nos castra movemus temptamusque viam et velorum pandimus alas.
;
520
80
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Aurora
fugatis,
lamque rubescebat
stellis
cum
Italiam.
Tum
pater Ancliises
magnum
cratera corona
525
induit implevitque
Di maris
et terrae
ferte
530
ad
litora torqueut.
;
533
templum.
vidi,
Quattuor
tondentis
hic,
Et pater Anchises:
bello
Tum numina
sancta precamur
545
Haud
arva.
550
so
''""
:c^^"l-:w^Rvv,f^feMH|r,^
I
AENEIDOS
Hinc sinus Herculei,
cernitur
;
LIB.
III.
81
si
attollit se
Tum
et
gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces
exsultantque vada atque aestu miscentur harenae.
Et pater Anchises
'
Nimirum haec
illa
Charybdis
Haud minus
contorsit 1'aevas
petivit.
idem
665
subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere,
ter
spumam
ignarique viae
ingens
670
Aetna
ruinis,
fumantem
attollitque globos
fiammarum
et sidera lambit;
675
interdum scopulos avolsaque viscera montis erigit eructans, liquefactaqiie saxa sub auras
cum gemitu glomerat, fundoqae exaestuat imo. Eama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus
82
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Aetnam
580
latus, intremere
omnem
murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere fumo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra
perferimus nec, quae sonitum det causa, videmus,
nam neque
^j\
585
lunam
in
tenebat.
SKiW4S**
FiG. 17.
A stai^ved Greek
tells
a tale of
Jioiror.
umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, cum subito e silvis, macie confecta sui^rema,
ignoti
590
nova forma
viri
miserandaque cultu
AEXEIDOS
procedit supplexque
LIB.
III.
83
manus ad
litora tendit.
Respicimus.
at cetera Graius,
595
quondam
procul,
patriis
paulum aspectu conterritus haesit continuitque gradum mox sese ad litora praeceps
arma
;
cum
fletu
precibusque tulit
'
me, Teucri
erit.
quascumque abdueite
terras
hoc sat
Scio ^
me Danais
e classibus
unum,
Pro quo,
spargite
si
si sceleris
Dixerat
haerebat.
quo sanguine
cretus,
610
animum
Sum
patria ex Ithaca,
comes
infelicis Ulixi,
profectus.
615
immemores
deseruere.
socii vasto
Cyclopis in antro
Domus
talem
sidera
di,
terris avertite
2.
pestem
620
hiatus.
1. scid,
pereo,
hominum :
84
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
ulli.
cum
corpora nostro
resupinus in antro
625
frangeret ad
limina
vidi atro
cum membra
;
fluentia tabo
manderet
et tepidi
Nam
630
et frusta
cruento
precati
somnum commixta
mero, nos,
magna
numina sortitique vices, una undique circum f undimur et telo lumen terebramus acuto
ingens,
635
latebat,
tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite atque ab litore f unem
640
rumpite.
Nam
Polyphemus
in antro
centum
alii
646
cum vitam
lustra
ferarum
domosque traho vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio sonitumque pedum vocemque tremesco. Victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque corna,
dant rami,
et volsis
650
AENEIDOS
Omnia
conlustrans hanc
LIB.
III.
85
classem
fuisset,
primum ad
litora
prospexi venientem.
leto.'
Polyphemus and
north
Vix ea fatus
ipsum
erat,
655
pastorem Polypliemum
monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat
lanigerae comitantur oves
;
ea sola voluptas
660
solamenque mali.
Postquam
ad aequora venit,
iam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem
verrimus
et proni certantibus
665
aequora remis.
Verum
670
clamorem immensum
Italiae-
tollit,
quo pontus
et
omnes
At genus
Cyclopum
et
montibus
altis
675
et litora
complent.
86
Aetnaeos
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
concilium horrendum
quales
cum
vertice celso
680
quocumque rudentis
utramque viam
;
leti
discrimine parvo,
est dare lintea retro.
685
ni teneant cursus
certum
Achaemenides, comes
infelicis Ulixi.
dies.
Pleiriyrium undosum;
Ortygiam.
lussi
numina magna
loci
veneramur
Hinc
Pachyni
'^^
*5
L^V*700
radimus, et fatis
numquam
concessa moveri
immanisque Gela fluyii cognomine dicta. Arduus inde Acragas ostentat niaxima longe
.
moenia,
magnanimum quondam
1.
generator equorum
constitSrunt.
AENEIDOS
LIB. III.
r
87
705
caecis.
Hinc Drepani me portus et inlaetabilis ora Hic pelagi tot tempestatibus actus accipit. heu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen,
amitto Anchisen
deseris,
;
710
heu
tantis
nequiquam erepte
periclis
Nec
vates Helenus,
hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. Hic labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum;
hinc
me digressum
tale.
715
Sic pater
fata renarrabat
AENEIDOS
LIBER
DkJo confesses
to
IV.
Annaher
At regina
volnus
alit
gravi
iamdudum
saucia ciira
umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, ^iTm sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem *Anna soror, quae me suspensam insoinnia terrent!
Qais novus hic nostris successit sedibus hospes,
10
I
quem
quam
forti pectore et
armis
fides,
Heu, quibus
ille
Quae bella exhausta canebat mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet,
15
ne cui
me
postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit sT noh pertaesura thalami taedaeque fuisset,
huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae.
20
AENEIDOS
solus
liic
^
LIB. IV.
89
inflexit sensus
animumque labantem
impulit.
Adgnosco
tellus
veterisjrestigia flammae.
optem prius ima dehiscat vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam,
Sed mihi vel
ante, Pudor,
Ille
25
quam
me
sibi iunxit,
amores
abstulit
ille
Anna
Anna
refert
'
"^
aegram
nulli
quondam
;
flexere mariti,
35
despectus larbas
Nec
venit in mentem,
Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, et Xumidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis,
hinc deserta
Barcaei.
siti
germanique minas
45
hunc cursum
Quam
hlc.
90
coniugio tali
!
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
armis,
!
Teucrum comitantibus
Punica
Tu modo
litatis
60
dum
Her passion
grows.
His
dictis
spemque dedit dubiae menti solvitque pudorem. Principio delubra adeunt pacemque per aras exquirunt mactant lectas de more bidentis legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo,
;
Dido
60
deum
Heu vatum
ignarae mentes
65
quam
70
illa
;
Dictaeos
pectoribus.
AENEIDOS
LIB. IV.
91
75
mediaque in voce
resistlt;
"^
80
incubat.
infandum
si
fallere possit
amorem.
85
Non
tuta parant
Quam
simul ac
90
famam
obstare furori,
:
Yenerem Saturnia dictis Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla ref ertis tuque puerque tuus magnum et memorabile numen, una dolo divum si femina victa\duorum est. Nec me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra suspectas habuisse domos Karthaginis altae. Sed quis erit modus, ant quo nunc certamine tanto? Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaeos exercemus ? Habes, tota quod raente petisti ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. Communem hunc ergo popuhim paribusque regamus
;
93
lOO
92
auspiciis
;
P.
VERGILl MARONIS
liceat
105
quo regnum
sic
abniiat aut
si
tecum malit contendere bello, m^do, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur
fatis incerta f eror, si luppiter
?
110
Sed
unam
*
urbem Troiaque
profectis
^{
_
Tu
*
coniunx
tibi fas
-^'^
Perge, sequar.'
Tum
luno
Mecum
Nunc qua
ratione
quod instat
115
docebo._^
ortus
Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido in nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus
extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem.
120
dum
et
Troianus eandem
125
Adero et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, conubio^ iungam stabili propriamque dicabo bic hymenaeus erit.' Non adversata petenti
adnuit atque dolis'risit Cytherea repertis.
1.
conuhio
a trisyllable,
being consonantal.
FiG. 18.
Leconfield Venus.
AENEIDOS
LIB. IV.
93
The hunting
scene.
130
venabula
f erro,
Massylique ruunt equites et ocloi-a canum vis. Eeginam tbalamo cunctantem_ad Imiina primi Poenorum^gxspectant, ostroqueJnsTgnis et auro
stat sonipes ac frena ferox
spumantia mandit.
135
^^--.i,.
Tandem
progreditur
Sidoniam picto
^-
Nec non
incedunt
et
;
140
Qualis ubijiibernam
deserit ac
Lyciam Xanthique
fluenta
auro,")
haud
illo s"egnior
ibat
150
Aeneas, tantuni^egregio decus enitet ore. Postquam altos ventumjn montis atquejnvia lustra,
ecce ferae saxi deiectae vertice caprae
alia de. parte patentis
decurrere iugis
153
The
94
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
At puer Ascanius
pAii^x^
Interea
incipit
;
magno
160
insequitur
.^
Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros ruunt de mbntibus amnes. tecta metu petiere
;
et
Troianus eandem
et
165
Prima^et Tellus
;
pronuba luno
dant signum
conubiis/
Ille dies
summoque
leti
primus
causa
fuit.
170
nec iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem coniugium vocat lioc praetexit iibinine culpam.
;
Bumor
carries the
LExtemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes, Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum.
Mobilitate viget'Virisque adquiriti^gundoj^
'
<
'
175
attollit in
auras
conubiis
trisyllable.
FiG. 19.
Apollo Belvedere.
AENEIDOS
LIB. IV.
alis,
95
180
monstrum hcrrenduin^ingens,
cui,
tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictu), tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot 'subrigit auris.
ISTocte
185
summi culmine
magnas
turribus aut
altis, et
territat urbes,
tam ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia veri. _J Haec tum multiplici populos sermone replebat
gaudens
et pariter facta
190
nunc hiemem
inter se luxu,
quam
longa, fovere
regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos. Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora.
Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban
incenditque animum. dictis atque aggerat
larbas, Dido''^ rejected suitor,
iras.
,
195
is
angered.
Hic Hammone
satus, rapta
latis
Garamantide Nympha,
regnis,
200
immania
centum aras posuit vigilemque sacraverat ignem, excubias divum aeternas pecudumque cruore
;
pingue solum
et variis florentia
limina
sertis.
media
inter
numina divum
205
96
aspicis haec ?
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
genitor,
An
te,
cum fulmina
torqueS;
in nubibus ignes
?
210
animos
et inania
murmura miscent
arandum
litus
dominum Aenean in regna recepit. Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
subnixus, rapto potitur^- nos
215
quippe tuis
regia et oblitos
Tum
*
sic
Mercurium adloquitur- ac
mandat:
Vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pinnis Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc exspectat fatisque datas non respicit urbes, adloquere et celeris defer mea dicta per auras.
225
Non
illuui nobis
330
?
adloquitur.
potltur.
2.
FiG. 20.
Mercury.
AENEIDOS
Quid
struit ?
LIB. IV.
in gente
97
Aiit
moratur
?
esto.'
235
Xaviget
Mercury
haec
summa
nuntius
Dixerat.
Ille patris
imperio
et
primum pedibus
sublimem
aurea, quae
alis sive
aequora supra
flamine portant.
ille
240
cum
Tum
virgam capit
hac animas
evocat Orco
pallentis, alias
245
nubila.
ardua cernit
250
ad undas
255
Haud
litus
caelumque volabat
Ut primum
magalia plantis,
260
Aenean f undantem arces ac tecta novantem Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva conspicit.
1.
spe
inimica
hiatus.
98
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Continuo invadit
'
Tu nunc Karthaginis
altae
265
fundamenta locas pulchramque uxorius urbem Heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum exstruis ?
Ipse
deum
tibi
me
claro demittit
Olympo
torquet,
auras.
270
numine
mandata per
Si te nulla
Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus
debentur.'
275
tenuem ex
to depart.
Aeneas prepares
At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens, arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit.
Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, attonitu^s tanto monitu imperioque deorum.
280
Heu
quid agat
Quae prima exordia sumat ? Atque animum nunc huc celerem, nunc dividit in partisque rapit varias perque omuia versat.
audeat adfatu ?
Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum,
classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant,
FiG. 21.
Atlas.
AENEIDOS
arma parent
dissimulent
nesciat et
;
LIB. IV.
99
290
et,
quae rebus
sit
causa novandis,
temptaturum aditus
imperio
laeti
perficjy.
At regina
amantem?)
furenti
urbem
300
commotis excita
sacris
Tandem
liis
ultro
305
mea
te
decedere terra?
noster
amor nec
data dextera
quondam
?
Quin etiam
et
crudelis ?
Quid
Si
Mene
Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam (quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil" ipsa reliqui),
fugis ?
te
315
Thyias
dissyllable.
100
si
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
quicquam
bene quid de
dulce
labentis et istam,
exue mentem.
320
Te propter Libycae gentes Xomadumque tyranni odere, infensi Tyrii te propter eundem
;
exstinctus pudor
et,
fama
pric::.
Cui
me moribundam
Quid moror
Saltem
moenia frater
qiia
luderet Aeneas^.qui te
tamen ore
referret,
330
Aeneas repudiates
Dixerat.
the charge.
He must
Ille lovis
lumina
et
Tandem pauca
enumerare
vales,
Ego numquam,
:
'
te,
regina, negabo
335
promeritam, nec
me meminisse pigebit Elissae, dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus lios regit artus.
re
-*
Pro
pauca loquar.
furto
umquam
340
Me
si
mihu
AENEIDOS
et recidiva
LIB. IV.
IQI
manu posuissem Pergama victis. Sed nuuc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo,
amor, haec patria
est.
345
Si te Karthaginis arces
Phoenissam Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis, quae tandem Ausonia Teucros eonsidere terra
invidia est.?
Et nos
350
Me
umentibus umbris
nox operit
admonet
imago
cari,
me
et fatalibus arvis.
355
(testor
utrumque
caput), celeris
detulit; ipse
deum manifesto
in lumine vidi
360
Dido^sfrenzij.
Talia dicentem
iamdudum
aversa tuetur,
huc
illuc
luminibus
'Nec
tibi
Nam
me ad maiora
reservo?
fiexit ?
?
370
Xum Num
ingemuit nostro
Num
lumina
lO^
P.
VERGILI MAKONIS
Nusquam
tuta fides.
Eiectum
litore,
egentem
375
amissam classem,
socios a
!
morte reduxi.
jSTunc
Heu furiis
incensa feror
augur Apollo,
nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et love missus ab ipso interpres divum fert horrida iussa pe]?,auras.
Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos
soUicitat.
i,
Neque
te teneo
neque dicta
refello
380
Sequar
cum
frigida
omnibus umbra
Audiam et haec Manis veniet milii fama sub imos.' His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit et auras
aegra fugit seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,
linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem
dicere.
i
390
membra
stratisque reponunt.
At
pius Aeneas,
quamquam
lenire
dolentem
395
revisit.
Tum
AEXEIDOS
infabricata fugae studio.
LIB. IV.
103
400
tectoque reponunt
405
Quis
tibi
410
415
litore
circum;
undique convenere
puppibus
et laeti
si
Hunc
ego
Miserae hoc
tamenunum
ille
420
nam
perfidus
;
Non
ego
exscindere gentem
^a^i
mihi.
104
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
mea
Quo
ruit ?
det
munus amanti,
430
fugam ventosque ferentis. Non iam coniugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro, nec pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat
exspectet facilemque
tempus inane
peto,
requiem spatiumque
furori,
dum mea me
Extremam hanc oro veniam (miserere sororis) quam mihi cum dederit, cumulatam morte remittam.'
Aeneas remains unmoved.
Sed
nullis ille
movetur
440
Ac
cum
robore quercum
illinc
'
it stridor,
et altae
;
quantum
vertice ad auras
445
magno persentit pectore curas mens immota manet, lacrimae volvuntur inanes.
tunditur, et
;
Dido longsfor
"-'
death.
450
Tum
mortem orat taedet caeli convexa tuen. Quo magis inceptuni peragat lucemque relinquat,
AENEIDOS
vidit, turicremis
LIB. IV.
aris,
105
(horrendum dictu!)
Hoc visum
nulli,
nonipsi effata
sorori.
FiG. 22.
Death of Pentheus.
Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum
460
nox cum
106
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
;
466
in somnis ferus
semperque relinqui
videtjir
sola sibi/
ire
viam
Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentbeus, et solem geminum et duplicis se ostendere Thebas, aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes
armatam facibus matrem
et serpentibus atris
470
cum
Anna
huilds a pyre.
modumque
475
maestam
Inveni, germana,
viam (gratare
sorori),
"**
me solvaj^mantem.
480
stellis
U/li^v*^
3<T
,
'^^
^,,/ /,/.
*'
m arbore ramos
'--^
\
485
Haec
quas
se
/^^ p^'S
sistere
aquam
u,
^V^
1.
sihu
AENEIDOS
]\Ianis
;
LIB. IV.
107
490
noctumosque movet
sub pedibus terram
mugire videbis
et
tuumque
artis.
Tu
secreta
erige et
pyram tecto interiore sub auras arma viri, tlialamo quae fixa reliqui^
siiperimponas
abolere nefandi
495
quo
perii,
cuncta viri
monumenta
;
iuvat,
monstratque sacerdos.'
500
Haec
JSTon
effata silet
tamen Anna novis pmetexere funera sacris germanam credit nec tantos mente furores 7'
coTicipit aut graviora
timet
quam morte
Sychaei.
Ergo iussa
parat.
^^^
the rites.
^ <-*.-*
At
haud ignara
futuri.
610
tergeminamquejlecaten,
falcibus et messae^ad
108
uuiinj_exuta
P.-
VERGILI MARONIS
pedem
si
quod non aequo foedere amantis curae numen habet iustumque memorque, precatur.
sidera
;
tum,
628
Nox
erat, et
cum
tacet
quaeque lacus
[Lenibant curas
et
At non
accipit
infelix
umquam
noctem
630
saevit amor,
Sic
*
magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. adeo insistit secumque ita corde volutat
Eursusne procos inrisa priores
conubia supplex,
?
535
experiar,
Nomadumque petam
Teucrum
iussa sequar ?
et
Quis
me
540
invisam accipiet ?
Laomedonteae
Quid tum
?
An
Tyriis omnique
et,
manu
stipata
meorum
revelli,
645
inferar
AENEIDOS
riirsus
LIB. IV.
109
agam pelago
iubebo ?
Tu
his,
Non
560
degere,
more
illa
non servata
Tantos
fides cineri
promissa Sychaeo.'
delay.
Huic
se
monere
est,
omnia Mercurio
similis,
vocemquecoloremque^
decora iuventa
560
et crinis flavos et
membra
versat,
dum
praecipitare potestas ?
565
Aurora morantem.
!
Heia
rumpe moras
Varium
et
mutabile semper
570
femina.^
coloremque
fervere.
2.
110
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
to sea.
f atigat
solvite vela
alto
575
festinare
fugam tortosque
es,
Sequimur
sancte deorum,
quisquis
Adsis
dextra
fulmineum strictoque
Idem omnis
sirnul ardor
;
babet
rapiuntque ruuntque
;
litora deseruere
latet
Dido^s curse.
~~
Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile.
585
Regina, e speculis ut
primum
albescere lucem
terque quaterque
manu
Pro
luj^piter
Ibit
?
590
et nostris inluserit
advena regnis
Non arma
deripientque rates
navalibus
Ite,
remos!
Quid loquor? Aut ubi sum? Quae mentem insania mutat ? Infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt ? 596
AENEIDOS
LIB. IV,
Tum
decuit,
cum
sceptra dabas.
En
dextra fidesque,
quem secum patrios aiuut portare Penatis, quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem ^c
!
q
6oa
Kon
spargere,
non
socios,
....
/r.-^f-''^
f-^
^
605
implessemque foros flammis natumque patremque cum genere exstmxem, memet super ipsa dedissem.
Sol, qui
lustras,'
'V^
harum interpres curarum et conscia luno, ^QCturmaque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes
tuque,
et Dirae ultiicefe et di morieiitis Blissae,
610
numen
,
Si tangere portus
infandum caput ac
terris
adnare necesse
est,
615
.-_-^..-
finibus extorris,
complexu ^vnl^vigMnli^
^^^^
620
^"j
'"^
>"^
Haec
Tum
hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. vos, p Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne f uturum
precor,
Nullus amor populis nec foedera sunto^ Exoriare, aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, ^'^
qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos.
munera.
623
112
'
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Her
death.
ait, et
630
Tum
'
namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater liabebat: Annam, cara mihi nutrix, huc siste sororem dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha
et
ifSS^
sic veniat,
vitta.
Illa
gradum
At tfepida
et coeptis
immanibus
eifefa Dido,
^^
domus inrumpit
limina, et altos
"^
Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. Hic, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile
conspexit,
paulum
lacrimis et
mente morata
^
Dulces exuviae,
dum
accipite
Vixi
et,
quem
nepotesque
with
-qiie
hypermetric.
AENEIDOS
et
LIB. IV.
113
iTrbem praeclaram
ulta
statui,
mea moeuia
vidi,
655
virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi, felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum
numquam Dardaniae
sed moriamur,''
ait.
^NIoriemur inultae,
Sic, sic
660
Dardanus
Anna
et
secum nostrae
ferat
omina mortis/
It clamor ad alta
665
concussam baccliatur
Fama
per urbem.
\*^<'-:
non
aliter,
quam
si
hommum
et
pectora pugnis
Hoc illud, germana, fuit ? 'Me f raude petebas ? Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant ? Quid primum deserta querar ? Comitemne sororem sprevisti moriens ? Eadem me ad f ata vocasses
'
675
tulisset.
680
femined
ululatu: hiatus.
114
voce deos,
sic te
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
abluam
et,
extremus
si
ore le^am.'
semianimemque
sinu
Tum
difficilisque obitus,
Nam
nondum
Ergo
illi
7^
'
Hunc
et
ego Diti
:
omnis
una
705
semianimemque.
AENEIDOS
LIBEPv y.
The Trojans, sailing away, see the hlazefrom Dido''^ pyre.
Interea
medmm
Aeneas iam
classe tenebat
moenia respiciens, quae iam infelicis Elissae conlucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem
causa latet
;
duri
magno
A storm
Ut
olli
in Sicily.
10
unda
tenebris.
Heu
quianam
nimbi
arma iubet validisque incumbere remis obliquatque sinus in ventum ac talia fatur Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi luppiter auctor
'
et vespere
ab atro
116
116
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
aer.
20
Nec nos
quoque
tantum
litora longe
sufficimus.
vocat,
vertamus
iter.
Nec
modo
rite
memor
:
"25
Tum
pius Aeneas
Equidem
sic
poscere ventos
iamdudum
An
sit
mihi gratior
ulla,
tellus
30
Haec ubi
et
intendunt Zephyri
tandem
laeti
At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes,
horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae,
35
quem
genuit.
ille
parentum
40
Postera
cum primo
coetum
ab oinni
alto a sanguine
divum,
45
AENEIDOS
LIB. Y.
orbis,
117
ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras.
lamque
semper honoratum
(sic di voluistis)
si
Hunc
Syrtibus exsul
Nunc
55
(haud equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divum) adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos.
Ergo
honorem
60
me
sacra quotannis
numero capita
si
in navis
adhibete Penatis
et patrios epulis et
quos
colit
hospes Acestes.
Praeterea,
ponam certamina
classis
pugnam committere
et ciugite
caestu,
70
tempora ramis.'
sacrifices at the
tomb of AncMses.
A joijons omen.
materna tempora myrto. Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes,
Sic fatus velat
118
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
quos cetera pubes.
ibat
76
seqiiitur
e concilio multis
cum milibus
mero libans carchesia Baccho fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine
Hic duo
rite
sacro,
purpureosque
'
salvete, recepti
80
Non
arva
est,
quaerere Thybrim/
cum
amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro
squamam incendebat
Ille
agmine longo
90
tandem
imo
Hoc magis
incertus,
geniumne
;
esse putet
caedit
95
Nec non
et socii,
quae cuique
100
dona ferunt; onerant aras mactantque iuvencos; ordine aena locant alii fusique per herbam
subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent.
AENEIDOS
The games on the ninth
LIB. V.
119
clay.
105
famaque finitimos et clari nomen Acestae excierat laeto complebant litora coetu,
;
HO
^i
The competitors in
Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis quattuor ex omni delectae classe carinae. Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristim, mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi, ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram, urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu
impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi;
115
120
Sergestusque,
Eomane
Cluenti.
They
start
amid
icild
enthusiasm.
125
fluctibus, hiberni
tranquillo silet
immotaque
unda
120
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
campus et apricis statio gratissima mergis. Hic viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam constituit signum nautis pater, unde reverti
scirent et longos ubi circumflectere cursus.
130
Tum
nitescit.
135
ferit
aethera clamor
140
Non tam
nec
sic
campum
j
145
Tum
150
turbam
inter
fremitumque Gyas
i
156
tarda tenet.
AENEIDOS
et
LIB.
V.
121
nuuc
lamque
prox:)inquabant scopulo
metamque tenebant,
160
in gurgite victor
abis ?
Huc
dirige
gressum
litus
ama
palmula cautes
Menoetes
165
'
!
altum
alii teneant.'
'
iterum
'
revocabat, et ecce
Cloanthum
radit iter
170
Tum
in
alta
175
At
fundo vix tandem redditus imo est, iam senior madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes
gravis, ut
summa
180
natantem
fluctus.
revomentem pectore
122
P.
VEEGILI MARONIS
Gyan
superare morantem.
185
ille
At media
Hectorei
190
delegi comites
nunc
illas
promite
vires,
Neptune, dedisti
196
hoc vincite,
cives,
Olli certamine
summo
procumbunt
subtrahiturque solum;
tum
fluit
undique
rivis.
200
Namque
furens animi
dum proram
ad saxa suburget
Concussae cautes,
et acuto in
murice remi
205
Consurgunt nautae
et
Mnestheique.
2.
pra^eunte.
AENEIDOS
Mnestheus passes Gyas.
LIB. V.
123
At
2iti
agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto.
Qualis spelunca subito
cui
commota columba,
pumice
nidi,
215
domus
et dulces latebroso in
mox
Mnestheus,
sic
Et primum
220
Sergestum brevibusque vadis frustraque vocantem auxilia et fractis discentem currere remis.
Inde
Gyan ipsamque
j
ingenti mole
Chimaeram
consequitur
cedit,
quoniam
Cloanthus the
victor.
225
quem
petit et
summis adnixus
viribus urget.
Tum
Hi proprium decus
hos successus
alit
et
Et
praemia
rostris,
Di, quibus
imperium
est pelagi,
quorum aequora
curro,
235
124
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
porriciam in fluctus
et
FiG. 23.
Dixit,
omnis
virgo,
240
Panopeaque
impulit
ad terram fugit
Aeneas
Tum
more
vocatis,
245
victorem
magna
muneraque
vinaque et argenti
magnum
AENEIDOS
LIB. V.
125
:
chlamydem auratam, quam phirima circum purpura Maeandro dupUci MeUboea cucurrit,
intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida
250
simiUs
quem
praepes ab Ida
255
subUmem
canum
latratus in auras.
260
alto,
donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis. Vix iUam famuU Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant
indutus at
oUm
265
Bemoleos cursu palantis Troas agebat. Tertia dona facit geminos ex aere lebetas
cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera
Sergestus too
is
signis.
rewarded.
cum
saevo e scopulo
muUa
27C
QuaUs saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, aerea quem obUquum rota transiit aut gravis ictu
seminecem Uquit saxo lacerumque viator
1.
'273
;
IliS alto
semi-hiatus.
126
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
tortus,
280
vela facit
tamen et plenis subit ostia velis. Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat, servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos. Olli serva datur/ operum haud ignara Minervae,
Cressa genus, Plioloe, geminique sub ubere nati.
Competitors in the foot-race.
285
The
prizes.
Hoc
gramineum
circus erat;
campum, quem
se multis
tulit
collibus
undique curvis
quo
consessu
medium
exstructoque resedit.
animos
et
praemia ponit.
Sicani,
Euryalus primi,
295
Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, Nisus amore pio pueri quos deinde secutus
;
et Patron,
quorum
alter
;
Acarnan,
tum duo
Helymus Panopesque,
SOfl
datur.
AENEIDOS
Aeneas quibus
*
LIB. V.
127
Nemo
ex
lioc
abibit.
305
Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro spicula caelatamque argento ferre bipennem
omnibus hic
erit
unus honos.
Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto alter Amazoniam pharetram plenamque sagittis
Threiciis, lato
quam circum
amplectitur auro
Haec ubi
dicta,
S15
effusi
nimbo similes
Primus
omnia corpora
IS^isus
intervallo,
320
Euryalus
plura supersint,
relinquat.
ambiguumve
extremo fessique sub ipsam finem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus
lamque
fere spatio
fusus
humum
330
128
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
pronus in ipso
immundoque fimo sacroque cruore, non tamen Euryali, npn ille oblitus amorum
nam
ille
33
autem spissa iacuit revolutus liarena. Emicat Eurjalus^ et munere victor amici prima tenet plausuque volat fremituque secundo.
Post Helymus
subit, et,
nunc
Hic totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet
ereptumque dolo reddi
sibi poscit
SiO
honorem.
Adiuvat
ultima,
et
Diores,
S45
Tum
me
pater Aeneas,
Vestra/ inquit,
350
Sic fatus
dat Salio,
aureis."
Hic Nisus,
et te
Si tanta/ inquit,
Euryalus,
2.
aureis.
AENEIDOS
Et simul his
turpia
et
LIB. V.
129
udo
membra
fimo.
clipeum
efferri iussit,
Didymaonis
artis,
360
ensem atque insignem galeam solacia victo. Nec mora continuo vastis cum viribus effert ora Dares magnoque virum se murmure tollit,
;
solus qui
Paridem
370
idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, victorem Buten, immani corpore qui se
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat,
perculit et fulva
Ergo
palma
"
380
Aeneae
tum
quae
'Nate dea,
finis
credere pugnae,
decet usque teneri ?
130
Ducere dona
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Cuncti simul ore fremebant
885
iube.'
heroum quondam fortissime frustra, tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli dona sines ? Ubi nunc nobis deus ille magister, nequiquam memoratus Eryx ? XJbi fama per omnem
Trinacriam
Ille
390
pendentia tectis
'
sub baec
;
'
Non
laudis
amor nec
gloria cessit
395
pulsa metu
quondam
si
exsultat fidens,
nunc
haud equidem
in
400
medium geminos inimani pondere caestus proiecit quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus
ferre
manum
Obstipuere animi
terga
boum pUimbo
Ante omnis stupet ipse Dares longeque magnanimusque Anchisiades et pondus huc illuc vinclorum immensa vohimina
versat.
:
Tum
*
arma vidisset tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam ? Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat
Quid,
quis caestus ipsius et Herculis
410
FiG. 24.
AENEIDOS
LIB. V.
131
magnum Alciden contra stetit his ego suetus, dum melior.viris sanguis dabat, aemula necdum
;
415
Sed
si
aequemus pugnas.
Erycis
tibi terga
remitto
420
Haec fatus dui^licem ex umeris reiecit amictum, ^ et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque exuit atque ingens media consistit harena.
The fight hegins.
Tum
et paribus
425
Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu immiscentque manus manibus pugnamque lacessunt ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa,
hic
430
membris
viri
et
Multa
neqniquam
lateri
multa cavo
dant sonitus, erratque auris et tempora circum crebra manus, duro crepitant sub volnere malae.
Stat gravis
corpore tela
vigilantibus exit.
lacertosque
132
Ille, veliit
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
illos
aditus
omnemque
pererrat
locum
ille
aut Ida in
pubes
450
clamor
caelo,
amicum.
Tlie victor
At non
acrior ad
pugnam
redit ac
vim
susciCat ira.
455
Tum
pudor incendit
ictus,
nunc
ille sinistra.
requies
culminibus crepitant,
manu
Tum
et saevire animis
mulcens
'Infelix,
465
Non
viris alias
AENEIDOS
Cede
deo.'
LIB. V.
133
Ast illum
relinquunt.
Hic victor, superans animis tauroque superbus, Nate dea vosque haec/ inquit, cognoscite, Teucri,
*
et et
vires,
475
qui
donum
libravit dextra
media
humi
bos.
Hanc
The archery-contest.
485
praemia ponit
ingentique
erigit et
manu malum
de nave Seresti
Quem modo
134:
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
495
primus Achivos.
Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes, ausus et ipse manu iuvenum temptare laborem.
The arrow ofAcestes takcsfire in
the air.
Tum
500
telumque
tetendit.
non valuit
nodos
510
quis innexa
alto
Tum
rapidus,
iamdudum
iam vacuo laetam caelo speculatus, et alis plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam.
Decidit exanimis vitamque reliquit in astris
aetheriis fixamque refert delapsa sagittam.
Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes; cjui tamen aerias telum contorsit in auras, ostentans artemque pater^ arcumque sonantem.
1.
520
pater.
AENEIDOS
Hic
oculis
LIB. V.
135
Xamque
consumpta
nec maximus
omen
530
talia fatur
Sume, pater
nam
te voluit rex
magnus Olympi
535
munus habebis, cratera impressum signis, quem Thracius olim Anchisae genitori in magno munere Cisseus ferre sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.'
Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc
Sic fatus cingit viridanti
et
tempora lauro
540
primum ante omnis victorem appellat Acesten. Nec bonus Eurytion praelato invidit honori, quamvis solus avem caelo deiecit ab alto.
Proximus ingreditur
donis, qui vincula rupit;
fixit
harundine malum.
^f__
At
pater Aeneas
545
custodem ad sese comitemque impubis luli Epytiden vocat et fidam sic fatur ad aurem
Vade age et Ascanio, si iam puerile paratum agmen habet secum cursusque instruxit equorum,
^
136
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
650
Ipse
omnem
infusum populum et campos iubet esse patentis. Incedunt pueri pariterque ante ora parentum
frenatis lucent in equis, quos
omnis euntis
655
Omnibus
in
morem
it
pectore
summo
660
quemque
secuti
agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris. Una acies iuvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem
nomen
quem Thracius
albis
665
Extremus formaque ante onmis pulcher lulus Sidonio est invectus equo, quem candida Dido
esse sui dederat
670
monumentum
et
pignus amoris.
676
Postquam omnem
haeti
AENEIDOS
Olli discurrere pares atque
LIB. Y.
terni
137
580
agmina
Inde
585
nunc terga
fiiga nudant,
Ut quondam
parietibus
^
textum caecis
ancipitemque
590
haud
alio
Teucrum
delphinum
Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus Ascanius, Longam muris cum cingeret Albam,
rettulit et Priscos docuit celebrare Latinos,
hinc
maxima porro
600
Roma
et
Hac
Ins urges
loomen
to
Hic primum Fortuna fidem mutata novavit. Dum variis tumulo referunt sollemnia ludis,
Irim de caelo misit Saturnia luno
1.
605
parietibus
with consonantal
in
second syllable.
138
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
multa movens necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. Illa viam celerans per mille coloribus arcum
nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo.
610
At procul in sola secretae Troades acta amissum Anchisen flebant cunctaeque profundum pontum aspectabant flentes. Heu tot vada fessis
^
615
et
'
Urbem
Ergo
fit
cui genus et
ac sic
moenibus
?
gens
625
Fortuna reservat
cum
freta,
cum
dum
per mare
magnum
;
Hic Erycis
fines fraterni
630
urbem?
nequiquam ex hoste Penates, nullane iam Troiae dicentur moenia ? Nusquam Hectoreos amnis, Xantlium et Simoenta, videbo?
Quin agite
et
mecum
635
Nam
somnum
vatis
imago
AENEIDOS
ardentis clare visa faces
hic
:
LIB. V.
139
domus
"
reS;
En
quattuor arae
ministrat.'
"'
v
640
them onflre.
vi corripit
ignem
Iliadum.
P^^rgo, tot
Hic una
vobis,
e niultis,
645
'NonBeroe
est Dorycli
Ipsa egomet
dudum Beroen
tali
digressa reliqui
sola careret
650
aegram, indignantem,
quod
munere nec meritos Anchisae inferret honores.^ Haec effata. At matres primo ancipites oculisque malignis
ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amorem
praesentis terrae fatisque vocanfia regna,
655
cum dea
se paribus per
caelum sustulit
alis
puppis.
i.
abiete
with consonantal
140
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
665
nimbo
volitare favillam.
Primus
Quis
f uror iste
novus
?
tenditis/ inquit,
670
'
Argivum, vestras
Ascanius
!
castra
'
proiecit inanem,
675
metu
x^er litora
passim
saxa petunt
viris
680
vivit
Tum
'
685
luppiter omnipotens,
si
si
Troianos,
respicit
Teucrum
AENEIDOS
I
LIB. V.
141
Vix haec
ediderat,
cum
effusis
imbribus atra
ardua terrarum
et
campi
695
left ivith
At
nunc huc
nunc
Tum
quem
senior Nautes,
unum
Tritonia Pallas
705
magna deum vel quae fatorum posceret isque his Aenean solatus vocibus infit
quidquid
erit,
ordo),
71C
Est
tibi
Dardanius divinae
consiliis
Acestes
hunc cape
x^ericli est
delige, et his
142
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
Aeneas
tum vero
in curas
720
dum
vita manebat,
/25
dit senior
Gens dura atque aspera cultu debellanda tibi Latio est. Ditis tamen ante infernas accede domos et Averna per alta
defer in Italiam.
Elysiumque
colo.^
Tum
et
et
lamque
Nox umida
cursus,
me
Dixerat et tenuis fugit ceu fumus in auras. Aeneas, 'Quo deinde ruis ?
'Queni fugis
?
Quo
proripis ?
inquit,
Aut
Haec memorans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignis Pergameumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestae
farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra.
1.
745
colo
huc: hiatus.
AEXEIDOS
LIB. V.
143
the
new
Extemplo socios primumqne arcessit Acesten et lovis imperium et cari praecepta parentis edocet et quae nnnc animo sententia constet.
Haud mora
consiliis,
ambesa reponunt
753
domos lioc Ilium et liaec loca Troiam Gaudet regno Troianus Acestes esse iubet. indicitque forum et patribus dat iura vocatis.
sortiturque
;
Tum
fundatur Yeneri Idaliae, tumuloque sacerdos ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo.
Aeneas again
760
sets sail.
lamque
dies epulata
;
et aris
factus honos
fletus,
765
complexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur. Ipsae iam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam
visa maris facies et non tolerabile nomen, ire volunt omnemque fugae perferre laborem.
1.
144
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
'
770
agnam
775
life.
At Venus
*
interea
Neptunum
exercita curis
780
quam nec
nec mitigat
ulla,
Non media
urbem
de gente
Phrygum
exedisse nefandis
785
insequitur.
Causas tanti
Ipse milii
nuper Libycis tu
subito excierit
undis
790
quam molem
miscuit, Aeoliis
nequiquam
freta procellis,
actis
795
Mlhi.
AENEIDOS
Quod
si
LIB. V.
145
Tum
^Fas
omne
est,
Cytherea, meis
te fidere regnis,
;
unde genus
ducis.
Merui quoque
saepe furores
Nec minor
Cum
Troia Achilles
805
exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, milia multa daret leto gemerentque repleti
amnes nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset iu mare se Xanthus, Pelidae tunc ego forti congressum Aenean nec dis nec viribus aequis nube cava rap^ui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo structa meis manibus periurae moenia Troiae.
810
perstat mihi
pelle timorem.
unum
His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis, iungit equos auro genitor spumantiaque addit
frena feris manibusque omnis effundit habenas. Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru
subsidunt undae tumidumque sub axe tonanti sternitur aequor aquis fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi.
;
820
Tum
variae
et senior
facies,
Tritonesque
146
P.
VERGILI MABONIS
825
FiG. 25.
Palaemon.
Palinurus
is lost.
Hic patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim gaudia pertemptant mentem iubet ocius omnis
;
bracchia
velis.
Una omnes
fecere
pedem
pariterque sinistros,
;
830
Princeps ante omnis densum Palinunis agebat agmen ; ad hunc alii cursum contendere iussi.
AENEIDOS
lamque
fere
LIB. V.
147
835
mediam
caeli 'Nox
umida metam
quiete
membra
cum
te,
Somnus ab
astris
insonti,
alta,
Phorbanti
*
Pone caput fessosque oculos furare labori. Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.'
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur
:
845
'Mene
salis placidi
ignorare iubes ?
fallacibus auris,
nusquam amittebat ^ oculosque sub astra tenebat. Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem
vicjue
855
artus,
cumque gubernaclo
subibat,
amittehdt.
148
difficilis
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
865
cum
nimium caelo et pelago confise sereno, nudus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis harena/
'
870
AENEIDOS
LIBER
The landing
at
yi.
Cumae.
Sic fatur lacrimans classique iininittit habenas, \/-^^^^ adlabitur oris. et tandera Euboicis
Cumamm
Obvertunt pelago proras, tum dente tenaci ancora fundabat navis, et litora curvae
praetexunt puppes.
litus in
Hesperium
abstrusa in venis
silicis,
At
antrum iramane,
petit,
magnam
cui
mentem animumque
Delius inspirat vates aperitque futura. lam subeunt Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta.
The temple-sculptures.
The summons of the
Sihyl.
t
ru^^Hy^
13
insuetum per
ad arctos
Cbalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce. Eedditus his primuni terris tibi, Phoebe, sacravit
150
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
;
tum
pende-re poenas
20
!)
septena quotannis
amor
Pasiphae raixtumque genus prolesque biformis Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae
hic labor
ille
domus
l
et inextricabilis error
magnura
reginafi_sed
FiG. 26.
ambagesque
resolvit,
30
filo vestigia.
Tu quoque magnam
dolor, Icare, haberes
manus.
Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi Non hoc ista sibi ^ tempus spectacula poscit
'
1.
oinnia
V*
with
consonantal.
c
2.
slbl.
AENEIDOS
LIB- VI.
151
nunc grege de intacto septem mactare iuvencos praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentis.'
Talibus adfata Aenean (nec sacra morantur
iussa viri) Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.
40
,^
'^
FiG. 27.
The Cumaeax
is felt.
Sibyl.
Tlie gocfs
presence
Aeneas''^ prayer
and vow.
Excisum Euboicae
quo
lati
Ventum
tempus'
cum
virgo,
'
Poscere.fata
45
152
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
iam propiore
Tros/
ait,
'
dei.
Aenea ?
Cessas ?
attonitae
conticuit.
magna
ora domus.'
ossa tremor,
'
manusque
te
penitusque repostas
60
Massylum gentis praetentaque Syrtibus arva; iam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras
hac Troiana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta.
65
regna meis
fatis)
Tum
Phoebo
et
Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia Hic ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata dicta meae genti ponam, lectosque sacrabo,
alma, viros.
Foliis
nostris.
Finem dedit
ore loqiiendi.
AENEIDOS
LIB. VI.
153
Sihyl.
At Phoebi nondum
bacchatur vates,
excussisse
patiens,
si
immanis
ille
in antro
magnum
;
pectore possit
fatigat
80
deum
tanto magis
Ostia iamque
85
Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. ISTon Simois tibi nec Xanthus nec Dorica castra" defuerint alius Latio iam partus Achilles,
;
natus et ipse dea; nec Teucris addita luno usquam aberit, cum tu supplex in rebus egenis
90
quas gentis Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes Causa mali tanti coniunx iterum hospita Teucris
!
Tu
ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, quam tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis,
95
quod minime
reris,
Cumaea
Sibylla
ea frena furenti
100
Ut primum
i.
154
incipit
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
:
^Non
ulla laborum,
o virgo,
omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi. Unum oro: quando hic inferni ianua regis
dicitur et tenebrosa pahis Achercnte refuso,
ire
ad conspectum
;
contingat
lio
meum
mecum
/
115
Gnatique patrisque,
namque omuia,'nec
te
nequiquam hicis Hecate praefecit Avernis). Si potuit Manis arcessere coniugis Orpheus
Threicia fretus cithara lidibusque canoris
si
120
fratrem
PoUux
quid
memorem Alciden ?
Tahbus orabat
cum
125
sed revocare
auras,
W H
^
00
AENEIDOS
*
LIB. VI.
silva^,
155
Quod
si
si
tanta cupido
135
aureus et
foliis et lento
vimin6 ramus,
;
bunc
tegit
omnis
140
auricomos quam qui decerpserit arbore fetus. Hoc sibi pulclira suum ferri Proserpina munus
instituit
;
deficit alter
Ergo
carpe
si te
repertum
145
manu
namque
;
fata vocant
aliter
non viribus
tibi
uilis
corpus amici
150
(heu nescis) totamque incestat funere classem, dum consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes.
et
conde sepulchro.
i^
"
Duc
Sic
nigras pecudes
demum
'aspicies.'
ore.
^A
155
He
Two
hough.
doves lead
him
to the
golden
Aeneas maesto
defixus> lumina.voltu
156
P.
YERGILI MARONIS
Cui fidus Achates
comes
Multa
sermone serebant,
16a
quem socium exanimem vates, quod corpus liumandum diceret. Atque illi Misenum in litore sicco,
ut venere, vjdent indigna morte peremptnm,
Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter aere ciere viros Martemque accendere cantu.
Hectoris hic magni fuerat comes, Hectora circum
et lituo
165
et hasta.
Postquam illum vita victor spoliavit Achilles, Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimus heros addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus.
'
170
dum
credere
dignum
est,
Tum
iussa Sibyllae,
flentes
aramque sepulchri
procumbunt
180
robur
montibus ornos.
inter talia
primus
Atque haec ipse wuo tristi cum corde vohitat, aspectans silvam immensam, et sic forte precatur: * Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus
185
AENEIDOS LIB.
Dstendat nemore in tanto
!
VI.
157
heu nimium de
Vix ea fatus
erat,
Tum maximus
heros
:_
Este duces
o, si
dirigite in lucos,
qua via est, cursumque pep auras ubi pinguem dives opacat
195
ramus humum.
diva parens.'
Tuque o dubiis ne
defice rebus,
Pascentes
illae
quantum
acie
200
Inde ubi venere ad fauces grave olentis Averni, tollunt se celeres liquidumque per aera lapsae
sedibus optatis gemina super arbore sidunt,
discolor
refulsit.
205
Quale solet
opaca
cunctantem
et vatis portat
Kec minus
Principio
interea
Misenum
in litore Teucri
suprema ferebant.
atris
215
pinguem
158
P.
VERGILl MARONIS
Pars calidos
Fit gemitus.
latices et
Tum membra
220
Congesta cremantur
225
et
flamma
quievit,
Idem
ter socios
At pius Aeneas
imponit, suaque
monte sub
i
\
aerio,
dicitur,
His
actis
nemorumque
tenebris,
funde locuui
Quattuor
liic
(Jrai
AENEIDOS
LIB. YI.
i(59\
et
245
Supponunt
alii
cultros
tepidumque cruorem
succipiunt pateris.
agnam
sorori
250
Proserpina, vaccara.
Tum
et solida imponit
pingue super
solis et ortus
umbram,
adventante dea.
'
jl
Procul
o,
conclamat vates, 'totoque absistite luco; tuque invade viam vaginaque eripe f errum
260
firmo.'
Tantum
ille
immisit aperto
Di, quibus
et
sit
imperium
est
animarum, umbraeque
late,
silentes
265
Chaos
et
sit
numine vestro
-fU^'**-'^'^-^*''^^
umbram
et
inania regna,
1.
super.
160
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
270
Metus
et
terribiles
^ferreique
Eumenidum thalami
vittis
et Discordia
demens,
280
vipereum crinem
innexa cruentis.
r
" Gorgons and Hydras and Chimaeras direy
In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia volgo
vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum,
Centauri in foribus stabulant ScyUaeque biformes
285
centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae, horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera, Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae.
et
290
ni docta
admoneat
ferrei.
AENEIDOS
The road leading
to
LIB. VI.
ghosts.
161
Acheron.
Hinc
via, Tartarei
295
omnem Cocyto
M'HfflIfflK!MliMlM.HW'ffl/iE'iM/'l
FiG. 29.
Charon.
terribili squalore
lumina flamma,
30fl
cumba,
iam
senior, sed
Huc omnis
matres atque
magnanimum heroum,
162
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
quam multa
in silvis
annus
pontum fugat
et terris
immittit apricis.
Navita sed
tristis
accipit illos,
315
ait,
'
ad
amnem
?
longaeva sacerdos:
proles,
numen.
inhumataque turba
est
;
cernis, inops
325
quam
Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt.'
Constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit,
330
^.
Thc
tale
of ralinurus
Leucaspim
quos
siniTil
et
AENEIDOS
obruit Auster, aqua involvens
LIB. VI.
163
virosque.
navemque
Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, qui Libyco nuper cursu, clum sidera servat,
exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis.
Hunc
maestum cognovit
:
in
umbra,
340
sic prior
adloquitur
'
Quis
te,
Palinure,
deorum
eripuit nobis
Dic age.
medioque sub aequore mersit ? ;N"amque mihi,^ fallax haud ante repertus,
animum
delusit Apollo,
345
venturum Ausonios.
Ille
En
liaec
promissa
fides est ?
autem
'
Neque
mersit.
vi forte revolsum,
350
haerebam custos cursusque regebam, Maria aspera iuro praecipitans traxi mecum.
quam
355
me
violentus aqua
prospexi Italiam
summa
madida cum veste gravatum, prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera montis, ferro invasisset praedamque ignara putasset.
Nunc me fluctus habet versantque in litore venti. Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras,
per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis
1.
luli,
mihl.
164
eripe
inice
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
malis
:
me
his, invicte,
365
aut
tu, si
quam tibi
diva creatrix
numine divum
undas,
370
da dextram niisero
et
tecum me
tolle per
cum
talia vates
^
Unde liaec, o Palinure, tibi tam dira cupido ? Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum Eumenidum aspicies ripamve iniussus adibis ? Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando.
Sed cape dicta memor, duri solacia casus
'-^
375
nam
tumulum
et
380
pulsusque parumper
corde dolor
Charon, on seeing the golden hough, ferries them across the Styx,
Ergo
iter
'Quisquis
y\
telidis,
iam
istinc, et
comprime gressum.
3130
Umbrarum
tibi.
AENEIDOS
Kec vero
clis
LIB, YI.
165
Alcideii
me
suin laetatus
euntem
quamquam
ille
Tartareum
hi
mauu custodem
in vincla petivit,
395
trementem
dominam
FiG. 30.
Amphrysia vates
400
movet tantae
pietatis imago,
405
166
at
'
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
*adgnoscas/VTumida ex
iSTec
tum corda
residunt.
plura
his.
Ille
tempore visum,
410
Inde
alias animas,
ingentem Aeneam.
sutilis et
multam
Tandem
immanis
in antro.-
corripit
fame rabida tria guttura pandens obiectam atque immania terga resolvit
Ille
1
425
et ingens
infantumque animae
flentes, in
limine primo
quos dulcis vitae exsortis et ab ubere raptos abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo..
Hos
430
alveo.
AENEIDOS
JSTec
LIB. VI.
167
sedes
(^ f
i
ille
silentum
discit.
letum
435
^
jp
Quam
nunc
et
pauperiem
Fas obstat tristique palus inamabilis unda alligat et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
The Mourning Fields,
loith
theirfair icomen,
Nec
omnem
440
Lu^entes Campi
Hic, quos durus
sic illos
nomine dicunt.
amor
myrtea circum
445
silva tegit
monstrantem volnera, cernit, Euadnenque et Pasiphaen; his Laodamia it comes'et iuvenis quondam, nunc femina, Caeneus
crudelis nati
>
45C
Quam
Troius heros
ut
primum
obscuram, qualem primo^cLui surgere mense aut videt aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam,
demisit lacrimas dulcique adf atus amore est
'
455
Puneris heu
tibi
causa
f ui ?
Per sidera
iuro.
168
per superos, et
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
tellure sub
si qiia fides
ima
est,
460
ire
per umbras,
liunc
tantum
fugis ?
me
Siste
Quem
Extremum
fato,
quod
te adloquor,
hoc
est.'
animum lacrimasque
ciebat.
470
quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. Tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit in nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi pristinus
Nec minus Aeneas, casu concussus
iniquo,
illi
iter.
Hic
illi
Hic multum
ingemuit,
tris
fleti
Dardanidae, quos
Idaeumque etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. Circumstant animae dextra laevaque frequentes.
AENEIDOS
Nec
vidisse semel satis est
;
LIB. YI.
ItJi^
et conferre
gradum
et
Agamemnoniaeque phalanges, ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, ingenti trej)idare metu pars vertere terga, ceu quondam petiere rates pars tollere vocem
proceres
:
At Danaum
490
of Deipliohus.
Atque hic Priamiden laniatum corpore toto Deiphobum vidit, lacerum crudeliter ora,
ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis
495
500
tam crudelis optavit sumere poenas ? Cui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum
quis
Tunc egomet tumulum Ehoeteo litore inanem constitui et magna Manis ter voce vocavi. Nomen et arma locum servant te,^ amice, nequivi
;
505
Ad
quae Priamides
'
Nihil o
tibi,
amice, relictum
omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. Sed me fata mea et scehis exitiale Lacaenae
his mersere malis
;
510
illa
Namque
amice
semi-liiatus.
170
egerimus, nosti
;
P.
et
VERGILI MARONIS
est.
Cum
fatalis
613
Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo, illa, chorum simulans, euliantis orgia circum ducebat Plirygias flammam media ipsa tenebat ingentem et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. Tum nie, confectum curis somnoque gravatum,
;
620
Menelaum
et
limina pandit,
525
magnum
?
sperans fore
munus amanti
et
famam
Quid moror
fH
530
Sed
te qui
vivum
attulerint.
an monitu divum ?
An
quae
te f ortuna f atigat,
sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis iam medium aetherio cursu traiecerat axem et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus,
vice
;
Hac
635
'Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo ducimus horas. Hic locus est, partis ubi sc via flndit in ambas: dextera quae Ditis magni sub nu)onia tendit, hac iter P^lysium nobis at laeva malorum
;
640
AENEIDOS
Deiphobus contra
discedam, explebo
I decus,
i,
:
LIB. VI.
171
'^e
saevi,
magna
sacerdos
numerum reddarque
;
tenebris.
545
nostrum
melioribus utere
fatis.'
Tantum
effatus, et in
verbo vestigia
torsit.
9
moenia
quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, Tartareus Phlegetbon, torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adyersa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnae,
vis ut nulla virum,
non
caelicolae valeant
ad auras,
555
Tisipboneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque.
et saeva sonare
tum
^Quae scelerum
urgentur poenis
Tum
sed
<
Dux
inclute
Teucrum,
;
,
Hecate praefecit Avernis, ipsa deum poenas docuit perque omni i duxit. Gnosius haec Pvhadamanthus habet durissima regna
me cum
lucis
563
quae quis apud superos, furto laetati.s inani, distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem.
Continuo sontis ultrix accincta flage^lo Tisiphone 'quatit insultans, torvosque sinistra
57(1
172
P.
VERGILI MAKONIS
Tum demum
panduntur portae.
Quinquaginta
Tum
Tartarus ipse
Hic
et
magnum
rescindere caelum
Vidi et crudelis
-O'-^'
685
dum flammas
Quattuor hic invectus equis et lampada quassans per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem
ibat ovans
divumque
sibi
poscebat lionorem,
690
et
At
contorsit,
non
ille
Kec non
et Tityon,
595
novem
600
sibl.
AENEIDOS
Quid memorem
LIB. VI.
Hh
^
imminet adsimilis
aurea fulcra
regifico
toris,
;
? ''Lucent
genialibus altis
exsurgitque'facem attollens atque intonat ore. Hic quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat,
pulsatusve parens, et
f raus injnexa clienti,
610
nec partem posuere suis (quae maxima turba est), quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti
impia nec
inclusi
veriti
dominorum
exspectant.
fallere dextras,
jSTe
poenam
quaere doceri,
mersit.
^615
quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum
districti
pendent
;
infelix Tlieseus
Phlegyasque miserrimus omnis admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras " Discite iustitiam moniti et non temnere divos.^
:
620
fixit
thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos ausi oinnes immane nefas ausoque potiti. ISTon, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum,
ferrea vox, omnis scelerum comprendere formas^
62.5
cade7itique
v^ith -que
hYpevmetTicr
174
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
Haec iibi dicta declit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos, Sed iam age, earpe viaiii et susceptum perfice munus acceleremus, ait. Cyclopum educta caminis
' ' *
630
ramumque adverso
in limine figit.
His
demum
exactis, perfecto
munere
divae,
Fortunatorum
Nemorum
sedesque beatas.
640
membra
palaestris,
contendunt ludo
et fulva luctantur
harena
veste sacerdos
645
vocum
proles,
magnanimi
Arma
per
campum
pascuntur equi
AENEIDOS
armorumque
fuit vivis,
LIB. VI.
1T5
Conspicit ecce alios dextra laevaque per herbam vescentis laetumque clioro paeana canentis
passi,
a^J^iUCvi^^/
dym
vita manebat,
locuti,
artis,
Qr
*%JJLi>t4di
f
quique
pii vates et
Phoebo digna
/
x.
quique
sm memores
0^^\
'''^' ^^^S
Quos circumfusos
sic est
adfata Sibylla,
Musaeum
ante omnis;
quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? IUius ergo venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnis.'
670
Atque huic responsum imucis ita reddidit heros lucis habitamus opacis ^STulli certa domus
'
;
riparumque toros
incolimus.
Sed
hoc superate iugum, et facili iam tramite sistam.' Dixit et ante tulit gressum camposque nitentis
desuper ostentat; dehinc^
summa cacumina
linquunt.
.'
c(jnvalle virenti
680
176
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
685
vicit iter
dnrum
pietas ?
Datnr qra
tueri,
Sic
690
me mea
cnra
fefellit.
Qnas ego
te terras et
Quam
Ille
antem:
Tua me,
imago
695
Da
iungere dextram,
nostro.'
amplexu ne subtrahe
Sic
memorans
Ter conatns
ter frnstra
ibi
700
comprensa manns
effugit imago,
again on earth.
nemns et virgulta sonantia silvae Lethaeumque, domos pLacidas qni praenatat, amnem.
seclusujn
705
ibi.
AENEIUOS
LIB. YI.
l^T"?
circnm
mnrmnre campus.
71
Horrescit visu subito causasque requirit inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro,
quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. Tum pater AncMses 'Animae, qnibus altera fato
:
undam
715
securos latices et longa oblivia potant. Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram,
magis Italia
mecum
laetere reperta.'
anne aliquas ad caelum hinc ire putandum est sublimis animas iterumque ad tarda reverti
pater,
720
corpora ?
Quae
lucis miseris
te
'
The doctrine of
the
Principio caelum ac terras camposque liquentis lucentemque globum lunae Titaniaque astra
'
725
mens
molem et magno se corpore miscet. Inde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum, pontus. et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aeciuore
agitat
Igneus est
seminibus,
ollis
730
quantum non noxia corpora tardant terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra. Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auras
dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.
178
Quiii et
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
735
supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nec funditus omnes
corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est
multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris. ^i^^ Ergo exercentur poenis veterumque malorum
supplicia expendunt: aliae panduntur inanes
740
suspensae ad ventos,
aliis
mittimur Elysiura,
et pauci laeta
douec longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe concretam exeniit labem, purumque relinquit
aetherium sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem.
Has omnis, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fiuvium deus evocat agmine magno, scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant,
rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.^
750
H
Anchises points out the fiitnre heroes of Bome.
tumulum
^Nunc
capit,
^*^"^^'
755
Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras expediam dictis et te tua fata docebo.
Ille, vides,
760
primus ad auras
AENEIDOS
Silvius, Albaniiin
LIB. VI.
proles,
179
longaevo serum Lavinia coniunx educet silvis regem regumque parentem, unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba.
quem
tibi
765
Proximus
et
ille
Capys
et
Numitor
et,
egregius, si
umquam regnandam
!
'
770
Quantas ostentant, aspice, viris, Qui iuvenes atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu Hi tibi ISTomentum et Gabios urbemque Pidenam,
hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces,
Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. Haec tum nomina erunt, nutic sunt sine nomine terrae. J
Bomulus and Augustus
Caesar.
775
avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Eomulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater Viden, ut geminae stant vertice cristae educet.
Quin
et
superum
780
En
Roma
imperium
septemque una sibi^ muro circumdabit arces, qualis Berecyntia mater felix prole virum
:
invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes,
785
omnis
omnis supera alta tenentis. Huc geminas nunc flecte acies, lianc aspice gentem Komanosque tuos. Hic Caesar et omnis luli
caelicolas,
1.
Numitor.
2. sihl.
180
progenies,
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
axem.
790
magnum
^
Hic
vir,
hic
est, tibi
quem
'FiG. 31.
Cybele
turrita.
79fl
axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum). Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna responsis horrent divum et Maeotia telhis
et
Nili.
Ji
800
telhiris obivit,
1.
hic.
m
U>
H
oo
<
o
;zi
O
H
K O
o H O M O a
h-l (13
o
<i
co
AENEIDOS
I
LIB. YI.
181
fixerit
aeripedem cervam
licet,
aut Erymanthi
pacarit nemora, et
Lernam
tremefecerit arcu,
flectit
habenis
805
Nysae de
vertice tigris.
Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra ?
The kings of Bome, and heroes ofthe Bepuhlic.
Quis procul
sacra f erens ?
regis
ille
Nosco
incanaque menta
810
agmina.
Quem
815
nova
bella moventis
820
utcumque ferent ea facta minores vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. Quin Decios Drusosque procul s'aevumque securi
infelix,
:
aspice
Torqnatum
et
825
dum
nocte premuntur,
182
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
lumina vitae
830
se bellum, si
r
FlG, 33.
meus
835
Ille
eruet
ille
magne
te,
Cosse, relinquat?
belli,
Fabricium vel
te sulco, Serrane,
serentem?
ille es,
Quo fessum
Excudent
rapitis,
Fabii ?
Tu IMaximus
84o
restituis rem.
marmore voltus;
850
Romane, memento
AEXEIDOS
LIB. VI.
183
Bome.
855
Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet eques, sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem,
tertiaque
arma
Atque hic Aeneas (una namque ire videbat egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus.armis,
sed frons laeta parum et deiecto lumina voltu)
^
:
Quis, pater,
ille,
virum qui
sic
comitatur euntem ?
?
865
Eilius,
Quantum
instar in ipso!
tristi
circumvolat umbra.'
Tum
^
Ostendent
hunc tantum
vobis
fata,
nec ultra
870
esse sinent.
Nimium
Eomana propago
si
dona fuissent.
Quantos
funera,
ille
cum tumuhim
Iliaca
Nec puer
in
ullo se
tantum spe
Eomula quondam
tantum tellus iactabit alumno. Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello dextera! Non illi se quisquam impune tulisset
184
P.
VERGILI MARONIS
FiG. 34.
Heu
miserande puer,
!
si
Manibus date lilia plenis, purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis his saltem accumulem donis et fungar inani
tu Marcellus eris
885
munere.'
aeris in
campis
Quae postquam Ancliises natum per singula duxit incenditque animum famae venientis amore, exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini, et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem
Aencas and
tlie
890
Sihyl return to
tlie
npper world.
qua
AENEIDOS
LIB. VI.
185
895
viam secat ad navis sociosque revisit tum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. Ancora de prora iacitur stant litore puppes.
ille
;
900
NOTES
A. = Allen and Greenough's New Grammatical References Latin Grammar ; B. = Bennetfs Latin Grammar ; G. = Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar ; H. = IIarkness's Complete Latln Gram' mar; H. & B. = Hale aud Buck's Latin Grammar.
:
BOOK
The four
quondam
gracili modulatus
avena
carmen,
et
gratum opus
agricolis
at
On
modulatus
Eclogues.
sc.
sum, tuned
my
song.
The
line refers to
the
egressus silvis i.e. leaving pastoral poetry. vicina coegi, etc. constrained the neighhoring jields to serve tke husbandman, however grasping. This refers to the Georgics. opus accusative in apposition with the sentence. A. 397, f
:
:
G. 324
lines
H. & B. 395. horrentia this word, agreeing with arma, shows that these
;
:
foiir
were written as introductory to the Aeneid. They were quite probably Qomposed by Yirgil, when entering upon the composition of the poem, but rejected by his literary executors in accordance with the poefs more mature jadgment. In antiquity
187
188
NOTES
Lines 1-7.
The
Poet's Theme.
The poem is an epic of war (arma), and its hero (virum) is a Trojan, who, working out the destiny (fato) of his people, notwithstanding terrible trials due to unfriendly gods (vi superum), reached Italy (Italiam), andfouaided the Roman race (Romae). Tlie ernphasis of this stately exordium culminates in Romae, but note the several important ideas which it suggests for an understanding of the poem as a whole.
probably no words are more commonly cited from the Latin classics than these. To take two examples, they supply a title for Thackeray's Virginians, Vol. II. ch. 14, and for
1.
:
arma virumque
According to tradition, Antenor had already founded Patavium (Padua) in Cisalpine Gaul, which was not included in Italy until 42 b.c, but the fact is unimportant, and had nothing to do with the Roman race. 2. Italiam acc. of the limit of motion. In prose a preposition (ad or in) would be required. A. 428, g; B. 182, 4; G. 337, n. 1 H. 419, 3 H. & B. 385, c. fato belongs to both profugus and venit. Laviniaque venit litora note how the more general exuntil line
:
:
name
the hero
is
not men-
pression (Italiam)
is
litora^,
the sense being the Lavinian shores of Italy. The region about Lavinium is Latium, the name Lavinium being due to Lavinia,
daughter of Latinus, and wife of Aeneas. Lavinia is pronounced Lavinya, i (before the a) being treated as a consonant A. 603, c, n. B. 367, 4 G. 723 H. 733, 3, n. 2 H. & B. 656, 2. alto much hnffeted he both hy land and sea, 3. multum
;
multum
einpliasis.
alto
is
used adverbially.
of
1,
ille
repeats
finite verb.
and
are
ablatives
tlie
place where,
1
;
without a preposition
II.
A. 429, 4; B. 228,
d; G. 385, n.
H. 485, 3;
&
B. 433, a.
BOOK
4.
189
superum
Poetry delights in
emphatic.
much
trouble to Aeneas
was no vis hiimana, but a vis divina. saevae memorem lunonis ob iram note the artistic arrangement, by which both adjectives
:
much
too
having suffered
These words find their best commentary in the second half of the poem, which tells the story of Aeneas's wardum conderet urbem ere he might found fare on Italian soih The dum clause expresses the object kept in view throughhis city. A. 553; B. 310, I; G. 572; H. 603, II, 2 H. & B. 507, 5. out. i.e. the Penates, the gods of the Trojan state, whose 6. deos images Aeneas carried away from Troy. Latio dative with a verb of motion. A. 428, h B. 193 G. 358 H. 419, 4 H. & B. From this word a locative expression is to be supplied with 375. conderet, for the iirbs is to be in Latio. unde = e quo, and referring back to virum, the main subject of thought throughout the paragraph. In Aeneas, of course, are embraced his followers. Lati:
num
iiame Latini to the united Trojans and Latins. So in XII. 837, Jupiter assures Juno faciamque omnis uno ore Latinos, I will make
them
7.
all
Albani patres many of the great senatorial families of Bome, including the Julii, claimed descent from the families of Alba Longa. Romae note the reference to the three stages of Lavinium founded by Aeneas, Alba Longa by Ascanius, growth Rome by Romulus and Remus.
:
(In the opening verse " our author seems to sound a charge, and bescarce a word without an r, like the clangor of a trumpet gins (Dryden). Note the sonorous" part, the greater for the vowels, and Rnd in superuin saevae ; alliterative effects in Laviniaque vejiit litora, the prominence of the t sound in hne 3, emphasizing the thought the midta ; and the rhetorical repetition, called anaphora, in midtum abundance of connectives in lines 3 and 5, suggesting an abundance Especially effective is the last verse of material for poetic treatment. with its rich vowel sounds.)
190
NOTES
Lines 8-11.
So the ^[use
Odijssey.
is
Cf.
*** *****
!
"
mihi:
the
final vowel.
wliat
ablative absoUite.
the goddess's
wish, or purpose
greater than
deum =
the virtue most characteristic of the hero. See tot adire labores toface so viamj toils. The expres:
:
acomparison with Hercules, the hero of twelve hibors, and such a comparison runs through the epic. Both Hercules and Aeneas were persecuted by Jujio, botli explored the world and founded cities, both visited Hades alive, and both were deified. 11. impulerit subjunctive of indirect question. A. 573 ff. 1. 30U G. 467 II. 649, II H. & B. 537, b. irae sc. sunt. The phiral of an abstract noun may give an idea of abundance. Translate as angry passions. For the thought, cf IMilton, Paradise Lost 6, 788
siou suggests
: :
*'
"
Lines 12-33.
antiqua
tense is
The
fuit iras. not is. from the poefs point of view. Tyrii expressive. So in II. 325, fuimus Troes.
:
:
BOOK
191
tenuere
A.
:
sc.
Italiam
:
contra
an instance
of
anastrophe.
is
640.
Tiberina ostia
followed
by.
the
longe modifying conira, facing Italy far away, Carthage and Rome being on opposite shores of the great Mediterranean Sea. 14. dives opum a poetical construction. A. 3i9, a, d; B. 20-i; G. 374 H. 452 H. & B. 347. On the commerce and wealth of
more
specific, as in 2.
Carthage,
see
]\Iommsen's History
of Rome,
VoL
11.
p.
27
f.
studiisque asperrima helli :siern in her pursuit ofwar, as seen in Ronie's great Punic wars. Latin often uses a superlative where
in the colder Englisli the positive
15.
is sufficient.
i.e,
terris
:
magis
omnibus
:
ierrarum
omnium
maxime.
unam
16.
posthabita Samo ablative absolute. On the island of Samos was a famous temple of Juno. In connecting Juno with Carthage, Virgil identifies her with the Phoenician Astarte (Ashtaroth). Note the hiatus in Samo hic, which is allowed because of the caesura and the break in the sense. A. 612, g; B. 366, 7, a; H. 733, 2 H. & B. 647. illius: thus often scanned in G. 720 arma Juno is spoken of in II. 614 as armed {ferro Virgil. She was thus sometimes represented in art. accincta). hoc described in IIomer's Iliad V. 720-731. 17. currus fovetque that this should he the capiial of ihe regnum The combination of nations is even then her aim and cherished hope.
; ;
:
tendii (intransitive)
andfovet (transitive) is a strong expression of hoc by desire, and so governs an accusative with the infinitive. attraction for hanc (urbem). A. 296, a; B. 246, 5; G. 211, 5; H. iam tum i.e. even H. & B. 326. si qua 396, 2 ifin any way.
:
time when Aeneas sailed from Troy (line 1). There is no ellipsis; en/m is retained 19. sed. eninw hut indeed. in certain expressions with its original force. 20. quae verteret ichich icould overihrow. The verb is used The subjunctive is due to in the sense of its compound everterei. indirect narration and represents a future indicative. A. 580; B.
at the
:
192
314, 2; G. 650; H. 643;
II.
NOTES
&
:
B. 534,
2.
arces
for urhejn,
and
is
is
populum
late
regem
is
tnade clear
and emphatic, but also because the poet thus glorifies the populus Romanus. late modifies the verbal idea vvhich is prominent in
:
regem
22.
(=
regnantem).
: :
excidio dative of purpose. Libyae possibly dative, but more probably genitive, as Servius ^ took it. sic volvere Parcas so
:
unwind,
i.e.
belli
i.e.
:
24.
prima
Jirst,
old,
and
having an adverbial
25.
vs^ar.
this
plural, cf.
11.
dolores
for causae
irarum,
which are
:
set forth
in
26-28;
lier
cf.
note on
alta
mente repostum
:
deeply stored in
mind, literally,
in her deep
mind ; repostum for repositum by syncope. 27. iudicium Paridis the famous judgment of the Trojan Paris, who awarded the golden apple, " ingrav'n for the most fair,' " to Venus, her rivals being Juno and Minerva. See Tennyson's Oenone. spretaeque iniuria formae the ivrong of slighting
' :
her
heautij.
The second
is
lialf of
first.
The
;
genitive formae
440, 4;
appositional.
341.
A. 343, d
B. 202
G. 361
II.
A. 497; H. 636, 4; H. & B. 608, 2. The expression has become proverbial. Thus ^lrs. Humphry Ward, speaking of a young woman who took offence at the way her portrait was painted, says " It was an odd variety
H. & B.
For
spretae, see
genus invisum
thehatefulrace,ovherhatredfort]ierace.
froni Dardanus, the son of Jupiter
Tt
and
Rervius was an ancieiit commciitalur ou Virgil and lived in the fourtb cen tury of the Empire.
BOOK
Electra, Judo's rival.
193
:
rapti
Ganymedis honores
Trojan youth,
;
the honors o)
whom au
eagle
carried
in a
ofl:
to
Oljmpus
to be Jove's cupbearer
rapti is here
used
good
sense.
:
accensa super injiamed hy these (causes) besides. The construction of 23 is resumed after the parenthesis. iactatos as
29. his
:
iactatus in 3.
30.
66,
left
Troas a Greek accusative form. A. 81, 5; B. 47, 3; G, 4 H. 109, 5 H. & B. 95. reliquias Danaum the remnants
:
hy the Greeks.
Danaum
is
subjective genitive.
cf.
supervm,
is
4.
In reliquias the
syllable
is
to appear in hexameters.
Latio: ablative of separaA. 428, tion, without preposition. g; B. 214; G. 390, 2; H. 466;
31.
H. & B. 410,
32.
i.e.
2.
actifatis: drivenhythefates,
The
FiG. 35.
fates drive
cf.
note on Italiam
tantae molis
;
so vast a loorh
it
ivas.
A. 343, c
B. 203,
1,
5; G. 366
H. 447, 3
H. & B. 340.
(This paragraiDh, being expository, is comparatively free from artishic hoc) Note, however, the aiiaphora (Jiic retinements. after the foot diaeresis second with the strong combined 16 and in 17, (tum tendit), 26 (manet 18 . Alliterations are rare, but see in 17. The three slow spondees at the beginmente), and 31 (longe Latio). ning of 32, combined with the open a sounds of the line, are picturesque, and the complete sentence in 33, summarizing the main theme of the poem, makes a powerful and effective close.)
tic
.
194
NOTES
Lines 34-49.
JUNO PLANS
TIIE
In true epic fashion, the poet plunges at once medias res. Aeneas has already reached Sicily and is now setting sail for Italy. His earlier adventures are recounted by the hero hiniself in the second and third books. Cf. other epics in this respect.
35.
dabant:
loere
spreading.
:
The
iniperfect
is
j)icturesque.
spumas
salis aere
ruebant
aere
:
ruebant
were
used transitively in poetry. 36. aeternum volnus i.e. the undying hatred explained in *the previous paragraph. sub pectore deep down in.Jier heart.
ruere
: :
may be
37.
haec secum
incepto,
oftenomitted.
mene
etc.
What ! I
;
mene
desistere
the intiuie.g.
their brains
enemy in their mouths to steal away " (Shakespeare, Othello). A. 462 ; B. 334 G. 531
;
H. 616,3; H.
38.
& B. Teucrorum
:
596.
:
quippe ironical, douhtless. Pallasne -ne is used where nwn might have been expected, Sureli/ Pallas could not hurn up the /leet? She surely could not do what I liave failed to accomplish. 40. Argivum = Argivorwn ; cf. superum, 4, Danaum, 30. ipsos
39.
:
ihe
41.
unius: of one
alone, as
opposed to
illius, 16.
ipsos,
number
of
meu.
Aiacis
the
ei
is
one syllable b}'- synizesis. A. 603, c, 733; U. & k\]'^H. The second half
cf.
27.
On
iu the
sauctuary of Minerva.
The
BOOK
goddess, in anger, destroyed
Greece.
42.
195
him
when returning
to
ipsa
loith
her
ignem
. .
.
the lightning.
44.
-que illum
-que
et
et,
both
and.
him, hoioever.
enough.
;
The asyndeton
A. 640 B. 34(3 G. 473 H. 657, 6 H. & B. 305, I, a. transfixo with the thunderbolt. impaled on a sharp rock. 45. scopulo infixit acuto an archaic f orm, and furnishing a long syllable instead 46. ast
forcible.
;
of the short
at.
It is
'
incedo
'
stately tread
(Milton).
The word
is
picturesque, denot-
ing stateliness or majesty of movement. Minerva was only a daughter of et soror et coniunx 47.
:
Jupiter's.
bella: the plural in accord with the idea of many varied attempts to effect the destruction of the Trojans. et introduces
48.
:
Trelawney quisquam used in a question when a negative answer is die ? " H. & B. 276, 7. G. 317, 1; H. 513 expected. A. 312; B. 252, 4 lunonis more effective than m.eum here. adorat a present for a
an indignant question.
:
So in Engiish
<'
And
shall
f uture tense,
which
sacrijice,
;
by metonymy,
B. 632,
9.
confers honor.
A. 641
H. 752, 3
H.
&
(In the above paragraph, note the slow spondaic rhythm of several of the hnes, notably 36 and 37, in which some terrible experience for the hero is suggested. Eapid action is imphed by the dactylic rhythm of 42 and 45, to which the spondaic rhythm of 44 stands in sharp
contrast.
Lines 50-64.
nimborum
the
storm-winds.
They
are
regarded
ai
persons,
are gov-
196
:
NOTES
erned by a king. Austris s^outh loinds. Poetry prefers specific rather than general ternis. Here ventu might have been used cf
;
Aeoliam:
identified
Sicily.
by Virgil with
volcanic
In Honier, Aeolus dwells in a floating island. (The student should compare Homer's account of Aeolus, at the beginning of Odyssey X, with Virgirs.) antro ablative of place with preposition omitted. Cf. note on
:
islands north of
terris
and
alto,
3.
The word
is
lunca, 60.
picturesque line, sound and sense in harmony. with prison honds, or the restraint of a 54. vinclis et carcere The use of two parallel siniple expressions for one prison.
53.
:
complex phrase
(
is
called hendiadys
vinclis
of actual chains.
The
-early
form (vinclum)
;
used,
vincuUs
w
55.
illi
winds)
cf.
magno
note the expressive alliteration with m. circum claustra the poet probably has in mind the 56. Roman chariot races, the horses being confined behind the barriers
:
movnenb of starting, when they swept fortli like a whirlwind cf. Aeneid V, 144-7, or Georgics I, 512-4. celsa arce like a Greelc tyrant, Aeolus occupies a citadel on lofty ground overuntil the
;
:
sceptra
tlie
singukar
cf
irarum, 25.
syllabh^. for
to substitute
ashort
58.
ni faciat:
Tlie condi'
regarded as still possible of fulfibuent. The form of the condition contrary to fact might havo been used, but would have been less vivid.
tioii is
60.
pater omnipotens
Jupiter.
speluncis
cf.
note on antro,
52.
61.
molem
:
hendiadys
Alliteration and
BOOK
62.
:
191
foedere certo Explained by under a jixed covenant. iussus, for only when bidden was he to release theni. The ablative is *a form of the modal ablative. A. 418, a; B. 220, 3 G. 399 H. 475, 3; H. & B. 445. to tigJiten and loosen tlie 63. premere et laxas dare habenas
;
reins.
sciret
(This paragraph well illustrates the accommodation of sound to We have alliteration in 51 (feta furentibus) In 5.3 the slow seuse. spondaic rhythm, combined withthe t and s consonants, is imitative of the sounds described. In 54, besides an alliterative effect in p and c sounds, there is an intentionally harsh rhythm, due to diaeresis after In 55, besides the laboring spondaic rhythm, we have double premit. alHteration (illi indignantes ; magno cum murmure montis). AlliterThe three successive bnes, 58, ation of c heiglitens the effect of 56. fashioned alike, having the same succession of dacexactly 59, 60, are tyls and spondees.)
.
Lines 65-80.
He
65.
namque
call) for.
Aeolus (on
vowel has its original quantity. Cf mihi, 8. divum = divorum. Cf note on superum, 4. rex monoHere it is probably due to his syllabic endings are rare in Yirgil. adopting the expression used by an older poet. 66. mulcere the infinitive is used like a direct object of dedit. Cf 79, 523. the mare Tuscum (or inferum), to the 67. Tyrrhenum aequor
thee
.
tlie
final
north of Sicily.
aequor
68.
is really
As
navigare
is,
an inner object.
:
Ilium portans victosque Penatis carrying tlie vanqiiisTied Penates 0/ Ilium (Troy). For the hendiadys, cf. 54, 61. For the meaning, cf. 6. 6g. incute vim ventis rouse the winds to fury ; literally, strike fury into the winds ; ventis is dative. A. 370, a; B. 187, III. 2; G. 347 H. 429, 1 H. & B. 376. submersas obrue sinh and over' whelm; a compressed idiomatic expression. In suhmersas we have an instance of prolepsis or anticipation. The form implies that
:
; ;
:
198
NOTES
it
follows.
'
A. 640i
&
B. 631, 11.
eos-
age diversos
sc.
(the
men),
clrive^
/%.'?^
liither
and
is"
The expression
literally drive the scattered ones, nieaning, so ihat they heconie scattered.
71.
praestanti corpore
;
A. 415, a
72.
B. 224
:
G. 400
forma
ablative of specification.
;
Deiopea
word
of five
sylhibles (De-i-o-pe-a)
the accusative,
is
:
conubio a trisylhible, with i consonantal (pronounced conuhyo). propriamque dicabo and make her thine forever. A variation on the first half of the line. Juno herself presided over
:
marriage as pronuha (cf. IV. 166). 75. pulchra prole parentem fatlier of afair offspring :
:
jyrole is
ablative of quality.
76.
haeccontra:
sc.
loquitur
:
ci.
tuus
quid optes explorare labor thine is the task to desire; i.e.her only task is to examine into her own
:
whether they should be entertained. in strong contrast to tuus ; thy part, my duty. 77. mihi 78. tu mihi in strong juxtaposition. quodcumque hoc regni this kingdom, such as I have. This expression is one of modesty. With ho(: understand est ; regni is a partitive genitive with hoc^ like sceptra: see note on 57. lovemque id temporis, 'that time.*
: : :
i.e.
79.
das accumbere
is
see note on 66
;
thou grantest
;
me apJace
II.
at;
epulis
A. 370 and a B. 187, ni;'G. 347 B. 376. Aeohis is one of the minor gods. 80. nimborum governed hy potentem ; see note on
dative.
:
429
II.
&
divcs
opum,
14.
(Alliterative effects are seen in 68, 69, 70, 75. The broken rhythin of 70, with thn'(i diaereses, accords with tlie violenco urgod by the speaker. Juno^s promise is emphasized by tlie spondaic beginning of three successive hnes, 72, 73, 74. The H<;hter opening of 71 and 75 is an artistic contrast. The anaphora in 78 and 71> {tu tu . tu) is strongly rhetorical. Line bU is very resonant, and makes an effective close.)
. . .
. .
BOOK
199
Lines 81-101.
A
3i. 82.
dicta
sc. sunt.
:
impulit in latus smote on its side. The spear-thriist opens the claustra (56). ac and lo ! more emphatic thaii et. velut agmine facto as tlwugh an ordered hand, a military expression agmine facto is an ablative absolute. porta exit. sc. est. 83. data The perfect (from they sweep doivn upon. 84. incubuere totum sc. mari: dative. incumbo) expresses rapid action.
: ;
mare.
Africus all the winds are abroad at once, a poetical hyperbole. ruunt upheave, creber procellis i-ich in storm transitive as in 35, unlike 83. For proceUis, see A. 409, a B. 218, 8 G. 405, 3 H. 477, Uasts.
85.
:
una
adverb.
Eurus
Notus
II; H.
87.
88.
&B.
:
425.
8g.
hroods over.
Xote the
and incumbere, 84. it thunders from pole 90. intonuere poli fect tense see note on incuhuere, 84.
:
to pole.
91.
viris
practically
=
:
eis,
^iiich
is
rare in verse.
solvuntur frigore
(Coleridge,
',
cold."
A ncient
Mariner.)
The
hero,
who
in this line is
named for the first tinie, is presented to us in a state of terror. Biit we must remember that Aeneas has passed through many previous perils, and uow faces death at a time when his goal seemed almost in sight, Moreover, on him depends the fate of a
whole race. See Introd. 34. A suppliant prayed 93. duplicis = amhas. hands, pahns upwards. See Fig. 48, p. 330.
with
extended
200
94.
NOTES
talia
voce
refert
thus crles,
literal]y,
utters
such
tJiings
Homer, Odyssey V.
95.
i,,.
.,
quis
;
quihus
A. 150,
c.
c"^
B. 89
,Gr.
:
105, N. 2
H.
182, footnote 3
H. & B.
140,
^.
oppetere
ac.
niortem
literally, /0
??2eei!
(death).
97.
Tydide
thou son
of
Tydeus,
i.e.
Diomedes.
c^se
of-.
Diomedes and Aeneas fought in singie combat before Troy, and Aeneas would have been slain but for the i^xterven^icyi .'non' of his divine mother. See Homer, //mrf V. 239 ff. mene potuisse ahlthat I coidd not ! Exclamatory infiniti^va ^onstrucapostrophe.
. .
:
tioii
cf.
note on 37.
occumbere
:
occumhere morti.
mies.
99.
saevus
:
te)'Tihle,
in
the
eyes of
ene-
Aeacidae
:
telo iacet
falls prostrate
under
the spear,
is
The
:
present tense
of
what
100.
is still
fresh in niemory.
ingens
mighty
stature.
Sarpedon king of the Lycians, and ally of the Trojans. He was slain by Patrockis, the companion of Achilles, and hi.-s body was taken to Lycia for buriah See Iliad XYI. 580 ff., 834 ff.
ubi tot Simois, etc. ichere the Simois hath caught up heneath his waves and sweeps onward so many shields and helms and hodies of the hrave. Cf Iliad XH. 22 ff., where, however, " the many shields and helms and generations of men half divine " had fallen in the dust
:
.
of the river-banks.
from Homer,
alliterations (81, 82, 83,86); the sharp diaeresis in 82 coincides with the violent act of Aeolus the leadinfj verbs in the description of the storm are placed with strongeffect at the beginning of the Hne (84, 87, 88, 90); an abundance of connectives (polysyndeton) is exprossive of the confusion of tlie eleinents (85, 87, 88); the nunierous syllables with
the r sound echo the din (87; cf. 83, 85), and the anaphora (99 and nhi is very rhetorical. Note the picturesque 100) of uhi nhi rhythni, especially of 86 and 92.)
.
. .
BOOK
201
Lines 102-123.
Increases.
Dative A. 378, 2; B. 188; G. 850; H. 425, 4; H. & B. of refeience. stridens Aquilone procella a gale howling from the north. 369. The winds mentioned above ^^ujYo^e, ablative of place whence.
iactanti
:
sc.
Aeneae
as
lie
more or less from the south. Now comes the counter-blast from the north. strikes the sail full in front ; adversa 103. velum adversa f erit (lit.facing) agrees v,'ith. pj^ocella, though adverbial in sense.
(85)
were
all
104.
avertit
dat latus presents the side {of the ship). cumulo in a aquae mons cf. note on rex, 65. Hert; heap^ modal ablative. the monosyllabic ending is onomatopoetic, being expressive of the
105.
: :
fall of
water.
hi
. . .
106.
his
some
to
others
the crews of
with
diiferent
the
surges seethe
sand
(Billis
son).
The sands
means.
:
ab-
lative of
108.
tris
i.e.
navis.
abreptas torquet
cf.
correpta
volvit
(100, 101).
109.
Aras
Altars,
name
given
to
rocky reef
off
the
African coast.
iio.
dorsum:
There are
at least
United States. See Century Atlas. on the shallows and sand banks. The III. in brevia et syrtis famous Syrtes (Gulfs of Cabes and Sidra), possibly referred to here, are considerably to the east of Carthage, but poets are often vague in their geographical references. miserabile visu misA. 397, f erahile is an accusative, in apposition with the sentence.
: :
G. 324; H.
&
B. 395.
For
visu, see
H.
635, 1
H. & B. 619.
202
113.
NOTES
unam
ipsius
sc.
navem.
Oronten
name
Aeiieas,
ing followers.
See Introd.
and
cf.
For the
a ver1;ice toppUng. The prepositional phrase is equivalent to an adjective and so qualifies a substantive. This use js comparatively rare, and is largely due to Greek influence.
ipsius, cf. illius, IG.
quantity of
excutitur: sc. e navi. pronusque magister volvitur in caput and the steersman is hurled forii^ird headlong, i.e. heud foremost.
115.
:
116. 117.
ast:
cf.
note on 46.
illam
:
the ship.
torquet agens circum whirls round and round ; circumhelongs to both verbs. 118. apparent rari men are seen here and there. An amusing application of this verse is made by Scott in his Heart of Mid:
and leather helmets. The addition of virum prevents us from taking arma the sense of armamenta, the gear of a ship.
119.
/.e.
armavirum:
light shields
120.
Ilionei
the
ei is
The
Ilioneus of
Homer
:
one syllable by synizesis see note, line 41. was killed in the Trojan AVar. So too Abas.
;
121.
122.
qua
i.e.
eam, qua.
vectus
vicit
hiems
laxis
laxatis,
the con-
is
which surrenders and receives its foes and inimicum. imbrem liere of the
:
rimis
(In this description, onomatopoetic effects are secured in stridens (102), of the hovvHng uale, and in rapidus vorat acjuore vertex (117), where the r and v s^hukIs are prouiinent. Dactylic and spondaic rhythins are used with artistic variation, cf. 104 with 105, Tlie latter line has a strong pause after tlie first foot, and closes with an abrupt monsyUable, in keepini,' witli tlie tlion-xht. Line lOG, aj]jain, has the spondaic rhytlan, wliich continues into 107, the latter half of which becomes dactylic, when the an^ry swirl is described. In 115 and IKJ the abrupt diaen^sis after the second foot aecords with the violenee depicted. The sluw spundaic movement of 118 is iu striking contrast
BOOK
203
with the accelerated rhythras which precedeand follow. Anaphora his ; 108-9, saxa . saxa ; 120, iam . (106, hi iam ; 121, et qua etqua) and alliteration (lOZ.feritfluctus; 122. laxis laterum ; 12:3, inimicum imhrem) are couspicuous both at the beginning and at the close of the paragraph.)
.
Lines 124-141.
magno
:
misceri
is
murmodal
mure
is
in the turmoil
of a loud
a
nproar;
ablative.
125.
murmure
emissam
stagna
at
sc.
:
sc. esse.
126.
still
icaters,
i.e.
the
water refusa
: :
great
depth.
esse,
upheaved.
vadis ablative of separation; A. 400; B. 214; G. 390, 2; H. 464 H. & B. 408 ff. alto pro;
spiciens
deep.
gazing
is
out
over the
alto
most
uaturally
taken as ablative of the place wliere. prospiciens is not a verb of motion, and tlie dative would mean, 'caring for the deep.'
127.
placidum caput
is
howoutwardly
:
caeli ruina
the
falUng
nec latuere, etc. nor did the wiles ofJuno escape her hrolher. As soon as he saw the Trojans, he knew what was wrong. Neptun^ and Juno w.ere cliildren of
130.
:
^aturn.
Fig. 3G.
Neptune.
204
131.
:
KOTES
dehinc one syllable, "by synizesis; cf. note on 120. tanta generis fiducia vestri note tlie careful chiastic
:
132.
order.
The
alliteration
:
in
tanta
tenuit
emphasizes the
iroiiy.
generis vestri
Astraeus,
who had rebelled against Jupiter. audetis i.e. unruly as you have been, do you 133. iam now dare ? caelum terramque miscere proverbial of general
.
. .
: :
iii
a literal sense.
meo
sine
numine
134.
without
commands of mine.
:
tantas tollere
:
moles
,
confusion.
We
in connection
with this very scene in V. 789. lohom Pll This is the most familiar 135. quos ego instance in Latin of the figure called aposiopesis, common in passionate outbursts. A. Q\l G. G91 H. 751, 1, n. 1 H. & B. 632, praestat it is hetter. 16. icith no adverb another time. non. simili poena 136. post
no mean city." rebuke. A. 326, c B. 375, 1 /.e. Aeohis. 137. regi vestro
citizen of
;
;
:
by the figure called litQtes The only poena at this time G. 700; H. 752, 8; H. & B.
;
cf.
"
is
the
1.
632,
138.
non
sorte
illi
According to the myth, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto divided the empire of their fatlier Saturu by
139.
:
datum
sc.
esse.
lot.
140.
vestras
it.
domos
yonrs.
se iactet
let
him lord
(In the above passage, tlie striking alHteration of the opening hne descriptive of the storm. The rhytlim of 127 is suggestive of the peaceful heariui^ of the liod. The slow openiui,^ of 128 accords well with the thou,t;ht. In 132 the dactylic rhythm indicates impatience. Note, too, the alHteration. In the next two Hnes the movement becomes slower, as the ^od's deep indiijnation tinds utterance. The very slow rliythm of 134 is accentuatcd l)y the (hiuble alHteration Note, too, the slow movemeut after tlie dactyl and strung (ahha). pause in 135.)
is
BOUK
20&
Lines 142-156.
He
142.
stills
the Waves.
i.e.
dicto citius
ere
liis
order waa
given.
144.
Cymothoe
Cf.
a Nereid or sea-nymph.
Triton
Neptune^a
truinpeter.
Wordsworth's
simul adnixus loith common effort. ipse the god himself. see 108. 145. navis i.e. makes a way through. 146. aperit and just as. ac connects the whole paragraph 148. ac veluti with what precedes. This famous simile, drawn from a Roman mob, is remarkable as ilkistrating nature (or a god of nature) by means of man, instead of the opposite. The central figure iu the picture is one with whom even a god may fitly be compared, and indicates the true Roman reverence for the great and good citizen. magno in populo in a great nation, such as Rome. animis in their minds ov inwardly. Local i-iot. 149. seditio
: :
ablative.
150. 151.
arma:
pietate
:
i.e.
:
thefaces
et
saxa,
goodness
or nohle character.
of the qualities
:
See
Introd.
5.
most admired by the Romans. si forte virum quem if haply some man. quem is the A. 149, b; indefinite pronoun often used after si, nisi, ne, num. B. 91, 5 G. 315 H. 186 H. & B. 276, 1. phiral, notwithstanding volgus (149), because 152. conspexere the individuals are thought of corresponding to veluti (148). aequora prospiciens 154. sic
graviias
gravem
was one
126-7.
genitor: so ISTeptune
is caWed.
pater in V. 14.
caeloque
invectus aperto: riding under a clear sky ; caelo, ablative of attendant circumstance. Neptune does not ride through the sky, but over the water. invectus has a present meaning. A. 491 B H. & B. 601, 2. 336, 5; G. 282, n. H. 640, 1
; ;
;
206
156.
NOTES
fleutit,
:
dat
historical
reins
to
presents.
his
cundo
form.
qicex (Jree)
willing
curru,
a dative
(Note the adaptation of sound to sense in the smootli line 147 and harsh verse 154. In the former tlie li(juid l is prominent, in the latter the liard c. In the former dactyls and spondees alternate (as also in 148, 153, 150), inthe latter the sudden pause at the end of the fourtli foot (bucolic diaeresis) empliasizes tlie pause in tlie action. In 152 uotethe striking alliteration and tlie prominence of the s sound.)
tlie
Lines 157-179.
defessi
:
de as prefix
is
intensive.
Aeneadae
extended
followers of Aeneas.
The patronymic
litora
is
;
is
used in an
seiise.
quae proxima
litora
sc.
sunt.
a nominative case
A. 307, b
:
B. 251, 4; G. 616;
descriptions.
The
x:)lace
here described
is
probably
Robert Louis Stevenson found its duplicate in the Bay of Oa in Tutuila (now American territory), which he describes as "a bay of thQ Aeneid'' and "Virgirs bay," where he "feasted on solitude, and overhanging woods, and the retiring
imaginary.
sea."
by Graham Balfour, pp. the chapter on South Sea Cruises.) secessu longo
(Life of Stevenson,
:
118, 120, in
:
in
a deep
portum efficit makes a perfect harhor. than facil. The island lies across the enti-ance
inlet.
effcit is
stronger
of tlie inlet.
ab alto cf. note on a vertice, 114. 161. inque sinus, etc. parts into receding ripples. So in Georgicfi IV. 420, wheie the wave daslies against a rocky sliore, and there is no inlet with retired nooks,' which is the sense given by some to sinus reductos here. The whole expression is a variation cn o7nnis
160.
: :
'
Cf. 27.
:
on either side
rupes
sc. sunt.
liire
BOOK
of rocky
cliffs (rupes')
207
terminates on.either side of the harbor in two similar (gemiiti) peaks or crags {scopuli). minantur in cae:
lum
looin
164.
still.
tum
introdiicing
a fresh
point
in
the
description.
silvis is
silvis
scaena
coruscis
quality.
The
scaena
is
Roman
theatre.
stage, the
coruscis is
sunlight.
dark with gloomy Virgil carefully contrasts the dark grove with the sunny shade. tree-tops. He was the son of a forester, and in many places sliows a deep interest in the woods. See Introd. 2. 166. fronte sub adversa under the brow (of the cliifs)/acm^
165.
:
horrentique,
one,
i.e.
167. 168.
dulces
fitly
i.e.
fresh.
vivo
:
natural,
i.e.
untouched by man.
nympharum domus
dwell there.
i.e.
nymphs
might
with a costly basin and beautiful surroundings, was known as a Nympheum. fessas navis by a natural personification the ships
:
We,
day speech, saying " she sails," etc. i6g. ancora a slight anachronism, as stones, not anchors, were
:
numero
optata
all,
according to 381.
subit
take shelter.
172.
= quam
1
;
which
173.
see A. 410
B. 218,
sale tabentis
tabentis
is
a strong
word, suggesting defilement or polhition. 174-176. In these three lines Virgil describes the early process ol making fire. First a spark is struck from flint. Secondly, the tinder
is
ignited (succepit
dedit).
is
waved
riolently in the air, until the smouldering fire bursts into a flame.
208
NOTES
R. J. Bonner (Classical Journal, Jan., 1906) elucidates this passage and compares the practice of tlie North American Indian, by whom " the smouldering punk was enclosed in a bundle of frayed cedar
bark,
if
possible,
silici:
b.
to
and
fro until
;
it
burst intc
fiame."
B. 188,
2,
d; G. 345, k. 1
11.
427; H.
&
succepit an archaic form for suscepit. For the meanThe metaphor from infancy is continued in ing, see Vocabuhiry. rapuit used of rapid nutrimenta, used of leaves, twigs, etc. motion to and fro, as (metapliorically) in IV. 285, animum in parB. 371,
:
177.
Cererem by metonyniy
:
Thus homely
trials.
fessi
:
rerum
weary of
Poetic use of
tlie
genitive.
receptas
179.
rescued.
:
torrere et frangere
wascom-
monly steeped, then parched, then crushed. Here the grain needed no steeping, being wet already. saxo used probably of a stone
:
and mortar. In California one may often see stones hollowed out by the early Indians for the bruising of acorns, and one large rock will often have many such liollowed places.
pestle
(In 161 the diaeresis after frangitur and the alliteration echo the The three opening spondees of 162 harmonize with the idea sense. of vastness, while the sense of isolation is w^ell expressed in the spondees of 170, and the strong diaeresis of 171. Note the alliteration in 159, 164, 169, 174, 176, 177, 179.)
Lines 180-207
spectum
181.
pelago
locative ablative.
Anthea
si
quem
videat
in
cdse he
videat is
may
of Antheus ; WtevwWy, soiiie Antheus. Si a conditioual clause, to be taken as virtual oblique narrasee somcthing
BOOK
tion.
209
The
clause resembles an
The
indirect question,
he may,' etc., but genuine indirect questions with si (unKke 'if in English and el in Greek) are comparatively rare, and ahnost confined to colloquial style. A. 576, a
(to see) if
'
B. 300, 3.'a
182.
G. i60,
:
1,
b; H. 6^9,
Only Phrygias i.e. Trojan. ships with one bank of oars were known in the Homeric days. 183. arma Caici at the stern were hung up the far-gleaming
: :
shields (fulgentia
Tiierefore to say
ama
Caicum alone. adds a picturesque touch. note the chiasmus and the 184. navem nullam, tris cervos asyndeton to point the contrast; cf. note on -ii. A. 598, f B. 350,
Caici, instead of
:
II, c
G. 682. r.
vallis
:
186.
H. 662
valley.
the adverb, with temporal force. introduced, as savoring 188. fidus quae tela gerebat Achates Thus as Hercules had his faithful armor-bearer of heroic times. Hylas and Achilles his Patroclus, so Aeneas has his/rfus Achates.
187.
hic
The
expression has long been proverbiah Thus in Thackeray's Virginians (Vol. II. ch. 32) George. calls Sampson his fdus
tela is
Achates.
189.
cf.
157.
ivith
their
heads high
hranching antlers.
volgus common herd, object of sternit. turbam routs, driving, or drives in rout. 191. miscet agens no longer an agmen (186), but a disordered host. quam often separated, but hardly a case of 192. prius See A. ^31 B. 291 G. 574; H. & B. 507, 4, footnote. tmesis.
igo.
: :
fundat: for the mood see A. 551, b, n. 2; B. 292; G. 577, The subjunctive is used because 2; H. 605; H. & B. 507, 4. Aeneas aims at or designs this result. humi locative. in = inter, among. The hero provides after this. 194. hinc
193.
: :
generously for his followers. next, with dividit (197). It 195. deinde
:
is
in an unusualposition.
cadis onerarat
had stowed
in Jars.
210
NOTES
more natural construction would have been vino cados onerarai^ had laden the jars with wine,' but poetry favors unusual turns ot (In view of the meaning of onerare, it is unnatural to expression.
'
litore
Trinacrio
i.e.
Sicily.
is
heros
HL-e
a hero.
Note
Virgil
for iceJiave not heen ignorant lieretofore of neqiie almost = non, but strictly for not before this either,* evils. sumus ante an adverb of time with a present tense (to be etc. translated by a perfect) is a common idiom in most languages,
198.
etc.
:
neque enim,
:
'
&
B. 485.
igg.
famous for its depth of expression. Note the feminine caesura and the alliteration (jlahit deus). She was a montlie fury of Scylla. 200. Scyllaeam rabiem See ni. ster who was said to dwell in the Straits of IMessina. 431 ff., and Homer, Odyssey XII, 73 ff. peliitus sonantis deepechoing ; i.e. the barking of Scylla's dogs echoes through the
line
:
caverns.
shortened by syncope for accessistis. Such forms (used by Virgil only in speeches) are admitted as archaisn:s. Cyclopia saxa the rocks amid whicli the Cyclopes (phiral) dwelt.
201.
accestis
See
III.
655
ff.
:
as
often.
chance even
this 'twill
some day be
much quoted
208
ff.),
line is suggested
by a passage
where, after they have escaped from the Sirens and are approacliing Scylla and Charybdis, Odysseus thus counsels " INIy friends, since not heretofore have we been unhis men
:
versed in evils (see 198), truly this is no greater woe besetting us than when the Cyclops penned us in his hoUow cave by might
and main; yet even from there, by my valor, my council and wit, we escaped, and some day, mcthinks, this trial we shall
BOOK
remember." maeus says
time,
211
XV.
400) Eu-
'
Eveu
iu sorrows a
mau
aud waudered much abroad." These literary remiuisceuces, far from detracting from Virgirs geuius, are a source of pleasure in a cultivated age, just as Tennysou's mauy Homeric echoes " give delight to educated readers.
wheu he has
suffered much,
*'
See Introd.
205.
2^6.
:
teudimus
is
in
Latium
Aeneas Latium.
if
not supj)Osed to know anythiug at this poiut about The slight blemish would probably have been removed, See Introd. 15. Virgil could have revised his poem.
fas
:
206.
207.
The
accords with
Romau
character.
(lu 181 the bucolic diaeresis, aided by alHteration of j9 sounds, accords with the note of expectaucy. In 184 there is a tone o disappointment in the spoudaic rhytbm, while in 186 the sarae rhythm is picturesque
. agmen). Tlie prevaihng dactyls of 19:3-7 are joyful. Stoical appeal (198-207) shows careful, artistic structure. Four successive hnes (199-2^2) open with a spondee, a recognition of the sorrows referred to, but the dactyls which commonly follow are exIn 203, pressive of the hope, which the men are urged to entertaiu. appeal. emphasizes the strong pause, the opening dactyl, followed by a The two following Hnes strike a hopeful note in the opening dactyls, but the tone cannot be maintained. and the spondaic rhythm, so striking in 206-7, merely reflects the idea that the cheerful tone is feigned (see 209). Alliteration is to be noted in 181 (p), 182 (v), 183 (c), 197 {d and m), 199 (fZ), 200-1 (s), 206 (?), 207 (s). Note tbe anaphora in 198-9 vos et), 204 {per . . . per).) (o . . . 0), 200-1 (vos et
(Jongum
The
Lines 208-222.
The
2og.
Tro.jans
Lost.
note
the
effective
spem
illi:
simulat.
premit
asvndeton. and
210.
cliiastic order.
i.e.
praedae
dative of
purpose.
212
211. 212.
NOTES
tergora
:
liides.
.
-viscera.
:
Jiesh.
is collective,
pars
secant
It
aena sc. vasa, brazen kettles, for boiling some of the meat. Though Homer makes no reference to boiled meat, it is probably
213.
:
known
214.
215.
from implentur
viris
: :
vis.
fusi
stretched out.
Jill.
take their
The
reflexive
(^
= fill
177.
Bacchi
;
ivine
;
cf.
;
note
on Cererem,
458, 2
216.
is
;
For the
:
case, see
A. 356
the
B. 212
G. 383
H.
sc. sunt,
when
used by
metonymy
:
Of course the shipwrecked Trojans had no tables. they sorrow for, 'pro\)ev\j miss,feel the icant of. 217. requirunt sounds in the expression of woe. Cf. Note the prominence of Tennyson's little poem, " Frater Ave atque Yale." 218. inter: placed by anastrophe after the nouns it governs; seu sive in prose, utrum or -ne cf. contra, 13. an. 219. extrema pati suffer the last (doom), a euphemism for vocatos wheji called. The a7id no lotiger. death. nec iam conclamatio, or three-fold call upon the dead, was a solemn feature lu this line, the two cases of feminine of Roman funeral rites. eaesura, viz. extrema pati and exaudire vocatos, assist in the
dessert.
.
. .
: .
expression of pathos.
220.
praecipue
5.
:
ahove
all,
modiiymg
gemit,
uot pius.
pius: see
grief of
sin-
Tntrod.
221.
secum
is
hence
silentbj.
it
The
Aeneas
222.
unexpressed.
We
:
are to recognize
as even
more
fortem fortem the repetition has a pathetic Both were brave men, and both are gone.
. . .
effect.
BOOK
213
Lines 223-253.
all ivcis
:
velivolum sall-winged, a purely ornamental epithet. The compound is inherited by Virgil from older writers. In classical Latiu the coining of fresh compounds is avoided. iacentis
:
outspread.
225.
It
sic
i.e.
sic
despiciens.
gathers
up
the
previous
clause
looking stood.
on
heai'en's height.
226.
regnis
place.
227.
atque
:
and
lo !
This
cf
.
is
ac,
talis
^
explained best by
someivhat sad,
FiG. 37.
Servius
as de rebus humanis.
:
228. tristior
Venus di Milo.
the force of the comparative see A. 291, a; B. 210, 1 G. 297, 2; H. 498; H. & B. 241, 2. oculos suffusa her eyes Jilled (with tears). The accusative is really the di:
On
which
is
by Greek usage.
H. & B. 390, b. Virgil often carries the construction beyond logical bounds. thou that rule.st. 229. O qui regis This has really the same obcausest them terror. 230. terres A. 397,
c
;
B. 175,
2,
G. 338, 2
H. 407
quid tantum
1
ichat great
offence.
Aeneas
sc. potuit,
from
potuere, 232.
214
232.
:
NOTES
quibus dative of disadvantage, with n, a; G. 346; H. 426, 1 H. & B. 362.
; :
:
clauditur.
A. 367;
disasiers.
B. 187,
233.
funera
ob Italiam hecause nf Italy, i.e. because Juno tries to keep them from Italy. clauditur tlie indicative, used where the subjunctive of characteristic might have been employed, emphasizes the fact.
hinc from these, i.e. Aeneas and the Trojans. olim volventibus annis some day, as tlie years rolled on. infinitive of indirect narration, governed hj pollicitus 235. fore revocato a sanguine Teucri added to explain Jtinc. (237). Teucer was the first king of Troy, and his line is to be restored.
234.
:
used in three other passages in Yirgil (V. 627, Vlir. 26, IX. 224), but for omni (with dicione), as given by tenerent represents the soitie Mss., no parallel can be found.
236.
terras
omnis
future indicative of direct narration. sc. es. Servius distinguishes poUiceri from pro237. pollicitus
;
mittere
thus
pause after
purpose.
238. 239.
poUicemur sponte, rogati promittimus." The strong sententia p)ollicitus gives emphasis to the statement.
:
"
hoc
with
:
tJiis
promise.
equidem
to he sure.
solabar / sought comfort for. solarl is poetical for consolari, which Cicero often uses with an impersonal object, e.g. fatis contraria fata redolorem, egestatem, hrevitatem vitae, etc.
pendens
3. 11.
halancing
(offsetting)
hostile fates.
49), ut
;
but ablative of instrnment; cf. Ovid (Tristia munus munere penses. fatis means the happier future
promised
240. 242.
nunc ^MMJOit'; effective asyndeton. Antenor cf. note on primus, 1. mediis elapsus Achi:
vis
i.e.
at Troy.
:
243.
Illyricos sinus
Illyrian gulfs,
i.e.
shores of Illyricuni.
244.
Liburnorum
:
savage
:
people,
superare
245-6.
to
pass.
Timavi
Timavus
mountains
BOOK
miqliiy roar,
it
215
loitTi
thejields.
vises in the
ing for eighteen miles underground, reappears in several springs and then pursiies a short but swift course to the Adriatic. unde = a quo fonte. per ora novem i.e. the springs where the
:
subterranean stream reappears. vasto cum murmure moutis the water would burst forth with great violence at the time of a
flood.
This flood
is
Patavi
is
i.e.
of
Yenice.
The
the
genitive
248.
nomen
probably Trojan, inasmuch as Livy says that the pagus Troianus was so called because Troia was the place fixit: i.e. he dedicated his where Antenor first landed. arma
.
arms
was
over,
and he could
Jie
live in peace.
249.
nunc
quiescit
settled in tranquil
peace
enjoys rest.
f
The words
rom
;
toil
cf.
and danger.
repostum, 26.
250.
of coviposiius
note on 240), the word being strongiy contrasted with Antenor, 242. Yenus idenarcem tlielieiglds oflieaven, caeli tifies herself with Aeneas.
nos
effective
asyndeton
(cf.
i.e.
immortality.
taken up alive
adnuis: thou dost promise. The word involves a reference to the solemn nod of assent, with which Jupiter could shake Olympus; cf. IX. 106, adnuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. shame unspeakahle ! an accusative of ex251. infandum clamation. unius Juno. for hoc, but attracted by the predicate noun honos 253. hic sceptra: empire ; cf. reward. Jionos cf. note on hoc, 17. note on .57.
iiito
:
(Note
and Aeneas.
how carefuUy Yirgil elaborates the contrast between Antenor Antenor^s name (2-12) is not quaUtied, but Aeneas la
216
meus Aeneas
genies).
NOTES
(231),
and
of
identified with
Venus
(250,
Antenor are mentioned, but the fate of Aeneas involves tlie Trojan people (232). To Antenor no assurances were given, but to Aeneas tlie niost solemn promises. Antenor escaped from his foes (242), and in safety (tutns, 243) went to a more inaccessible and inhospitable country tlian Aeneas aims at (243-()), yetfounded a city (247), and is now settled in peace (249). Aeneas and tlie Trojans have suffered terrible disasters (232), are still pursued by misfortune (240), have lost their sliips (251), are lcept far from tlie promised land of Italy (252), and are even, it would seem, barred from the whole world (233). Besides asyndeton (240, 249 (nunc), 250), and anaphora (231-2, 234-5, 23G) note the effective alliteration iu 245 (m), 246 (p), and 249 {p).)
No foUowers
Lines 254-296.
Jupiter's Prophecy.
an archaic form for the dative iUi; cf. the adverb olim in antiquity Jupiter was known not only as Jupiter 255. serenat Pluvius (god of rain), but also as Jupiter Serenus or Serenator
254.
olli
:
libavit
gently
kissed.
natae
:
unnecessary, in view of
It is the affection
;
of a
a daughter.
dative
dehinc
monosyllable by synizesis
cf
deinde, 195.
Cytherea Yenus was called the Cytherean, b^cause she sprang from tlie sea-foani near the island
257.
:
metu
cf.
curru, 156.
tuorum
;
A. 380 II. 432 H. & B. 372. urbem et promissa Lavini moenia both promissa and Lavini belong logically to urhem as well as to moenia. Nate the quantity of Lavim as compared with Ldvijiia, 2. So Italus and In poetry there is considerable freedom in tlie quantities Italus. of proper names. ( 250. sublimem caeli note cacli arcem, cf. on . 259. 260. magnanimum used by Cicero. See note on velivolimi, 224. neque me sententia vertit the answer to the question in 237.
etWcal dative.
;
;
261.
Hic
tibi
this thy
son lo
.'
Ci. tibi,2oS.
BOOK
The pronouns
side.
217
are
Thou shalt
made emphatic through being placed side bj remordet the prefix is insee him as victor.
:
tensive, deephj.
longius et volvens: and further unroUing {the scroll). The volvens = secrets of fate are conceived as written on a roll. movebo ivill reveal. evolvens ; cf. our word volume. 263. bellura ingens: the second half of the Aeneid is mainly
262.
:
Italia
moresque
viris et
ivalh.
up laws and
citi/
moenia ponet and for his people The phrase mores et moenia (note
will
the
both (moenia) the outward and visible sign, and (mores) the inward spirit of a settled community. Though mores ponere is a rare expression, leges ponere is comraon. B. viderit f uture perfect. A. 553, n. 2 until. 265. dum
alliteration) expresses
:
:
293,
IH; G.
266.
in
&
:
B. 507,
5, a.
and
:
have passed
camp
over
the
cunquered Rutulians
after
conquering the
Rutulians Aeneas spends three winters in camp before founding Lavinium. terna (in prose trina), because castra (uiiderstood with A. 137, b B. 81, 4, b hiberna) is a noun used only in the plural.
;
H. & B. 247. Rutulis is probably a dative of G. 97 H. 16i, 3 reference, a construction common in Greek with expressions of
; ;
time;
sonal,
cf. iactanti,
102.
An
ablative absokite
would be
less per-
and therefore less vivid. The Rutulians, under Turnus, were the ehief opponents of Aeneas ou his
267.
iiilo
:
their king
arrival in
Latium.
Dative by attraction. A. 373, a; B. H. & B. 326, 3. Augustus, the 190, 1; G. 349, r. 5; H. 430, 1 This central figure of imperial Rome, belonged to the gens lulia. Julian familv claimed descent from Aeiieas, and in this passage the poet attempts to connect even the nanie with that of Aeneas's
a trisyllable.
;
son, Ascanius.
268.
res
Ilia
i.e.
Troy.
stetit
stood
frm
in sovereigntij
;
on the past tense with dum, see H. 533, 4 H. & B. 550, b. regno ablativa
;
:
regno A. 556,
of specification.
218
269.
NOTES
magnos
orbis
is
:
icitli
their revolving
months.
07^bis
Tlie toiie
oracular.
:
orhis
annuus
is
orbis
(V. 4G) or
annorum.
apresent participle.
271.
Longam
hio
:
Albam
:
Alba Longa.
Xote the
alliteratiou
in multa muniet.
marking another stage. totos sine regnabitur an intransitive verb used intermissione (Servius). impersonally in the passive. According to A^irgil, Aeneas was in Latium three years before fouudiug Lavinium. Thirty years later Ascanius f ounded Alba Longa, and again three huudred years later Romulus founded Rome. 273. Hectorea i.e. Trojan, because Hector was the great Trojan hero in the war with*the Greeks. regina sacerdos Ilia (or Rhea Silvia) was a member of the royal house of Alba Longa and also
272.
liere.
iam
next,
a vestal virgin.
Marte gravis pregnant bij M/irs. geminam prolem Romulus and Renms. partu dabit = pariet, shall bear.
274.
:
lupae nutrici^:
to.
the
she-icolf, his
Mavortia moenia the city of Mars, i.e. Rome. Mars was the father of Romuhis and Remus. Corssen derived by Virgil froni Romulus. 277. Romanos holds that Roma (connected with Greek pcw, "fiow") is " the town bv the river," aiid Romulus is " the man from the river-town." nec metas rerum nec cf. note ou hic tibi, 26L 278. his ego tempora pono I assign neither boundaries nor periods to empire,i.e.
276.
excipiet
shall succeed
no
liinits in
279.
280.
quin
na/y
:
more.
i.e.
:
metu
in
her fear,
for Carthage.
281.
in melius referet
ivill
change forthe
282.
rerum
:
of
the world,
whicli res
278.
gentemque
togatam
:
was the distinctive garb of tiie Romans. lustris labentisc. est ; thus it is decreed. 283. sic placitum bus as the seasons slip by. Kote the alliterative phrase.
the toga
:
BOOK
284-5.
219
domus Assaraoi
Phthiam
. .
i.e.
.
descendants.
pulchra Troianus origine Caesar note the artistic order. The two adjectives precede the two substantives. This refinement of style is nsed rather sparingly in the Aeneid, and always in striking passages with a view to securing emphasis. Here the prophecy
reaches
287.
its
qui terminet
pose.
A. 531, 2; B. 282,2; G. 630; H. 590; Cf. Milton {Paradise Lost, 12, 369)
:
H. & B. 502,
2.
"
And bound
his reign
With
288.
earth's
:
lulius
the fnll
Octavianus Augustus. Roman reader the connection of Augnstus with Julius Caesar, but 289 and 294 show that Augustus is the Caesar of the prophecy.
lulo: see267. 289. hunc tu
spoliis
cf.
name of Angustus was Caius lulins Caesar The w^ord lulius doubtless suggested to a
261, 278.
:
caelo
Orientis
onustum
Actium, after which he reduced Egypt, traversed Syria and Asia Minor, and finally celebrated a great triumph in Rome in b.c 29. In emphatic position before the 290. secnra. freedfrom care. pause. hic quoque he too (as well as Aeneas, 259). cf., for the order, 286. 291. aspera positis saecula bellis Angustus was not only " first in war," but also "first in peace."
established in b.c. 31
by the
The
Altar of Peace, in some respects the noblest work of art of the Angnstan age still extant, was set up six years after Virgirs death.
cana: hoary, veneraUe. The epithet goes with Vesta as well as Fides ; cf 711. Quirinus i.e. Romulus, no longer opposed to but now at peace with Remus. Civil wars shall cease. The reign of Fides and Vesta and Reraus and Romulus shaU
292.
.
220
return, that is to say
NOTES
being trath, faithfulness, and sinYesta, the domestic cerity in men's dealings with each other
;
Fides
just
primitive times shall return, and men beand equal government come again honest and of good faith in their deahngs with each other, secure in and attached to their homes, and loyal subjects of a (Henry.) just and paternal government."
dirae ferro et compagibus artis grim with close-Jitting A case of hendiadys. Cf. notes on 54, 61. artis is hars of iron.
293.
:
an
adjective.
294.
is
to
whicli was closed in time of peace and stood open in time of war.
Augustus clpsed it in b.c. 29, after it had remained open more than two centuries. Furor inipius i.e. civil strife, when the citizen, with his hand against his neighbor, is no longer pms. Introd. 5. Pliny tells us that Augustus placed in his forura 295. vinctus a painting by Apelles, representing the god of war in chains. he is frantic in his impotence. ore cruento 296. fremet
:
:
BOOK
221
Lines 297-304.
Mercury
297. 298.
:
is
sent to Carthage.
i.e.
Mercury.
Karthago
means
299.
;
"Xew
;
town.'*
:
hospitio Teucris
double dative.
:
A. 382,
B. 191,b; G.
356 H. 433 H. & B. 360. fati nescia as Jmio may interrupt the course of destiny, so too may Dido. 300. arceret the historical present (demittit') may take either primary (pateant) or secondary sequence (ai-ceret). Of the two subjunctives, the former expresses the more immediate purpose in
:
more remote.
1, 2.
;
H. 516
;
H.
&
;
B. 491,
B. 47, 1
301.
G. 66, 3
H. 109, 3
:
H. & B.
95.
remigio alarum br/ tlie oarage of wings. Metaphors from the sea and ships are much more common in Greek than in Roman literature, and this one is first f ound in a Greek author ( Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 52). adstitit: cf. note on incubuere, 84. 302. iussa facit: how the god does this we do not hear, but the subjoined clause ponuntque, etc, shows the result accomplished.
ut clause.
:
quietum
a gentle
intent.
(This short paragraph effects a transition from the lofty sentiment preceding to the vivid narrative which follows, It thus serves an aes thetic purpose, and tends to allay the emotion aroused by an appeal Note the peaceful ending and the prominence to Roman patriotism. of the m and n sounds in the final words.)
Lines 305-324
volvens
is
used more
freely
than in prose.
Here
it is
222
NOTES
cum
volvisset.
2.
A. 496
B. 337,
2-,
G. 665
306.
H. 638
H.
:
&
lux alma kindly light. exire depends on conslituit, 309. depending on 307. quas vento accesserit oras, qui teneant vento ablative of See note on iinpulerit, 11. ]uaerere, 309.
: :
videt an archaism, the earlier qnantity of the final sylhominesne feraene: sc. lable being- admitted before the caesura. an is an or iilrum -ne for -ne This use of -ne sint.
308.
:
poetical.
309.
exacta:
done ;
cf. his
demum
exactis,
VI. 637.
310.
i.e.
convexo nemorum
where the bay narrows and the trees on either shore meet overhead cf. 164. cf. horrenti umbra, 165. 311. horrentibus umbris comitatus, tliough from a dep)onent 312. comitatus Achate
;
: :
A. 190, b; B. 112, b; G. 167, 2, H. 222, 2 H. & B. 291, d. It also denotes contemporary N. 2 action. Achate is an ablative of accompaniment, without cum. A. 137, d; 313. bina: used for duo with objects taken in pairs.
H. 164, 4 H. & B. 247, 3. lato ferro ablative of quality. literally, opposite ichom his 314. cui mater sese tulit obvia mother jJresented herself, i.e. across his path came his mother; obvia
G. 97, N.
; ;
:
"whom"
at the begin-
ning of a sentence.
315.
virginis
virginis
repetition f or emphasis.
:
habitum
gerens
xcith.
etc.
one as Thracian Ilarpalyce, ichen she wearies horses. Spartan womon were atliletic, and Harprdyce was a Tliracian huntress. fatigat
i.e.
tires
by outrunning; an hyperbole.
for talis qualis
of the
317.
(ftalis claiise,
II(irj)<d//ce est,
Hebrum
it is
the Hebrns
(now
and being
111
in a niountainous country
thought of as
swift,
though
reality
rather sluggish.
BOOK
318.
223
See note on vadis, 126.
humeris
:
ablative of separation.
de more after the ciistom {i.e. of hnnters). 319. dederatque comam diffundere ventis and had given her hair to the winds to scatler. The infinitive of purpose is poetical.
:
A. 460
B. 326, x.
G. 544, r. (8)
is
H. 608,
320.
nuda genu
genu
a Greek accusative
A. 397, b; B. 180, 1; G. 338; H. 416; H. & B. 389. nodoque sinus collecta fluentis having her Jlowing rohes gathered in a knot ; cf. note on oculos suffusa, 228. On the descrip:
of specification.
monstrate
vidistis si
sc.
eam
:
322.
quam
conditional clause.
with a quiver
how
(Xote how the dactyls of 317 indicate the maiden's fleetness, and the spondees of 322 reflect the speaker's tone of assumed con-
cern.)
Lines 325-334-
He
325.
Venus
filius
mother and
3.
son.
audita mihi
;
heard hy me
;
mihi
is
dative of agent.
A.
375, a
B
8.
189, 2
G. 354
te
H. 431, 6
H. & B. 373,
cf
.
For
mihi, cf
note on
327.
O quam
is
memorem
tlie
note on 135.
After
the
is,
vocative
suppi-essed, because he
is
and
it
memorem:
559, 4
328.
;
gods were jealous of their titles. deliberative subjunctive. A. 444; B. 277; G. 265; H.
nor has thy voice a human ring. hominem is an inner (so-called cognate) accusative with soyiat. A. 390, b; B. 176; G. 333, 2, x. 6; H. 409, 2 H. & B. 396, 2, a.
;
224
NOTES
:
dea ccrte
certe.
(Esinonfl,
Book
I,
ch.
1.)
Cf.
I,
Ferdinand's address to
Sc. 2
Miranda
in Shakespere's Tempest,
Act
" Most sure, the goddess these airs attend Vouchsafe my prayer
!
if
tliis
island,
prime request, Whicli I do last pronounce, is (O you wonder " If 3"ou he maid or no ?
329.
330.
My
!)
Phoebi soror
sis felix
; :
z.e.
Diana:
sis
sc.es.
is
be gracious.
an optative subjunctive. A.
441
B. 279
G. 260; H. 558; H.
:
&
B. 510.
quaecumque
sc. es.
tandem indeed. It is simply a particle of emphasis. -que is elided bef ore the vowel at the begin332. locorumque ning of the next line. The syllable so elided is called liypermetric. A. 612, e, N.; B. 367, 6 G. 745, 3; II. 738, n. 2; H. & B. 641,
331.
: ;
C,
N. 4.
334.
multa
dextra
i.e.
if
Such bargaining with the gods, not uncommon in ancient is a survival from the animismof primitive peoples. On
see {e.g.) Tylor, Antliropology, ch. 14.
this topic
(The uncertainty of tlie speaker is well expressed, not only by th^ broken utterance in 827, but also by the sudden pause after the fourth foot in 328, and by the diaereses after the second and fourtli feet in The spondaic rliythm of 333 accords witli the tliouglit.) 329.
Lines 335-371-
The Stoky of
335-
Dido.
Venus
Tyriis
sc. dixit
cf.
note on 37.
336. 337.
338.
tlie
:
purpureo Tyre was famous for lier purple dye. Agenoris urbem Agenor, wlio had founded the Phoe
:
])i(h)'s.
\\'d\i Lihyci,
fines
t/ie
country.
geuus
a loose ai^i^osition
BOOK
340.
341.
225
imperium
regit
:
The
summa
fastigia
:
chiefheads.
ditissimus agri
richest in land.
As an
Yir-
Roman
characteristic.
mihi, 326.
miserae dative of agent, like explained by the sequel. iugarat 345. intactam: a maiden.
344.
The
epithet
is
iii-
gaverat.
346.
ominibus
steps in
by metonymy, since one of the first a Roman marriage was the taking of th6 oniens. The
niq)tiis
is
Roman custom
347.
immanior omnis
in
crime heyond
all
A strengthened
immanis and aliis immanior. for the anastrophe, 348. quos inter
:
medius repeating
:
:
but strengthening the idea of mutual hatred. Sychaeum but Sychaeus in 3^3; cf. note on Lavini, 258. the coUocation shows that impiety 349. impius ante aras toward the gods is the leading idea here in impius. The altars are those of the Penates (cf. IV. 20). Biit Pygmalion was also impius
inter,
:
securus
careless.
:
amorum
objective genitive.
aegram amantem pining hride, amantem being multa simulans with many a pretence. He had
:
a noun.
to account
inhumati
wander about
354.
restlessly.
ivondrous wise.
raising
its
In another passage (Georgics 1. 477), Yirgil, speakingof the portents attending tlie murder of Julius Caesar, sa,js, " et simulacra modis pallentia miris visa sub obscurum noctis "
older poet Lucretius.
(i.e. ghosts
See Introd.
8.
226
355.
slain.
KOTES
crudelis aras
:
i.e.
They
deed.
nudavit laid hare. caecum secret or hidden, a common meaning in poetry. domus genitive. iii prose an ut clause would be used 357. celerare, excedere
356.
:
: :
:
cf.
diffundere, ol9.
358.
auxilium viae
In prose, viaticum
light
would be used.
359.
tellure recludit
hrought
to
from
earth
ignotum
his
:
untold,
immense, because
it
was such
as
was
before unknown.
360. 361.
i.e.
this revelation.
:
conveniunt
: :
sc. ei
or
illi,
antecedent of quihus.
cdium
crudele cruel (i.e. relentless) hatred. paratae sc. su7it. keen. 362. acer i.e. probably the wealth which became Pygmalion's 364. opes when he murdered Sycliaeus. Tacitus (Annals, XYI. 1) tells us that the emperor Nero sent commissioners to Carthage to look for the gold which Dido had brought to Africa and there buried.
:
dux femina
365.
facti
:
sc. est.
locos
In prose ad or
in
would be used.
366. 367.
novae Karthaginis
mercati
:
cf.
298.
sc.
sunt.
facti
is
de noniine Byrsam
(called)
from
bosra
the
deed Bijrsa.
facti
genitive oifactum.
vvas
The Phoenician
confused witli the Greek word " bull's hide " hence probably the myth thatthe Phoenician ftvpa-a, settlers bargained with the Libyans for as niuch ground as could be covered by a bulFs hide. This was cut into very fine strips,
oi land.
tlio
niood
is
vos qui
talibus
:
hc. estis.
sc. verbis.
tandem
ille
:
cf. -531.
sc.
respondit.
Cf. 335
and note
on haec secum,
37.
BOOK
(In this passage Venus's
first
227
words have the ring of good cheer, and dactyls are therefore numerous. See especially 388. Note the
artistic eSect of the short sentences in 341, 348, 364. In 341 the anaxjhora (longa lonf/ae) is impressive. in 348 the strong pause after the fourth foot bucolic diaeresis fitly precedes the tale of blood in 304 the double alliteration portantur Pygmalionis pelago strengthens the epigrammatic tone. In 349 femini facti the accumulated spondees are in marked contrast with the opening word impiufi which they amplify, and the idea of horror is stillfurther "emphasized hy the alliteration ante aras atque auri amore. Otlier alHterations are sed summa seqnar (342), magno miserae (344), superat securus (ZbO), multa malus (352), modis mi7'is (354), vine veteris (358). The opening spondees of 355 are noteworthy the slow rhythm of 359 gives expression to the marvellous, while the same rhythm in 368 is perhaps due to the oracular tone.)
.
.
Lines 372-401.
dea
personal.
374.
ante
Olympo
The
to rest.
poetical conception
The
:
Cf Keats
orient
chambers came
liill."
And
Troia
lier first
with
vectos, 376.
vestras
Here Aeneas takes her at her word (335-6). literally, bi/ its own chance, i.e. hy the merest 377. forte sua chance. It w^as not in accord with anyplan formedby the Trojans. / am Aeneas the good. Assuming the 378. sum pius Aeneas
fellow-countrymen.
:
:
naive tone of early epic style, Virgil puts into his hero's mouth
the epithet by which Aeneas was
commonly known.
By so
doing,
228
NOTES
he emphasizes the distinguishing qnality which is illustrated in nunierous ways throughout the poem. In this passage, pius is explained by the qui clause which follows.
379.
super aethera
the
.
.
in heaven above;
literally, ahove
tlie
sky.
Cf. with
boast,
am
Odysseus, son of
fame reaclies heaven." patriam Italy is so called because Darda380. Italiam nus, founder of Troy, was said to have come from there. genus ab love summo Dardanus was the son of Jupiter and Electra.
Laertes
.
and
.
my
.
381. bis
denis
the distributive
is
II.
&
B. 247, 2
cf.
Troy
cf.
A. 137, c; B. 81, 4, c; G. 97, 2; H. note on 318. Phrygium aequor 182. conscendi cf. Tennyson
. .
"
{Clioric Song')
:
matre dea my goddess-mother. data fata guided by destiny. Cf. fato profugus, 2. cf. note on Austris, 51. 383. Euro
:
Aeneas
is
384.
ignotus
unknown,
i.e.
unrecognized, tliough
fama
notus, 379.
385.
a rhetorical exaggeration;
;
:
cf.
cunctus
terrarum chiuditur
orhis,
233
Europa because of Italy. querentem a variation for the inlinitive queri, due to Greek influence (cf. Treptopco with participle). not hateful to the gods. For the 387. haud invisus caelestibus litotes, cf. 13(3. auras vitalis thebreath oflife. 388. qui adveneris causal relative clause. A.535, e; B.283, 3;
:
:
G. G33;
390.
II.
592;
II.
&
B. 523.
:
reduces socios
the return
of thy comrades
socios.
reduces
:
is
relatam
hrought
in
tutum
to
safe haven.
versis Aquilonibus
hy a changc
in the wimls.
Ablative absohite.
:
392.
ni frustra, etc.
unless
my
me augur^
for nought.
vani false.
BOOK
393.
being-
229
because reunited aftei
laetantis agmine
scattered
in exultant array,
by the
eagle.
cycnos
:
to
Venus.
from the skyey expanse. eagle, the " feathered king " described by lovis ales i.e. an Gray as "perching on the sceptred hand of Jove." (^The Progress of Poenj.^ aperto turbabat caelo was (just now) scattering in The caelum turhabat, of an action just completed. the open air.
394.
sicooping
is
is
ablative.
seem either
the places
places or ecen
i.e.
so.
The
ut reduces, etc: as
et coetu
. . .
398.
dedere
and
cinxere
and in covipany have circled the sTcy and dedere are in the perfect tense,
because the actions precede that of ludunt. Tlie line applies, not to the panic of the swans when pursued by the eagle, but to their freedom from alarm after the eagle's disappearance. Lines 397
of joy.
haud
aliter:
sc.
no/ otherwise.
The climax
pubes tuorum
men ofthy company. Tn the comparison 400. subit ostia draw near to its moiith. here given, the twelve swans are the twelve ships. As the swans have been scattered by the eagie in the open air, so have the ships been dispersed by the storm in the open sea. As the swans have either alighted, or are now winging their flight down to earth, so the ships are either in the haven or are on the point of entering. And as the swans are happy in their deliverance, so are the Trojan
:
sailors.
(In the above passage, contrast the rhythm of .375, bednning a tale of woe, or of 088, expressing grief, with that of 390, which brings tidings of joy. In 393 the openiug dactyl excites attention and the
230
NOTES
spondees followinir express intensity of gaze. In 394, descriptive ol the eagle's swoop, dactyls prevail, but in 895 the tone of 398 is re. sumed. The alliteration in 898 (coetu cinxere cantus) and 399 (puppesque tuae puhesque tUQrum, i.e. ahab) is expressive of joy, which is further emphasized by the assonance (similarity of sound) of pnppes and puhes, and by the redundance of connectives (-q2ie Tlie repetition in tlie last line -que) sometimes called polysyndeton. of perge modo f rom 889 has tlie effect of a refrain, and rounds off the paragraph.
.
Lines 402-417.
iierself,
;
then Disappears.
refulsit
:
avertens: intransitive
cf. acertit,\0^.
Jlashed
back.
cervice
(which
Homer
:
(^lliad III.
beauteous neck, lovely breast, and sparkling eyes of the goddess." " His anicf. Iliadl. 529 (of Zeus) 403. ambrosiae comae
brosial locks flowed
down from
di-
vinum odorem
divinity.
404. 405.
f ragrance is
pedes et vera
dea
is
imos dea
.
and
in lier tread
goddess.
hic, 16.
a predicate nominative.
as well as
For the
Samo
falsis
407.
tu quoque:
:
i.e.
410.
411.
talibus:
sc. verhis.
:
obscuro aere
mist,
^cith
a mist.
di^p
alone
may mean
but in Latin the word witliout an epithet would mean simply air. Tn the Odyssey (YII. 1-i) Athene shed a deep
mist about Odysseus, lest any of the Phaeacians should meet and
liini.
taunt
412.
gradientis
plural, because
Achates
is
with Aeneas.
et
multo
192.
is
ivas, in
a thick
cf.
amictu: and enveloped them, goddess as she mantle of cloud. circum is separated ivoxwfudit by
.
.
tmesis;
f/ea,
&
B. 631, 15.
which
in apposition
BOOK
from
its
231
eos
the pronoun
:
is is
414.
moliri moram.
alliteration.
415.
Paphum
:
a city in Cyprus,
famous for
its cult of
Venus.
sublimis aloft, like an adverb. sc. est. 416. ubi templum illi
:
centum
arae
cf. vrith
"
Here she has a temple and fragrant Sabaeo Note liow Virgil expands and exaggerates. altar." " ture this is the "incense from Sheba to which there are numerEzekiel xxvii. 22 ous BibJical references, as Jeremiah vi. 20 Isaiah Ix. 6 1 Kings x. 10.
:
brief yet beautiful passage, note tlie perfectly balanced 404-5 pedes dea (10 syllables each), imos et in 408-9 cur datur voces (11 syllables each), and 411ac V2 at saepsit et . amictu (15 syllables each). In 405 the striking hiatus, coinciding with the marked pause bucolic diaeresis emphasizes the hero's astonishment at the revelation of his goddess-
(In
tliis
claiLses: in
mcther.)
Lines 418-440.
corripuere viam
to
The verb
corripere is properly
II. I. 1. 47:
snatch up
cf.
plurimus urbi imminet looms in a mass over the city. adversas arces the towers thatface it, i.e. are rising oppo:
421.
magalia
strata
quondam
:
i.e.
stood.
(=
st7^atas
vias')
thinking of the famous gates of Ronie, and the great roads which
232
NOTES
all
parts of Italy.
Between these
to tlie
two
what appeals
and bustle
Virgil adniired
Rome,
huild
instant, etc.
eagerly the
to
walls, etc.
pars
depending on instant, as in instant eruere, II. 627. Dative of purpose. Ao 382, 2; B. 425. tecto for a diuelUng. sulco i.e. for the 191, 1; G. 340, 2; H. 425, 3; H. & B. 360.
:
foundations.
426.
(enact).
legunt
It is
this implies,
with
iura,
an example of zeugma. A. 640; B. 374, 2, a; G. 690; H. 751, 2, n. II. & B. 631, 7. This line lias been criticised as out of place between details of building, but Virgil is rather fond of this order of ideas. Line 422 is slightlv similar. See note. In any case, the thought embodied here is necessary for the
;
complete picture of civic lif e, as known to the the harbor of Carthage was 427. portus
:
Romans
cf . 507.
artificial,
but again
Virgil
probably thinking of the construction of harbors by Agrippa, whom we might almost call Secretary of tlie Xavy under Augustus. alta: deep. theatri: here again it is the Ronian idea
is
of a complete city,
In Virgirs day
city.
the
Roman
lofty
scaenis
qualis
adornments for
future stage.
430.
scaenis
.
dative of interest.
.labor: the corresponding /aZw is not expressed. For the simile (already found in Georgics IV. 162 ff.), cf. Milton, Paradise Lost I. 768 " As bees In springtime, when the sun with Taurus rides, Pour forth their populous youth about the hive.
:
For VirgiFs knowledge of bees, see Introd. 2. aestate nova early summer. mella stipant this froni hqiior, not IXqueo. 432. liquentia expression seems to be explained by tlie words following, (hdci
: :
BOOK
the pollen or bee-bread.
23S
rom
his poUen-baskets
very
soon afterward another bee will go into the same cell head first, and carefully pack down {stipo) the lumps of plastic pollen just deposited there.
forni
easier
to
handle
in
verse
than
fucos
drones.
at.
438.
suspicit: looks up
We
descended froni the hill (-119). 440. 439. se governed by both infert and miscet, Dative. A. 413, a, N. (2); B. 358, 440. viris: icith the people.
:
&
B. 363,
2, c.
ulli: dative of
of 418 suggest rapid motion, while the The opening opposite is plainly expressed in the slow rhythm of 419. dactyl of 420, running over from the preceding hne, seems to imply
that thelabor
Then the successive past, the hill-top being reached. and the tone is gaze, steady of notion spondees harmonize with the This of 422. feet initial continued in the slow^ rhythm of 421 and the {adversas aspectat^ is emphasized by the raarked alhteration of 420 and the repetition magalia) molem . arces) and 421 (miratiir
is
. .
(anaphora) of miratur.
Note the simile (430-6) involves many subtleties of rhythm. smoothness of the opening line (alternating dactyls and spondees), of effort reached tlie shcditly labored tone of the second, and the cli.max in 434 (wdth lightened again inthe next hnes (432-3). The tone is of the lazy its three initial dactyls), becomes heavier with the mention
The
'
drones, and returns to its lightness in the closing hne. The si;h of the liero for the fulfilment of his own dream is beautiThe fully expressed in the spondaic rhythm of the famous line 437. indicate numerous dactyls of 440, emphasized by alliteration, seem to the absence of all difficulty in the action described.)
Lines 441-493.
cf.
the
Phoenicians
234
caput Carthage, and
444.
.
NOTES
.
acris equi
is
commpii
011
Carthaginian coins.
animal.
iiidirect
sic
nam
fore
narration, dependent
on a verb of saying implied in monsfj-arat, for {sJie had FiG. 38. Coix OF Carthage. ^^y^ ^j^^^ fj^^^ ^j^^ ^,^^^^ ^.^^^^^ be famous in war. sic i.e. if they found the head. rich in suhstance. victu, ablative of respect. 445. facilem victu That it is not a supine is clear from facilem victum used by Virgil
: :
It is
was associated with the cult both of Mars and of Consus, the ancient god of fertility. Virgil is, of course, primarily interested in Ronian customs. ingens Sidonia Dido note the chiastic 446. templum order of nouns and adjectives. Sidonia : cf 340. Tyre and Sidon are regarded as practically one and the same. i.e. votive offerings. numine presence. The 447. donis
.
teraple
is
and
in the gifts
aenis
sized
is
grand temples. There is perhaj)s a reference to the Pantheon, which was built by Agrippa in 27 b.c, but the existing Pantheon is a restoration of the time of the Emperor Iladrian. cui gradibus surgebant limina its threshold uprose on sfeps. cui
of their
:
many
a dative of interest; gradihus ablative of means. nexaeque aere trabes its lintel-beams were riveted of hronze. There is much
is
:
doubt as to whether
beams
'l'lie
of the
448
is
and
more complete
materiaL
foribus
dative of interest.
The expression
is
a varia-
BOOK
(1) the whole entrance, limina
itig
;
235
beams
of the
architrave
and
(3)
tlie
res
sight
cf.
note on 282.
timorem
i.e.
as
to his
reception.
452.
adflictis
;
rebus
;
shattered fortunes.
;
B. 219, 1 B. 187, ii
G. 401, x. 6 H. 476, 3 H. & G. 346 H. 426, 1 H. & B. 362, ii. because they are under the dome. 453. sub witli miratur (456) 454. quae fortuna sit urbi
;
marvels at the
:
citfsfortune.
"
What
the
artificumque
manus
i.e.
inter se
literally, the
hands of
artists.
among
themselves,
the handiicork
ofthe several
The
unity of
in his
458.
side.
effect.
For
note on a
vertice, 114.
Virgil is
own
dav.
:
Agamemnon and Menelaus, leaders on ^evum ambobus i.e. both to the Atridae and
Atridas
:
Priam,
"
nostri laboris
. .
.
our sorrow.
:
sunt la.ndi here,too, worthhas its (due^ reivards. laudi is used by metonymy of that which wins praise. 462. sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt a matchless line, often referred to by modern poets. Thus Wordsworth
:
" Yet tears to human suffering ai-e due, And mortal hopes defeated and o'erthrown
As
236
Matthew Arnold
NOTES
'
'
The
Tennyson
" Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind."
rerum
463.
an objective ^genitive,
7'es
nieaning
res
adversae, sorrow.
mentem
object
464.
mortalia
:
tibi
the alliteration heightens the effect of pathos. ethical dative cf note on tibi, 258. As an indirect
:
nohis.
cf
inani
unsubstantial, notliing
466.
:
467-8.
hac
;
contrast victories
more than a picture. followed by indirect questions. hac Jiere there, The first two pictures of the Trojans and of the Greeks. Phryges i.e.
.
:
Trojans
469.
sc.
fugerent.
:
i.e.
Rhesi
the
book of the Uiad, and in the Rhesiis, a play of Euripides. Rhesus was a king of Thrace, who carae to Troy to aid Priam. As an oracle had declared that Troy could not be taken, if the horses of Rhesus should graze there or drink*of the Xanthus, Ulysses and Dioniedes waylaid hini and seized the horses. tentoria huts, not tents, were used in the Honieric age cf note
story is told in the tenth
:
on ancora, 1G9.
470.
(i.e.
deepest) sleep.
Note the
:
allitera-
Diomedes. caede cruentus note the eniphasis given by aditeration and the position of the adjective. the change frora the iniperfect tense Is probably 472. avertit due to the nietrical difficulty of handling the long iniperfect forms
471.
:
:
Tydides
gustassent ere they should taste. The pluperfect subjunctive is due to virtual oblique narration, and represents a future-perfect indicative, which wa? perhaps used in tlie original wordsof the oracle cf. note on 469. The ordinary explanation that it is tlie idea of purpose or of an act anticipated inay account for the niood, but not for the tense,
avertebat
:
(like
w).
priusquam
BOOK
237
which in that case would naturally be an imperfect. See A. 551, H. 644, 2; H. & B. 535, a. n. 2 B. 323 G. b, X. 1 the youngest son of Priam, slain by Achilles. 474. Troilus the second 475. iiifelix atque impar congressus Achilli part of the line explains the first, unliappy because no match for congressus participle, with impar a predicate nominaAchilles. Achilli see A. 413, b, n. B. 358, 3 G. 346, x. 6 H. 428, 3 tive.
; ;
m,
H. & B. 363, 2, c cf vins, 440. dative. 476. curru dative of reference cf iactanti, 102. 477. huic hy his inverted spear, which 478. versa hasta pulvis this quantity of the final syllable car.
; .
: :
probably
is
its
original quantity
479.
cf
jnihi,
videt,
308.
interea
con-
ceived as contemporaneous with the preceding, because the two The account pictures are side by side. non aequae unfriendly.
:
is
taken f rom Homer, lliad VI. 297 fi^. i.e. in their distress. 480. crinibus passis
:
481.
tion,
The
perfect participle
raptaverat
i.e.
The pic-
show
:
the
effcects
of this action.
currus
is
would not
Tiie chariot
refer to him.
probably that of Hector, for both spolia and corpus There is a climax in the thought, assisted by the
{iit
. .
.
striking anaphora
488.
ut
ut).
principibus permixtum
in close
comhat
.
ivith.
Note the
of
alliteration.
of principihus, cf
j-anks.
viris,
440.
489.
Eoasque acies
was leader
:
Eastern
first.
nigri
Memnonis Memnon,
nigi-i.
the son
He was
lunatis
to
by
:
Achilles.
Amazonidum
with
more
commonly Amazonum.
such
being
peculiar
peltis
crescent
shields,
the
Amazons.
238
491.
KOTES
Penthesilea
:
she, too,
was
slain
by
Achilles.
furens
warlike fury.
492.
subnectens
viris
.
. .
is
a perfect.
493.
Contrast 481.
virgo
in ideast (Lines 441 and 442 afford a good inustration of alternation of rhythra, and an impressive tone is imparted to the account of the temple by the rhy thra of the opening line 44G. The dactyls of 463 are Tlie slow line 471 tells a tale expressive of good cheer (solve metus). after the second foot, and striking diaeresis Line 477 lias a of blood. the pathetic fate of Troilus is stiil furtlier emphasized by the alliterative phrase cervixque comaeque, with its polysyndeton, as well as by Alliteration is comraon. the slow spondees of 478. The pictures described are intended merely as specimens, and are We have, it is true, a Trojan not systeraatically arranged in pairs. victory contrasted with a Greek one (467, 468), but the slaugliter in tlie camp of Rhesus (469) is not offset by the deatli of the single liero Again, the suppHant Trojan Troilus, whicli is parte alia (474). women, bearing the pephis to Pallas, would hardly afford a suitable parallel to Priara's supplication of Achilles for the body of Hector. In the remaining pictures Aeneas, the Atridae (cf. 458 and 488), Memnon, and the Araazons figared, but we are not told how they were grouped.)
Lines 494-519.
Dardanio
:
tliis
particuLar epithet
is
indicates
hero.
496.
these
witli videntur
440.
;
of specification.
A. 418; B. 220
G. 397;
H. 480;
498.
&
tlie
B. 441.
:
qualis
Nausicaa,
Sparta.
daughter of Alcinous.
:
Eurotae
tlie
river
of
Cynthi
were
borii.
499.
?,
exercet choros
sliort,
is liere
dancing hands.
Diana
tlie
usually
:
long;
cf.
quam
Becutae
literally,
yb//owm^
BOOK
500.
:
239
glomerantur a passive, witli middle sense, throng. illa: (hut) she. Xote the eniphaLic asyndeton after the bucolic diaeresis. See note on nos, 250, and (for tlie diaeresis) cf. 348. i.e. the Oreads. 501. deas the mother of Diana and Apollo. tacitum 502. Latonae pectus i.e. she is possessed with unspeakahle joy. pertemptant
: :
thrill.
503.
504.
her kingdom
505.
to he.
case of hendiadys
:
see note
on
54.
of the goddess (i.e. of her shrine), not the outer doors of the teraple, but the doors of the inner
ceUa, wliich enclosed the
foribus divae
at the door
dine templi
local.
heneath the
armis i.e. armed men. Note the many s sounds in this line, which is expressive of majesty. the laivs and ordinances, a single idea ex507. iura legesque pressed by two words, which are here synonymous. For the thought see note on 426. viris to the people. aut sorte trahebat i.e. if possible, she 508. aequabat
506.
: : :
it
by
lot.
510.
Anthea
penitvLS
cf.
181.
<^
512.
513.
far aicag.
.
v^-^
simul
(e.g.
simul
et,
found even in
B. G. IV. 13). 514. avidi coniungere dextras ardebant; they hurned ivith The infinitive depends on ardehant, which eagerness to join hands.
Caesar
is
A. 456
B. 328
G. 423
H. 614
H.
&
B. 586.
515.
res incognita
the uncertainty
of
their state.
They do not
for syntax
know how
516.
dissimulant
they
is
:
keep hidden.
Understand
praesentiam.
enfolding.
The word
cava
speculantur
240
517.
JSIOTES
quae fortuna
viris
:
sc. sif.
quid veniant wlnj they come. lecti: cJiosen men. Their 519. orantes veniam crninng fp-ace, or sulng for/avor. actual appeals are giveii in 525-6. clamore sc. suo. It is a variation on orantes veniam, aiid is a modal ablative.
518.
: :
in 490 the slow spondaic rhythm introduces the noble lines descriptive o^ Dido^s stately entrance. The easy movement of 601 well accords with the thouglit.)
(Note
how
Lines 520-560.
1'he
Trojans.
introgressi
^c. snnt.
data
gentis
.
sc.es/.
maximus
dedit
:
hc.
natu.
523.
tribes.
has granted.
superbas
i.e.
the Libyan
524.
ventis
:
vecti
maria
525.
infandos ignis horrible Jlames. The Carthaginians have threatened to burn their ships. pathetic alliteration, continued in jwopius. 526. parce pio propius aspice looJc more kindlg upon. 527. populare the infinitive of purpose. A. 460, c B. 826, n. G. 421, N a II. 608, 1 II. & B. 5!)8, a. Penatis homes, by nietonymy; cf. 461. Another alliterative plirase. vertere to drire stolen hootij to the shore. A 528. raptas condensed expression. no sucJi riolence is in our hearts ; animo 529. non ea vis animo is a (hitive of possession. nec victis nor Jiave the ranquisJied
:
sucJi
assnrnnce
530.
is
Hesperiam
Italy
;
this
used of
by the
largely
to
avoid
Jtalia
(prop-
erly
vy
w w)
cf.
BOOK
531.
241
snil.
ubere glaebae
Oenotri
Italiam
'
:
rlcliness
of
Virgil
is
the poet oi
Italy, as well as of
liome.
the
:
See Introd.
Is
11.
532.
word
sc.est;
probably associated
the story is.
with
00/05
(wine).
533.
Italus,
nunc fama
:
now
is
usuallj thought to
oxen from iraA.o? = vitulus, a bull. 534. hic cursus fuit the first of fifty-five incomplete verses in the Aeneid. Of these the largest number (ten) occur in the second book, the smallest (one) in the sixth and twelfth books.
mean land
See Introd.
535.
sicell.
14,
1.5.
:
cum
lohen,
rising with
sudden
nimbosus Orion
by storms.
about midsummer.
sc. nos.
know
536.
that
afar;
cf.
512.
Note the
allitera-
The
perque
perque
Another
superante salo
;
while the
alliterative phrase.
cf.
oris
Latio, 6.
In this verse,
hunc morem
cient
:
line.
sc.
isti,
Hhose people of
yours.'
prima terra
on
by archaism
for contemnere.
used by Virgil four times, always in speeches. sperate properly, looh forivard 543. at yet. nefandi memores sc. fore. fandi assured.
It is
:
: :
to;
:
hence, he
used as gehi-
wrong. and nefas ; right whether he is still alive, is uncertain. quo iustior 544. erat alter, etc. and no one was either more righteous in his goodness or
tives oifas
.
242
greater in icar than he.
of Aeneas.
iustior
NOTES
pietas
and
virtus are
delined
by
pietate, wliich is
546.
the air
an ablative of sj)ecification. sivescitur aura aetheria: if he feeds on the air of heaven, being a source of life. For the construction of aura, see
and does
not yet
lie.
umbris
:
i.e.
Local ablative.
nohis.
f.he
non metus
sc.
est
officio
paeniteat
nor
you should now be kind to us. officio, ablative of specification. certasse = certavisse, by syncope. i.e. if Aeneas is dead, there is also another 549. sunt et land, where we may settle, viz. Sicily. Tlie et carries tlie reader
if
.
. . :
back to 530,
550.
witli
:
its.
arva
urhes
lands for
cf.
.
.
So
in VIT.
arva
et
Many
editions read
arma
here.
Troianoque
551. 552.
Acestes:
:
subducere
to
:
heach.
to
aptare trabes
si
fashion planls.
stringere
remos
.
to
tendere
subordinate to ut
to
petamus.
Italy.
554.
Italiam
name;
:
cf.
note on 531.
555.
absumpta
nec iam
is
:
sc.
est.
pater optime
Teucrum
apos-
trophe.
556.
and no
longer.
spes luli
hope in lulus.
live to
The
into a
genitive
objective.
grow
man.
557.
at
cf.
:
543.
king, instead of Aeneas.
regem a predicate noun, to he our ore fremebant shouted applause. Dardanidae cf note on 534.
: :
BOOK
243
Lines 561-578.
DiD0's Friexdly
561.
Welcome.
face.
voltum demissa:
ivith
doicncast
Dido, thougli a
coiistructiou, cf.
For the
562.
solvite corde
res dura
stern
metum
metu.
She is surrounded by perils, fear of her being threatened by savage peoples and living in tueri talia moliri explained hy late brother Pygmalion.
563.
:
necessity.
talia is
explained in 539-541.
:
custode collective singular. Kote the prevailing spondees in this and the preceding line. who could he ignorant. The subjunctive is 565. quis nesciat quis. Aeneapotentiah Xote the rhetorical repetition of quis dum cf. note on Aeneadae, 157. Note hrave deeds and hrave men. 566. virtutesque virosque the assonance and polysyndeton. not so dull are our Punic hreasts, i.e. 567. non obtusa adeo, etc.
564.
:
urbe
and not
;
Tyrian
sun yoke
his steeds
i.e.
Saturniaarva:
Erycis
finis
:
i.e.ltalj,
where Saturn
golden age.
570. 571.
i.e.
Sicily.
;
sC
.
vos.
tutos
has
its
participial force.
? literally, do you do you wish The question is prefer to use '^or" in English. wish also? line would be equivalent to a condition, to which the following
572.
We
the apodosis.
573.
est
a striking instance of
244
inverse attraction,
i.e.
NOTES
where an antecedent noiin
.
is
attracted into
Tros Tyriusque
no
distitiction.
treat icith
Trojan and Tyrian I shall The^ line has been chosen as the motto of
. .
:
agetur
Cf.
Thackeray
"
As
all
one to
him"
24).
Ti/rius
ifi
probably adopted for the sake of the assonance with Tros. Their names are alike they shall be treated alike. mihi is dative of
;
agent.
575. 576.
Noto =
adforet
:
vento,
by metonymy.
tense, see
;
For the raood and A. 442; B. 279, 2; G. 260; H. 558, 1 H. & B. 510.
poetical for adesset.
trusty
^'j'j.
certos
men.
si
quibus
errat
man
is
stray-
cities.
quibus is
from
tlie
indefinite
pronoun
Lines 579-612.
580.
animum Greek accusative of sioecification iamdudum ardebant had hmg been eager.
:
:
cf
320.
;
A. 471, b
B.
:
260, 4; G. 234;
burst forth
H.
the
535, 1;
cloiid.
'
H. & B. 485.
erumpere nubem
irregiilarly
to
from
it is
The verb
burst forth.'
is
transitive.
Regularly
582.
intransitive,
:
nate dea Appropriate address, imthou goddess-born ! plying that Aeneas is under his mother's care cf. 585. 584. unus abest: i.e. Orontes. of, 300 ff. 585. dictis matris encircling. With this scene should be com586. circumfusa
;
: :
se
scindit.
se
purgaf
vanishes.
588.
restitit
verl*s restitit
and
This is an in Virgil. Cf. witli this whole passage, where Athene transforms Odysseus.
refulsit
frame
XXIII. 156-162,
BOOK
589.
245
like a god.
os
umerosque deo
similis
ipsa
the goddess of
decoram caesa-
riem
tJie
590.
lumenque iuventae
:
ruddy hloom. lu this connection, English poets have often retained from VirCTil purple the word cf Gray
'
purpureum
'
(^Progress of Poesy)
*'
The bloom
of
young
desu-e,
and
laetos honores
adflarat
:
joyous
ally, breathed,
a word which
FiG. 39.
case of zeugma.
Apollo.
as the
592.
quale
is
eve7i
heauty
How
Perhaps the ivory was merely polislied perhaps it was set in dark wood. aut ubi flavo auro the coustruction changes. Or (as the beauty added) when silver or Parian marble is set in yelloic gold. The island of Paros, south of Delos, in the Aegean Sea, still yields a beautiful
given
;
this beauty
marble.
cunctis with improvisus. thou icho alone hast pitied ; miserata is 597. O sola miserata the participle. In view of the help given by Acestes, the statement is an exaggeration.
594.
:
:
598.
tn.f ^jty
cf.
30.
omnium ( w ^) is a of all. difficult form to liandle in the hexameter, and tliis is the only Here the final -um is elided place where it is found in Virgih
51J9.
omnium egenos
destitute
246
600.
NOTJiS urbe
domo
ablatives of instruraent.
:
asyndeton.
601.
to thefull.
:
it is
icate
geuitive;
:
est, etc.
nor (in
the
anywhere.
The expression =
est.
Dardaniae quidquid
sc. est.
eius
gentis ubique
602.
magnum quae
III.
etc.
:
Besides Sicily,
and Epirus,
is
as
we
shall learn
from Book
603.
di tibi,
ferant (G05).
dl is
Man cannot both by position and asyndeton. si qua pios fitting gratitude, (but) the gods may reward her. respectant numina if any divine powers have regard for the good. si quid usquam iustitia est if justice has any weight anywhere.
phatic,
:
emshow
As often
deities
604.
if
any
reward the good, and if those deities are just. et connects mens with di; et mens sibi conscia recti
:
may the gods and the consciousness of right hring thee ivorthy rewards. That " virtue is its own reward " was a Stoic doctrine. sihi belongs
but need not be translated. recti is objective genitive with conscia. A. 347 ff.; B. 204; G. 374; H. 450 fE.; H. & B.
to conscia, 354.
606.
gave
hirth to so nohle
607.
lustratant convexa
while on the mountains the shadows shall course the slopes, i.e. " shadows sweep the mountain-sides" (Rhoades). Tlie poet
as long as
While meaus
shadows on tlie mountain-sides move with the sun, or as long as the sun shines. From childhood Virgil was famihar with mountains, and evidently noted liow tlieir appearance changed
lere. with the chaiiging liours. montibus is an ablative of place ivhile heaven feeds the ^i<i(if{t 608. polus dum sidera pascet Tlie slars are conceived of as a flock grazing in tiie sky. Tlie.n.nt
I
of tlie stars
whom
the fiery particles of aclhcr, so that Lucretii_iG2, Virgil was largely dependent for pliilosophic teachinp
is
BOOK
247
unde aether sidera pascit (De Rerum Natura I. 231). See Introd. Shelley in The Cloud compares the stars to "a swarm of 8.
golden bees."
6io.
quae
cumque
6ii.
6i2.
lines
is
con-
(The prevailing tone of this irapressive passage is tliat of joy and gratitude. The spondaic rliytlim is conspicuous therefore only in 585, \vhere the hero sighs for Orontes, and in 597, vv^here the Trojan sorElsewliere dactyls are prominent. Ehetorii-ows nmst be mentioned. Thus the exclamatory questions 605-6 cal devices are numerous.
anaphora 599 (onmibus
.
.
.
omnium), 603
.
(si
si), 605-6
.
.
(quae
dum . . dum,), Q12 (fortem qui), 601-8 {dum . . fortem); chiasmus asyndeton 600, 603; 611 (llionea dextra, laevaque Serestum), and aUiteration 605 (te tam . tiderunt) ; cf. 607 idum
. . . . . . .
montibus umbrae),)
Lines 613-642.
primo aspectu;
or I was the Jirst
viri
:
thongh. agreeing
an adverbial
to
force.
So primus
:
id feci
cf.
means / did
do
it.
Sidonia Dido
446.
614. 615.
nate dea:
617-18 show
why
this
form
of address
is
appropriate here.
616.
immanibus
about.
tune ille Aeneas sc. es ; art thou that famous Aeneas? Dardanio Anchisae here we liave hiatus, and a spondee in the fifth foot. Such an unusual combination accords with tlie ^i^aker's astonisliment. Yirgil allows it only three times, and
617.
:
:
-^in
f\[^('
proper names.
/ rememher
Teucer's
Sidon.
Teucer was a son of Telamon, who drove him home from Troy without his
248
brother Ajax.
of Sidon.
NOTES
Teucer therefore sought refuge with Belus, king venire for the present iufinitive see A. 684, a, n.
:
G. 281,
621.
2, X.
II.
618, 2
H. & B.
is
593, b.
Beli
this
word
Semitic,
aud Baal.
to Beel
Greek princes, including Agamemnon Tlie Pelasgi are supposed to have inhabited and Menelaus. Greece prior to the Hellenes yet in Ilomer the Pelasgi are allied with the Trojans. ferebat used to extol. altliough an enemy. 625. hostis Teucer's molher Hesione was would have it. 626. volebat daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, and the Trojans were known
:
ihe
king of Troy.
His
own
nanie
629.
expression.
which Yirgil is famous. So Thackeray makes Dick the Scholar qut)te tliese words in Latin to cf. Scott (^The Pirate, Harry Esmond (^Henry Esmond, ch. YI)
630.
One
ch. Y).
631.
632.
at
the
honorem
at
temj/Ies
is
Virgil
giving.
633.
of the gods. templis local ablative. honorem thinking of a Roman supplicatio, or sacrifice of thanks:
is
634.
635.
brislling.
centum
suum
maqnorum
'
horrentia
terga
suum
BOOK
636.
:
249
tlie
case
dafs merriment
genitive of
dies.
predicate appositiou
diei,
to terga
an archaic fonn of
cf.
:
534.
jjalace within.
domus
interior
tJie
superbo
sHlfully
em
ingens argentum
emhossed in gold,
fortia facta
caelataque in
auro
i.e.
relief,
641.
(In tbis passage, in contrast with tbe prevailing tone we must note sucb a reraarkable line as 617, in wliicli besides the general spondaic rhytlim we bave the spondaic fiftb foot. Tbus tbe tone of astonishment is empbasized, and in contrast we have a very Hgbt one succeeding, Surprise is also expressed in tbe striking coiiplet 62;j-(3, witb its spondaic rhytbm, contrasting witb tbe succeeding hnes. Tbe same rbythm in 634 and 640 accords with tbe notion of tbe magnitude and splendor of the gifts. Note tbe use of anaphora in 6.31-2 {simiil simid), and 634-5 {centum . . centum). There are several cases of alliteration.)
.
. . .
Lines 643-656.
Gifts.
patrius
644.
amor rapidum an
:
a father's
love,
i.e.
his
own
cf.
primo,
613.
645.
ferat,
ding in H. 562, 1,
646.
ducat: the subjunctives depend on the ideaof bidpraemittit. See A. 565, a B. 295, 1 and 8 G. 546, r. 2.
;
;
N.
H.
:
&
B. 502,
3.
ipsum
ferre
:
i.e.
Ascanius.
i.e.
648.
sc.
ewm,
.4c^a^en.
signis
auroque
:
icith
fgurea
wrought in gold.
649.
Hendiadys.
circumtextum croceo
i.e.
acantho
acanthus;
250
NOTES
acanthus
f leely
leaf.
This
leaf
fifirures
and
is
Argivae Helenae the expression comes from Ilomer (Iliad II. 161), where tlie adjective simply means*
similarly,
'
Grecian.'
Mycenis
though Helen came from Sparta, yet Mycenae was the principal seat of Greek power, where
strongly
con-
trasted
FjG. 40.
peteret
s^^lla-
quantity retained
:
by archaism
308.
inconcessos hymenaeos
i.e.
lier
i.e.
as wifeof Polymnestor,
eldest.
maxima
i.e.
niaxima natu,
for
the neck,
necHace.
:
655.
bacatum
were
of jetvels and gold, bly) one circlet of gold and a second of jewels.
:
nam
a coronettvith a douhle
(proba-
656.
haec celerans
Lines 657-694.
Cytherea
ut
. :
cf.
257.
novas
2l28.
nova
658.
faciem mutais
tus
cf
659.
furentem incendat
cf.
fre
to
madness; fureniem
a case of
])i-()l(']isis;
660.
ossibus
Tlie
marrow
BOOK
66i.
251
:
quippe
in
trutJi.
ambiguam
:
uncertain,treacherous.
The
entertained a popular idea that the Carthaginians were a treacherous people. bilinguis properly applies to snakes, which
Romans
tongMies.
the vindictiveness
of Juno chafes
her,
i.e.
is
vindictive.
solus
note the repetition at the beginning of successive lines. patris summi: i.e. Jupiter. tela Typhoia i.e. the thunderbolts, called Typhoia, because with them Jiipiter slew the Titan
nate
Typhoeus.
vincit,
these.
temnis
667.
thee.
cf.
note on 542.
etc.
:
frater ut,
how
thy hrother
tossed about,
is
known
to
ut iactetur is a
668. 669.
iactetur
nota
sc.
influence.
doluisti
verbal idea, a
671.
common
.
. .
notum est. The phiral is due to Greek dolore note that the noun repeats the rhetorical pleonasm.
: :
quo se
hospitia
what
may
he the outcome
of
.7uno's
hospitality;
an indirect deliberative question. quo is an interrogative adverb. lunonia Carthage is dedicated to Juno. 672. haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum she tvill not he idle
:
of fortune ; cardine, properly.A in^rg, and so turningpoint, crisis. It is an ablative of time. Note the alliteration in cessaThe subject for cessahit is to be supplied from lunonia. hit cardine. uote the parallel expres673. capere dolis. cingere flamma Both are military nietaphors from the sions with alliteration.
at such a crisis
:
storming of a
674.
flamma i.e. the flame of love. ne quo se numine mutet literally, lest she change
city.
:
herself
lest
her.
Juno
is
referred to.
teneatur
understand
the
fromthe preceding
ne.
qua
how.
at
accitu:
summons.
Certain verbal nouns are used accitu, iussu, iniussu, rogatu. A.lOSjb, 5j
;
H.
&
B. 106,
1.
252
679.
NOTES
pelago et flammis
:
from
the sea
and
the Jlamen.
Ablatives
of separatioii.
somno being ablative of Tlie expression is a pleonasm (somnus is from an earlier ni^irus. super alta Cythera cf. doluisti dolore, 0(59. sop-nus, from sopio) on the heights of Cythera; cf. note on Cytherea, 257. sacrata sede i.e. in a 681. Idalium: a lofty site in Cyprus.
680.
:
sopitum somno
;
lulled to sleep,
temple.
682.
ne qua
lest in
any
ivay.
mediusve occurrere
:
or thwart
;
them hy intervening.
683.
The
cf.
613.
faciem illius falle dolo assume hy strqtegy his appearance. noctem non amplius unam for no more than a single night. For the construction see A. 407, c; B. 217, 3; G. 296, r. 4; H. 471, 4;
:
H.
& B.
416, d.
:
684.
pueri puer
emphatic repetition
art.
puer has the force of a Note that the second half of this
;
of her joy. Lyaeus note the alliterative phrase. 686. laticem Lyaeum (from Xv(x> = solvo), here used as an adjective, is a name for Bac685.
:
laetissima
in the fulness
:
chus, the
688. 690. 691. 692.
(solvit) care.
fallas
heguile
sc.
eam.
luli: Ascanius.
hosom.
dea
cf
note on
dea, 412.
and the breath of its sweet shade ; liiQv^Wy, breathing upon him with its fowers and Note in 693-4, the melodious verses due to soft l and sweet shade. vowel sounds, and compare
694.
floribus
umbra
enwraps him
in flowers
" She sent the gentle sleep That sHd into my soul."
froni Ileaven
of 600 and 088 emphasizes the idea of love's strongly ^vith the dactylic rhythm contrasting lino forrner X)Ovver, the of 001. Assonance and alliteration are very commonly employed. Thua
BOOK
253
662 {cura reairsat), 663 (adfatur amorem), 664 (raea magna), 665 (tela Typhoia temnis), ()'2 (cessabit cardine), 618 (pner parat, mea inaxima), 680, 681 (many s soimds), 686 (laticem Lyaeum), 690 (gressu gaudens), 693, 694 (see note on 694). Thus 664-5 (nate Repetitions in expression are common. . nate), 669 (doluisti dolore), 683-4 (see note on 684), 685-7 (cum
M
.
Lyaeum, cum
Jiget).)
Lines 695-722.
royal hangings, laid herself on a golden couch ; venit is an historical aulaeis superbis ablative of atteiidant circumstance. present.
:
The
aulaea were the curtains which liung from the ceiling iu a Roman dining room, and under which the couches were arrauged.
698.
aurea sponda
i.e.
aurea
is
dissyllable
by
synizesis.
mediam
locavit
sc.se.
She placed
stratoque super discumbitur ostro and the gnests recline on the purple outspread, i.e. outspread on the couches. Over the couches were laid purple coverlets; discumhitur is used imper700.
:
manibus:
tonsis
dative.
Cererem
villis
:
canistris expediunt:
and
177.
Cererem, a case of
metonymy;
cf.
mantelia
i.e.
napkins close-shorn.
villis is
an
:
ablative of quality.
703.
intus
quibus cura
:
(sc. est)
ichose tasJc
it is.
ordine longo
the
penum
:
struere
to set
in long array,
i.e.
many
704.
the
honor or magnify
Penates with flames, i.e. to keep the hearth ablaze with fire. The poet attempts to dignify a commonplace idea. " Many Pompeians painted representations of the household gods upon an inner \vall,
254
NOTES
often upon a wall of the kitcheu, near the hearth. There wa iisually a painted altar underneath, witli a serpent on eitlier side
coming
p. 268.)
(Mau and
Kelsey, Pompeii,
706.
For a
parallel
account of a feast in Hoiner, see Odyssey I. 136 moreover the Tyrians 707. nec non et Tyrii
:
too.
limina laeta
festal halls.
frequentes
:
thronging.
708.
709.
toris pictis
emhroidered couches.
lulum
in reality Cupid.
:
Appropriate to the god of love. pesti rmn, 712. infelix: explained by the clause following. i.e. her ruinous passion for Aeneas. satisfy hersoul ; expleri is a passive with 713. expleri mentem
710.
flagrantis
ghncing.
middle force.
lative of the
ardescit tuendo
taJces jire
as she gazes.
The
ab-
gerund expresses means. in the emhrace and on the neck. 715. complexu colloque The ablatives are locah abstract and concrete are mixed.
:
Tha
717.
718.
719.
reginam petit
Dido
a pathetic addition.
:
insidat miserae
settles
vpon her
her sorrow
miserae
is
a case of prolepsis.
in this line
ille
:
JSTote
and
Cupid.
720.
matris Acidaliae
Yenus
is
so called
abolere to hlot out the memory of. praevertere i.e. love for the living Aeneas. 721. vivo amore
:
surprise.
722.
iam pridem,
etc.
used.
(An impressive hne of spondaic rhythm opens the passnge, and^the same rhythm voices the wonder of the jj:;azlng Carthaginians in 709.
'rhn*e (liacreses, coinciding with
pauses in each of
tln-ee successive
Hnes (717-9), perhaps betoken the tragedy in which Dido is soon to be Note too tlie anai^liora in 700 and 717. Alliteration occurs involved.
in 700, 701, 700, 707, 710, 711, 714, 715.)
BooK
255
Lines 723-756.
ThE SoNG OF
:
IoPAS.
lull
epulis
:
in the feasting
sc. est.
:
remotae
sc. sunt.
.
724.
crateras
Troas, 30.
were rnixed in the crater. At a Roman dinner the wine was brought in with the mensae secundae (= dessert). vina coronant: crown the wine ; i.e. place wreaths about the bowl.
725.
fit
strepitus tectis
a hum arises in
the noise
of conversation.
lychni magnificent chandeliers or candelabra were niuch in vogue in imperial llome, some being cast in the shape of trees which bore lamps instead of fruit. Pliny tells us that the finest specimen of this kind was in the temple of Apollo built by Augustus on the Palatine. laquearibus aureis t?ie fretted roof of gold. Such a ceiling was of ten found in the grand halls of
726.
:
:
imperial Rome.
727.
aureis
:
is
a dissyllable by synizesis.
incensi
hic
the feast
was held
in the daylight,
and only
it
aftei
hereupon.
was a golden
cup
729.
quam
Belus,
etc.
wont
to vse.
With
soliti
omnes
a Belo
orti.
This Belus
is
hospitibus nam, etc. for they say that thou dost appoint laics for host and guest. nam explains why Jupiter is invoked. hospites applies to both the entertainers and the entertained. may it he thy will that, etc. huius it, i.e. diei. 733. velis
:
minores
735.
children.
coetum celebrate faventes: honor the gathering with The last word is the most important. friendly spirit. 736. laticum libavit honorem: offered a lihation of wine. The
256
idea of an offering
is
NOTES
in honorem, that of libation in Uhnvit; laticum
= vi7d.
737.
primaque
libato, etc.
and
is
toas first to
Uhato
sonal use.
A. 419, c; G. 410, x. 4; 11. 489, 7 H. & B. 421, 8, a. summo ore cf. prima ierra, 541. idth a chaUenge. Bitias is some Phoenician 738. increpitans
:
noble.
739.
drank deep (\itersi\ly,Jloodedhim' As often, the second half of the self) in the hrimming gold. sentence repeats the first. The poet gives us a humorous contrast with Dido's dainty sip; cf. Scotfs Lay ofthe Last Minstrel:
:
to see
How
The
740.
long,
how
deep,
how
zealously
crinitus
;
ApoUo
see Fig.
is
Allan-bane
I.
have " tresses gray.'' " white-haired " (Lady ofthe Lake). lopas Yirgirs
Scotfs minstrels
:
and Demodocus (Ib. VIII. 73). makes (the hall) resound. Atlas he is the god of 741. personat Mount Atlas in Africa and therefore associated by Virgil with
3-26)
:
:
a Carthaginian bard.
In the Odyssey
"
(I.
52) Atlas
is
the fatlier
knows the depths of every sea, and uphoids the tall pillars which keep earth and sky apart." Virgil regards him as a wizard wlio has instructed lopas in the wondrou
of the sorceress Calypso,
secrets of nature.
742.
hic
i.e.
:
lopas.
errantem lunam
:
i.e.
the
moon
in its revohitions.
solis
labores
743.
i.e.
tlie
:
ignes
Ughfning-fires.
744.
pluvias
Hyadas
plurias
(rainy)
is
*
a translation of
from a Greek verb iJtiv, to rain.' The risMay was attended by rains. Cf. Tennyson
" Thro' scudding drifts tlie rainy Ilyades Vext the dini sea." (Ulysses.)
BOOK
geminos Triones
Bear.
745.
:
257
the Great and the Little
i.e.
quid tantum, etc. i.e. why the days of winter are so short, what delay stays the slowly passing nights, 746. quae tardis, etc. According to a principle frequently illustrated in i.e. in ^vinter. this book, the second clause is but a variation on the first, there being, however, a contrast between the short days and the long This and the preceding line have already been used by nights.
: :
super multa: note the epanadiplosis (repetition at the beginning and end of a line) and the chiasmus The dactylic rhythm well expresses Dido's eagerness. see 184. nunc note the emphatic anaphora. nunc 751. nunc
. . .
.
707.
See 489.
i.e.
men-
Diomedes
in her temple.
the stiUups-of.
753.
immo
age
nay come
QUESTIOXS ON BOOK
When was
Virgil born ?
I.
AVas he older or younger than Julius Caesar? than Augustus? than Cicero? than Horace? Was he a Ronian citizen from birth? What are the essentials of an epic poem? AVhat are the great epics? What was VirgiFs main purpose in writing the Aeneid?
Is
Book
clironologically first?
Why
arrangement? What were the reasons for the strife between Juno and Venus? Why was Juno hostile to the Trojans? What other divinities were hostile to Troy, and why? What purely descriptive passage of five or more lines do you like best? What passages show the character of Aeneas ? What characterWhat are the essential qualities istics do you find emphasized ? Does Aeneas possess them? [Cite passages to show of a leader?
this
258
reasons for your opiiiion.]
tradition say
it
NOTES
Where was Carthage?
When
does
was founded?
How
western Sicily
cover this
Carthage rather than at some other poiut? From what country did the settlers of Carthage come? AVhere in the poem are the annales lahorum mentioned in 373 ? AVhere did Aeneas first
he have? Who were Priam? Achilles? Hector? the Atridae? Tydides? What was Hesperia? Libya ? Where was the Tyrrhenum aequor f What j)art of Jupiter's promise to Venus is authentic history? In how many passages
embark?
How many
vessels did
does Venus actively appear in this book? What traits does she manifest? [Give passages which support your answer.] What were the principal scenes depicted on the walls of Dido's temple ?
Why
Would the
?
Why ?
What
Give
quotations
?
rom
How
Describe
IIow does Tennyson describe it ? Show how Virgil secures variety of rhythm. What is the effect of a prevalence of
spondees in a verse ? of dactyls ?
Cite a good illustration of
lines
iii
al-
literation.
Why
do we find incomplete
the Aeneidf
Quote
five
BOOK
n.
Aeneas egins
I.
. .
. :
IIis
Story.
conticuere tenebant note the change of tense. The sudden husli is followed by prolonged attention. The prefix iii
rondcuere has an intensive force.
intenti
l.
used instead of an
cf.
rdjiidKm,
044.
BOOK
2. 3.
II
259
orsus
sc. est.
. .
infandum
and
tlie ine.
dolorem
note
the
artificial
order,
tlie
adjective
substaiitive
line.
The
inverse order
rare in
4.
dependla-
telling
'
mentabile 5. quae
icoful.
:
tlie
sights
tliat.
-que
et
a poetical usage,
-que
for transla-
corresponding to re
tion.
6.
Kai in Greek.
Omit
fui
iclierein
The
story
sion, cf
am a
713.
:
part of
fando
7.
Cf. tuenclo,
I.
Myrmidonum Dolopumve
Acliilles
Ulixi
cf.
caelo praecipitat is speeding from tJie sky ; i.e. into the ocean from which night and day both come. The night is far
:
spent.
9.
cadentia
setting, sinking.
est.
10.
amor
sc.
cognoscere
ical.
this use of
it
In prose
poet-
11.
12.
supremum laborem
meminisse horret
u.
:
last
agony.
to
sTiudders
recall
horret governs
an
in:
finitive,
like veretur.
refugit
The
tense
is
(So famous is the opening of this book, that many of these lines bave become tlie common property of modern writers. Thus Tliackeray gives Conticuere omnes and Intentique ora tenehant as the headings of two chapters (III and IV) in his Virginians (Vol. II). As for qiiorum pars magnafui (6), their general use may be illustrated from Kobert Louis Stevenson, who speaks familiarly of "the bourgeois (^quorum pars) " in his Letters, Vol. II. p. 24.)
260
NOTES
Lines 13-20.
TlIE
14.
WOODEN HORSE.
ductores = duces. Archaic tone. Danaum = Danaorum. tot labentibus annis ablative absolute, expressive of cause. The siege of Troy had lasted ten years. Palladis like a mountain. Minerva was 15. instar montis
:
:
line
(literally, inter-
weave)
dactyl
17.
planks of fir
abiete
they feign
is
it
as a votive offering ;
i.e.
they
huc
motion.
and usedbecause the verb iniplies delecta virum corpora a periphrasis for delectos viros,
:
in
it,
literally, hither,
caeco
milite
lateri
sides.
Dative of
in-
compound
As
is
and
Tu
milite.
in the horse.
See 261.
size,
Napoleon's
that even
if
much
of its force.
Lines 21-39.
City.
It
is
Tenedos
the island
still
retains this
:
name.
only four
notissima
regna
cf.
because of
its
temple
T.
dives
opum
cf. I. 11.
note on sceptra,
57.
BOOK
23.
II
261
carinis
tantum
onhj.
male
fida
navibus
24.
by synecdoche.
:
condunt
abiisse
:
i.e.
the Greeks.
rati
:
25.
sc.
eos.
:
sq.
sumus.
vento
ablative of in-
strument.
26.
used for Graeciam. omnis longo Teucria luctu note the careful
:
Mycenas
artistic order
cf. I. 4.
27.
panduntur portae
iuvat:
:
in
Roman
:
commonly
Cf.
indicate peace.
29.
sc.
Troianos.
Dolopum
cf.
7.
tendebat
encamped ;
sc.
tentoria.
cf ducfores, 14.
. :
locus
certare
i.e.
in their engage-
ments with the Trojans. 31. stupet used transitively, like miratur. innuptae Minerva was the maiden goddess (TrapOevos), whose temple was called the applied to donum by prolepsis. It was Parthenon. exitiale
:
:
Minervae
to
Minerva,
The
mirantur
of
constriiction,
the pkiral
stupet.
is
duci, locari
ut.
a subjunctive clause
with
34.
Aeneas suggests treachery, because, when an oracle had declared that a child born on a certain day would prove the ruin of Troy, Priam put to death a son of Thymoetes, since he, iam: now at as well as Paris, was born on the day in question.
dolo
last.
ferebant
35.
quorum
ei
;
menti
ichose
minds
icere
iciser
is
in
counsel.
Understaiid
possession
36.
I. 6.
as an antecedent to quorum.
menti
a dative of
sc. erat.
:
pelago
motion
cf.
note on Latio,
-que here equivalent to -ve, having disjunctive force. the first plan (aut, 36) is to destroy the horse 38. aut secoud (aut, 38), to exaraine its interior. temptare: probe.
37.
: :
the
262
39.
NOTES
studia in contraria
:
into
opposing parties.
(With Virgil's story of tbe woodeii liorse should be compared the soiig of Demodocus in the Odyssey, VIII. 401) ff. In Homer, the discussion among the Trojans takes place after the horse has been dragged up to the citadel Virgil more wisely represents it as occurring while
;
the horse is still outside the city walls. Note the simple, concise, and vivid style of the narrative. Vividness Thus the speaker identifies himself is increased by the personal tone. with the citizens (cf. nos, 25), tbe various remarks of the people are quoted (29, 30), and individual Trojans are named (32, 35). AlliteraSee 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 (note the many c tion is carefully employed.
sounds), 32, 34, 38, 39. In 29 and 30 the diaereses (after maww.s and locus) and the anaphora hic hic) strongly emphasize the excitement (hic hic
. .
.
of the people.
gests the terrible snare thus laid for of 25 harmonizes with tlie joy of the besieged, but the return to the spondaic tone in 26 implies that the speaker is only too well aware that the joy is shortly to be turned into grief .)
Lines 40-56.
Laocoon Intervenes.
40.
primus
i.e.
ibi
cf.
temporal, at
this
moI.
ment.
497.
Dido's appearance at
a leader, vvho
commands
41.
a large following.
why, when most of the Trojans were outside the walls, had Laocoon been on the citadel? Probably to get a commanding view of the country and sea, so as to detect signs of the enemy, because he did not believe they had
decurrit ab arce
:
summa
returned to Greece.
42.
et procul
;
tive styl('
43.
44.
cf. T.
:
37.
sc. esse.
:
avectos
Danaum
with dona.
etc.
Ulixes
is
cunning.
46.
aut haec,
or this
BOOK
to
II
263
Tlie
alhides
the
turris,
form of macJiina to whicli Laocooii here which was oii wheels and coiild be moved
aoaiust
47.
tlie
walls of a town.
inspectura: the future participle expresses purpose. ventura desuper urbi fall from above on the city ; urhi for in urhem
:
error
tricJc.
:
49.
a favorite quotation
cf.
Tiiackeray
" F. B.,
sir,
and the
:
"
(^Newcomes, Yol.
50.
51.
et
etiam.
cf.
validis
in
. .
note on 26.
latus as well
equi, to
be taken with
:
arched
the
helly.
implying concentrated utero recusso stetit stuck ; emphatic position. effort; cf. 1. Yirgil is fond of comablative absolute expressive of cause. pounds in re-. Here recussus is used of the reverberation, and the compound enables the poet to emphasize the idea by the doub52.
contorsit
which was a trilled letter. cavae cavernae note the striking repetition
r,
:
of both
sound
and with
54.
idea.
The
adjective,
however,
is
to be taken predicatively
insonuere.
si
fata
deum
sc.
;
laevus, as applied to
fata,
means
unpropitious
The word
(^si
.
si),
with rhetorical force. used for impulisset for vividness, he had surely 55. impulerat driven us. The condition is contrary to fact. foedare poetical
:
:
staret,
maneres
second person.
fln 45, the spondaic rhythm emphasizes the solemnity of Laocobn's warniug. Lines 52 and 53 are ouomatopoetic. The expressive spon-
264
NOTES
dee which opens the couplet is followed by dactyls, which with the The vivid help of assonance strikin2;ly depict the effect of the blow. narrative of the paragraph reaches a climax in the emotional apostrophe (56), which makes an effective close.)
Lines 57-75.
Enter
57.
Sinon.
effect of
ecce
we do not
and
action, for
Laocoon*s advice
is
:
manus revinctum
This
is
an iniitation of a Greek
is oculos suffusa,
passive participle with the accusative case retained froni the active
voice.
I.
228.
58. 59.
pastores.
venientibus
to
them as
60.
theij
approached.
ultro
with
:
ohtulerat, 61.
hoc ipsum ut strueret to compass this very end, viz. tliat of being admitted in some way into TroyOnce witliin the cit}'', he would rely upon his cunning. The verb struere implies
craftiness.
61.
fidens animi
confdent in
:
spirit
animi
is
a locative genitive.
utrumque paratus i.e. for success or death, as exphiined in the next line. The words have become proverbial, and furnish (e.g.) a title for one of Matthew Arnold's poerns.
in
62.
versare dolos
ruit
:
to
versare is in apposi-
certantque
change in number,
is
cf.
note on 32.
inludere
1.
poetical
cf contendunt petere,
.
158.
65.
Danaum
:
omnis
Virgil.
crimine ab uno disce tlicse are among the most frequently quoted words of The crafty Sinon is to be regarded as a type of tlie Greek
insidias
:
cf.
T.
751.
race
cf. 44.
66.
67.
disce omnis cf note on T. 534. turbatus thoiigli at the outset Sinon wasjidetis animi (61),
:
BOOK
yet he
II
265
may
nunc
:
well
have been
agitated,
when
suiTOiinded by the
Phrygia agmina.
nunc of purely present tinie, but iam of relalively present time, i.e. time as compared with preceding time, by this time.' Here this sense is still f urther de*69.
cf.
'
fined
71.
by denique. neque
. .
'
et
like ovre
.
rein Greek.
We
cannot say
if it
in English
vrere non.
neither
:
and.'
super besides. 72. poeuas cum sanguiue poscunt life, i.e. the extreme form of yengeance.
73.
74.
my
et
compressus
quo sanguine
cre-
tus
tive of creo,
75.
of what stock he is sprung. The verb cresco is a derivaso that cretus and creatus may have the sanie meaning.
:
quidve ferat or ichat (tidings) he hrings, i.e. what he has to say for himself. memoret, quae sit fiducia capto tell us on
:
ichnt
direct discourse
tihi
'
scene.)
Lines 77-104.
Sixox's Story.
77.
fuerit
quodcumque
adverbial in
whatever comes.
The future
perfect is
vera
its force.
is
-Cf.
note on
intenti, 1.
This
266
NOTES
position of vera, viz. at the end of the sentence and the beginning
of
a line.
me
sc.
esse. first
Argolica
=
is
Graeca.
Virgil skilfully
represents Sinon as
stating wliat
undoubtedly true:
note
Tlie
tlie
Thus
he
is likely to
win credence
:
79.
hoc primum
of
usiiig
sc.
fateor.
Sinonem
name
rhetorical
effect
the
name
instead of me.
prisoner thus
Others
lunonis,
80. 81.
may be
I.
meudacious, but certainly not Sinon. See note on 48. Indirectly, too, the Trojans learn who their prisoner is,
:
improba
fando
:
wantonly ;
aliquod si nomen literally, // any nanie, etc, i.e. i/ the name has at all reachtd your ears ; cf. Anthea si quem, I. 181. Sinon cleverly assumes a doubtful tone, though he knows well that tlie story of Palamedes would be f amiliar
hy report ;
cf. 6.
to
tlie
Trojans.
Palamedes, of Euboea, who was descended from Belus, king of Egypt, had incurred the enraity of Ulysses by exposing his pretence of madness and compelling him to take part in the Trojan war. The story is not found in Ilomer. incluta
82.
Palamedis
fama
renown spread abroad by fame. under false information. This was 83. falsa sub proditione furnished by a forged letter, purporting to come from Priam,
gloria
:
his
which Ulysses concealed in the tent of Palamedes. note tlie emphatic repetition of 84. insontem infando indicio the prefix in-, and the double elision. Thus Sinon drives home his infando indicio on hldeous statement with aifected horror. quia bella vetabat Sinon invents this reason so as testimony. to win the favor of the 1'rojans for Palamedes and indirectly .for
:
: :
himself.
85.
nunc
illi
{but)
now.
cassum lumine
;
archaic expression.
86.
me,
etc.
////
is
a dative
of reference.
Sinon
pater,
is
medes.
87.
et
et
quidem.
pauper
in
arma
etc.
to arouse compassion.
primis
BOOK
ab annis: i.e. of the military enough to leave children behind
88.
:
II
267
manhood.
Sinon
is
age,
;
or
138.
old
cf
stabat the siibject is Palamedes. regno incolumis .^ecure specification. in princely power ; regno is ablative of we ioo. After the death of Palamedes, Sinon was '89. etnos
:
left friendless.
90.
invidia
is
postquam
asyndeton
cf. 85..
invidia,
an ablative
of cause,
91.
i^assed
from
;
tlie
ivorld above,
i.e.
mecum
et
:
:
in secret
ci.
secum,J.
'221.
94.
qfered
tulisset translate as but, in view of the preceding nec. The form is due to indirect narration after projnisi, sc. se.
tulerit
and represents
96.
represents remeavero.
ultorem
hinc
:
in predicate appositionto
me (9^),promised myself
as avenger.
97.
hence,
i.e.
from
tliis
cause.
the
beginning of eviVs taint. terrere: this and the following infinitives are historical. 98.
spargere voces
99.
volgum:
:
conscius
fensive?
arma
offensive or de-
put Doubtless the former, the object of Ulysses being to plots or Sinon out of the way. The word arma, however, includes stratagems as well as weapons.
100.
enim
iiideed
cf
sed enim,
I. 19.
Calchante ministro
Sinon skilfully cuts short his story, when the utmost. This is curiosity of his hearers has been aroused to the an instance of aposiopesis cf I, 135.
ablative absolute.
;
loi.
why
praij?
The
style.
combination sed autem is elsewhere confined to the colloquial haec ingrata this unwelcome tale.
268
102. 103.
to
NOTES
uno ordine habetis
that, viz. tliat
:
liold in
:
one class,
i.e. all
:
alike. if
it is
continue the
si
and
:
enough
hear
a Greek.
iamdudum
literally, this
long
is
ivhile,
but practically
at once.
Ithacus
i.e.
:
Ulysses,
i.e.
magno meroentur
magno
ablative of price.
The
line
If the
bitterest foes.
A tridae.
(The spondaic rhythm of 93 echoes the thouoht expressed. The telhng aposiopesis in 100 is followed by a sudden descent to an everyday style (cf. note on 101). The ejnculations in 101 and 102 accord with the tone now assumed. Note tlie frequent eiisions in the latter
line.
Lines 105-144.
prosequitur
ficto
pectore
Note the double alliteration in the line. X 108. fugam Troia cupiere relicta moliri longed to quit Troy and compass a retrei^; Troia relicta, an ablative absolute moliri
wilh feigned feeimgs.
:
fecissent utinam
{saepe
cf.
utinam adfnret,
T.
575.
saepe,
etc.
adversative asyndeton.
The
sacpe)
and by the use of two simple sentences instead of one complex one, the idea being, as often as {quam saepe = quoties) they desired, so often (tam saepe = toties) storms prevented.' aspera ponti hiems a fierce tempest of the
. . . *
:
anaphora
deep.
111.
euntis
The
force.
112.
contextus
iir.
acernis
in 16 the
wood was
pine or
BOOK
113.
II
269
more picturesque than es.seL the present participle is used instead 114. scitantem awkward future or the prosaic supiue. A. 490, 3 H. 638,
staret
:
:
of tho
3,
and
533, 2
N.
2.
H. & B. 606 also (in reference to the supine) G. 435, oracula Phoebi the chief oracles of ApoUo were at
;
sanguine
caesa
genia, daughter of
Agamemnon,
had
declared that only by such means could the Greeks secure a favorable
wind
The
story
is
referred to in
Tennyson's Dream of Fair Women " I was cut off from hope
placastis
118.
:
reditus
sc.
est,
of a Greek ; litandum est is impersonal. emphatic position of Argolica ; cf. vera, 78.
iig.
Note the
when this utterance. 121. cui fata parent indirect question dependent on the idea of doubt in tremor. V^ lih. parent, sc. hoc, i.e. this doom. cf. 104. Calchanta Calchas 122. hic temporal. Ithacus was a famous seer in the Greek army. thatwill. 123. ea numina Note the double alliteration (jnihi 124. canebant: forehoded.
:
:
quae vox ut
multi
125.
crudele canebant).
:
artificis
schemer.
ventura videbant
{canehant
. .
another case of
alliteration.
The assonance
videhant) accords
air.
with
what
ventura
:
bis quinos
cf. I.
381.
ille: Calchas.
tectus
keeping
to
127.
is
but suggesting the metaphorical sense, secret. aut: we should rather have expected et, but, conversely,
et
vix tandem
hut at length.
The redundant
expressiou is
emphatic.
270
129.
NOTES
composito
:
aii
biall y
cf lihdto,
.
:
I. 7'37.
impersonal ablative absolute used adverIn prose we sliould have ex (de) composito.
Tlie verb has
to
rumpit vocem
131.
hreak forth.
:
unius
to
conversa tulere
m)
when turned
132. 133.
one poor
:
mans
ruin.
Sinon
parari
historical infinitive.
:
salsae fruges
(mola salsa)
:
on the victim's head. tempora tempjles. vittae fillets, which adorned a sacrificial victini. Sinon wins confidence through this display of 134. fateor candor. It was sacrilege for him, devoted as a victim to the gods,
vvas sprinkled
:
to escape.
136.
siil,
dum
vela darent,
si forte
dedissent
liave
until they
should
set
Here we
I.
dum
472.
liich
137-8.
audience.
patriam antiquam my dear old country. So we speak of " old Ireland," " old Kentucky home," etc. of (chom jjerchance too they icill demand 139. quos illi fors et, etc. due punislimenl for my fliglit. The verb reposcent governs two accu:
satives.
See A. 396
'
B. 178
G. 339
II.
411
II.
&
B. 393.
The
in return.'
fors (=fors
sit) is
used abverbially,
combination/ors et is archaic, literally, 'there would be a chance and they will deniand.' This use of quod, as a particle of transiwherefore. 141. quod te governed by oro, 143. It tioii, is common in adjurations. conscia numina veri powers that knotv the truth. refers to Priam.
: : :
142.
still
per
si
qua est
fides
may
he
mortals.
erned
143.
qua.
miserere
;
miserere
G. 377
;
p;itlietic
anaj^hora.
laborum
A. 354, a
B. 209, 2
II.
457
II.
cSc
B. 352,
2.
BOOK
TT
271
(In the above paragraph there are several lines with a marked spondaic rhythm. 105 expresses intense curiosity; 109, weariness 138 and 139, deep pathos. On 138. grimness of the sacrificial details dactylic character of 120 is expressive the other hand, the strikingly of shudderiug f ear.
; ;
Lines 145-161.
his lacrimis
dative,
Sinoni lacrimanti.
ultro
further,
The
viro
:
osity to one of
146.
genuine pity.
Translate,
/i/s
dative of reference.
^nfmac/es;
cf.
note
on
the
I.
91.
148^.
hinc iam
from
he^iceforth.
obliviscere Graios
forget
Greeks.
The
obliviscor.
A. 350, a; B. 206,
b; G. 376, 2
general,
H. 454, 2
H. & B.
350.
149.
nostereris: a
Roman
es,
when receiving
vera
:
:
a deserter,
noster eris.
as in 78.
quo
to ichat
endf
it?
quis auctor
sc. fuit,
who was
the con-
triver? or,
151.
who suggested
religio
:
quae
tvhatreligious ojfering
is
here
cf. artisque
Pelasgae, 106.
exutas vinclis freed from shackles. Note that the forni viuculis (_w would be impossible in the hexameter. ad )
:
sidera. ad caelum.
154.
It is day-time.
all
ignes
i.e.
:
non
violabile
inviolahle,
:
arae ensesque the plural is an exaggeration, such as may be expected from the mendacious Sinon. as a victim. 156. hostia Graiorum sacrata iura solemn ohligations to sc. est. 157. f as
155.
: : :
the Greeks.
sacrata iura
of the
is
Roman
272
158.
159.
NOTES
viros = o.<?;
si
cf. viro,
140.
qua
whatsoever.
jjroiiiises.
Tlie
^vitli
:
161.
si
magna rependam
i/
shall
Jiuche
a large return,
i.Cc
(Note the skill shown in this narrative. Priam^s excitement is evident from his brief statenients and rapid fire of questions (148-151). Sinon's oath is dramatic and effective, yet when exaniined is seen to be either vague (igiies) or empty, for lie invokes the altars which had no existence. There is a climax in liis renunciation (157-159), for he pretends to break all ties, whether as soldier, friend, confidant, or vos 154, 155 fas Force is secured by anaphora (vos citizen. si 161) and by the apostrophe of Troy in 160, 161.) fas 157, 158 si
.
Lines 162-198.
fiducia belli
163.
stood Jirm
literally, stood
locative ablative.
ex quo
:
on the aid of Pallas, auxiUis being a Tydides sed enim hut indeed from the
:
For sed enim, see I. 19 and note. This was a tJie fateful Palladium. fatale Palladium statue of Pallas (Minerva), which stood ui^on the
citadel of Troy.
wasfatale because the safety of Troy depended on its preservation in the city. Ulysses and Dionredes succeeded in stealing 'it.
It
summae
.
arcis
tlie
acropolis.
:
FiG.41.
DroMEDEs,
Ulysses, and
jgg
,,
THE Palladium.
169.
goddcss, virynieas
bemg
,
!"
,
a transierred epithet;
ct.
ex
illo
note on innuptae, II. 31. fnnn that fime, corresponding to ex quo, 103.
:
fluere
The
170.
fractae
sc. sunt.
I.
deae mens
on
tlie
inonosyllabiG end-
65.
BOOK
171.
ir
with no doubtful portents.
27^
ea
and
signa
172.
signs thereof,
i.e.
of her displeasure.
arsere
asyndeton.
173.
upraised
in anger.
176.
temptanda
sc. esse,
must he essayed.
Possibly Minerva's
canit
:
proclaims.
omina
Again
ni repetant Argis
A^irgil is
Argos.
thinking of a
Roman
custom.
to
If
ill
suc-
would return
Rome to numenque
i^educant
meaning is much dispiited, but surely after hearing about the sacrilege and the anger of Minerva we ought to learn
:
the
something about the restitution of the Palladium. The Greeks, then, have taken it away, in order that, after seeking fresh auspices and purifying themselves from the pollution, they may escort the deity hack with due honor, and so finally conquer Troy. 8ee note on 165. ichich they have taken away. The words 179. quod avexere are added by Sinon and are not part of the oblique narration.
:
Hence the
180.
indicative.
et
nunc quod,
etc.
;
etc.
and now
as
to
;^
their
having sought
;
For the syntax, see A. 572, a B. 299, 2 G. 525, 3 --H. 588, 2, 3, N. H. & B. 552, 2. owing to their sacrilege the gods have deserted 181. deos them, and they are now trying to win them back. remenso tliis participle f rom a deponent verb is here used as a passive.
Mycenae,
:
182.
183.
digerit
interprets.
it is
hanc
.
.
the keynote to
(150)
?
quo
statuere
pro
pro numine laeso the second expression is a varifirst, though the first pro must be rendered in lieu the second,^o atone for. For numine laeso, cf. I. 8.
.
they were to build a statue, but nevertheless thia was to be so large that it could not be taken into Troy.
:
tamen
i.e.
;2i74
NOTES
roboribus textis
;
:
i86.
cf.
112.
caelo
dative
i88.
cf j^ekujo, 30.
.
The
of their ancient faith. structuie, beiug pro Paliadio, might f urnish the same protec-
igi.
navration, governed
by a verb
nius,
manibus
vestris
urbem
ig3.
ultro: actualhj,
i.e.
Pelopea ad i.e. Troy. would assume tlie offensive. Asiam moenia: i.e. to the cities of Greece. Pelops (from whom tlie Peloponnesus is named) was the ancestor of the kings of Mycenae, and Mycenae represents Greece.
ig4.
ea fata
such a doom,
i.e.
magnum
exitium.
manere
an
instance of the vivid present for the future. the story of Sinon ig5. arte Sinonis
:
is
often alluded to in
later literature.
Sc. 3,
Thus
Act V.
"Speak, Rome's dear friend, as erst our ancestor, When with his solemn tongue he did discourse
To love-sick Dido's sad attending ear, The story of that baleful burning niglit,
When
Tell us
ears,
Or who hath brought the fatal enghie in, That gives our Troy, our llome, the civil wound."
See also Cymheline, Act 111. Sc.
Sc. 2.
ig6.
igy.
4,
111.
Actlll.
res
the storj/.
:
capti
hc.
coRCtis forced.
Larissaeus apjiropriate, not because Acliilles canie from A still better Larissa, but because Larissa was in Thessaly.
reason for
ig8.
use
is tliat it
non), asynde*
BOOK
ton,
B,i\d
TT
275
.
mille carinae^
(In the above passage, note that the diaeresis in T63 coincides with The account of the the break in the enemies' relations witli Pallas. sacrilege opens with a line expressive of liorror, in spondaic rhythm (1(35), which passes into the dactylic (167), when the hasty act of Another clactylic line (181) suggests a rapid pollution is described, journey, and the early return of the Greeks.)
Lines 199-227.
about to come upon Troy. The twin serpents prefigure the Grecian armament, which, like them, comes from Tenedos like them, crosses and, going up straight to the like them, lands tlie tranquil deep city, slaughters the surprised and unresisting Trojans (prefigured by
; ; ;
Laocoon's sons), and overturns the religion and drives out the gods Hexrt. (prefigured by the priest Laocoon)."
199.
aliud: anotlier
(porteiit).
allit-
miseris is to
be
taken with nohis understood. on the prosody of this word, see A. 603, f. n. 200. obicitur 3 B. 362, 5 G. 703, 2, n. H. 688, 2 H. & B. 30. magis the nat:
ural order
heedless.
improvida
hlind or
ductus sorte: draicn (i.e. cliosen) hy lot. Hence his appointment had met with the approval of the gods. Neptuno dative of reference. According to tradition, Laocoon was a priest of Apollo, but thisposition isgiven by Virgil to Panthus; see 319. the regular sacrifices to 202. sollemnis mactabat ad aras Neptune, whose shrine would naturally be near the seashore, had doubtless been neglected during the war. Laocodn therefore takes
201.
:
:
The imper-
mactahat indicates that he set about his task even while Sinon wastelling his story. It is a plausible view that he wished to sup
plicate
Neptune
to destroy the
Greek
fleet.
276
203. 204. 205.
206.
NOTES
alta
:
tlie
deep.
is
more comrnon.
loith
:
huge
cotls,
ablative of quality.
manes
(i.e.
crests^
hlood-red.
cf.
Tliese
Milton's Satan
(Paradise Lost
*'
192)
Thus Satan,
Prone on the
flood,
Lay
207. 208.
their
floatiug
many
pars cetera
legit
:
asyndeton.
skims.
sinuat
immensa voluraine
:
terga
rolls
209.
translated by Morris " while sends the sea great sound of foam."
spumante salo
210. 212.
ablative absohite.
:
cf.
I.
228.
in steadfast course.
diffugim us.
213.
Laocoonta
:
parva
another striking case of alliteration. poetic brevity, for miserorum natorum artus. 215. miseros artus corresponds to primum. In Virgil the sons are 216. post
:
then the father. In the Vatican group (Fig. 10) the serpents, perhaps ovving to the limitations of sculpture, assail all simultaneously. Poetry can always tell more than sculpture or painting. Note further discrepancies between A'irgil's account and
slain
first,
ipsum
auxilic
da-
bis
collo
dative of indi-
rect
object.
circum
:
dati
219.
terga
:
direct
capite
for c/ipitihus
middle participle; cf. 210. (v^wwi^)? which could not be used in the
object of the
hexameter.
BOOK
220.
ille
:
II
277
.
simul emphatic asyndeton. anaphora and asyndeton; cf. I. 6.31. his Jillets steeped ; 221. perfusus vittas
:
simul (222)
cf.
210.
The
priesfs
223.
is
qualis mugitus
sc. tolllt,such
It
under-
For the sound of the line, however, the long vowels of the accusative are an advantage. ill-aimed. 224. incertam 225. lapsu effugiunt gJide aioay and escape, literally, escape with a gliding motion. delubra summa: i.e. the shrines on the acropolis. 226. arcem here used for templum, because the temple is on
stood.
: :
the acropolis.
pedibus deae i.e. under Minerva's statue. This must have been set up by the Trojans when the Palladium was stolen. VirgiFs idea was perhaps suggested by statues of Minerva, which sometimes have a serpent at tlie base. teguntur hide theinselves ;
227.
:
:
middle voice. Note that Virgil does not describe the actual death of Laocoon and his sons. This reticence is in accord with the spirit of the
best classic art.
(This Laocoon scene has been very carefully composed. Alliterative effects are especially common. Thus besides the striking lines 199, 209, 213 (see notes) Ave have im-provida pectora 200, sorte sacerdos 201, Tenedo tranquilla 20.3, pelago pariter 20.5, sanguineae superant 207, suffecti sanguine 210, lambebant linguis 211, miseros morsu 215, capite ce7'vicibus 219. Note, too, the expressive assonance in horresco referens 204, clamores horrendos 222, and incertam excussit cervice securim 224. The spondaic rhythm lends a solemn tone to the act of sacrifice (202) and has an onomatopoetic effect in 223, while the dactylic line at the close (227) accords with the idea of easy motion.)
Lines 228-249.
cunctis ofall; dative of reference. 229. expendisse paid the penalty of. In prose, more fully sceleris poenas expendisse. merentem in emphatic position.
:
novus
strange.
:
278
230.
NOTES
robur
:
note the variety of terms which Virgil applies to the horse in this book. qui laeserit causal relative clause. sedes i.e. the temple of Minerva. sc. esse. 232. ducendum
:
233.
234.
conclamant all doubt has now been silenced. dividimus muros the city gates would not be
: :
as high as
would be continuous ^bove them. Hence, even if the gates were wide enough to receive the horse, the wall above would
the walls, which
moenia pandimus
act.
up
of the city's
Parting the walls involved tlie opening fortifications and so leaving it exposed to assault.
235.
accingunt
:
se accingunt.
lapsus
236.
feet.
collo intendunt
literally, slretch
upon
the
neck;
collo is
dative.
238.
armis
:
armatis,
armed men.
canunt
the situation.
Trojans
is
now
accented, so pres-
quater
243.
substitit
evil
is
omen.
really
fast.
The time
of substitit
immemores
See preceding
note.
246.
sions, fates,
tunc etiam at this time ioo, as well as on previous occatn predict the f atis futuris e.g. wlien Helen came to Troy. Cassandra Cassandra, the most a dative of purpose.
:
:
:
beautiful of the daughters of Priam, rejected the love of Apollcn who by way of punishment endowed her with the gift of ju-ophecy,
but decreed that her utterances should never be believed. Teucris dative of agent 247. credita: with ora ; cf. 19(5.
:
with a passive verb. delubra deum allitor248. nos: sc..sef/,emphaticasyndeton. Ihat ddi/ was our last. ation. miseri, quibus, etc. poor wretches ! for For the subjunctive see A. 5:35, e; B. 28;i, 3, a; G. (J;W H. 592;
: :
H.
&
B.
52;3.
BOOK
249. festa
:
II
279
:
fronde alliteratioii. velamus i.e. cover so thickly with festoons and garlands as to hide from view or veil the altars.
terrible significance of the admission of the horse within the walls is implied in the spondaic rhythm of 237 and 245. There is a tone of expectancy and a llutter of excitement in 2-43, with its dactylic. rhytlnn and diaeresis after the ominoiis substitit. The strilving pathos of the beautiful apostrophe in 241 loses none of its force, though we lear\i that the line is a reminiscence of one in
(The
the older poet Ennius. The anaphora (0 . 0), and double alliteration (diviim domus, Ilium incluta) increase the effect.)
. .
Lines 250-267.
vertitur caelum
ocean;
the
sky revolves,
it.
i.e.
as
if
stationary
ruit
Oceano
is
rushes
from
to
the
nox
here due
imitation of
;
an Homeric rhythm
cf.
opwpcL
8*
ovpavoOev vvi
{Odii^sey V. 294)
252. 253.
note on
:
I.
65.
7.
cf.
Myrmidonum
amica
11.
:
cf.
note on
:
moenia
note on
city.
conticuere. complectitur
:
co;z/o;-s/7,
52.
:
255.
it
lunae was au old tradition that Troy was taken on a moonlight night.
See Fig.
256.
flammas
the otlier ships for starting, but was mainly intended for Sinon, wlio would have to know the proper moment for opeuing the
horse.
ship
liere
cum
when (or
{i.e.
Agameninon's) had
The
indicative extulerat is
used for extulisset ( _v^ w), a form not available for the hexameter. The indicative was originally used in all cw7n-clauses,
so that Virgil here
^2.
unkind,
i.e.
to the Trojans.
used in two senses, releases the Greeks and opens the barriers. This is a zeugma. laxat is an historical present, and is connected with ibat (254) by -que. Sinon, after seeing the
:
laxat
280
NOTES
the horse.
To
261.
263.
.The epithet probably represents Hoiner's d/oto-TewWra, doing nohle deeds (^lliad XI. 506), applied to Machaon, the physician, son of
Aesculapius.
266.
'
portis patentibus
A. 429,
B. 218, 9
G. 389
H. 476
(The heavy spondees of 251, following the unusual rhythra of 250 similar Hne is used of (see note), strikingly accord with the sense. the steady movement of the sliips in 254, and is followed by the li,<j:ht dactylic rhythm of 255 to harmonize with the peaceful scene there described. Another case of alternation of rhythm is in 264 and 265, where the active movements of the (ireek chiefs are in marked contrast with the heavy sleep of tlie doomed Trojaus.)
Lines 268-297.
mortalibus aegris
see note
I.
95.
269.
dono divum
Note the
the
alliteration, followed
by the
:
soft s sounds, in
harmony with
thought.
raptatus bigis i.e. by the chariot of Achilles. Cf. I. 483. tumentis note the 273. pulvere perque pedes traiectus double alliteration, to emphasize the horror. traiectus lora literally, having the thongs pnssed through, another imitation oi: a Greek passive participle with the accusative case retained from the active
272.
.
manus revinclum, 57. A. 379, 380 274. ei mihi ah me ! mihi is a dative of interest. Ji. IS.S, 2, l); (;. 351; H. 432; H. & B. 372. 275. redit tliej^resentfor vividness. exuviasindutus Achilli clad in the spoils of Achilles, i,e. the armor of Achilles, which the hero lent to his friend ratroclus, wlio was slain by Hector. Tlie
voice;
cf.
: :
BOOK
story
is
II
281
XVI.
told in Iliad
is
The
partici-
JJ-
ple here
accusative, as in
276.
>I:S
iaculatus ignis
In the Iliad (XXII. 370) the Greeks lookwith admiratioii on Hector's corpse. However, they stab him as they pass by and remark, "Truly Hector is easier to handle than when he burnt the ships with con-
suming
pxippis.
fire."
puppibus
:
dative,
in
concretos matted. The construction is ivith. 278. gerens circum continued from qualis erat, 274. muros i.e. when dragged about the walls.
277.
:
:
plurima: attracted, as often in prose, from the antecedent into the reLative
clause.
279.
ultro
i.e.
ipse
H
d M
280.
expromere
lux
:
281.
the metaphor
commou
in all
languages.
exspectate vocative by attraction. ut exclamatory, how ! i.e. Jiow gladly foedavit voltus 286. quae causa the pathos of tlie passage is increased by the fact that Aeneas, in his dream, remembers Hector only in his unmarred beauty, not as he was in death. Hence these ques283.
:
:
tions,
fate.
287.
nihil
sc.
respondit.
Cf
note
on
42.
moratur
:
heeds.
289.
peal.
questions.
282
290.
lost.
NOTES
ruit alto a
lofty height,
i.e. is
utterly
291.
sat patriae
Priamoque datum
sc.
all clainis to
satisdare is
has done his duty and need not reproach himself with cowardice.
Pergama
iiote
f or
'
Troy and
'
Trojan
'
cf
on rohur, 230.
:
dextra
hy strength ofhand.
etiam hac hy mine also, i.e. as well as by 3'ours. explained in 296, Penatis the household gods 293. sacra of the state, for as each family had its hearth and its Penates, so too the state had its city hearth and city gods. 294. fatorum fortunes.
292.
: : :
plurima (278) in the relative clause; A comma after magna the great city whicJi you loill found, etc. would furnish a rare punctuation for Virgil, i.e. within the iirst foot.
295.
:
magna
placed,
\\k.Q
296.
fillets.
vittas
an image of Vesta adorned witli The worship of Vesta was associated with that of the
:
Vestamque
i.e.
Penates.
on the hearth of Vesta, in the mother city, was carried to the daughter city. lu Rome this fire burnt continually on the altar of Vesta. effert i.e. seems to bring forth, for Aeneas is in a dream.
297.
:
aeternum ignem
the
fire
(This is one of the best scenes in Virgil, " Can one read this passage without being moved ? " wrote F^nelon. Chateaubriand called the scene " a kind of epitome of VirgiPs genius." The rlietorical devices used in the passage to secure pathos should be carefuUy noted. These include tlie use of exclamation in qualis erat, quantum mutatus (274)', nt a.^ipiciimts (28;>); of anaphora, 6 7?n'6?<s (282); of alliteration (^.(/.209,278, o (281); quae rhythniical effects. Thus the prevalent spondees and of 293, 29(5) in 272, 277, 285, 280 emphasize the tone of horror.)
. . . .
.
.
Lines 298-317.
diverso
translate as
if
there, every-
wlurc, ov, with the rest of the line, the city hecomes a confused scene
of widespread grief
For
BOOK
299.
300.
II
283
secreta obtecta
retired, iised
hidden.
301.
armorumque
The
line,
ingruit horror
siveeps on.
with
its
several r
and
the
the sense.
302.
summi
f or
fastigia tecti
the top
variation
303.
clhnh
cf. I.
to,
literally,
152.
Note the
IV. 452
veluti
cum
For the
siniile,
Iliad
" as
when
mountain
mighty floods from their great springs within a hollow canyon, and the shepherd hears their roar afar off in the hills." instrumental ablative with either 305. montano flumine rapidus or sternit. In prose, however, it wonld have been a geni:
sata laeta
His opening words in the Georgics are, quid faciat laetas segetes, ichat makes the joyous cornfields, his subject being tillage. See Introd. 11. boum labores : lahors qf oxen, i.e. the fruits of
Virgirs.
their labor.
307. 309.
stupet inscius
fides
:
is
heioildered
and dazed.
dedit ruinam has fallen, = ruit. The periphrases with dare are comnion; cf. sonitum dedere, 243. Probably the Greeks attacked Deiphobus thus early, because after the death of Paris This attack is mentioned in Homer he had married Helen.
310.
cf.
note on Cererem,
for his
l.
177.
312.
house.
In Homer,
Ucalegon is one of Priam's counsellors (Iliad III. 148). exoritur is here of the cf. with this line I. 87. 313. exoritur
third conjugation.
314.
nec sat
rationis, etc.
the idea
is
concessive
(=
though.
284
NOTES
stronger and
moie
:
effective
than hypotactic
cf.
(dependent)
bello
ones.
See Introd.
315.
38.
glomerare
105.
dative of
purpose.
317.
in armis
literally,
it
occurs (to
esse,
me)
that
is
is
which
(In this vivid description, note the adaptation of sound to sense. Thus we have onomatopoetic effects in 301 and 313, very pronounced
in 303, 306, and 307, and less striking aUiteration in 208, 302, 304, 308, 310, 314, 317. Note, too, the large number of dactyls in the simile (304-8), and especially the effect of the diaeresis after incidit in 305.)
alliteration
Lines 318-369.
Panthus
the u
is
Greek
diphthong', Ilai/^ovs.
319.
Panthus
anadiplosis.
It is
employed sparingly by
arcis
Phoebique
i.e.
of the temple
Phoebus on the acropolis. 320. sacra these are the victos deos vision (293).
:
sacra^ of wiiich
:
i.e.
tlie
Penates of 293.
city.
They
are
victi,
tlie
gods of a vanquished
Panthus
parvum nepotem
a toucliof Virgirs
tenderness.
thonght with manu (320), with his own hand. trahit drags. The little boy cannot keep up witli Panthus. With deos the verb means hears, and thus it is a case of zeugma. how fares the stafe? res summa, the 322. quo res summa loco
321.
ipse
to go closely in
:
'
main
A.
.52,
interest,'
=
;
res puhiica.
Panthu
89, 5;
shall
II.
B. 27, 3
G. G5
H.
&
quam
prendi-
mus arcem:
ative
is
what stronfjhold
we seize?
The
present indic-
1500K
subjunctive.
Tt is clear to
II
285.
tlie
Aeneas that
arx proper
(cf. arcis,*
319)
is lost.
324.
come
venit
the last
one of Virgirs noblest lines day and inevitahle hourfor Troy : cf. Gray's
.
.
:
tempus
'tis
tli'
Dardaniae: dative. fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium one of The j^erfect of siim is used Virgil's most famous utterances. idiomatically for is no more.' So Cicero announced the execution of the conspirators by vixerunt. omnia the main idea involved is that in wrath. 326. ferus Argos accusative of limit of motion. Argos is used of empire.
'
: :
:
for Greece.
327.
incensa
urbe
et
sized
arduus armatos, etc. the momentous statement is emphaby means of the double alliteration in this line. mediis in
:
moenibus
329.
cf.
240.
Troy has been conquered, not by the sword, but by deceit and perjury. incendia miscet scafters fames ahout. The gates at the ivide-open gates. 330. portis bipatentibus are two-leaved (Jji-) and open (patentes). as if none of as many thousands as. venere 331. milia quot the Greeks had been slain in the long war. For the terror-stricken
victor Sinon
:
vias,
Grecism, metrically
stat
;
pressive
sheathed.
standing line of
parati neci
is useless.
there
is,
loith
Resistance
334.
hattle,
scarce
do
the first
essay
much
less those
:
who
335.
cf.
caeco Marte
in hlind
useless) warfare.
For Marte,
note on 311.
336.
numine divum
i.e.
he
is
.286
"
NOTES
tristis
. .
.
337.
Erinys
whither
340.
ivhilher.
:
tJie
fell Fury,
i.e.
quo
quo
per lunam
illis
in the moordight
:
cf.
adglomerant
:
diebus: in those (last fatcd) days (Page). insano desperate. The epithet implies an overpowering
passion.
344.
do not learn that Coroebus was married to Cassandra. Phrygibus i.e. Trojans. The word is chosen because of the alliteration with Priamo.
:
We
345.
to
The
subjunctive
See 248.
furentis
347.
inspired.
:
quos ubi a^ o^'d the use of a relative pronoun in the trauslation. audere in to be eager for. The word avidus is
:
It is
used with a
etc.
:
'
dear
liearts.'
si
vobis,
if your
fixed
to
follow
me
in
my final
350.
audenlem agrees with me understood. A\'ith cupido supply est. quae sit rebus fortuna videtis you see what is the fate of
:
our cause.
possession.
sit
is
excessere di note the order, throwing emphasis on both subject and verb. through ivhom. For the case, cf. note on 163. 352. quibus ruamus an ilhistration of hysteron jiro353. moriamur teron (reversal of ideas). Its use is often due to a desire to seciire a paratactic arrangement of ideas. See Introd. 38. Here moriamur may well come first, as it contains the more important idea. sperare in apposition witli salus. sc. est. 354. salus rarening. Ilere used as an adjective. 356. raptores improba ventris rabies the belly's lawless rage. improbus is used by Virgil
351.
. . .
: :
BOOK
in
II
287
tlie
many
357.
absence of
all
seem-
liness or restraint.
exegit caecos
Jias
tJie
road
to tJie
heart ofthe
citt/, i.e.
to the
The
is
genitive
is
possessive.
nox
to
day,
thought.
of death.
361.
not inconsistent with 340. Night, as opposed dark, and here the idea of horror is the prominent The same expressions are used in VI. 866 of the shadow
atra
363.
literally
'having ruled.'
The
line is
singularly impressive.
365.
religiosa
deorum limina
:
down even
in
sanguiiie
quondam
pavor
:
at times.
victis
is
dative.
quantity.
An
archaism.
plurima
many
a.
(In this fine scene, note the more prominent stylistic features, The rapid questions in 322, the brief, pithy sentences throughout, the abrupt but natural style of 348 ff., the frequent epigrammatic tone, as all add to the vividness of poitrayal. in 352-5. fuit), 337-8 Anaphora is a common feature, as in 325 {fuimus quis), 364-5 per), 361 (quis quo), 358 (per (quo Alhteration is iibique). perque), 368-9 (uhique (perque freely employed, e.y. in 327, 328, 343, 344, 348, 353, 354, 360, 361,362, 364, 367-8, 369. Mark the solemnity of the opening spondees (318), the alternation of rhythm in 343, 344, 345, corresponding closely to the thought, and the ferus omnia weighty tone of 361. The broken rhythm of 326-7 is impressive, as is also the diaeresis luppiter Argos transtulit In 353, note the after additus in the picturesque dactylic verse 355. effect of the initial spondee, followed by the rapid dactyls.)
.
.
Lines 370-401.
with caterva rather than with primus. comitante caterva cf 40, with note.
370.
:
Danaum
magna
288
371.
NOTES
socia agmina credens
inscius
:
deemhig our
lines frlendly^
i.e. niis-
ultro compellat:
practically the
279.
373.
nam quae
wh/,ivhat?
The
expression
is
same as quaenam. So, m Greek, yap may be used with a question. ravage and pillage. 374. rapiunt feruntque The replies excite distrust. There is trustivorthy. 377. fida perhaps a reference to the military watchword. sensit delapsus a Gi'ecism for se delapsum esse (j^aBero 7rpi7reau)v) So Milton, " She knew not eating death " (Paradlse Lost IX. 792). (d?-awing) back. Not a mere redundancy with 378. retro
:
: :
repressit.
379.
aspris
:
asperis,
verse.
veluti qui
380.
pressit
humi nitens
ground.
trepidusque repente refugit note the adaptation of sound to sense. The rhythm is accelerated, the weak caesura is twice employed, tlie syllable re- is repeated, and the perfect tense,
used for the present, expresses instantaneous
sitive, starts
actioii.
refugit is tran-
hack from
it.
381.
attollentem iras
as
rises
dark-blue neck.
colla is
cf.
io
move
off.
Note that
abiit
circumfundimur
:
ive
teguntur, 227.
384.
385.
diaeresis
and pause
:
after
the
first foot.
adspirat
tempoiul.
386.
hic
ing in the
success.
387.
success
a/td courage,
in
qua
where.
BOOK
388.
II
289
dextra is a
ostendit se dextra
predicate nominative,
390.
in
by
dolus au virtus,
warfaref
With an supply
11.
(indirect qnestion).
Tliis is anit
Oliver AVendell
Holmes quotes
its
very aptly
392.
393.
decorum
comely device.
induitur
ipse
cf.
:
394.
Dymas
:
given to
Dymas
:
for
Danais
led not
by our gods, but by those of the Greeks, for the Greek armor whicli
they donned had figures of Greek gods engraved upon they fought under alien auspices. in close confict. 397. congressi
:
and thus
multos emphatic asyndeton and anaphora (multa Orco = ad Orcuni. midtos). .mfs shores, where their ships were. 399. litora fida cf. note on 383, 401. conduntur
398.
: : :
Lines 402-437.
heu
;
nihil, etc.
alas
in naught
nihil is
may
an inner object with fidere. See A. 390, d, x. 2 B. 176, 3; G. 332, 333; H. 409; H. & B. With /rt.<, understand est; divis is dative. A. 367; B. 396, 2. H. 426 H. & B. 362, 2. 187, II G. 346 streaming hair, which would befit her 403. passis crinibua
their will
cf.
;
; ;
note on 396.
I.
480) or as a prophetess.
Priameia
virgo
404.
the
a templo adytisque Minervae from the temple and (even) shrine of Minerva. adytum is tlie inner sanctuary, where the
of the
god stood, while templum applied to the whole sacred enclosure, including the building (aeu'es). The tradition was that
image
290
NOTES
See
I. 41,
and
tendens lumina a pathetic and striking phrase suggested ardentia by the conimon expression tendere manus (pahnas).
405.
:
blazing,
406.
mas
with anger. palluniina for the repetition, cf. note on Panthus, 319. in supplication, the hands were extended with open pahns.
i.e.
:
p. 830.
non
tulit
hanc speciem
by the poet
et,
did not
(i.e.
this sicjht.
See 343-4.
ff.)
introduced (341
408.
of Cassandra's fate.
et:
cf.
note on
94.
now pause
solved
409.
to urge on his
to die.
densis armis
delubri:
i.e.
ablative, following
up and emphasizing
con-
and
410.
is
lengthened;
cf. iactetur, I.
,
miserrima
f acie
: :
because Trojans are slaughtering Trojans. 7^S Graiarum errore appearance ; ablative of cause.
:
iubarum
413.
the confusion
of
(i.e.
due
to)
our Greeh
:
crests.
/^(s-i^Tl
gemitu
loith
a shout ofrageat
is
The
one of source.
414.
a case of hendiadys.
Aiax:
on 404.
cf. I.
He
is
Cassandra was
415.
416.
prize.
162.
Dolopum
:
rupto turbine
his
quondam
:
as in 367.
Eurus, proud of
Eastern
Eurus
drives.
418.
419. 420.
stridunt
spumeus
si
steeped in foam.
cf. si qua, 142.
quos = quoscumque ;
BOOK
421.
ir
291
i.e.
fudimus
insidiis
:
by the
chaiige
see
of arnior.
tota urbe
1,
throughout the
A.
4-29,
422.
The
participle is used
The weapons
:
those
423.
who
ora sono discordia signant marh our speech as differing in tone (from theirs). Tlie Greeks and Trojans are supposed to speak the same language, but with a ditference in accent. i.e. Minerva. 425. divae most righteous of all. m/ii^s is often used 426. iustissimus unus
:
to streng-then a superlative.
On
XX).
1,
see A. 349,
B. 204,
428.
dis aliter
visum
sc. est.
Tlie thougbt
is
that he,
if
any
The
The words have become proverbial; cf. Thackeray's use of them a vropos of "the expedition that might have saved the doomed force of Burgoyne" (^Virginians, Vol. II, ch. 43). for the apostrophe, cf. note on 429. te tua plurima, Panthu From this line we are to infer that Panthus had left te, I. 555.
:
the holy relics (sacra) of 320 in the house of Anchises (300), and then had accompanied Aeneas.
430.
Apollinis infula
sacrifice.
:
ready for
431.
Ofuneral fire
432. 433.
The burning
:
city
became the
testor
sc. vos.
:
vitavisse
assaults.
'
sc.
me.
vices
return
'
hlows,
change
tela as
of
FiG. 43.
YicTiM
well as
cf
per
wiTH
infulae.
292
tela,
NOTES
per
hostis,
358.
si fata fuissent,
ut caderem
liad
il
heen
For
ut caderem, see
3, a.
it (i,e.
A.
563, d;
B. 295, 4; hy
G. 546
434.
H. 565, 5 meruisse
H.
&
:
B. 502,
manu
/ earned
the
riglit to fall)
my
sword.
The
is
iiifinitive
aud
merui
cf.
manu
:
too.
volnere Ulixi
Ulixi
;
a subjective geiiitive.
1
;
A.
B. 199
G. 363, 1
sumus.
in 416
H. 440,
H. & B. 344.
tardus
vocati
sc.
It opens (416) carefully elaborated. with impressive spondees, which are carried over into 417 (conjligunt), The intervening (lactyls and then resumed in 418 (afler the first foot) -qne, et), and niarked alliterapolysyndeton by {-que, accompanied are toWowing words stridnnt silvne In the tion {Eois Emnis equis). we have a striking case of onomatopoeia, saevitque tridcnti spumeus depicting the straining of the forest trees and the surge aud roar of
(The storm-simile
ff. is
the sea.
to otlier features, note the pathos in the repetiti<m of luminn The spondees of 410 open a tale of disaster the dactyls of 42 l 406. Alliteration is employed in 40lJ, describe the sudden onset of the foe. (double), 433 (double), and 434, 429 (double), 403, 409, 411, 414, 425
As
while in 423 alliteration and assonance produce a strikiug verbal effect, in keeping with tlie thought.)
Lines 438-452.
(\[l).
of the spondaic
rhythm
;
in tliis line.
forent
439.
440.
parison.
A. 524
B. 307
:
G. 602
584
A II. &
nulli, etc.
sic
Martem indomitum
so nncontroUed the
god of ivar ; a
ofa shielded
BOOK
column.
aii
II
293
formatioii, in
Tlie testudo
which
attacking force locked shields above their heads. ence is, of course, an anachronism.
442.
Tlie refer-
scalae
common
the
in
Roman
warfare.
close
under
way on
is
the steps,
i.e.
protecti
in self-protection.
i.e.
The
participle
middle.
fas-
tigia
hattlements,
of the walls.
;
445.
contra
in their turn
adverb.
tecta
domorum culmina
is
the roofcovering
ticiple,
of the house. The word tecta, which might have been used alone as a substantive.
his telis
:
here a par-
446.
icith ihese
as missiles
from
telis
to
be taken with
it directly.
ultima cernunt
end
(is near).
449.
451.
imas fores
instaurati aninii
again.
succurrere
our spirits are quicke^ied, or rise dependent on the idea of desire implied in
:
sc. sunt,
vimque addere
victis
to the
vanquished.
Note the
Lines 453-468.
expressions.
It is secret
(i.e.
known
a used or
pervius usus
thoroughfare.
common
454.
inter se
i.e.
The phrase
is
shows that
455.
it
infelix
dum
regna manebaut
cf.
22.
294
457.
NOTES
soceros i.e. Priam.
:
i.e.
avo
458.
460.
summi
turrim
:
fastigia culminis
= summi fastigia
tectis
:
302.
:
in praecipiti
on
the sheer
summis
from
the rooftop
ablative of separation.
462.
solitae
siege, it
was a good
(i.e.
watch-tower.
463.
ferro:
with iron
croivba7-s).
qua summa,
:
etc.
weak
fastenings.
464. 465.
465.
467.
alii
i.e. f resh
assailants.
(Observe the alternation of rhythm in 455-7. Andromache's misery (note infelix and the spondaic rhythm of 455) is contrasted with the happiness of the olden days, when Astyanax was often taken in eager haste (note trahebat and the dactyhc rhythm of 457) to visit his
grandfather. Note further how the slow spondees of 463, expressive of the labored efforts of the besieged, pass gradually (464) into the accelerated rliythm of 465-6, the sentence closing with an abrupt pause (iiicidit, 467), expressive of the crash.)
Lines 469-485.
TlIE
469.
YOUTHFUL PyKRHUS.
Pyrrhus
:
vestibulum
for
another
name
Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. literally, gleaming with ar^ns 470. telis et luce coruscus aena and (their) brazen light, which is a Virgilian way of saying, gleaming ivith the sheen ofbrazen arms. light comes 471. qualis ubi in lucem, etc. even as ivhcn into the wriggling its slippery bodi/. qualis ubi coluber = t(dis a snake in lucem with convolvit (474), but emphaqualis coluber est uhi.
:
sized by position.
lerbs,
havingfed on poisonous
and therefore dangerous. It was an ancient idea that a suake's poison canie from its food.
BOOK
472.
473.
II
295
tiimidum
sicoJlen, i.e.
nunc
ijouth.
positis
etc.
now,
slough cast
off,
fresh and
line.
glisten-
ing with
475.
arduus ad solem towering toward the sun. et linguis. etc. and darting from his mouth a three-forked tongue ; literally, in its mouth icilh tongues, ore being a local ablative, and linguis, instrumental. A serpenfs tongiie has only two, not three, forks. As the serpent, waking in the spring to new life, is fresh and vigorous, so Pyrrhus, "no less in his spring " (for he is young and has just conie to Troy), " fresh and vigorous and agile, exults and sparkles and flashes in the brazen light of his brandished weapons."
(Henry.)
476. 478.
una:
tecto
of
with him.
:
the roof.
is
The spondaic
great
rhythm
elfort.
this
line
indicative of
479.
dura limina
the
hard doors.
itself,
The word
opening.
481.
excisa trabe
out, i.e.
cavavit:
literally,
has hollowed
482.
forced an opening.
:
483. 485.
ingentem lato ore fenestram a huge ivide-mouthed gap. apparent anaphora, w4th pathetic effect. apparet vident sc. Grai.
.
Lines 486-505.
IN.
cavae aedes vaulted halls. miscetur in an uproar. there is a tragic contrast between the bril488. aurea sidera Cf. Matthew liant heavens above and tlie terrible scene below. Arnold " and Yalballa rang Up to its golden roof with sobs and cries." (Balder Dead.)
{.s
:
:
490. 491.
osculafigunt: imprint
vi patria
:
kisses
(i.e.
oi farewell).
i.e.
296
492.
NOTES
sufferre
:
sc.
eum, withstand
blows.
:
liim.
ariete crebro
under
the
hattering 7'am's
many
emoti cardine lorenched from their sockets. "Aiicient doors were not hung on hinges but turned on two pivots, wliich formed part of the door itself, and of which the lower one turned in a socket iu the limen or sill and the upper one in a socket in the
493.
via vi note the assonance. rumpunt aditus force As rumpunt is properly intransitive, adiius is an inner anentrance. see 402. object, an accusative of the effect produced
494.
fit
: :
495.
496.
milite
collective force.
:
suchfury when afoaming river, hursting its barriers, has overfiowed and with its torrent 0'erwhelmed ihe resisting hanks, does it sweep over the felds.
sic, etc.
non
not ivith
497.
exit
contracted from
:
exiit.
498.
501.
cumulo
nurus
:
as in
I.
105.
daughters.
The term
and daughters-in-law, for of the latter, according to Homer, Priam had but fifty. per aras amid the altars. ihe famous fifty chamhers, 503. quinquaginta illi thalami which are mentioned by Homer (liiad VI. 244) and occupied by the rich Priam's sons aud their wives. spes tanta nepotum
:
barbarico
:
alien,
foreign,
i.e.
taken
from barbarians.
word determines the meaning of harharico auro. It was an ancient custom to hang upon doors the spoils taken in war.
spoliisque
this
(The dactylic rhythm of 486 and 488 reflects the terrible confusion and grief depicted. In the latter verse note the onomatopoetic word The dactyls ululant, the niany r sounds, and the frequent diaereses.
of 498 describe the rush of waler.)
Lines 506-525.
fuerint
So too
recpiiras,
because
/6/-.s7Van is
an.
Note the
alliteration
(/and
sounds) in thc
lirst
two
BOOK
508.
509.
:
:
II
297
limina doors. medium a poetic variation for mediis. diu with desueta. senior veri/ old. More eniphatic
: :
than
senex.
511.
cingitur
:
a middle voice,
girds
tries
to
on;
rush.
cf.
induitur,
393.
fertur
512.
nudo sub
is
aetheris axe
etc.
The
scene
in the atrium,
:
514.
incumbens,
natae
:
solemn
associations.
515.
516.
cf.
praecipites tempestate
sicept hefore
a storm,
517.
condensae
huddled
:
together.
518.
519.
520.
iuvenalibus
the
arms of
his youth.
mens
cingi
:
dira
to
infatuate thought.
cf. cingitur,
i.e.
gird thyself;
istis
:
511.
521.
defensoribus
cf.
Thackeray makes skilful use of this verse in his Virginians (Vol. II, ch. 39), where George Warrington objects to the hoards " Was onr great quarrel," he of Hessians and Indian murderers. '* asks, " not to be fought without tali auxilio and istis defensoribus ? Cf. Tennyson, Becket, Act II, Sc. 2. expressive of tenderness. adforet = adesset. 522. meus The apodosis is not expressed; 'even his arms would be of no avail.'
:
523.
524.
tandem
:
of entreaty, //jm^.
525.
allit-
Lines 526-558.
He
526.
is
ecce
:
the
Pyrrhi
de caede from
436.
the
298
527.
528.
:
NOTES
per tela, per liosLis cf. 358. porticibus longis doivn the long colonnades.
:
Ablative oi
icith in-
the route
529.
tent to
see 206.
:
saucius
wound.
in
emphatic position.
infesto volnere
which causes
iam iamque
in at
:
noiv, even
premit
:
media morte
of death. (Sidgwick.) oflen used to introduce a curse, and implying indignain the very grip
!
tion.
Translate by nay
536.
pietas
righteousness.
See Introd.
fecisti,
5.
curet
subjunc-
me
cernere
governed by
which
in prose
would
necessitate ut cernerem.
539.
fecisti
relative clause.
540.
satum
sc. esse,
an ablative of source. in the case of his foe, toivard his foe. Priamo 541. in hoste note the effective use of the third person; cf. lunonis, I. 48. iura fidemque supplicis erubuit for a suppUatifs rights and trust had
quo
is
:
respect.
XXIV.
;
160
ff.
544.
metonymy.
repulsum sc. esi. 546. summo clipei umbone from the top of the shield's boss. The umbo is the projecting knob in the centre of the shield. It was probably covered witli leather, which the spear pierced.
545.
rauco
clanging.
547.
force.
referes et ibis
cf.
548.
550.
Achilles.
:
mea
tristia facta
ad ipsa
:
an
brutal crime.
trementem not from fear, but old age. the frequentative forni 551. lapsantem
here.
553.
is
very appropriate
lateri
= m
latus.
The
ablative
BOOK
latere
II
299
capulo tenus
is
(www)
the hilt.
is
up
to
554.
haec
tulit
:
predicate.
an ar-
chaism.
555. 556.
the
tool: ojf, i.e. befell.
tot
quondam,
etc.
once lord of so
is
many
trihes
and
lands,
Some
'
many
The former
is
simpler and
more
557.
his
still
Asiae {.e. Asia Minor, the Roman province of ^.s*rt. iacet: body was thrown out on the beach^ and Aeneas pictures it as
lying there.
According
fate of
Pompey.
(In this tragic scene of Priam's death, we sbould note the realistic vividness of description, the dramatic tone,* as illustrated by the use of dialogue, and the thoroughly Yirgilian pathos in the contrasted ideas of the last lines. verse in spondaic rhythm (526) opens the story, and the same rhythm emphasizes the curse in 5o7. Accelerated rhythm marks the fliglit of Polites in 528, but closes abruptly with the telling pause after saucius (528), to be resumed for a moment in 530. as the hfe and death race is pictured. The terrible excitement of the scene reaches its climax in the dactyhc line 55o.)
Lines 559-566.
his
Own Home.
at
me =
me autem.
who
These words bring us back to Aeneas, own father's fate. Xote the spondaic rhythm,
or
expressive of horror.
560.
:
sc. ine,
to
me.
561.
562.
aequaevum
f;/Z/A:e
563.
domus
copia
:
is
the caesura.
564.
force.
300
565.
NOTES
deseruere, misere, dedere
deserted {me), etc.
:
have
566.
(Benuett.)
aegra
Lines 567-623.
He
567.
is
adeo
in
truth.
ofteu
emphasizes pronouus
:
eram
to (the
tmesis.
/ alone
v:as
servantem
erranti
illa
:
keeping close
to.
expressions of secrecy.
570.
:
sc. mihi.
Aeneas
sibi
:
is still
571. 572.
?.e.
Helen.
:
yf\ih. infestos.
Danaum
:
at the
hands of
the
the
coniugis
573.
]\Ienelaus.
:
communis Erinys
invisa
:
common
574.
Note the
:
sound.
subit
on
560.
ira
an angry
suhit
desire.
576.
ira.
ulcisci
sceleratas poenas
literally, guilty
punishment,
i.e.
punish-
ment of guilt, a transferred ei^ithet. here begins a powerful soliloquy. 577. scilicet, etc.
:
sciHcet is
:
ironical
Sparta
? etc.
Mycenas
used for
Greece in general.
parto triumpho ablative absohite. Translate, /n /m/w/)/?. The idea of a Roman triumph is, by an anachronisin, transferred
578.
:
coniugium = coniugem, by metonymy, the abstract for the patres = parentes. Only tlie father, however, vvas ahve, concrete.
579.
viz.
Tyndareus.
580.
comitata
581.
shall he
BOOK
II
301
have perished? etc, because prior to the time of the simple futures
aspiciet, ibit, videbit.
583.
memorabile nomen
exstinxisse nefas,
glorious renown.
:
584.
the
etc.
yet
I shall winpraisefor
;
hlotting oui
585.
merentis poenas
meritas poenas
cf.
sceleratas poenaSy
576.
586.
animum
to
it
will give
is
me joy
587.
have Jilled
my
soul
cf.
cineres
talia
meorum:
:
the ashes
my
iactabam
to
:
cf.
talia
iactanti, I.
ferebar
was
rushing on,
589.
i.e.
do the deed.
neverhefore.
non ante
videndam
to
my sight ;
literally,
to be seen,
591.
confessa deam:
hunian form, but as explained in the words following. qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet in heauty and stature such as she
:
is
wont
59?..
to
appear
to the
heavenly beings.
sc.
me, caught
me
hy the
dolor
resentment.
quonam
for me vanished?
had
lost
Aeneas by losing self-command ghowed that he confidence in his mother and sense of his relation to her."
nonne.
(Conington.)
596. 597. 598.
599.
non =
prius
frst.
survives.
ni resistat
but
in
is
easier to
I.
cf ni faciat,
carried
tulerint
sc.
eos,
ere
is
noiv
the
fames had
perfect subjunctive
302
NOTES
be hauserit
may
to
sc.
eos,
dralned
blood.
6oi.
non
tibi, etc.
know
tJie
hlame
est.
tibi
an ethical dative.
With
facies,
understand culpata
Sonie
and Paris,
(603) but brief, pointed statements are more forcible here, and Virgil has in mind a famous passage in Homer {Iliad III. 164), where Priam says to Helen " Thou, I ween, art not to blame;
:
'tis
who brought on
of the Achaeans."
602.
culpatus Patis
sc. est.
is
Helen.
no human
:
gods themselves who are responsible for Troy's dovvnfall. divuni inclementia divum note the rhetorical effect of asyndeton and repetition. 603. sternitque a culmine Troiam and m.akes Troy topple from
It is the
:
her pinnacle.
604.
tibi.
obducta tuenti
605.
606.
umida circum caligat and ichose dank jmll enshrouds thee. tu ne qua parentis iussa time hut for thee, fear not any
:
commands of
be
noli timere.
t/iy
mother; tu
is
emphatic.
is
:
In
j^^rose,
ne time would
fate is
you thus see that Troy's hopeless, do not give up your efforts to escape with your
even
if
The meaning
family.
609.
mixto pulvere: an
i.e.
ablative absolute.
Translate, mingled
with dust,
610.
from the
:
falling buildings.
Neptunus
:
who
now destroy-
ing them.
611.
Note the impressive spondaic rliythm of the line. quatit in Homer, Posidon (=Neptune) is the " earthCF^vo(Ti)(Oixiv, 'Ei/i/oo-ryaios).
shaker,"
612.
613.
prima
being foremost.
BOOK
615.
II
303
616.
was regularly dedicated to Pallas Athena. nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva gleaming with sto7-marces
:
the arx
lightning.
The
had a
of
Pallas (for
which
Homer,
is
saeva
improved by an epithet, and saeva of Pallas, after saevissima of Juno, would be very weak. 617. ipsepater: the poet wisely refrains from depicting Jupiter.
secundas
eripe
auspicious.
:
619.
fugam
i.e.
he must act
etc.
at
once.
622.
apparent,
etc.
dread forms,
inimica:
in the predicate.
Aeneas has been carefully composed. Thus we may note the beautiful balance between the three questions in the simple future, aspiciet (578), ibit, and videbit (579), and the three m the future-perfect, occiderit (581), arserit, and sudarit (582), the correspondence being in inverse order. As Page puts it: "3. 4. her home happy, my king murdered 2. 5. she in triumph, Troy in flanies she safe at Sparta, the Dardan coast reeking with blood." Note, 1. 6.
(The soliloquy
of
; ;
assonance with c sounds in 577-8, the polysyndeton in 579, aud the strong pause af ter non ita (583) expressive of determmation.)
too, the
,
Lines 624-633.
624.
625.
Troy falls like a Mouxtain-ash. omiie emphatic. The final moment seems to
:
have come.
walls
Neptunia Troia: Xeptune (with Apollo) had built the for Laomedon, king of Troy, who refused to pay the gods
ac veluti,
to
their reward.
626.
tree,
etc.
manyablow of iron
axes, the
woodmen
emulously strain
ever ihreatens
to fall, etc.
See Introd.
2.
627.
629.
hendiadys.
;
tremefacta
comam:
comam
is
Greek accusative of
030.
specification.
:
supremum congemuit
it
supre-
304
miim
is aii
NOTES
inner accnsative.
Tn congemuit, the conis
intensive,
and the perfect denotes iiistantaneous action. 631. iugis avolsa uptornfrom the ridges, i.e. of the mountains. i.e. froni the palace roof 632. descendo Note the alliteration
:
:
with
d.
633.
expedior
my
way.
Lines 634-649.
Anchises
634.
is
loath to Depart.
Anchises could not walk, as
perventum
:
sc. est^
635.
is
cf.
137.
in 649.
:
636.
primum, primuni
emphatic repetition.
With
Roman,
love for one's father took precedence over all other formsof affection.
637.
abnegat producere
integer aevi
:
producturum.
sound in point of age, i.e. in full vigor ; aevi is a genitive of respect. A. 349, d; B. 204, 4; G. 374, H. 451, 2 H. & B. 354, c. N. 6 sc. est. 639. sanguis
638.
literally,
;
note the empliatic position and the contrast with the vos preceding.
641.
:
me
satis
that
una
superque,
etc.
etc.
The Latin
destruction.
destroyed Troy.
643.
et captae
city.
superavimus urbi
sense of una
is
of the
644.
The
to be continued
superavimus has
say
meaning
i.e.
of superesse.
:
positum,
etc.
to
my
in
thus,
treat
me
my
helplessness as a corpse
sad ave
BOOK
645.
foe, as
II
305
but by provoking the
the cruel act of the
manu
hy
my
hand, not
by
suicide,
:
miserebitur enemy will, in his eyes, be one of inercy. light 646. facilis iactura sepulchri
i.e.
is,
is
the loss
of
hurial.
Ronian sentiment.
647.
invisus divis
:
explained by ex quo
igni.
annos de-
moror
648.
cf. I.
I stag
the
:
ex quo
ever since.
65 with note.
649.
hreathed upon
me
tvith the
winds
of his bolt. Anchises was blasted by a lightning bolt, because he had boasted of the love of Venus.
See of 636 intensifies the expression of feehng. Mark, too, the alliterative effects in 639, 642, 645,
Lines 650-670.
his Father.
perstabat memorans continued in his speech, the partifor an infinitive by a Grecism; cf. note on querentem, I. 385.
effusi lacrimis
:
651. 652.
sc.
tears.
ne vellet
:
vertere
secum
cuncta
653.
The others will not leave him. fato urgenti incumbere add weight to the pressing doom,
ruin
all loith
him.
from him. ahides in his pur654. incepto et sedibus haeret in isdem pose and his place. Sucli a combination of abstract and concrete In English, it is used mainly ideas is not uncommon in Yirgil.
:
with comic
656. 657.
effect.
:
ivhat
mene
?
efferre^ etc.
I could go
ablative.
forlh
leaving thee
me (accusative)
emphatic
te
is
Note
306
NOTES
them.
658.
660.
tantum nefas sucli a monstrous thought. sedet hoc aninio if this (^purpose) is Jirmhj
: :
set
inthy mind,
perituraeque
nnd
iuvat
is
explanatory
if
it
is
iam
'
soon.
multo de sanguine
Polites.
de
coming from.'
:
gnatum
hoc
i.e.
patrem
it
i.e.
Priam.
sion of patris
664.
and patrem.
:
erat, etc.
ivas
for
this,
may
see, etc.
The
the
The
eripis
ut,
utque
note
tlie
of the speaker.
667.
other's hlood.
668. 669.
lux ultima
the
of
life.
:
sinite instaurata
revisam proelia
let
me
seek again
and
renew
fghi.
after siniie,
tive force.
670.
In this construction of a subjunctive witliout ut the subjunctive was originally independent, with voli-
numquam
an empliatic non.
Keep the
translation never.
Lines 671-678.
Creusa implores
672.
iiim
it
not to leave
II
ek axd
iiis
Son.
aptans ftiing
:
on.
The
loft liand
handle
674.
patri
et
i.e.
inihi,
with
parvum.
675.
nos
us
ioo.
fite.
BOOK
676,
II
307
expertus
sc.
678.
bitter reproach.
Lines 679-691.
dictu
with mirabile.
inter, etc=
is
manus
parents.
Aeneas
hands and faces of his sad bending over the kneeling Creusa, who is hold:
hetiveen the
ing out to
682.
picture
is
very dramatic.
explained
683.
hyfamma
(of fame) : /)e:p is more definitely in the nextline. visus sc. est, seemed.
: :
tactu innoxia
trepidare
harmless
to the
touch.
mollis
agrees with
comas.
685.
:
and
restin-
guere.
686.
sanctos
holy.
It
is
orioin.
687.
pater Anchises
as paterfamilias
tlie
omens.
sign; deinde
is
691.
hoc tantum this onhj (do I ask). da deinde augurium grant then n
:
ineans
properly in
follow.
the next
place
i.e. if
:
the condition
a previoiis
omen
by a second.
confirmation,
became an auspicium
Lines 692-729.
-que
translate
by
:
ichen.
it
intonuit
laevum
thundered on the
I.
laevum being an
inner accusative.
See note on
328.
308
694.
NOTES
stella
facem ducens
a sfnr drminng a
trail
of Jire.
Tbe
a
omen
maximnm),
696.
thunder on the
i.e.
left
with lightning,
or, as heie,
meteoric light.
Idaea silva
is
indi-
oated.
path,
i.e.
by
its
brightness
(in the
long-drawn furrow
heaveiis).
of terms
699.
victus
i.e.
se tollit ad auras
rises up.
702.
The expression belougs to the laiiguage of augurs. di patrii: gods of my fathers. servate nepotem upon
:
Ascanius depeuds the future of the Trojan race. under your protection. 703. vestro in numine ceased. per moenia through the 705. dixerat surging heat, accusative. 706. aestus
:
: :
city.
707.
imponere
subibo
:
sense.
708.
709.
sc. te, will
.
quo
cumque
tmesis
hoiveiierf literally,
'wliitherso-
ever.'
711.
footsteps, (hut)
a distance,
i.e.
for
let
would
712.
attract attention.
quae dicam
egressis
:
sc. ea,
governed by
advertite;
dicam
is
future
indicative.
713.
to
you, haring
;
left the
;
city,
;
a dative of reference.
II.
A. 378, 2
15.
188, 2, a
G. 353
H. 425, i
&
B. 30n.
714.
desertae
religione
lonely.
Tcmples
:
to Ceres
unfre(iuented
715.
]hicos.
patrum
:
hy
the
reverence
fifhers
the
ablative
716.
is caiisal.
ex diverso from
different directions.
BOOK
719.
721.
II
309
flumine vivo
in a
running stream.
:
over
mij
neck I spread the covering ofa taivny lion's pelt. svper is aii pelle, so that -que is explanatory.
adverb.
insternor
is
detined by
511.
:
723.
clasp
object.
724.
the
poefs
FiG. 44.
tenderness
725.
Af.neas,
These
AXCHISES, CANIUS.
AND
As-
dudum
lately.
:
adverso glomerati ex agmine thronging in opposing mass. he feels fear only when the 728. nunc omnes terrent aurae safety of his dear ones is involved. And now the mere sighing of the wind brings terror. Yirgirs analysis of the situation shows a
:
729.
fear).
suggested by the dactyls of the opening In 717-8, note the alterthose of 724-5. verse me). nation of rhythm, coinciding with the contrast in thought (tu Trembhng fear is well reflected in the rhythm of 726-9. Alliterative effects are common.)
(Hopeful expectancy
;
is
rapid
movement by
Lines 730-795.
The Loss
730,
is
of Creusa.
videbar evasisse
thought
I had passed
here transitive.
731.
cum
creber ad auris
to
quod
at this in
my alarm
some unfriendly power hereft me of my hewildered wits ; i.e. bewildered and bereft me, etc. mihi is a dative of reference with a verb of
310
taking away.
(literally,
'
NOTES
nescio
quod
is
know not
:
what,'
inimicum.
736.
avia
hi/tvat/s, i.e.
:
737.
awai/, alas
hy an unJinppy
the path, or sink
fate, did
my
xnife
doion weary? I
tically
know
The
seu,
used instead of an
last
between the
two verbs
lost,
than between suhstifit and erravit. 741. neo prius amissam, etc.
was
did I
amissam agrees with eam understood. Aeneas, of course, did not know tliat she was lost until he reached the rendezvous. i.e. they missed her. 744, fefellit: fniled (them) the use of three monosyllables, to form the 746. aut quid in
look hack forher, or cast a thought hehind, until, etc.
;
:
first foot, is
749.
very rare in Virgil. repeto et cingor: note the order of thought; hysteron
sc. mihi,
proteron.
750.
I am
resolved.
751.
caput obiectare:
to
taiive.
753.
my
steps.
754.
lumine lustro
scaji
ivith
my
eyes.
animo
si
sc. est,
possesses
my
mind.
:
pedem, si forte tulisset ifhaply, ifhaply she had The repetition accords with the pathos of made her way thither. the situation. The plnperfect subjunctive is due to virtual oblique
forte
narration
761.
(=
tulerit
of the direct).
:
lunonis asylo
in Juno's sanctuary^
now put
to a
mostpro-
fane use.
BOOK
764.
II
311
mensae deorum
The
i.e.
were placed.
770.
line is onomatopoetic.
. . .
-que). polysyndeton (-que 771. tectis urbis sine fine furenti: as I ruslied madly and endlessly
among
the dwellings
ofthe
:
city.
772.
infelix
simulacrum
:
the
sad phantom ;
was not unhappy. The dead 773. nota maior imago a form larger than her wont. become superhuman, and the ghosts are tlierefore of more than
liumxan size.
775.
adfari,
demere
sc. ^e.
historical iniinitives.
:
776.
777.
iuvat
indulgere
yield
:
to.
non
sine
numine divum
;
Heaven ;
A.
i.e. it is
641; B. 375, 1; G.700; H. 752, 8 it may not he 778. nec te comitem, etc.
:
litotes.
Creusa hence in thy company. aut = nec. sc. est. 779. fas
:
ille
the
mighty one.
is
780.
sc. est,
longa
tibi exsilia
sc. sunt,
long exile
thy
lot.
arandum:
with ships. 781. In the next book, where Aeneas narrates the story of his wanderings, he seems to know nothing about this prophecy of Had Creusa's, though he does ultimately reacli Italy (Hesperia). Virgil revised his work, lie would probably have rectified the inconsistency. Lydius the Tiber is called Lydian, because it is
thou must plough,
i.e.
:
by Lydians.
hushandmen.
783.
784.
amid
the rich
tilth
of
An
11.
regia
coniunx
:
i.e.
from pario. lacrimas Creusae iears for Creusa, Creusae being an objective genitive. supine, with a verb of motion (i&o). 786. servitum
parta
sc. est, is
in store,
312
788.
NOTES
magna deum genetrix
detinet
: :
tlie
Magna
Mater.
tlie
air of mystery,
life
792-4.
206
ff.,
These verses are translated from Homer, Odyssey XI. where Odysseus tries to embrace the shade of his inother.
:
circum
793.
adverbial.
The
exj)ression
is
a variation of circumdare
bracchia collo.
comprensa =
comprehensa.
(The dactylic rhythm of 732 echoes the tramp of marching men, 733 and 755 it voices the mental excitement, and in 791 it accords with the rapidity described. Verses of spondaic rhythm are 762, expressive of vigilant care 775, of calm following terror 783, of solemn assurance 787, of conscious
; ; ;
dignity.
Note the effect of the pause and diaeresis in 739 after snbstitit (the sudden halt), in 743 after venimus (the goal at last), ana in 744 after defuit (the sense of loss), as well as of the hypermetric syllable in 745 The assonance of 734 is expressive of terror. (overflow of emotion). There is fine onomatopoetic effect in 770, while 794, with its double alliteration and soft liquid sounds, is one of VirgiPs most musical hnes. Other cases of alliteration are 730, 731, 742, 747, 754, 755, 757, 759,
766, 771, 779, 790, 791.)
Lines 796-804.
Rises.
admirans
astonished.
pubem
n band.
:
with heart
800.
deducere
the technical
word
Thus Aeneas is to fonnd in Italv a colony froin Trov. note the double 801. iamque iugis summae surgebat
:
allitera-
Observe the true poetic feeling with which A'irgil ends this splendid but tragic description of the fall of Troy with the rise of the Daystar on the dawn of a uew cahn and
tion.
Lucifer
"
hope."
(Sidgwick.)
BOOK
802.
II
313
Note the
alliteration in
obsessa
t?ie line.
803.
spes opis
ofhelp.
QUESTIONS ON BOOK
What is
the snbject of the book?
interesting to
II.
Why would it be
parallel
particularly
Vii'gil's
Roman?
What
cases
might
contemporaries have had in mind? What special merits does the narrative of this book exhibit? AVhat are its most dramatic passages? What initial difficulty, involving the character of his How has the poet overcome hero, here presented itself to Virgil?
the difficulty?
Who
How
do the Greeks compare with the Trojans in moral excellence? What passages show the direct interposition of the gods ? What character is most heroic ? Why ? What different forms of moral excellence are exemplified? In what passages ? How long a time does the action cover, beginning with line 26? What are its major
limits?
On what
are
How many
signifi-
women
cance,
mentioned by name ?
is
if
any,
the sea?
In what respects
of
it
What
liiies
purpose?
What words
shade anticipate the subject of Book III.? V\hy is the signal raised in line 256 ? What purpose does the vision of Hector What do the words of line 297 imply as an serve (270 ft'.) ? omen? Why is Panthus introduced (318 ff.) ? Does line 320 imply that Panthus intrusted the sacra mentioned to Aeneas? Why
is
What line in Book I. What words or phrases alludes to the action in lines 403 et seq. ? What its richness and suggest the size of Priam's palace? beauty? What qualities of Pyrrhus are admirable? What the
Coroebus made prominent (341
ff.) ?
reverse?
Priam's murder chosen as the last scene in the conflict between the Trojans and the victorious Greeks? Does
Why
is
314
the Helen episode (567
ff.)
NOTES
improve or mar the story? Would it have been a mistake for the poet to permit Aeneas to kill Helen? Why? Why is Anchises mentioned first in line 597? What is the circumstance alhided to in lines 648-9 ? Wliat does the poet gain by making Anchises refuse to leave Troy? What characteristics of Creusa may fairly be inferred from her short speech, 675 Why does Virgil invest her loss with an air of mystery ? et seq. ? What materials for a great painting may be found in lines 761 et aeq. ? What heroic quaHties does Aeneas manifest in this book ?
Did Virgil invent the story of the wooden horse? As told by Virgil, what features of it make the deception of the Trojans fairly plausible? What artistic purpose is served by the introduction of Laocoon ? Why has Virgil separated the first Laocoon scene from the second? Was tlie Laocoon group of statuary in existence in VirgiPs day? Does VirgiPs story involve a description of that group? AVhat purpose is served by the revelation of the gods made to Aeneas in lines 604 ff. ? Why? Is there any
poetic significance in the rise of the Daystar in line 801
?
Point
outtheprincipal styhsticfeatures of some of the best scenes. Cite good examples of the artistic use of numerous spondees and of
numerous
Whicli are the best ononiatopoetic lines? Wliich are the lines most commonly quoted by modern writers ?
dactyls.
BOOK
IIL
TIIE TROJANS.
THE WANDERINGS OF
Lines 1-12.
The Trojans
1.
sail
from Troy.
res
res Asiae
fhe
power of Asia,
Trpay/juxra
in Greek.
2.
cf. ref/natore^n
immeritam
:
guiltless,
was
visum
1
superis
3.
sc. est,
:
it
seetned f/ood
1.
lliS.
humo
umat
BOOK
to
III
32^5
be smoking
4.
still.
Neptunia Troia
:
a variation on Ilium, as
seen already in
II. 625.
diversa exsilia distant scenes of exile. Note the pliiral. The Trojans wander from land to land. quaerere the infinitive with agimur is poetical. just under. 5. sub ipsa
:
:
7.
incerti
cf.
note on
II.
781,
it
is
yranted us
8.
to settle.
:
prima inceperat aestas tJie beginhi^if/ of summ^r had come. The winter after Troy's fall had been spent in the mountains. It
is
now
g.
pater Anchises as long as he lives, Anchises is the head of the honse (^paterfamiUas): dare fatis vela spread sails to Fate (Morris); cf. note on II. 687. a beantiful variation on dare ventis vela, and expressing an absolute dependence on destiny. 10. cum = et tum. The pathos of the line is emphasized by an
ichen
;
cf.
II.
692 and
note.
strikingly concise.
:
Penatibus et magnis dis the great gods of the Penates. The et introduces an appositional noun, the expression being like
urbem et promissa Lavini moenia (1.258). The use of a monosyllabic ending (dis) and of a spondaic fifth foot is due to imitation of the old poet Ennius cf. note on rex, I. 65.
;
Lines 13-18.
A
13.
TOW^N
:
IS
FOUNDED IN ThRACE.
:
an inhabited land. procul at some (little) distance, only across the Hellespont. vastis campis ablative of Mavortia Jiome of Mars ; it is a land of warlike people. quality. ruled bij fierce Lycurgus ; regnata, 14. acri regnata Lycurgo though from an intransitive verb, is used as a passive, Lgcurgo being a dative of agent.
terra colitur
is
: :
:
15.
hospitium antiquum,
allied.
etc.
it
to
Troy,
ihe
gods being
Troiae
is genitive,
and
socii
Penates explaina
316
the
first
NOTES
half of the line.
erant.
:
With
Jiospitium
understand
erat,
and
stetit,
with Penafes,
i6.
I.
dum
fortuna fuit
17.
dum
268.
moenia prima loco I found my Jirst city. This was either Aenus, at the mouth of the Hebrus, or Aenea in Chalcidice. Perhaps Yirgil
:
fatis
ingressus iniquis
OF Aenea.
on the task.
18,
^
The
^
ablative is absolute.
:
Aeneadas
m
.
apposition
with
nomen
The term
is
Lines ig-48.
*
Dionaeae matri
:
to
my
mother,
Dione's daughter,
i.e.
to
Venus. 20. auspicibus as patrons, in apposition with the previous datives, and used proleptically, meaning 'in the hope that they would become patrons iind so protect,' etc. supero the adjective, with j^egi. nitentem shining white. 21. caelicolum = caelicolarum.
:
:
22.
23.
quo summo
croivded spear-shafts.
The
myrtle-slioots
resemble
is
spear-shafts
and were
24.
myrtus
a singular, used
collectively.
25. 26.
viridem silvam tlie green groicth. tegerem aras the niyrtle was sacred
:
:
dictu
with mirahile,
of specification.
27.
nam quae
the
prima,
etc.
for from
is first
torn
from
is
drops of black blood iriclie : arbos attracted into the relative clause huic is a dative of interest
ivith broTcen roots,
;
ground
and
atro sanguine is
BOOK
30.
iri
317
:
my
chilled
blood freezes
with terror.
31.
33.
rursus et alterius
et alterius
:
once niore
ofa
second, also.
movens
rite
pondering.
etc=
:
36.
secundarent,
dulyto
and
lighten the
omen.
The subjmictive
H.
562,
tertia hastilia
its set of shafts.
with
38.
tvith
genibus adversae obluctor harenae on my Tcnees lorestle the resisting sand ; genibus, ablative of manner; harenae, in:
direct object.
39.
40.
41.
miserum
sc.
me.
iam
at Zas^, after
such
efforts.
parce
sepulto sc. mihi, spare me in the grave. spare the poUution of Note the anaphora, 42. parce scelerare and change in the construction of parce. non me tibi, etc. no alien to thee am I ivhom Troy bore. Note the careful collocation of me and tibi. Polydorus was a son of Priam. continuing the force of non ; in prose nec would be 43. aut
: : :
used.
44.
manat
oozes.
crudelis,
avarum
ff.).
transferredepithets.
is
This
seemed
to call
him
the line which, ringing in Savona" Many times a to his life work.
(Oliphant, MaJcers of Florence, p. 211.) sc. me, pierced and covered me. 45. confixum texit Virgilian brevity.
:
Note the
up with sharp spears. The javelins themselves had taken root and grown up as an iron crop. So, according to a popular tradition, the spear which Komulus
46.
greio
318
NOTES
hurled from the Aventine, lotlged in the Palatine, struck root, and became a tree.
47.
ancipiti
perplexijig.
mentem
ol:
pressus
wlth
mind horne
specification.
obstipui,
etc.
Lines 49-72.
alendum
to
he reared.
:
The gerundive
expresses purpose.
Threicio regi
i.e.
:
Polymnestor.
this conception of a
52.
cingi olDsidione
to
Romaii
53.
ille
Polynmestor.
fortunes.
:
54.
55.
res
fas
omne
:
every sacred
tie.
56.
potitur
to ichat
quid
is
an inner object,
A. 390, c; B.
178, 1, d; G. 341,
N. 2; H. 412; H. & B. 307, 1. accursed hunger for gold. We speak 57. auri sacra fames rather of a thirst for gold. Dante (Purgatorio, 22, 40) intentioiially changes the meaiiing of the words, when he wishes to eulogize " O hallowed hunger of gold " thrift sacer will, of course, bear both meanings. Thackeray says of the great Fox, that " he carries the auri fames on liis person." ( Virginians, Vol. II. ch. 10.) 58. primum first ofall. Note the striking alliteration in the line. / consult (upon). At Rome prodigies were 59. refero (ad)
: : !
: :
i\\e
prin-
animus
linqtii
:
sc. est.
excedere
61.
variety.
an accusative
ctc.
:
with infinitive)
dare,
Introd.
38 (a).
62.
instauramus funus
ice
rites.
Poly-
BooK
m
He
is
319
now
;
buried in the
to the
proper way.
63.
tumulo
on
tlie
mound.
stant
Manibus
are set up
dead.
64.
caeruleis
Iliades
solvtae
to
:
dark-colored, somhre.
65.
hair,
sc. stant
or simt.
in mourning.
:
luith
streaming
:
being a middle
custom.
ive offer ;
partici]Dle;
cf.
I.
228.
de more
according
66.
inferimus:
inferre is a tecbnical
tlie
word, siiggesting
dead.
tepido
warm,
i.e.
newly
milked.
67.
sanguinis
:
sacri
hlood of
to
victims.
animam sepulchro
The ghosts
of the
condimus
about the earth. 68. supremum ciemus gice the last call. See note on vocatos, I. 219 supremum is an inner object, with adverbial force. as soon as we can trust the sea; 69. ubi prima fides pelago See Jides (sc. est') =:fdimus, hence pelago (dative or ablative). note on I. 452. placata: calm. This 70. lenis crepitans: soft-ivhispering or softly whispering.
restlessly
:
roam
is
Auster
Lines 73-83.
sacra tellus
colitur
:
ApoUo and
Diana.
74.
cf. 13.
:
Nereidum matri matri et Doris, wife of Nereus. Neptuno Aegaeo the doubte hiatus and the spondee in the iifth
:
birth.
rhythm cf. I. 617. pius in love, or gratitude, because it was the land of his Arquitenens i.e. ApoUo. circum put by anastro]:'he
;
: :
after the
76.
Mycono
celsa
320
Gyaroque revinxit
Myconos
77.
is
:
NOTES
hound fust to lofty Myconos and Gyaros. really a low island, but Virgil was not familiar "svith
coli dedit
:
immotam
suffered
to.
it to lie
unmoved.
79.
veneramur
we do Jiomage
holy ground.
80.
idem
ai
once
priest
and king.
an idiomatic use. The same man is both So Augustus \v3iS pontifex maximus as well as im:
perator.
81.
tempora
for
the construction,
see
cri?ie7n,
65.
lauro
sacred to Apollo.
Lines 84-120.
propriam
domum
an enduring
:
Jiome,
now the
great desire
of the Trojans.
Thymbraee
:
Thymbra
being in the Troad, the Trojans should be the god's especial care. " for here have 86. mansuram urbem cf Hehrews, xiii. 14 we no continuiug city, but we seek one to coine." altera Troiae
.
:
Pergama
87.
the
i.e.
which
:
is
:
new Troy
embryo.
reliquias
Danaum,
etc.
cf. I. 30.
88.
quem sequimur
cf.
junctive;
89.
hearts.
90.
quam prendimus arcem? II. 322. animis inlabere nostris inspire (literally,
:
into')
our
tremere
g()d's
iorce is secured
is
The
presence
91.
A'irgil
by asyndeton. visa sc. sunt. betokened by the earthquake. liminaque the (pie is irregularly lengthened.
:
:
when
011 this
syllable.
92.
mons
i.c.
:
]\It.
Cyntlins.
cortina reclusis
iras
Fi(j.4(i.
the tripod to
thrown open.
Tlie (U-scription
Deli>hi.
really taken
cortina
Tripod OF Apollu.
The
was
BOOK
term
is
III
321
applied to the whole tripod. This was placed over a fissure in the earth, through which arose subterranean noises. At the proper moment the priestess took her seat on the caldron, and
who came
to
Dardanidae duri
Dar-
danldae suggests the land from which Dardanus had come, viz. Italy, and duri suggests the hardships which the Trojans must
undergo.
95.
ubere laeto:
hic
:
i.e.
soil ;
cf.
potens
531.
haec
sc. dixit.
:
mixto tumultu
ablative absolute.
100.
ea moenia
ihat city,
promised by Apollo.
:
102.
declaring (liter-
ally, unrolling, as if
a scroll) the memorials of the men ofold. Jupiter was born in Crete. 104. lovis magni insula there was a Mt. Ida both in Crete and in 105. mons Idaeus
:
the Troad.
106.
107.
habitant:
i.e.
the Cretans.
:
uberrima
cf.
maximus pater
Rhoeteas oras
:
108.
iio.
Troy.
huilt,
stahant.
habitabant
{i.e.
sc.
Teu-
cer
from Crete) came Mater is the Magna (sc. venit) the Mother icho dwells on Cyhele. Mater, Cybele, whose name is derived from the Phrygian moun:
hence
tain,
originally
from
Crete.
The Corybantes,
ing the rites of the goddess. the Idaean grove at Troy, which, 112. Idaeum nemus
:
is
said,
took
is
its
name from
a grove in Crete.
The
I.
final syllable of
nemus
608.
sacris,
fida silentia
sacris:
interest.
of her mysteries ;
a dative of
322
113.
NOTES
et iuncti
. .
leoiies
; i.e.
and {hence) the yoJced lions camt lience came tlie ciistom of harnessiDg
:
The worship
troduced into
Rome
in 207 b.c,
Augustus.
FiG. 47.
Magna
site of
:Mater.
115.
Evans
116.
interest.
adsit
he
gracious.
weather.
meritos honores sacrijices due (i.e. by custom). note the apostrophe. 119. tibi, pulcher Apollo ApoUo is especially honored in the Aeneid, and therefore the apostrophe is justified, but the poefs use of the figure is influenced by the fact w ) is an impossil)le fovm for the hexameter. that ApoJIini (w
118.
:
:
120.
Black victims vvere offered to those gods whose anger was to be white ones to beneficent deities. ap])eased Note tlie chiasmus
in the line.
jiuoK
III
323
Lines 121-146.
A New
122.
Pergamus fouxded
ix Crete.
Idomenea
:
a Greek acciisative form, like Ilionea, I. 611. not by all, but by Idomeneus and his^followers.
:
adstare
stand ready
pelago: over tJie sea. Naxos, with its Bacchic revels 125. bacchatam iugis Naxon on the heiyhts. The verb hacchari is intransitive, but, by a bold hcense, the perfect participle is here used as a passive, meaning < traversed with revels.' JVaxon is governed by legimus (127). Paros was famous for its white marble. 126. niveam Paron
Ortygiae
{.e.
Delos.
127.
legimus:
skirt
Zeugma. foam round many a shore (Billson) literally, arjitated, roughened There is much rough water, because the narrow straits cause hy. strong currents and gusty winds. The various crews in varied rivalry. 128. vario certamine
straits).
: '
and thread or slim (the 'straits that crebris freta concita terris
(tlie
islands),
hortantur raise the cheering cry. sc. nos ; attends us as we sail. 130. prosequitur euntis note how the steady, but not rapid, move131. et tandem. etc. ment is expressed by the spondaic rhythm. The city was Pergamum, here sc. urhem. 133. Pergameam rejoicing in the laetam cognomine given in adjectival form.
129.
: :
old name.
The new
city is
named
Pergamum,
or
Troy.
hortor amare poetical construction for hortor ut ament. arcem attoUere tectis literally, to raise up a citadel ivith roof ; i.e. For the ablative, cf attollere to huild a citadel with lofty roof
134.
:
:
molem roboribus
135.
iam
fere
Translate
*Twas ahout
this
subductae
:
sc. erant.
operata
sc. est,
was busy
with.
824
137.
:
NOTES
subito cum, etc. ivJien on a sudden, from a tainted quarter ofthe sky, came a pestilence and season of death, to the wastiny of our hodies, and the piteous vuin of trees and crops. memhris beloiigs
granimatically to
venit,
but tahida
is
it
in
meaning; corru})to tractu is an ablative absolute satisivonx sata. 140. linquebant gave up, poetical for reUnquehant. 141. sterilis exurere ivasled ivith drought, sterilis beiug proleptic exurere is an historical infinitive. 143. remenso mari ablative absolute, remenso being used pas:
:
hortatur ire
cf.
veniam
etc.
grace, or
favor.
145.
quam
is
finem,
etc.
(asJcing)
;
ivhat end,
The
idea of
asking
involved
:
in
pj-ecari
hence
an
indirect
question,
laborum auxilium
Lines 147-191.
animalia
living creatures.
efSgies sacrae, etc: the sacred statues of the gods, even the Phrygian Penates. The -que is explanatory.
150.
hefore
my
eyes, as
lay ; iacentis
delato Ortygiam on reaching Ortygia; literally, having journeyed to Ortygia; delato is equivalent to a conditional clause,
si delatus eris.
155.
156.
157.
ultro
unhidden.
:
secuti
sc.
sumus.
duce.
It
is
158.
This
is
fre-
quent use
Latin.
tollemus in astra nepotes we sh(dl exalt to This refers to the deification of Caesar aud
Augustus.
BOOK
159.
III
32
for the mighty. The magnk doLible alliteration in this and the next line is impressive Penates, who is ambiguons, referring either to the nepotes or to the
mlgJity walls
are speaking.
160.
161.
-que ue
neve.
:
non haeo
aut
162.
nec.
emphatic position, no< these the shores that, etc. locative, though Crete is a large Cretae
;
island.
See
I.
375.
163-6
167.
168.
= I.
530-3.
:
propriae ahiding; cf 85. ortus sc. est. genus a quo principe nostrum from ichomfrst came our
. :
:
race
With
est.
170.
haud dubitanda
:
certain.
requirat
to seek.
The
sub-
Dictaea arva Crete is so called from Mt. Dicte. in gender with 173. sopor: a mere dream; illud does not agree sopor, as might be expected.
171.
174. 176. cf
.
velatas
comas
corripio corpus
S7iatch
myself
supinas
upturned
I.
93 and note.
178.
intemerata:
cf
p?<re.
The
:
offering oi wine,
being unmixed
On
this
whole scene,
Tennyson
With
sacrifice,
while
all
the fleet
Had
locis
:
rest
by stony
hills of
Crete."
{On
a Mourner.)
honore
sacrifce.
179.
180.
certum in prose, certiorem facio. prolem ambiguam ticofold stock. The Trojans
:
:
are de-
scended both from the Cretan Teucer and from the Italian Dardanus.
326
i8i.
NOTES
:
novo veterum errore locorum hj a new mistah^,touchmr^ olden lands. The collocatioii novo veterum is a Virgilian conceit. The niistake is a new or fresh one, since one had already been made in Thrace, and this second mistake lies in confusing Crete
and
Italy.
182.
183.
exercite
tried.
:
On
Cas-
due
to
our race.
vocare
naming.
:
quis crederet
The subjunctive
is
de^
liberative.
188.
189.
meliora:
ovantes
in joy,
track.
paucis relictis thus Virgil accounts for the tradition that Cretan Pergamuni was a Trojan foundation. ive speed o^er the sea ; aequoris an exten191. currimus aequor sion of the inner object see note on quid, 56.
190.
:
Lines 192-277.
The Harpies.
caelum undique
inserted in
is
(hut
may be
undique pontus note the asyndeton translation) and chiastic order. The verb
et
:
apparet
194.
to be supplied.
:
caeruleus imber a deep hlue storm-cJoud. The dactylic rhythm, in tliis and the next line, lielps to picture the sudden
squall.
195.
hiemem
;
a tempest.
i.e.
inhorruit
unda tenebris
the tvave
shuddered dark/ing;
the storm-cloud
the
tenehris
:
wave was rutiied, as it grew dark under is a modal ablative. For the thought, cf.
Coventry Patmore
*'
(Tamerton Church
Toicer.)
BOOK
196.
198.
III
327
igg.
venti volvunt mare magna double alliteration. involvere enwrapped. ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes nfl from
:
:
:
tJie
rent
caecis in undis
literally,
a transferred epithet.
negat discernere nec meminisse says Tie cannot distiur guish or remember. With discernere, understand se ; with nec, sup ply ait from negut.
201.
:
203.
tris
;
numeral soles is an accusative of duration of time. caeca caligine shrouded in misty gloom.
206.
incertos
to
aperire
to
disclose to
vieiv.
volvere
i.e.
fumum
the
roll
up
curling smoke.
the snils
drop down;
:
wind
fails as
insurgimus hoid to, literally, 'rise upon.' haud mora sc. est. Note the vividness produced by the use of short, paratactic clauses. There are also two diaereses in the
line.
208.
adnixi,
etc.
note
the
how
puU
is
reflected in
Greek word (Srpoc^aSe?) is properly an adjective, with vrjcroL (islands) understood. For the story of the Turning Islands,' see Vocabulary. stant lie. The word is synonymous with sunt, but is more picturesque. See note on stat
210.
:
Strophades
'
insulae lonio
after
:
-ae is shortened
lonio
:
sc.
mari.
metu
through
tristius
haud
illis
monstrum,
etc.
no monstermore haneful
from
the
volucrum voltus
sc. sunt,
these
volucrum being genitive. Xote the striking alliteration. 220. laeta a favorite epithet of Yii-girs, when speaking of
:
828
NOTES
Translate here by
ioY
caprigenum pecus a quaint expression from older poetry Jfock of goals. nullo custode untended ; eitlier an ablative
:
of quality, or
222.
an ablative absolute.
divos
in
vocamus
i.e.
the gods.
partem praedamque = in partem praedae, a case of hendiadys. The story of the attack upon these cattle is VirgiFs
223.
parallel to
Homer's account of the slaughter of the cows of the sun by the companions of Odysseus, in Odyssey XII. 260 ff. dapibus epulamur the 224. toros: couches, i.e. for the feast. verb governs the ablative, on the analogy of vescor a good illustration of the simple, para225. at subitae, etc. tactic style, preferred by poetry. cf. Tennyson, " Harpies miring every 227. omnia foedant
:
vox taetrum
dira inter
odorem
thefoul stench.
Note the order of the Latin. 230. The verse is repeated from I. 311. the sacrifice (22'2) had been interrupted. 231. reponimus 232. ex diverso caeli: from an opposite quarter of the sky. Note ruisum) aud the exact repetition in the anaphora {rursum this line of the spondaic rhythm of 229. Aeneas said capessite, (sc. esse) 234. capessant, gerendum
:
gerendum
236.
est.
:
For ac
H.
than, see
a.
&
13.
307, 2,
237.
238.
delapsae
swoojnng down.
:
240.
aere cavo
:
n trumpet.
nova proelia
241.
with birds.
sword, nn alliterative
ferro foedare
to
despoil
iii
with
the
phrase.
242.
The
iufinitive is
:
plumis, tergo
BOOK
243.
:
III
329
:
245.
246.
-que translate as hut. sub sidera toward the shj. una: emphatic, one onJy. iufelix vates ill-hoding seer. rumpit hanc vocem
:
breaksforth
247.
icifh this
cry ;
:
cf.
rumpit vocem,
II.
129.
bellum etiam
:
the
word
;
bellum
by
etiam
bent
248.
Laomedontiadae
:
scornful, for
himself.
auimis locative ablative, with both verbs. For the ablative with accipere, cf. 21:2 above. Jupiter was the 251. pater omnipotens, Phoebus Apollo almighty one, and Apollo was his prophet. Of Apollo's oracles there were various exponents; thus Anius at Delos, the priestess at Delphi, the Sibyl at Cumae, and here Celaeno. supply ea before vobis, as an antecedent to quae. 252. vobis Furiarum maxima eldest of the Furies. Here the Harpies and
250.
: : :
ventis vocatis
ablative absolute.
is
Note the
alliteration.
254.
Italiam
the repetition
ante
quam = antequam.
datam
:
promised,
i.e.
by
the Fates.
256.
hunger and
'
the icrong
of
violence toicard us
a Yirgilian expression f or
hunger due to
is
malis
from mala.
No
On reaching prophecy in Book VII. (112-129). Italy, the Trojans use broad cakes as platters {mensae) for their Virgil introduces the food, and then eat the platters themselves. prophecy because it was one of the traditional stories associated with Aeneas. It serves the artistic purpose, however, of increasing the apprehensions of the Trojans.
filment of
tlie
259.
sociis
dative of reference.
:
260.
330
261.
NOTES
pacem
: :
as
is
seen frons
bellum (217) aud nrmis (200). 262. sint subjunctive in indirect narration.
263.
passis paimis
cf.
264. 266.
176.
as in 118 above.
placidi
graciously.
funem
c
:
sinuular.
267.
to
shake out
tlie sail-
270.
etc.
Yirgil's nar-
rative
in
Homer
IX. 19
. . .
ff.),
and I dwell in clear Ithaca, wherein is a mountain Neriton, of trembling leafage, far-seen, and round aboiit lie many islands, liard by one another, Dulicliium and Same, and wooded Zacyntims. And Ithaca lies low, furthest up in tlie sea toward the dark (but the others away toward the dawn and the sun), a rugged isle, but a goodly nurse of youtli. Of a truth T can see nought sweeter
seus,
son of Laertes
tlian one's
own
country."
short
nemorosa Zacynbefore
c,
FiG. 48.
Boi-
thus
note
tlie
svllable
in
Praying.
271.
imitation of the
Z(XKVvOo<i)
.
Ilomeric original
(vAryecrcra
tus is
Neritos ardua saxis Neritiis ivith its steepy crags. Nerihere, apparently, an island, but in ITomer a mountain of
:
Ithaca.
272.
scopulos
r7'///.s\>je.s);
per-
haps ironical here. dative of agent or interest; cf. regnata Lycurgo, 275. nautis 14. Tlie sailors dread the rocky coast. aperitur comes in view. Apollo i.e. the temple of Apollo at Actiuni. i.e. the town of Actiura. 276. parvae urbi
:
BOOK
277.
III
331
on the beach, the prows
pointiug seaward.
Lines 278-293.
tellure:
;
tlie
^
ablativewitli
potior
279.
originally an ablative of
means
.
see-J-T- lr J:
ice
.
correlatives.
:
lovi
280.
celebramus
throng.
ludis
games is a compliment to Angustns, who, after his great victory at Actium (b.c. 31) over Antony and Cleopatra, established these
quinquennial games. 281. exercent patrias palaestras
tests.
:
engage in
slippery
oleo labente
Hterally,
ivith the
oil,
an ablative of
Note the
means.
283.
icith oil.
fugam tenuisse
interea
to
dactylic rliythm.
284.
circuit
magnum
sol,
etc.
;
of
et
the
i.e.
close
annum
285.
glacialis,
fine
The
{i.e.
dactylic
rhythm
aere cavo
a descriptive ablative
ablative of quality)
:
gestamen once carried hy. It was a trophy, which Aeneas had captured frora some Greek. Who .this Abas was is nucertain. on the entrance pillars. rem carmine 287. postibus adversis
cavo refers to the rounded shape of the shield.
:
signo
288.
/ 7nark
arma
dedicat.
scriptions.
291.
i.e.
aerias
Phaeacum arces
Phaeacians
292.
abscondimus
lose
from
sight.
portu
dative.
332
NOTES
Lines 294-355.
296.
occupat flh ; literally seizes. Helenura regnare in apposition with/rwja. coniugio Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum having won
:
: :
the
and king<Iom of Pyrrhiis. coniugio is an abstract term for a concrete (coniuge) by metoiiymy. The reference is to Andromache, the widow of Hector, who, on the fall of Troy, became wife of Pyrrhus. The latter was the great-grandson of Aeacus (Aeacus,
wije
to
a hus-
to the
:
Trojan Helenus.
cf
.
amore compellare
portu
:
desire to address
amor
cognoscere,
U.
10.
300.
ablative.
301.
gifts
soUemnis dapes
i.e.
ofmourning ;
dona
it
as dapes.
302.
its
cum
:
forte
just when, as
happened.
falsi
feigned.
The
Troy had
gi\;eu
name
to a river in Epirus.
:
303. 304.
cineri viridi
i.e.
of Hector.
Manis
i.e.
of Hector.
:
caespite inanem, etc. the empty mound of green turfwhich she had consecrated. Hector's remains were buried at Troy. This tumulus, therefore, was a cenotaph. with two altars, two being the usual 305. et geminas aras Dumber. causam lacrimis literally, a cause for tears; freely,
:
:
quem
amens
distracted.
magnis monstris
the appearance of
the Trojans
is
Note the
spondaic rhythm of
308.
309.
visu in m6dio
longo tempore
allit-
eratiou in the line (also the effect of the initial dactyl followed
BOOK
310.
III
333
as a real form that rhou dost
"vvith
verane te
facies,
etc.
iii
is
it
present thyselff
ficies is
apposition
te,
as niight be expected.
i.e.
if
come
to her
in
make a briefreply ; furenti, sc. ei. gasj) loith hroken words, 314. raris vocibus hisco note the force of equidem ; I 315. vivo equidem
: :
live,
to
he
sure,
but
it
is
not
much
of a
life.
extrema
:
tremities.
deiectam coniuge tanto herefl of such a hushand literally cast down f rom.' Xote the spondaic rhythm of the line. i.e. worthy of thy former state. 318. digna satis 319. Pyrrhin conubia servas art thoustill the wife of Pyrrhusf Pyrrhin = Pyrrhine, the enclitic -ne being shortened. Aeneas
317.
'
:
wishes to
320.
know whether
is
true.
Xote the spondaic rhythm of the line. 321. felix una ante alias happy heyond all nthers; una adds force, as in iustissimus unus, II. 426. Priameia virgo i.e. Polyxena, who w^as slain by the Greeks on Achilles' tomb. the captives were commonly distributed among 323. sortitus the victors by lot. 'Note the asyndeton. 325. nos = ego. 326. stirpis Achilleae iuvenem superbum i.e. Pyrrhus.
:
: :
According to
Pyrrhus and Andromache. 328. Ledaeam Hermionen Leda's Hertnionej she being the granddaughter of Leda, and daughter of Helen^
tradition, ]\Iolossus
of
:
329.
me famulo famulamque,
etc.
passed me over
to
Helenus, a
servant,
and as a servant to he kept hy him. The coUocation famulo famulamque intensifies her bitterness. i.e. Pyrrhus. ereptae amore coniugis love fot 330. illum
: :
334
his
NOTES
stolen
bride
because
Ilerinione
had
been
promised
ta
Orestes. driven hy the Furies of his scelerum Furiis agitatus Xote the Orestes had slain his motlier Clytemnestra. crimes. alternation of rhythm m this and the preceding lines. at his /ather's altar ; i.e. an altar reared 332. patrias ad aras
331.
: :
to Achilles.
333.
his
due ; reddita,
literally, given
duly.
336.
Pergamaque,
tibi
:
etc.
this
Ilian citadel.
337.
338.
339-
emphatic.
:
ignarum
i.e.
quid puer Ascanius superat = superest. 340. quem tibi iam Troia
sc. agit,
ichat
of
the
boy Ascaniusf
This is the only incomplete line in Virgil, where the sense is also incomtibi is probably an ethical dative, and Troia part of an plete.
:
ivhom now,
lo,
ichen
Troy
ecqua tamen,
etc.
Andromache had lieard about the loss of Creusa. 342. ecquid in antiquam virtutem, etc. dohis father and uncle arouse him at all to (^einulate) anccstral valor and manly spirit? The meaning is well expressed by the French saying, noblesse oblige. For ecquid, the accusative of an indefinite interrogative particle,
:
cf.
and 348 (below). it 343. avunculus Hector Ascanius, was a sister of Ilector.
multum,
I. 3,
:
is
said that
Creusa, mother of
348.
multum
adverbial, /7-66'/?/.
lacrimas
tliey
must be
tears
arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum a dry hrool\ caUed Xanthus. Beiiig dry, it is in marked contrast to the *deei> eddying' (fiaOvhmju^) stream in llomer (^lliad XXI. 15).
:
BOOK
cognomlne
adjective.
351.
is
III
335
352.
353.
amplector limina: an act of greeting;* cf. nec non et moreover too. socia friendly.
: :
490.
accipiebat
entertained.
354.
The
equivaleut to the atrium, which was surroiinded by porticoes. the centre stood an altar of Jupiter.
355.
In
on gold,
:
i.e.
pateras tenebant
Pages 356-373.
is
consulted by Aeneas.
In Homer {Iliad VI. 76),
:
day
after day.
358.
vatem
is
i.e.
Helenus
359.
360.
Troiugena
tripodas
:
:
numina
purposes or
etc.
will.
note
on mugire
adytis,
92.
Clarii
laurus
edge
For the
knowl-
sidera
as
he was an astrolager.
sentis
Tiast
an augur, he could iuterpret the omeus to be found in the notes aud the flight of birds. 362. namque omnem cursum, etc. for propliecy hath happily told me of all my journey ; prospera, though an adjective, is to be closely linked with dixit (cf. primo, 1. 613).
36r.
: :
volucrum
363.
religio
numine used
:
of
an oracle, as an expressiou of divine wilL the infinitive is a poetical equivalent of ut peterem. 364. petere repostas a syncopated form for repositas, with the meaning of
:
remotas.
365.
novum dictuque
to tell
:
nefas prodigium: a
is in
startling portent
and
a horror
367.
of ; nefas
vito
336
368.
NOTES
possim
:
subjiinctive,
(=si
370.
vittas resolvit
the
sacrificing priest
wore
fillets
the
seer's hair
was
left
unbound.
now he
372.
is to
presence,
Lines 374-462.
The Prophecy of Helenus. The Sow-pIiodigy. AND Charybdis. The Cumaean Sibyl.
374.
Scylla
nam
since.
379.
maioribus auspiciis under higher auspices, ablative of attendant circumstance. Augurs recogiiized various degrees of
auspices;
375.
cf.
manifesta fides
:
sc.
est,
there
is
clear
proof
that.
fata
sortitur
'i'he
relation
ancient theologians.
376.
is
volvit vices
The
figure
here
taken from a wheel, the wheel of fate. is vertitur ordo: even so circles the worUVs order round. that so thou mayst 377. quo tutior hospita lustres aequora more safely traverse the seas receiving thee. The word hospita, *guest:
quo
ut eo.
:
378.
379. 380.
Ausonio
cetera
I.
:
i.e.
Italian.
Helenum
48.
cf.
lunonis,
381.
382.
rere
propinquam
:
because
it is
a long
of
ti^aclless track
iritJi
long
ia
sunders far.
The tone
;
oracular
ntterances
via invia is
a case of oxymoron.
BOOK
384.
385.
III
33"^
ante
salis
Trinacria
i.e.
Sicilian.
Ausonii:
i.e.
between
lakes.
Sicily
386.
and Latium.
inferni lacus
of these,
:
i.e.
Campanian
Circeius
Near one
Lake
Averiius,
was supposed
:
to be an entrance
Mons
is
(now
once an islancL
In
Homer
isle,
came
to " the
Aeaean
(Odyssey X. 135), Od^^sseus tells how he where dwelt Circe, of the fair tresses."
:
387.
(ante)
quam
possis
:
A. 551,
B. 292, 1
G. 577, 1
in
H. 605,
18
ff.
H.
&
B. 507, 4, a.
388. 389.
signa
witli
is fulfilled
VIH.
;
tibi sollicito
incenta.
tibi,
dative of
i.e.
agent
secreti fluminis
found
lying.
sus
;
a tone of
note on rex,
quaintness
I. 65.
is
cf.
391.
litter
triginta
of thirly young.
indicates the
number
Alba Longa (hence alba, albi in the next line). 394. nec poetical for neu, since an imperative follows. he points to the east coast of Italy. 396. has, hanc attracted by the relative quae, but belonging in 397. proxima
:
sense to oram.
398.
effuge
:
Grais
399.
cf .
tibi,
:
emphatic position and pause. moenia cities. 389. Southern Italy was known .as Magna Graecia.
:
hic et
here
too.
401.
etc.
here
is the
famous
its
toicn
of
Philoctetes,
who,
after the
Trojan war, is said to have founded Petelia in Bruttium. Virgil aUudes to its splendid resistance to Hannibal, when the rest of Bruttium submitted to him; subnixa, literally, resting upon.
338
403.
NOTES
quin:
mo7'eover.
steterint
(shall) have
reached anchorage
futiire perfect.
405.
rohe.
veil
lare is
pray with covered liead vea passive iniperative, with the force and construction of a
to
that
niiddle.
406.
no
hostile
face
may
:
In the perforinance of sacred rites, the Romans were anxious not to see or hear anything ill-omened. in honore deum
intrude.
in the worship
of the gods.
:
408.
hunc morem
Roman
let
ritual,
in
;
this
ohsenmnce
thy chil-
drens
410.
children.,
casti
= pii
in deos.
digressum
after
thy
departure
(i.e.
from
and
Italy), a par-
ticiple.
411.
the harriers
of
The
reference
is
to the straits of
]\Ies-
where Italy and Sicily are nearest to each other. Pelorus is the headland on the Sicihan side. rarescent at a distance there would seern to be no passage, but the straits open up as you
:
approach.
laeva tellus the land stretching to the left of the voyagers would be the east and soutli of Sicily. Aeneas is advised to avoid the straits, and circumnavigate (longo circuitu) Sicily. Allit412.
:
dextrum
litus
i.e.
tlie
is
shore of Italy.
well
ruina: uphcaval.
As
:
tantum
aevi is
aevi, etc.
governed by
such a vast change can length of tinie vetustas. Virgil (as tlie Georgics prove)
was intensely interested in the phenomena of natiire. 416. cum protinus utraque tellus iina foret
:
n-hi)Ie,
The
indi-
due to
rect narration.
BOOK
417.
:
III
339
venit medio vi pontus the sea came hetween perforce; medio, a dative, equivalent to in medium. icith severed shores ; literally, secered in 419. litore diductas
:
respect to shore.
parts
ivith
narroiv tide-
way.
420.
Scylla, Charybdis
insatiate.
mind Homer's
201-259).
(XIL 73-126
im-
placata:
FlG. 49.
SCYLLA.
:
421.
imo barathri
at {
= from')
the hottom
of
her seething chasm, thrice she sucJcs ihe vast ivaves into the abyss, and
tirni
:
upwards.
ter, i.e.
Homer.
424.
alternos
a repetition of
riirsus.
is
awhirlpool, Scylla
is
a hideous monster.
340
425.
NOTES
ora exsertantem
:
in Ilomer, Scvlla
:
form above is human; tlie part first seen. pulchro pectore virgo pube tenus a fair-hosomed mniden down to the tvaist. 427. postrema immani corpore pistrix helow, she is a seadragon of monstrom form. Witli postrema supply /r/c/es. 428. delphinum caudas, etc. tcith dolphins' tails joined io a
426.
f acies
prima hominis
sc. est,
her
prima, of
:
.helly
of
ivolves.
commissa
'
is
accusative,
literally
having joined
etc.
With
this
account compare Milton's description of Sin at the gates of Hell (Paradise LosfU.GbOfi.).
praestat metas lustrare 'tishetter todouble the goal. Cape ^Pachynus (ronnd which the Trojans are to sail) is compared to
429.
:
cessantem
caeruleis
si
. . .
:
though lingering,
i.e.
432.
433.
sea-colored.
. .
si
for the
435.
illud
:
this,
used, as often, of
what
follows.
pro omnibus
unum
tance.
one thing instead of all ; i.e. equal to all the rcst in imporNote the use of the same word at the beginniug and end
primum
:
ahove
all.
lunoni en)phatic jmsition and rej^^etition. Tn later Rome Juno was held in high regard. cane vota libens joijfulhj chant vows. Prayers and other religious forninlae were in verse form, and expressed with musical utterance. vin over. At present she is their great enemy. 439. supera sic denique victor
: :
and
so,
Trinacria overpast,
last.*
(il/bm*s.)
divinos lacus haunted hihes ; cf. inferni A/cus, oSO, with nole. et Averna sonantia silvis and Avernus with its rustUng woods (literally, ruslling irith ils iroods). Note the alliteration. As Avernus is one of the lacns, we have liendiadvs here. Avertiais the plural form of Avernus ; cf. Pcrgamus and Pergama.
:
BOOK
443.
III
341
insanam vatem: an inspired prophetess, i.e. the famous Cumaean sibyl. rupe sub ima deep in a rocJcy cave. enirusts to leaves signs 444. foliis notas et nomina mandat
: :
and
symhols.
Note the
of trees
The nomina
leaves
The
and
in
and bark
were the
still
digerit in
numerum
:
verum eadem
etc.
:
hut these
same
of
leaves.
cardine,
ivheti
at the turning
the
frondes
foliage.
:
revocare situs to restore their place. curat takes trouhle. 452. inconsulti abeunt: unansivered, men depart ; the answer has been given, but the leaves beingdisarranged, it cannot be re451.
:
covered.
453.
etc.
morae
is
no
loss
in
an ethical dative fuerint is a prohibitive subjunctive, the perfect tense being rarer and perhaps more peremptory than the present. A. 439, n. 1 & 2 B. 276 G. 263, 3, n. H. 561, 2 H. & B. .501, 3, 2. tanti is a genitive of value. aml (though) the voyage 454. et vi cursus in altum vela vocet
dia;
tihi
is
to the
deep ; cursus
:
is
personified.
secundos
456.
A. 559, n.
B. 284, 3
G. 554, n. 3
:
H.
&
B. 521,
precibus oracula poscas, etc. wiih Some put a stop herself chant the oracles.
2.
(begging)
(them)
leaves.
herself,'
but this
harsh.
to get the
342
457, 459.
NOTES
volens
:
r/nfcwufth/,
fugias, etc.
aut.
icill
expediet:
unfold.
venerata
this
it
in
passive
sense,
he-
sought in reverence.
461.
etc.
is,
;
whereof hy
is
my
voice thou
mayst he warned,
this is all I
can
tell
quae
accusative, because
monere (like docere) governs two accusatives in the active voice. now, go thy way. ingentem fer ad aethera 462. vade age
:
itigentem, proleptic.
Lines 463-471.
is
massive
Dodo-
naeos lebetas
caldrons of Dodona.
By
and trehly ivoven ivith gold, i.e. it is a piece of chainarmor. interwoven with links of gold, in sets of three. Hendiadys. a hrilUant 468. conum insignis galeae cristasque comantis poinfed helmet and cregited plumes. thus the armor of his foe falls to 469. arma Neoptolemi my father^ too, has suitahle Aeneas. sunt et sua dona parenti For sua, cf. I. 461*. glfis.
gether with hooks
:
: :
470.
duces
i.e. j)ilots.
BOOK
471.
III
343
Note the
allitera-
remigium supplet
Jills
up our crews.
Lines 472-505.
They
473.
bid
is still
fieret veiiLO
;
vento,
a case of personification.
475.
deemed
;
proud aUiance
passive sense.
of a dignaie, with
icorthy
FiG. 50.
Chain-armor.
476.
477.
bis erepte
see note
:
on
satis
ecce
tibi, etc.
lo !
hefore
una superque, etc, II. 642. thee is ihe land of Ausonia ; tihi,
ethical dative.
hanc: i.e. the nearer, eastern shore of Italy; the previous hanc means the whole land. praeterlabare a jussive subjunctive combined directly with necesse est, which is nsually followed by the fully developed substantive clause of ut with a subjunctive mood. rohes figured with 483. picturatas auri subtemine vestes
478.
: :
imvoven gold
i.e.
is
embroidery.
484.
and
she
is
" not
"weary in well-doing")
or
344
Ihe
NOTES
Tiorioring him.
worh of
honori, the
meaning
is
Helenus) in paying
sint
to
honor.'
486.
rials
he metno-
purpose.
anax ;
490.
thou sole surviving image of my Astytlie adverb super is here used in the sense of the adjective
etc.
:
mihi sola,
thetic repetition.
491.
pubesceret
manhood ;
already achieved ;
sua
propria.
rest;
not so Aeneas.
494.
alia
ex
aliis in fata
from fite
to
fite.
:
melioribus auspiciis et quae fuerit, etc. under happier omens and to prove less open to the G?'eeks, i.e. than the old Troy. vicinus usually governs a dative. 500. vicina Thybridis 502. cognatas urbes olim, etc. hereafter our sister cities and
498.
:
allied peoples, in
hoth
of
male
utramque for utrasque (urhes), by attraction. which have the same Dardanus for au503. quibus idem, etc.
:
cestor,
nostros nepotes tliere is said to be a reference here to the founding of Nicojiolis in Epirns by Augnstus, who decreed that its inhabitants should be regarded as cognati to the Romans.
505.
Lines 506-569.
Tiie Cyclopes.
iuxta pre])Osition. the road to Ttaly. The verbal idea 507. iter Italiam accounts for Jtaliain, an accusative of liniit of motion.
:
in iter
BOOK
508.
cate.
III
345
ruit
sets.
The Tennyson
"
509.
line is
opaci in darkness; to be taken with the predifrom the Odyssey (III. 487 and elsewhere) cf.
:
And
the sun
fell,
and
all
the land
was dark."
:
{Dora.')
sternimur optatae gremio telluris, etc. we Jiing our. selves down near the shore on the hosoni of the land we have chosen for the sense of optatae, cf. pars optare locum tecto (I. 425), and
optatae urhis (III. 132).
510.
start.
sortiti
remos
this is done, to
511.
corpora curamus
ire
refresh ourselves.
512.
acta
Nox Horis middle of her course. Night driven hy the Hours. The Horae (personified hours)
orbem medium
:
the
haud segnis
The
verse
is
ever active.
I.
516.
517.
repeated from
:
744.
armatum auro
that all
is
settled,
i.e.
the weather
is
clarum signum
:
i.e.
with a trumpet.
castra
movemus
out.
the icings
ofour
sails,
i.e.
wings; velorum
Italisim
:
position
and the
shoiit of joy.
cratera corona induit cf. T. 724 and note. 529. ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi
525.
:
note the
the alliteration of /,
v, s
" Make onr way easy with the wind, breathe on us kindly hreath."
(Morris.)
530.
a haven opens as
ice
draw near
indicates
literally, opens
346
earnest
portus
is
NOTES
expectation, which
is
emphasized by
alliteration.
The
probably Portus Veneris iu Calabria. near the Portus Veneris was Castrum 531. in Arce Minervae ]\Iinervae, here called Arx Minervae.
:
.
532.
proras torquent
i.c.
row
to
shore.
533.
eastern surge
tioii ah.
Jiuctus
is
534.
obiectae cautes
ipse
i.e.
jutting reefs.
salsa
spumant adspar;
gine
535.
the portus.
latet
i.e.
to one at a distance
cf.
:
patescit, 530.
turriti scopuli
down arms like twin walls ; i.e. on either side of the entrance is a lofty crag, from which a wall of rock slopes seaward, forming adouble breakwater; gemino muro is a uiodal abhative.
toivering crags
536.
tator,
refugit
stnnds hack
the spec-
who, on approaching, fiuds that it is not as uear the open sea as it seemed when viewed from a distauce. fii st on Italiau soil omen, i.e. the 537. primum omen The horse has ah-eady beeu omiuous of appositiou with e(juos.
: ;
war,
viz.
iii
I.
444.
:
538.
candore nivali
" in
was ch-awn by four white liorses" (Page). foreseen by Auchises will therefore end iu triumph. 539. terra hospita: thou land of our reception ; cf.
rious general
hospita iu ]77.
540.
The war
tlie
use of
bello
(hitive of purpose.
(Jiellum,
aud jiugliug assojuiuce (armanfur, armenta ininantur) are iuteuded to accord with the oracular tone. plural. Virgil does not use i7<'/e?/i. olim at timcs. 541. idem curru dative. sueti sc sunt, are wont. nnder the yoke hear the hit in 542. frena iugo concordia ferre concord ; mr/o, modal aV)lative concordia, trausferred epithet, behello, helliim)
: :
:
:
et pacis
o/ peace
too,
as well as of war.
BOOK
544.
III
347
was
dedi-
prima accepit
capita velamur
:
cated to her.
545.
:
veil
our Jieads ;
?;e/a?MMr is
a niiddle voice.
Phrygio amictu
546.
cf.
:
405.
praeceptis
causal ablative.
maxima
most urgent
the
word belongs
547. 548.
in sense to praeceptis.
:
adolemus honores
ordine
ive offer
hurnt offerings.
inte.
:
549.
we point
ends) of our sail-clad yards ; the cornua are the sharp ends of the antenmae, or yards, to which the sails are attached ohvertere means to turn so as to face something, and here
windward
(=
we can supply
spondaic
fif th
vento.
is
The
foot
of Hercides. Halfahundred towns on Mediterranean shores derived their nanie from Hercules. The comnion tradition made Taras, a son of Xeptune,
:
city
the founder of Tarentum, but Hercules was also associated with the place, and the town founded by Tarentum, on the other side of
its
own
galf,
was
called Heraclea.
:
i.e.
i.e.
556.
on the other side of the gulf of Tarentum. e fluctu rising from the ivaves. audimus longe ive hear from afur. fractas ad litora
:
voces
557.
hreaJcers
on
the shores.
:
exsultant vada
the
is
ampli-
fied in the
558.
haec
Charybdis
cf.
this
is that
Charyhdis,
i.e.
of
which
Helenus told us
560.
420
ff
eripite:
sc. vos.
save yourselves.
:
haud minus ac iussi cf. haud secus ac iussi,2S6. rudentem proram the gurgling prow, referring to the noise of the water
561.
:
at the prow, as
562.
tlie
emphatic repetition, corresponding to the directions given in 412. With laevam supply manum.
laevas,
laevam
348
563.
564.
NOTES
ventis
with curvato gurgite
:
i.e.
sails.
:
on
tJie
arched wave.
idem
also
nomi-
native plural.
subducta unda: as the loave is drawn froni beneath. ad Manis imos to the depths of Hell ; hyperbole. Ci. Psalms cvii. They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the 26
565.
: :
*'
depths."
567.
rorantia astra
the
dripping stars
i.e.
on the
crest of the
waves they
568.
through a
veil of spray.
cum
sole
at sunset.
Lines 570-587.
A
570.
ap-
itself; i.e.
the proximity
ruinis
eruptions.
:
turbine piceo
2vith
pitch-hlack eddy.
:
575.
The
:
-r/we is
explanatory.
576.
erigit
eructans
violenthj vomits
tional assonance.
sub auras
:
cum
ward
with a roar.
578. 579.
Enceladi Longfellow's Enceladus should be consnlted. mole hac i.e. Aetna. ingentem insuper impositam
:
in.
f-om her bwst furnaces brcathes forth Jlame. The camini are the fresh craters which The poet appear, from time to time, on the mountain's sides. conceives the volcanic fires as coming from the smitten body of
ruptis
flammam
exspirare caminis
Enceladus.
Milton's description
is less
imaginative
And
fire,
wiuds
BOOK
And
III
349
all
involved
T.
232
ff.)
intremere
omnem murmure
Morris rendeis
:
Trinacriam
"all the
the expiession
onomatopoetic.
shore
Trinacrian
trembleth murmnring."
583.
585.
monstra horrors, i.e. the mysterious noises. nec lucidus aethra siderea polus nor ivas heaven
:
:
bright
This idea
is
an enlargement of the
first.
Lines 588-654.
prinio
589.
i.e.
of night
cf.
nox
umida,
590.
II. 8.
macie confecta suprema outworn with extreme hunger. miseranda cultu icretckedly clad ; miser591. nova: strange. anda agrees with /(;?'ma, though belonging in sense to viri. unshorn. 593. immissa
: :
594.
cetera Graius
et
cetera,
an accusative
of specification.
595
et
quidem.
The
fact here
learned later.
599.
600.
caeli
testor
sc. vos.
:
this
lightsome air
we hreathe
to
air.
601.
me
take
me
up.
quascumque
terras
any lands
whatever.
602.
scio
according to colloquial usage. classibus = navibus. 603. Iliacos petiisse Penatis assailed the gods of Troy. note the hiatus. This, as well as the 606. pereo, hominum dactylic rhythm, emphasizes the earnestness of the appeal.
: :
607.
et
genua amplexus,
to
etc.
:
as he clung
sc. se.
them.
genibus
350
608.
aiid
NOTES
qui
sit
:
qul
is
For
this verse
the next,
with hortamur uiiderstood. the present pledge (viz. the offered 611. praesenti pignore haiid) is an earnest of further help. 613. infelicis*: he suffered much in his return from Troy.
6og.
:
deinde
614.
nomine Achaemenides
the
name
suggests Acliaeus,
yet has a Persian rather than Greek ring. For the story, Virgil does not seein to be dependent on any predecessor. Its introduc-
most famous stories (Odt/ssey IX.) with the journey of Aeneas, but also to illustrate vividly the humanity of the Trojans, who, though ah'eady ruined by their compassion for Sinon, again take pity on a Greek in distress. genitore Adamasto paupere a causal ablation enables the poet not merely to connect one of IIomer's
:
tive absolute.
mansisset utinam f ortuna i.e. would that tried to improve my f ortune 616. limina: sc. Cyclopis from the next line.
615.
:
had never
618.
619.
ablative of quality.
pointed utterances.
the
note the asyndeton, and the brief, the alta pulsat sidera master.
:
hyperbole
wretch.
620.
621.
di,
is
tlie
terror-stricken
talem,
etc.
nec visu
;
facilis, etc.
accosled hg none
specification.
623.
visu
and
used as ablatives of
the triple allitera-
emphasizes tlie horror. manu magna seized and crushed. 624. prensa frangeret medio another case of alliteration cf. also 025, G27. resupinus lijing hack. So strong is the monster that he does not need
tiou (d,
:
even to
628.
rise.
629.
forgot himself,
tomed cunning.
BOOK in
630.
631.
351
simul
slmul ac
as soon as.
:
634.
having cast
:
lots
i.e.
the parts
we
"were to play.
635.
636.
circum fuiidimur
:
was deep-set. both the shield and the sun are 637. Argolici clipei, etc. "large, round, and glaring " (Henry). For instar, cf. II. 15. note the accelerated rhythm. 639. sed fugite, etc. implying niore haste than solvite : translate by 640. rumpite
:
lumen solum
the eye.
traiislate
with lumen.
:
latebat
pluck.
641.
nam
qualis quantusque,
his Jiocks
. . .
etc.
for
in
Pohjphemus,who pens
etc.
;
literally,
soi't
such
of what sort and size Pohjphemus pens and size (understand tales tantique).
of
643. 645.
volgo
tertia
= passim: all
:
about.
se 11 se,
^br
the
third time
nearly
cum vitam
ex quo
;
txa.h.o
from
I began
to
drag out
is still
cum =
647.
in progress.
ab rupe
to be taken
(cf.
with prospicio.
651).
650.
The rhythm suggests the 5o?jzVus j5er/ui. dant pascunt sc. me. volsis radicibus sc. mihi.
:
primum: for
huic me,
etc.
The
it
ships of
652.
to
it,
whatever
Roman
this life
i.e.
me
die at the
852
NOTES
Lines 655-691.
Appearance of Polyphemus.
656.
ipsum
his
the
yiant hiniself.
moventem
se,
mocing
658.
its
is
monstrum horrendum,
is
etc.
a good example of sense, expressive as it is of the slow halting steps of the blinded giant. Tt has been imported almost bodily into English verse by
and n sounds,
Browning
Wariny,
I.
4).
" Aslong Idwell on some stupendous And tremendous (Heaven defend us !) Monstr' inform' ingens horrend Demoniaco seraphic Penmau's latest piece of graphic."
ous
trunca manu pinus regit in his hand a lopped pine gnides (////) ; manu is an ablative of means witli reyit. 660. ea sola voluptas ihat is his only pleasure ; ea by attrac65y.
:
:
tion.
The
inde
therefrom,
i.e.
sc.
aqua.
:
664.
666.
gemitu = cum gemitu. aequor medium the open sea. nos procul, etc. note the appropriate dactylic rhythm
:
of
this line.
667.
us.
celerare
historical infinitive.
i.e.
sic
merito
so deserving,
who
669.
ad sonitum vocis
lini;.
toward the noise of the dipping oars ; vox Note the. double alliteration cf. 556.
literally, but tvhen
670.
verum ubi
grasp us with
nulla, etc.
his
no power
is
given
him
on
to
hand ;
i.e.
hut
when
in
us.
BOOK
671.
:
III
353
nec potis sc. est, and (ichen) he cannot, etc. fluctus aequare the waves carry them away faster than he can follow.
:
672.
673.
coast.
quo
whereat.
:
penitus
/ar
within,
i.e.
in the interior,
676. ruit,
II. 64,
complent
see note.
:
a change of
number
as in ruit
certant,
where
677.
lar.
lumine torvo icith glaring eye ; effective use The Cyclopes are the one-eyed brotherhood.
:
of the singu-
caelo dative after a verb of motion, for in caelum. even as when on a moun679. quales cum vertice celso, etc. tain top lofty oaks stand in mass (con-). The perfect, like the Greek aorist, is often used in cotnparisons instead of the present. For the quantity constiferunt, cf steterunt, II. 774 and note. This is the only simile in the tliird book,
678.
:
681.
lovis,
Dianae
to Diana.
682.
in
fear drives us
praecipites agrees
wdth nos understood. instrumental ablative. 683. ventis 684-6. contra iussa monent, etc. on
:
ofHelenus icarn
Charybdis
the
either
commands crewsnot to hold on their course between Scylla and icay icithin a slight remove from death. We re:
solve to sail
back again.
is
contra is adverbial
inter is a case of
anasin leti
trophe; viam
in apposition to
is
one of quality, discrimen leti being that which divides f rom death ni is used for ne ; the subject of
;
'
is
They
but a north wind, springing up, takes them south along the Sicilian coast. The passage is very questionable, and w^ould probably have been altered by Virgil on a revision of the poem.
688.
the
mouth of
the
Pantagias (a
S54:
harhor) of natural rocl: at the river's mouth.
689.
690.
NOTES
; i.e.
there
is
iacentem
talia
:
low-hjmci.
such places.
relegens retrorsus
errata
:
aa
he
retraced
again
is
a case of pleonasm.
intransitive.
Lines 692-715.
Death of Axchises.
was founded Syracuse. the epithet suggests the meaniug 693. Plemyrium undosum of the proper name, which conies from TrAT^/x/xfpt?, flood-tide. priores men of oJd. i.e. from the poiiit of view of Virgirs day.
692.
:
sinu
dative.
Here at a
:
later time
695.
Shelley's
poeni Arethusa
now
;
at
he
is
mingled, etc.
697.
iussi
probably by
Anchises,
:
numina magna
an
of the place.
698.
stagnantis
'
Helori
'
ITelorus
;
meaus
09:3.
the
marshy place
(JX.o<i)
cf.
700.
fatis
numquam,
to
etc.
which
hf/
FiG.
.")!.
Arethusa.
he disturhed.
There
IIowforbade the inhabitants to drain a marsh near the city. ever, they did drain it, whereupon tlieir enemies crossed the dry
land thus formed and captured the impetuous, with 702. imrtianis
:
city.
JJuvii.
Gela
a nominative
arduus Acragas
(!!)S.
the
nKpo<;
arduus
:
C!:'),
704.
magnanimum
owu
;io/Ve,
quondam
agaiu
froni Virgirs
poiut of view.^
BOOTv
706.
707.
III
355
saxis
:
dura
dmigerom.
:
lego
sTcirt.
causal ablative.
explamed in 709 ff. Its application to ora calls 'pathetic faUacy' (i.e. the is aii instance of what Ruskin transfer of human moods to inanimate nature).
inlaetabilis
711.
hind.
The exas told in Book I. vestris deus appulit oris that whatpression deus appuUt etc, is a sort of pious admission ever comes to man, good or bad, comes from the gods.
715.
Lines 716-718.
Aeneas brings
717.
fates;
his
Story to an End.
recounted the
storij
fata renarrabat
re- as in referre,
divum:
ofheaven-sent
oonticuit,
etc.
and
here, maTcing
an end,
of
and exciting narrative. Virgil here has in mind the beginning the thirteenth book of the Odyssey
" He ceased
the whole assembly silent sat into ecstasy with his discourse
;
Charmed
QUESTIOXS ON BOOK
What
w^as Yirgirs
ni.
model f or
work ?
How many
Odysseus books of the Odyssey are devoted to the wanderings of and Aeneas, (Ulysses)? HoNV long a time is spent by Odysseus How do these two epic heroes respectively, in their wanderings ? What lines in Book I. may be considin characterization ?
differ
What
?
lines of
Book
II. intro-
Is there
between Book III. and the other books such an inconsistency be explained ?
of
What
356
story of
I
NOTES
Book
IIT. ?
is
What
any significance in his proniinence? How many landings did Aeneas make before he reached the valley of tlie Tiber? Where did he remain tlie longest time? Where the shortest? Did any ancient towns indicate, in their names, some connection with Aeneas? Which was the longest voyage in the wanderings? "Which the
tive?
Is there
What god
most prominent
book?
shortest?
How many
landings were
made on
islands?
Aeneas have and where were they built? "What part of the wanderings was due to a wrong interpretation of an oracle? ^ How did the error occur? /oWhere was the abode of the Harpies? AVhen and how is the prophecy of Celaeno f ulfilled ? Why does Virgil introduce the games at Actium? Wlien was tlie battle of ^ Actium foaght? How old was Yirgil at that time ? Had he publislied any of his poetry tlien? What was the relationshij) between Andromache and Ascanius? When and how is the j)rophecy of Helenus (389 ff.) fulfilled? AVhere did Aeneas cross from Greece to Italy? How many miles is this? Compare Yirgil with Homer
vessels did
^.
book.
is
most pathetic ?
?
How many
book
How many
spondaic lines
Point them
each of masculine and feminine caesurae. J, Quote the line describing Polyphemus, and show how Browning lias used it. How does Milton's description of Aetna ditfer froni Virgirs? Who was Savonarola? What passage in this book liad great influence upon his career? What passage is used by Dante,
five cases
Find
and how
is
BOOK
IV.
THE TRAGEDY OF
Lines 1-30.
DIDO.
At
I.
tkus
we
Book
III. to
narrative of
Book
a griev-
Note the
with
word-order
:
chiasmus.
tvith
venis
instrumental ablative;
:
her veins,
i.e.
her
hearfs hlood.
3.
wiseen.
translate as adverbs,
oft, oft
(Page).
'
virtus
valor.
4.
postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade, etc. the morrow^s dawn was lighting the earth with the lamp of Phoebus, i.e. with the sun cf. III. 637. the same line in III. 589, where see note. 7. umentemque, etc.
6.
;
:
8.
cf.
male fida,
thrill
II. 23,
II.
735.
g.
me
suspensara terrent
me
with fears
for suspensam,
cf. II.
729.
11.
quem
etc.
how
how
hrave
his heart
and feats of arms ! literally, hearing himself ivhat a one in appearance, etc. quem is in predicate apposition with sese ; forti pectore is ablative of quality with armis SKX\)\)\y fortihus.
!
nec vana fides nor is assurance vain, i.e. groundless. genus offspring, the word being here used of one person. ^tis fear that proves souls hase-born, 13. degeneres animos, etc. and Aeneas shows no fear. long endured. 14. exhausta 15. si mihi non animo, etc. if in my mind were not planted^
12.
: : : : :
357
358
NOTES
fixed and immovahle, fhe purpose to alh/ myself wUh no one in the bonA of ivedlock ; ne vellem, because of the idea of piirpose in sederet.
17.
postquam
si
since.
deceptam
etc.
:
ieleWit
decepit
(me)
et
fefellit.
18.
non pertaesum,
sc.
and chamber ; both the torch, which was carried in the wedding procession, and the bridai chamber, are often used by metonymy of marriage itself For the syntax, see A. 354, b B. 209; G. 377; H. 457, 5; H. & B. 352, 1. ig, potui succumbere I might lidve yielded ; an indicative in
of
the bridal torch
.
:
A. 517, c
B. 304, 3
:
G. 597, R. 3 H. 583 and 525, 1 H. & B. 582, 3 a. culpae i.e. that of loving Aeneas, after vowing fidelity to Sychaeus.
20. 21.
sin,
and our home was shaffered by a hrother's murder. Sychaeus, her husband, was nuirdered by his brother-in-law, Pygmalion, as explained in I. 348 ff.
:
22.
24.,
hic
Aeneas.
etc.
:
labantem
;
wavering
a case of prolepsis.
sed mihi,
may eifher
earfh
yawn
for me
B. 290,
27.
hiscat is
1,
G.
.546,
11.
H.
558, 4
:
H.
&
B. 511,
2.
Shame, I violate thee a7ite repeats piius (24). According to the highest Roman ideals, women could niarry only once (univirae). Only such, for example, could sacrifice to Pudicitia.
etc.
ante, Pudor,
quam,
before,
28.
amores
affections.
is
frequent
cf. 2, 3, G, 8,
The dactyls of 13 indicate mental exritcnient, wliile the spondees of 14 are expressive of wonder, Note x\\v eftect of the pause after im pulit, 23, and abstuUt, 29.)
Lines 31-53.
Anna's CorxsHL.
31.
luce
sorori
dative of agent;
more
effec-
BOOK IV
32.
all
tlii/
359
and sad, pine aivay time is here expressed
;
solane perpetua,
youth long?
etc.
wUt
thou, lonely
The
idea of duratioii of
;
by the abhitive, 011 Nvhich see A. 42 J:, b H. 486; H. &B. 440. with praemia. noris = 33. Veneris dost thnu think 34. id cinerem, etc.
:
B. 231, 1
noveris.
G. 393, r. 2
35.
esto
aegram,
(be
it
etc.
thy sorrow
; esto
Libyae
locative.
Tyro
:
a locative ablative.
despectus
37.
38.
triumphis dives
placito amori
:
rich in triumphs,
i.e.
victorious in war.
ivith
sense.
pugnare governs a dative, on the analogy of verbs of contendiiig in Greek see A. 3G8, a B. 358, 3 G. 346, x. 6 H. 428, 3 H. & B. 363, 2, c.
; ; ; ;
39.
sc. tihi ;
. .
.
and does
on- that.
it
not occur
to thee ?
40.
hiuc
on
this side
genus insupera-
bile bello
42. 43. 44. 46. 48.
cf.
genus intractabile
siti
:
'
bello, I.
339.
deserta
Tyro
froni Tyre.
germani: Pygmalion.
hunc cursum
:
49.
50.
veniam
;
fivor.
sacris litatis
offered
litare is
here transitive.
Dido
(cf. 9).
indulge give the rein to. 52. dum desaevit hiems while winter rages fercely ; de- is intensive. aquosus because Orion brings rain. sc. sunt. are shattered, and therefore are in need 53. quassatae
: :
:
of repairs.
non
tractabile
intractabile.
(In 35. the spoudaic rhythm harmonizes with the reflection upon former days of grief. Ou the other hand, the accelerated rhythm
360
accords with
in 50.)
tlie
NOTES
tone of hopefulness in 45, and of earnest entreaty
Lines 54-89.
'
incensum
(alread/j) lcindled.
:
55.
spemque
dedit, etc.
by removing her
scruples,
Anna
en-
couraged Dido to iudulge her love for Aeneas. solvitque pudorem and loosed the honds of Shame. Pudo?\ as seen in 27, had kept Dido's feelings and actions in restraint; but yielding to
:
Anna's advice, the queen now casts aside her scruples and actively
sues for the love of Aeneas.
56.
delubra adeunt:
sc.
Dido
et
Anna.
per ar as froin
:
altar
to altar.
57.
de more
lectas.
58.
legiferae Cereri,
Ceres, Aj)ollo,
;
all
an epithet applied iii Greek literature to Demeter (Ceres) and Dionysus (Bacchus) as agents of civilization, and to Apollo, as the civilizing god par exceUence. A lloman proverb runs thus
sine Cerere et Libero friget Ve^ius.
59.
honds in care.
16G)
With
62.
Juno
(called pronuha,
presided
ante ora deum the gods are themselves present in their statues. spatiatur the word implies the stately movements of
:
religious ritual.
63. 64.
instaurat
solemnizes.
:
donis
with offerings.
pectoribiis
:
An
archaism.
inhians
65.
poring over.
spirantia
(still)
quivering.
In augury,
lifeless.
heu vatum ignarae mentes The seers do noL know (cf. tacitum,
ah, ignorant
minds of
seers
07) tliut
tlie
love-passion has
taken hokl of Dido, and tiiat in licr coiidition neither vows nor visits to the shrinos can be of aiiy avail. quid an innor accusative with iuvant. furentem (nte wild with love.
:
:
BOOK IV
66. 67.
361
:
est
69.
sniitten
from edo, not siim. mollis tender; with medidlas. sub pectore deep in her breast. coniecta sagitta ablative absolute. Translate, however.
:
bu an arrow.
70.
quam
procul incautam,
icound) the icinged
etc.
icith
amid
the
from
afar,
and
steel,
unknowing.
In strict gramcf.
liquit.
:
"
left
the herd
Long smce.
My
With many an arrow deep infixed panting side was charged, when I withdrew
tranquil death in distant shades."
(TasA-, III. 108
ff.)
To seek a
nescius note the empliasis thrown upon this word, implymg that Aeneas is thus far igiiorant of tlie passion he has inspired. ihrough the city's midst. 74. media per moenia cf. sedesque paratas, 1. 557, and the well75. urbem paratam known verse O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt (I. 137). Dido thus tempts Aeneas to stay in Carthage.
72.
:
: :
.'
76. 77.
resistit
is
a sign of love.
i.e.
eadem
that
one like
much more
forcible than to
79. 80.
make
: :
it
she also.
his lips, or icords.
pendet ab ore
digressi
sc.
hangs on
the
sunt,
(guests)
understood.
light
vicissim, as the
sun before
it
{labenie
82.
domo vacua
stratis relictis
the couch
absens absentem a favorite mode of securing emphasis in Latin and Greek poetry " she apart from him that is apart (]\lorris) "though sundered each from each" (Rhoades). auditque videtque: note the polysyndeton.
83.
:
362
84.
NOTES
Ascaniiim
:
Virgil tells
iis
uotliing about
:
Iiis
retnrn from
Idaliuni (1.091
father's look.
85.
ff.).
capticated hy hls
infandum
si fallere
possit
amorem
tlie
if ^o he
ahemay
heguile
For
coustruction, see
uote on
Anfhea si quem videat, I. 181; infandwn (as in 11. ')) is properly *too awful to be told.' Dido tries to satisfy her passiou for Aeneas by fondling iVscanius, who is the iuiage of his father. bello tuta for safehj in war; tnta with. parant. 87. portus
:
:
liere
88.
pendent
i.e.
literally,
:
are suspended ;
i.e.
stand
idle.
minae
murorum
(Mori-is),
89.
ingentes
of
the iralls"
aequata machina caelo the engine towering up The niacliine was probably a derrick.
to
hearen.
(Tu 57, the spondaic rhytlim accords with the idea of solemn sacriin 80 antl 87, with the fice in ()5, with the tone of serlous reflection expression of grave conceru to the state.. Note the emphasis secured by the pause after nesciiis (72), incubat (SH), aud detinet (85). Assonance and alhteratiou are very common.)
;
Lines 90-104.
Juxo's Plan.
90.
quam
referring to Dido.
'JMie pestis is
tali
peste teneri
held fast in
nec famam
her frenzij
;
is
no
har
to
i.e.
of her.
93.
94.
iionical.
refertis
win.
dirine, ex[)laiued
is
by tlie uext line. Though hardly any authority for the word.
nec
me adeo
fhg fear
f allit
nor indeed
am
I blind
to fhe
fact
adeo
te,
;
jne.
veritam
etc.
that, in
is
of our
cifg,
te
habuisse
BOOK
98.
tchat
IV
363
:
modiis
end with
Umit, end.
literally, to
go)
We
or a similar word.
160. loi.
:
The
ablative is modal.
per ossa cf. I. 660 aiid note. paribus in common; used predicatively. 102. communem auspiciis icith equcd authoriti/ ; auspicia is used by metouymy for imperium, because in time of war the commander-in-chief regularly
ardet amore.
:
effect.
let
With
to
liceat
supply
104.
ei (i.e.
Didoni).
etc.
:
dotalisque,
and
let
as dowry.
if
The Carthagiuians
\\\\\
They
will be, as
it
were,
mence.)
Lines 105-128.
illi,
used as in
reply of
I.
2.54.
simulata
is
mente:
106.
The
:
Venus
guarded,
knew that Juno was insincere. regnum Italiae i.e. the empire
to be estab-
talia
si
such terms.
etc.
:
favor the fuljilment of conditiou, equivalent tp a wish, is very loosely thy plan. connected with (ptis ahnuat aut malit, a question which implies
109.
modo, The
sed
hut hy reason
of the fates I
drift,
Here
si
note on
115.
T.
181.
mecum
erit
quod
instat
the present
need.
864
ii6.
briejiii.
NOTES
confieri:
the
is
conjici.
paucis.
117.
120.
venatum
his
:
witli iVe.
on them.
:
trepidant alae lohile the huntersrideto and fro. The alae are the beaters, who, from either side, drive tiie game toward Aeneas and Dido. They are analogous to the cavah-y of an array, which were placed on the wings {aiae). saltus indagine cingunt gird the glades ivith a circle of nets. The nets were used to stop up the exits from the woods. Ancient hunting was diiferent from modern. i.e. as the goddess of marriage. 125. adero
121.
:
:
dum
126.
conubio iungam,
hic
etc.
the line
is
repeated from
I.
73, in
hymenaeus
;
erit
hic is attracted
:
not oppos-
petenti agrees
:
understood.
dolis repertis
is
ablative absohite.
Juno's schemes,
repertis.)
Lines 129-160.
The Hunt.
130.
131.
iubare sc. solis, rather than Aurorae. retia rara meshed nets, rara being a general epithet, appli:
cable to
132.
all nets.
:
ruunt tliis verb applies properly only to the horsemen and the dogs. Supply are brought with the other nouns. odora
' '
canum
iiounds,'
is
vis
strong,
keen-scented hounds
literally
'
strength of
here due to
BOOK
133. 137.
IV
365
:
is
the last to appear. primi tTie nohleat etc. clad in a Sidonian robe, with em:
is
a middle participle.
is
of gold ; note the eraphasis seciired by repetition, aiid emphatic position in this
and the next. 141. ipse ante alios pulcherrimiis omnis sible prominence is given to Aeneas.
line
142.
tlie
greatest pos-
infert se
socium
etc.
:
advances
to
join
Tier.
agmina iungit
unites his
143.
hand
v:ith hers.
was compared to Diana (I. 498), Speed and beauty are the so Aeneas is now compared to Apollo. common features (149, 150). hibernam Lyciam his winter home, Lycia. The reference is to Patara, near the mouth of the Xanthus, vvhere there was a famous temple of Apollo. it was at Delos that his mother bore 144. Delum maternam him cf. III. 75 ff. The Agapicti painted. raise their voices. 146. fremunt
qualis ubi,
as Dido
:
:
Apollo's worshippers
etc.
:
near.
his
molli fluentem,
icith soft
leafage shapes
and hinds
150. 151.
tantum
egregio,
:
etc.
ventum
sc. est.
:
152.
nouns are
153.
with campos. scurry across ; literally, soid (the 154. transmittunt cursu plains) past them hy running, "the apparent eifect of all motion being to send the surrounding objects in the opposite direction" agmina pulverulenta fuga glomerant amid clouds (Henry).
patentis
:
:
ofdustmass
155.
their
hands
in jiight
pulverulenta
is
poetically ti-ans
ferred to agmina.
montisque relinquunt
note
the parataxis.
366
158.
NOTES
pecora inter inertia
contempt.
:
amvl the'timorous
is
herrls
pecora, used
properly of domestic
cervi in
dari.
aiiiiiials,
:
votis
belongs primarily to
but also to
FlG. 52.
A HUNTING SCENE
IN MoSAIC.
(The rhythra of, 132-135 is noteworthy. 132 indicate vehemence of action. as in 13')
of the steed. In alliteration and assonauce
tliey suggest the hii;h si^irit tlie latter verse tliis effect is increased by double
.
ing lines, expectation. In 154, the spondees (combined with alliteration) heighten by coutrast tlie effect of the strikingly imitative dactyls of 155.)
(spumantia mandit) In tlie two interveu133, 134, the spondees accord witli the attitude of peaceful
Lines 160-172.
cf. T.
124.
161.
163.
asyndeton aud syllabic anapliora. Dardanius nepos Veneris i.e. Ascanius. diversa tecta
:
164.
petiere
scnrn/ to
perfect
of
rapid
action.
amnes
torrents.
BOOK IV
165.
367
speluncam,
tlie
etc.
atteution to
166.
prima Tellus primal Earth; so called, as the oldest of the The pronuba was properly gods. prouuba luno nuplial Juno. the matron who attended the bride. i.e. for the marriage ceremonies to begin. 167. dant siguum conscius Aether conubiis Heaven, icitness to the hridal. As Earth was the mother, so Heaven (Aether) was the father of all
:
life.
Tliis is a
common
primusque malorum causa that Jirst day was the cause of evils. The effect of the repetition of primus is the implied
169.
:
repetition
of
ille
dies as well
specie
appearances.
fama
91
and
no
note.
Dido
is
coniugium vocat
thougli there
is
'/^irgil
Nature herself were taking part in nuptial ceremonies. .Earth and Heaven (Sky), primal parents
of the storm, as of all
(if/nes)
life,
phenomena
are
among
the lightning-fires
Juno is the pronuba of the bride and the cries of mountain Nymphs become the wedding-song. Dido, fully determined as she was on winning Aeneas (the poet represents her as controlled by Yenus and Juno), may well have been blind to the trnth and convinced that this was a marriage indeed. She, then, has found Xature in sympathy with her yet the poet, by his descriptive art, really suggests to us, and
are the marriage torches (cf. taedae, 18)
; ;
primus leti, eto. Milton had this passage in mind, when he describes the effect of Eve's j)hicking and eating the forbidden frnit
at last asserts, the reverse
:
ille
dies
" Earth
felt
the
seat,
Sighing through
That
all
was
lost."
ff.
cf.
IX. 1000
ff.)
verse. with its descriptive aUiteration. plays a role siniilar to that in I. 124. It is followed by hnes (161-164) in which
(The opening
368
NOTES
the general dactylic movement depicts the hurry and scurry of the Then comes the sober hunters, as well as the onrush of the torrents. verse (165= 124). This, however, spondaic rhythm of the repeated is not followed, as before, by a series of rapid dactyls, but, in keeping with the gravity of the occurrence, the prevailing rhythm is spondaic. Only where Dido's recklessness is described have we frequent dactyls, viz. in 170. So, 172 opens with two dactyls (conivginm vocat), but the diaeresis following theni is ominous, and the succeeding spondees (Jioc praetexit) bring us back to tlie tone of solemnity.)
Lines 173-197.
AViDE.
is
Fama Rumor ;
:
a personification which
very
common
is
in poetry, from
Homer down.
unusually elaborate.
174.
Fama
of all
evils
most swift.
an ablative
mobilitate viget ivilh speecl she icaxes strong ; instead of being fatigued with lier toil. eundo instrumental ablative. 176. parva metu primo, etc.
175.
:
"
little
thing, afraid at
first,
mimo, adverb. Homer's strife is " small in crest at first, but later raiseth her head up to heaven, while she treads upon the earth
(Iliad IV". 442).
178.
We
all
know how
Terra parens, ira inritata deorum mother earth, anfjered Tlie af/ainst the gods ; deorum is au objective genitive with ira. Titans, who made war npon the gods of Olympus, and in consequence were hurled into Tartarus, were children of Terra. She, in
revenge, bore the Giants.
179.
extremam progenuit
:
hrought forth
as
hcr
last
child.
Coeo Enceladoque
Virgil disr(\gai<ls
181.
tiie
distinction.
:
HI. 658.
watchful eye
beloiv.
Virgil
BOOK IV
369
His Fama sees everything aiid, as the next line shows, hears everything and tells everything. eniphatic anaphora. 183. tot, totidem. tot midway hetween heaven and earth 184. caeli medio terraeque
:
medio
185.
is literally, in the
mid space.
noisy cry.
stridens
is
ivith
The
is
initial
spondee, followed by
silent.
a pause,
186. 188.
very emphatic.
:
Scandal
:
never
luce
ly day.
:
custos
on guard.
to the
tam
. .
ficti, etc.
.
clinying
.s
false
. .
and wrong,
.
yet heralding
truth: tam
190.
nance.
venisse Aenean indirect narration. to whom in marriage ; viro, literally, as husband. 192. cui viro that now they spend the winter, all its 193. nunc hiemem, etc. hiemem fovere is a poetical expreslength, in ivanton ease together. sion, adding to hiemem agere (to spend the ivinter) an idea of the manner of spending it (i.e. in luxurious ease). quam longa: sc.
igi.
:
sit
it is.
195.
i.e.
:
Carthage and
Italy.
i.e.
Fama.
is
virum =
virorum.
;
used to suggest, in 181, horror in 185, long continued action in 191, a matter of grave import. In 185 the effect is heightened hy an onomatopoetic word (stridens) in emphatic position, and by double alliteration, stridens dulci declinat somno, i.e. abba). Lines 198-218.
;
Hammone
satus, etc.
son of Ham-
mon hy a Garamantian Nymph he had seized. Hammone, ablative of source rapta Nympha,
;
abhitive absohite.
Hammon
(or
Ammon)
identified with
among
his country-
yig. 53.
Jupiter
men.
Hammon.
870
200.
NOTES
posuit, sacraverat
all,
:
fire
when
the
was
set up.
preceded the buildiiig of the niany shrines. change of tense. vigilem ignem Virgil is thiidving of the everbuniing fire of A^esta in llonie, from wliicli fire was taken, not
:
only to
201.
new
in apposition to ignem.
The
fire is
of the gods.
202.
A
:
military metaplior.
:
pingue solum sc. erat. and so he, i.e. Tarbas 203. isque amens animi distraught in mind ci.
:
-que
204.
cf.
media
inter
numina divum
:
205.
206.
multa lovem double accusative with orfme. nunc i.e. because I have tauglit them to honor
: :
thee.
when
The wine
tense.
207.
libation followed
feast proper.
Hence
i.e.
tlie
perfect
Lenaeum honorem
Lenaean offering ;
an offering of
wine.
209.
an idle panic ? Are thy fires all aimless ? Enipty ?' (Bovven). of purpose the thunders Tlie tone of larbas is one of remonstrance. " VVhy dost thou not wreak vengeance on these wrong-doers ? Where is thy divine power ? "
*Is
it
210.
miscent
the subject
is ignes, as if
urbem exigitam
i.e.
pretio posuit
set
lip
at
price
bouglit
ct'.
mercatique
solum,
213.
I.
367.
loci leges
:
of tenure
a legal phrase.
conubia
nostra
214.
my
:
offers
of marriage.
:
ac
215.
ille
and yet. dominum as master. not metely as liusband, Paris contem})tiions.. Aeneas is like Paris in carry:
ing
oif
another's bride.
BOOK TV
216.
371
:
Maeonian hand proppiny his chin and essenced locks. By Maeonia (/.e. Lydian) he "meaiis Phrygian, because Lydia bordered on Phrygia. The Phrygian cap had on either side a baud or ribbon, which could be tied at the back of the head or (as here) under the chin.
mitra,
etc.
rcith
Maeonia mentum
beiug
middle
217.
cf.
III.
402.
larbas regards
rapto potitur
icins
the spoil.
rapto
is
fourth
conjugation, by an
archaism.
ice.
nos
218.
quippe
f
FlG. 54.
:
MlTRA.
fa-
mam
ovemus inanem
ice
(The tone of scorn pervading this passage is heighteued by rhythmical and rhetorical means e.g. (a) alternation of rhythm iu 209, very marked in 216 and 218; less marked in 210; (&) alHteration 203, 205 (double), 207, 210 (with onomatopoeia), 212, and213; (c) the emphasis given by jDosition and pause to the contemptuous femina in (d) the unusual quadrisyllable ending comitatu in 215.) 211
:
Lines 2x9-237.
aras tenentem
regia
:
221.
of the
thus adding solemuity to his appeal. queen. oblitos famae melioris amantis
:
of their nohler fume. Tliis is the poefs first admission that Aeneas, as well as Dido, was doing wrong. 222. adloquitiir the last syllable is lengtheued before the
:
caesura.
223.
I.
labere pinnis
cf.
300-1
225.
exspectat
dallies ;
here, intransitive.
non
respicit
re-
372
gards
not.
NOTES
urbes
is aii
:
is
to
foimd
in Italy.
The
plural
exaggeration.
etc.
:
227.
non
illum,
to us.
tlie
fairest of mothers
promise him
228.
Graiumque
The
is
ideo,
etc.
nor for
him from
Grecian arms.
an historical present. Li the Iliad (Y. 311) Aphrodite (= Venus) rescues Aeneas frora Diomedes Venus again rescues him at the fall of Troy (Aeneid 11. 620).
;
Wae
vindicat
229.
sed fore
qui, etc.
it
icould he he icho.
and clamorous ivith war ; the phiral imperiis possibly refers to the powerful races which Aeneas would find in Italy; and which under Aeneas and his descendants would enjoy imperial power. hand on a race. 230. genus proderet sc. eum. 232. accendit note the artificial position of 233. super ipse sua laude ipse, which is attracted by sua. 234. Ascanione pater, etc. does he, the father, grudge Ascanius? hiatus before the caesura. 235. spe inimica emphatic j>osition before the pause. The main 237. naviget thing (sumjna) is for Aeneas to leave Carthage. The injimction hic nostri nuntius esto he this the message from is peremptory. me; nostri is genitive plural.
:
:
(The general movement is dactyhc, in keeping with the energetic tone of the passage. Note especially 223, 224, 226, 229, 230. On the other liand, the spondees of 225 accord with the idea of a lingering stay in 227, 228, and 282, tliey are severely reproachful. In 235 and 237, the diaeresis after the first foot emphasizes the peremptory tone.
;
Lines 238-278
primum pedibus
irings.
usnal allitcratioii.
240.
sublimem
alis
uphornc on
liOOK IV
241.
373
pariter
cum
:
as sicift as.
virgam i.e. the caduceus, or herald's wand, with which Mercury (Hermes) guided the dead. See Fig. 55. Cf. Homer's account: "and he took the
242.
wand wherewith he
the eyes of those
hiUs
lie wills,
V. 47
ff.)
ani(soine)
mas
from
supply
tlie
alias
next verse.
:
evo-
cat Orco
Orcus.
244.
swninons from
rein
lumina morte
:
signat
deatli ;
unseals
eyes
an allusion to the Koman custom of opening the eyes of the dead on the funeral pyre, that they
might
see their
the
eyes.
FiG. 55.
less
is
probable interpretatiou
'
i.e.
restores to
tition of 242.
245. 247.
illa
:
the virga.
Atlantis duri: toiling Atlas. The Titan Atlas, according to Homer, " upholds the lofty pillars that keep heaven and earth asunder" {Odyssey I. 52), but iu the later form of the myth he
hiniselfjo ;'/).>? the heavens.
Atlantis: for the repetition, cf. 11. 318-9. cinctum adsidue cui, etc. ichose pine-icreathed head is ever girt icith, etc. With cinctum supply est : cui is a dative of interest. moreover. mento praecipitant senis on the spirit 250. tum of this description, see the note at the end of the paragraph.
248.
:
374
252.
NOTES
hic
: :
here,
jjoised
i.e.
paribus
nitens alis
253. 255.
on eren
ad is peculiar, butwe have a simihir case iu culmina perque hominwn, GTl cf. also
257.
:
praeceps se misit sped sheer down. humilis volat Jiies loio. litus harenosum ad Libyae the position
:
of
materno ab avo
magalia
tecta
:
421.
word
is
suburbs.
260.
novantem
:
huilding
new
houses.
261.
in this
atque and lo ! Note the tone word aud in the emphatic pause
is
Tlie Tro-
jan warrior
264.
fecerat
liad
UToufjht, interweaving
the
iceh
with
thread of gold.
Note the parataxis in et discreverat. assails (him) 265. invadit tu emi.e. ad(h-esses sternly. phatic. Force is also secured by the omission of an interrogative
:
particle.
266.
uxorius
woman^s mlnion,
'
wife-enthralled
'
(Rhoades)
very contemptuous.
267.
rerum
is
forfunes.
thought
268.
exclamatory.
tibi
me
emphatic collocation.
:
269.
volves
;
torquet
with
sways.
With
i.e.
re-
terras,
:
a moral oue,
tvvo
:
rules.
271.
274. 277.
teris otia
names
for the
same porson.
wJiile yet
speaking.
the suddenness of
withdrawah'
(Sonic of the details of the dcscription of Atlns {c<i. his chin and bcanl) sccui alniost. grotcsciue to niodiTu rcaders. lUit thc ancicnt point of vi(!W was (liifcrcnt. Tlie Grecks and Homans rc<iulariy cudowed thcir niountains and rivers witli aniraate, divine bein,c;s, i.e. tliey spiritualizcd tlu' inaniniat.c fcatnrcsof cxtcrnal naturc, tlms tcstifying, as plainly as ducs any modcrn naturc-puctry, to the cmotiuus,
BOOK
IV
375
the admiratinn, and veneration, with which they contemplated natnral phenomewa. Tlius it is that in ancient poetry and art we find rivers and mountains represented as gods. " O Tiber, Father Tiber, to whom the Romans praj^," is said iu the classical spirit, and in Paris we may (Cf. Fig. 76, p. olU.) see a splendid represeutatiou of the Tiber god. As with rivers, so with mouutains. lu the museums of Kome we may poiut to half a dnzeu iUustrations of mouutaiu-gods. In Virgil, near the end of the Aeneid (XII. 701), tlie hero is said to be as huge as Athos or as Eryx or as Father Apeuniuus himself. Here, evidently, Aeneas is compared, not so much to physical mountains, as to tlie In the case of Atlas, giaut forms which would represeut them iu art. Virgil has beeu defended on the grouud that he is descrihing a demigod transformed iuto a mouutain. It would be better to say that he is describiug a mouutaiu, as it might have been, and possibly was, represented iu the realistic art of the poefs day. Note the alternatiou of rhythm iu 246-7. coincidiug w^ith the conSomewhat similar trasted ideas of easy movement aud laborious toil. are 251-2, wliere the dashiug waters are offset by the even poise of Mercury's fiight. In 260 the spondees emphasize the expression of contempt. as iu 260 that of majesty. The emphatic pause after tlie initial dactyl is unusually frequent cf. 238, 240, 246, 253, 261, 267, 271, 275. Note liow the scornful tone of Mercury^s speech is heighteued by regni rermn, alliteration and assonance, as iu uxorms urhem^ 266 267; terras torquet^ 269; teris terras, 271; laude laborem, 273; respice regnum Bomana, 275.)
;
Lines 279-295.
Aeneas
279.
is
Awestruck.
makes the statement
aghast at ihe sight, was
at vero
very
strong".
struck dumh.
280. 283.
arrectaeque, etc. cf. II. 774; III. 48. quid agat: deliberative subjunctive in indirect form, the
agam.
:
ambire approach. The verb implies tliat the situation is delicate, aud tact is needful. what opening words choose 284. quae prima exordia sumat The pleonasm empliasizes the embarrassment felt. Jirst? rather literally reproduced 'by 285. atque animum, etc. Tennysou
direct being quid
: :
'
( TJie
Fassing of Arthur.)
376
286.
NOTES
perque
omnia versat:
:
'^and
rims o'er
every
,
shift.**
(Morris.)
287. 289.
alternanti
sc. el, .?
:
he icavered.
classem aptent
(J)i(lding
command
290.
in indirect form.
sit, etc.
:
quae rebus
sese
:
plam,
291.
292. 293.
Indirect narration.
speret
expects.
etc.
:
temptatuirum aditus,
for speech,
is
will essay
an approach, (seek)
plan auspicious for his purpose. The from military language quae tempora
the
;
.
and
quis
7nodus
(s7)
(In the first two lines tlie spondaic rhythm, the large number of a and o sounds, the doubled ?*'s, the assonance in Aeiieas aspectu, the
harsh elisions
all
Lines 296-330.
motus excepit futuros caught neivs ofhis coming departure. omnia tuta timens fearing all safety ; wdexpect f earing
:
'
dangers,' but
impia
Fama
the
Dido fears everything, however safe. eadem sa.me heartless Bumor, which liad ah^eady noised
abroad Dido's shame. Fama is impia, because she takes delight in spreading bad news. furenti: sc. ei. It is used proleptically, because it was this news that made her furens.
300.
inops animi
It
is
iceak in mind,
i.e.
heside her-
self distracted.
'
-^
is
inipossible to tell
whether
animi
a locative
(cf. II.
:
'
totani per
301.
urbem
siie
qualis
commotis excita
sacris, etc.
like
In the
Bacchantk.
ubi audito,
etc.
BOOK IV
chic cry, biennial revels inspire
her,
377
at
and
night Cithaeron
summons
at
with
ils
din.
festival
was celehrated
Thebes.
The
BctKxe, lo
Bacche), roamed iu a state of frenzy over Mount Cithaeron. cf. II. 372. 304. compellat ultro etc: to cloak, 305. dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide,
:
too, so
that
.?
Hence she calls him perfide. Aeneas, however, did not intend to slip away secretly (cf. 293,
tacitus decedere
:
a case of
attraction
for
te
tacitum
decedere.
dextera pledge. the use of her name, instead of ego, is 308. moritura Dido She, the great queen, is brought low cf tbe strikingly effective. use of lunonis, I. 48. This early announcement of her intention
307.
: :
(moritura) to kill herself, indicates how unconditionally she has surrendered herself to her love for him. hiberno sidere in the winter season. moliris labor at.
309.
:
311.
quid?
si: ivhj, if
a time. How much think of returning to a untried land ? less reason can you have for going to a f oreign and
It
this:
must be from me that you are fleeing. is governed by 314. per ego has, etc. per governs lacrimas ; te The order here foUowed is common in adjurations. oro (319). Dido has staked her all on 315. aliud nihil: nothing else.
:
Aeneas.
316.
bij
our
corrects
the
There has been no formal marriage, though Dido has looked forward to one. Note that the verse ends with a word of words, four syllables; this Virgil allows in the case of Greek
flrst.
like
(cf. I.
99).
378
317.
NOTES
de
te
:
at tliy
han(h.
fuit
aut
tibi, etc.
or if tlion
han
iste
mentem
j)ut
away
thin
purpose of thine ;
odere 9<c. me. infensi sc. sunt. eundem too, also. / haiw lost my honor and that former 322. extinctus pudor, etc. fame hy ichich alone I laas winning my way to the stars. For pudor,
:
:
see 27
the
fama
is
lier
fornier reputation
as
a j)i*eemineutly
viz.
that of hospes.
of hushand. We are told that Virgil, once read this passage to Augustus ingenti adfectu,
emotion.
325.
i.e.
with inuch
quid moror
till,
ichy do
I delay?
i.e.
to die.
an
dum
shall
I delay
2,1'].
etc.
AVith an
we may supply
:
morer.
child
hy thee.
329.
to
me
who, in spite of all, uiould hring tamen means'in spite of literalW, 'thee in f ace
' ;
my
loss of thee.'
for pathos.
the rhetorical means employed in this powerful passage, we shoukl note the special eniphasis secured by () position e.g. crndelis ('^11) dissimuJare (805) and perfide (tiUing up a foot) hospes ?a-\f\ oro (819) (/>) anaphora 6(820) (328) mene te (:U4) Thus 320-1; 827-8; (c) appropriate rhythm. 307, 312-3; 314-() The vehemence of l)ido\s tone 301, :^04. 207 (conthisted with 208) shows itself in the coniparatively large number of verses with preContrast vailing dactyls thus, 8015, 810, 814, 315, 317, 318, 825, 328. In this last verse, the initial word witli these 311, 821, 324, and 320. destruat continncs both the sonse and the rhythm of the verse preceding; {d) alHtcration 208 (dunble), 209, 308, 807, 322.)
(Among
Lines 331-361.
TiiE
331.
Dekence oe Aeneas.
monitis
causal abhitive.
:
332.
obnixus
1.
with a struggle.
curam
pnin,
i.e.
the pain of
love, as in
rise."
BOOK IV
:
379
te,
333-
ego te
effective
:
collocation. thou
:
quae plurima
promeritam
clause.
335.
(esse)
that
deserced (nf me) the utmost plurima, attracted into the relative
hast
nec
ipse
her
me
: :
pigebit
sum.
336.
337-
sc.
pro re
first
in defence
of my course.
abscondere
etc.
he
first
deiiies
charge.
338.
nec coniugis
umquam
praetendi taedas,
I never
held out the bridegroom's torch, or entered such a compact ; praetendere taedas is figurative for taking part in a wedding.
Aeneas
meis auspiciis
according
'
to
my own
direction (
sponte
the right of
aiispiciis,
while the
Aeneas obeys
Jupiter.
:
componere curas
to soofh
my
sorroivs.
342.
relics
primum
;
abore
i.e.
:
all.
dulcis
ahide
meorum
tlie
reliquias
sweet
of my kin
343.
manerent
statement finds
its ex-
recidiva posuissem
Pergama
I should have
set
up a
second Pergamus.
346.
manu
:
sc.
mea, through
my
toil.
Lyciae sortes the Lycia?i oracles ; i.e. the oracles of Apollo, one of whose liaunts was Patara in Lycia. See 143 and
note.
haec attracted by the predicate. Each word refers to Italy. Xote the combined etfect of anaphora, the pause after tlie first. dactyl, and the epigranimatic tone. 349. quae tandem Ausonia, etc: ichy, pray, grudge the Trojans'
347.
hic,
settling
in
Ausonian land
is
literally,
est ;
is
it?' considere
350.
the subject of
:
et
est.
ice too
may
Witli fas
supply
351.
patris
Anchisae
The governing
380
word
tion,
is
NOTES
imago (353).
quotiens
surgunt
353. 354.
turbida imago troubled ghost ; turbida = sollicita. me: anaphora with me (351). capitis iniuria cari
:
the
wrong done to one so dear ; caput is often used in the sense of In Roman Law, it was the sum of a person's legal person. capacities, so that {e.g.) a slave, having no legal rights, had no
caput.
355.
granted by the fates. i.e. Mercury. 356. interpres divum / swear hy thyself and by me 357. testor utrumque caput
fatalibus
:
i.e.
cf
note on 354.
this brief sentence, smnItaliam non sponte sequor ming up the situation, makes a most effective close. Note the
361.
:
alliteration.
Thus (In contrast with Dido's vehemence, Aeneas is calm and sad. cf. 342, dactyls the 330, than the spondees are much more in evidence while spondaic, and 359, which (except for the fifth foot) are wholly an initial spondee is found in not fewer than eleven lines, viz. 333, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 345, 348, 349, 355, 359.)
;
Lines 362-392.
DiDo's Frenzy.
had long gazed on him; tuetur is an historical present, used for tuebatur, which with iamdudum has a aversa a.^hmce. Tennyson probably had. pluperfect meaning.
362.
iamdudum
tuetur
w hen he wrote
of Iphigenia,
" But
363. 364.
huc
tibi
illuc
asyndeton.
:
luminibus
:
glances.
365.
sc. est.
;
She does not recede from witli both horrcns and genuit. her position. duris cautibus Aeneas is as hard as the fiinty rocks which, as slie feigns, mothered
366.
perfide: omphasized
cf.
305.
him.
BOOK IV
367.
368.
381
suckled thee.
admorunt = admoveruni ;
:
sc. tibi,
quae me ad quid dissimulo ichij hide my feelings ? maiora reservo for ivhat greater wronys do I waitf note the dramatic chaiige 369. num fletu ingemuit nostro from the second to the third i^erson, continuing to 380. For a Shakespearian example, see the dialogue between Malcolm and
:
:
Macduff
Mal.
If
Macd.
nation miserable, No, not to live. With an untitled tyrant bloody-sceptr'd, When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again, Since that the truest issue of thy throne
By his own interdiction stands accursed, And does blaspheme his breed ?
{Macbeth, Act IV. Sc. 3.)
quae quibus anteferam literally, What next? what?' i.e. what say frstf
371.
:
'
despair;
372.
cf.
284.
:
aequis
impartial, Tcindly.
:
eiectum litore, egentem excepi, etc. note the frequent repetition of the same vowel-sounds in these two verses. Dido repeats bitterly the very 376. nunc augur Apollo, etc. words of Aeneas. Cf. nunc, nunc (345, 356) Lyciae sortes (346,
373-4.
: ;
377)
379.
beings.
scilicet: truly
highly ironicaL
quietos
ihose peaceful
According to the Epicureans, the gods lived their lives (Tenny" centred in eternal cahn," and " careless of mankind."
son, Lucreiius 380. 381.
and The
Lotos-eaters.)
te
she again turns to Aeneas, and gives him his conge. sequere Italiam Dido mockingly repeats Aeneas's words
: :
(361).
suggest perils.
382.
spero equidem:
equidem,like
382
quidem,
is
NOTES
used witli a concessive force;
In proso,
it is
:
'
th;y
;
mediis scopulis on the rocks mldicay, i.e. between Carthage and Italy. si quid pia numina possunt if the righfeous gods can. acail aiif/hf ; i.e. in the punishment of one who is impius.
315.
:
383,
supplicia
of) punixhmenf.
384.
hausurum sc. te, that fhou ivilt Dido accusative Greek forni.
: :
atris ignibus
i.e.
Fnries.
386.
umbra
387.
in the depths
of
the
world helow;
air
cf. III.
5G5.
388.
lighl.
medium sermonem:
multa cunctantem
:
cf.
277.
auras
ojien
or the
390.
in
much
hesitation;
metu
i.e.
fear of
making matters
worse.
multa
dicere
a telling pause.
dative.
conlapsa
ablative.
membra
her swoon-
ing forin.
392.
thalamo
stratis
(In this, l)ido's second passionate outburst, we again find purcly dactylic lines, viz. 370, 380, 38(5, while dactyls prevail also in 3(55, 370, 372, 381, 382, 387. Contrast with these the spondaic tone of 373, 374, whcre Dido solemnly onumerates the benelits she conferred on 375, Afuens in liis hour of mistortune. Note tlie rhetorlcal force of tl)e mauy (]uestions (308-371), the numerous short, i)ithy sentences (373387), tiie dramatic chanue from the second to the third person (3(5!> ff.), and the frequent use of figures of speech, especially
anaphora.)
Lines 393-415-
sc.
eam.
BOOK IV
395.
397.
383
multa inner accusative icitJi many a sigh. tum vero to be explained by reference to
:
289,
where
execution.
incumbunt
:
sc.
:
operi,
all
following w^ords.
398.
litore toto
literally,
:
deducunt
draw down,
uncta
is
i.e.
collectively.
:
used
a potential subjunctive, with an indefinite second persoii for subject the present, used for vividA. 447, 2 B. 280, 3 G. 258 H. 555 ness, instead of cerneres.
cernas
H.
&
B. 517,
1.
402.
ac veluti
cum
especially appropriate
distance.
if
has been pointed out that the simile is we suppose the Trojans to be seen from a
it
For ac veluti (or velut) see II. 626. note the phiral here, but it in 404; cf. ruit 405. convectant pars grandia trudunt frumenta some complent, III. 676.
: :
push
sion.
line.
the
406.
up the ranks ; a military expresNote the perfect parallelism with the close of the preceding
close
castigant moras rehuke delaij, i.e. the laggards. For the plural of an abstract noun, cf exsilia, III. 4. sensus sc.fuit, ivhat ivere ihyfeelings? 408. quis tibi 409. fervere third conjugation, by an archaism.
407.
: . .
412.
improbe
animos
;
:
Amor
pride.
and note.
quid
415.
ne quid inexpertum,
etc.
lest
and
so die in vain
if
(Note the prevalence of the spondaic rhythm in this short paragraph cf. 307, 308, 401, 402, 404, 405, and 406. Contrast the tone of The use of apostrophe in 408 .ff. 403, descriptive of the busy ants. and.412 is very effective.)
;
384
NOTES
Lines 416-436.
properari
the hustle
;
:
impersonal
infinitive.
418.
419.
imposuere coronas i.e. in token of joy at leaving. hunc ego si potui, etc. ?/ (= siiice) / have had strength
:
to
to
hear
it
to the
end;
a logical condition (reality implied). Dido wishes her sister and Aeneas to suppose that she is resigned to her fate.
of per
:
iii
perferre.
thee his friend
te colere
made
(Page)
colere
and credere
colebat, credebat.
They
are peculiar in
expressing what
423.
is
customary.
:
literally, easy
approach
and
season
for finding easy access to hini; cf. "293. 424. hostem: the hospes oi 323 has now become a hostis. poetic for the awkward prose construction 425. exscindere
i.e.
the season
nor have T uptorn the ashes and (disturhed the) sjnrit of his falher Anchises ; i.e. she has not beeu Virgil lias in view a ti-adition guilty of desecrating his grave. Dido means that that Diomedes stole the ashes of Ancidses.
etc.
:
wrong
:
negat demittere
refuse
to
admit.
429.
430.
ire
hoc
explained in the next line. facilem fugam contrast with et mediis properas
:
A qnilonihus
473.
ventos ferentis
an emptg
time,
432.
433.
pulchro
ironical.
:
tempus inane
i.e.
nonc of tlie love wlueli marl<ed her life which her inadness may subside. requiem spatiumque furori
time for
434.
my
passion
to (dia/e.
:
victam, etc. " Till Fortune ioach the overthrown to learn her weary task." (Morris.) dolere i.e. how to
:
dum mea me
grieve.
BOOK IV
436.
this,
385
:
dederit, etc.
and
me
repay
it
This obscure
state-
that
if
Aeneas
^vill
^vill
own
life,
so as to deliver
forever.
not seem to suspect her suicidal purpose, piobably takes morte in a temporal sense 'at my death,' when I die.' However, both the
earliest days.
fert refertque
:
beurs ayain
and again,
i.e.
to Aeneas.
in
:
aut continues the force of non, implied prose nec would be used cf. III. 43. tractabilis
;
nullis.
In
icith
yielding
mood.
440.
heaven
seals.
viri
juxtaposition of
is.
deus
may perhaps
be
cum as in 402-3. annoso validam robore ac velut quercum an oak strong icith the strength of years ; note the inter.
.
: :
locked order.
442.
Alpini Boreae
it
a reminiscence
443.
stridor
cusso stipite)
445.
by the wind.
:
ipsa
i.e.
the quercus.
:
quantum asfar
:
as;
sc. tendit.
447. 449.
haud secus
lacrimae
(iiS).
:
even
tlie
so.
i.e.
tears of Aeneas,
who
'
grief
'
Even
as the oak,
when smitten by
its leaves,
but stands iirm and erect, so Aeneas, though moved to The tears by Anna's entreaties, yet remains true to his purpose.
subjects mens
refer to tlie
same person.
To
386
refer lacrimae to
NOTES
Anna
is
and
sense.
inanes
(Anna's activity and Aeneas's immovability are well contrasted in the rhythm of such a verse as 4o8. The attitude of Aeneas is reflected in the spondees which are prevalent throughout, e.g. in 439, 442, 443, The epigrammatic verse (449) which rounds 444, 445, 446, and 448. off the paragraph, shows asyndeton and marked alhteration.)
Lines 450-473.
fatis
her doom,
:
which she
etc.
:
sees
cannot be avoided.
that she
taedet
sc.
eam.
and
may
the
mnre surely
in view.
fuljil her
end
explained by lucemque relinquat. Instead of peragat and relinquat, we should expect the secondary sequence, as in imponeret, but the primary is adopted for vividness, being influTlie inceptum
orat.
i.e.
vidit
she saiv
:
she
was made
:
to see.
latices
water.
:
se vertere
change.
obscenum
nulli
:
cf.
The word
is
used especially
of things ill-oniened.
456.
457. 459. 462.
to
no one
and alone on the house-tops with ill-hoding song the owl would oft complain ; with queri supply The owl is the Indian's enemy," is a popular saying in visa est. Mexico, where it is believed that some one dies whenever tlie owFs cry is heard.' For the weird effect, cf. Gray's Elegy
:
*'
'
" 463.
to the
moon comphiin."
:
464.
longas in fletum ducere voces prolong its notes into a wail. vatum priorum seers of old, whose prophecies wouki now
:
be recailffh
469.
Eumenidum
veluti, etc.
a literary reference,
viz. to
the
BOOK IV
Bacchae, a famous tragedy of Euripides.
is
887
In
this,
when Pentheus
he " seems to see two suns and a double Thebes, even the city of seven gates " (11. 918-19). In Eumenidum agmina, however, Virgil seems to be thinking of the Orestes legend,
driven
mad by Bacchus,
which he returns in 471. driven over the stage; as in the Eumeni471. scaenis agitatus des of Aeschylus, w^hich was turned into Latin by the Roman Orestes was pursued by the Furies for slaying writer Pacuvius. his mother Clytaemnestra, who had murdered her husband Agamemnon. Orestes subject of /?<^t7 (473).
to
: :
472.
here she
is
herself
equipped as a Fury. Perhaps Pacuvius made the change. probably to prevent his escape from the 473. sedent in limine
:
temple of ApoUo, in which he took refuge. Virgil has been criticised for taking his similes from the stage We must remember, however, that instead of from real life. dramatic performances played a larger part in ancient than they
do in modern
life.
(Note tlie lavish use of alliteration in this paragraph, to aid iu the expression of horror, It is most conspicuous in 460, 461, 464, 467 less so in 450, 451, 455, 459. The solemn spondaic rhythm prevails in 450, 451, 456, 460, 461. Contrast with these verses 465, in wliich the dactyls express intense excitement.)
;
Lines 474-503.
ergo ubi,
etc.
so
madness, etc,
475.
tempus secum
ipsa, etc.
at her
and mode.
477.
479.
:
to a definite decision.
spem
fronte serenat
shoivs a
to
return him
me.
eo
me
sol-
vat release me from him ; i.e. from forms of the pronoun is are rare in
my
Oblique
Virgil.
Here, by means of
388
eum and
eo,
NOTES
Dido purposely designates Aeneas
iiixta
:
way
possible.
480.
Oceani finem
The ocean
is
supi^osed to surround
482.
axem
stellis
and therefore bound the world. ardentibus aptum tlie heaven set
:
with gleam-
ing stars.
'
hinc mihi, etc. from there a priestess hath heen commended We must suppose the priestess to be now in Carthage. to me. 484. Hesperidum templi as the Hesperides were the daughters of Atlas, we niay suppose that the temple and the famous garden were uear Mount Atlas. kept the sacred houghs 485. sacros servabat in arbore ramos on the tree, i.e. the tree which bore the golden apples. It was the dragon which guarded the tree, but the dragon would not have done tliis if the priestess had not fed him. 486. mella soporiferumque papaver: a mixture of honey and popf>y-seed was a favorite delicacy in ancient times. The poppycapsule, f rom which opium is made, has soporific qualities hence the epithet soporiferum, which is purely ornamental and indeed misleading, as the food was here given to keep the dragou awake. she professes icith her 487. haec se carminibus promittit, etc. spells to set free the hearts ofwhom she will; solvere, i.e. from sorrow.
483.
: :
:
488.
aliis
ast
aliis, etc.
With
supply mentihus.
fluviis
:
1.
489.
dative.
:
490.
alliteration
movet
evocat.
vide-
bis
you
mark;
is
i.e.
you
^vill
power;
493.
videre
that against
put on
armor of magic
arts
accingier
It
viri
i.e.
:
Aeneas.
impius iu emphatic position. Iler ol)ject would be to cast a speli so directs. 498. monstrat upon the one who had owned the tliings to be burnt. Sometimes
:
BOOK IV
;
389
a waxen iraage of this owner was melted in the fire cf. D. G. RosThe practice of witchcraft was very setti's poem, Sister Helen.
still
Anna
under
notwithstanding the
pallor.
501.
502.
Sychaeus
(Frequent dactyls are a<?ain expressive of Dido's excited state cf. The contrast between the reality and 479, 481, 486, 495, 497, 498. the appearance is indicated by the solemn tone of 501, which lies between two verses of lighter rhythm.)
Lines 504-521.
The Magic
504.
Rites.
penetrali in sede
riore, 494.
505.
intendit
locum
sertis
hangs
garlands, the
loco.
super adverb. haud ignara futuri unlike Anna, 508. efBgiem his image. who knows not Dido's real purpose. used for any large number. tonat ore 510. ter centum *' sunmions in thunder-tones " (Bowen) tonat is here used transi: : : ;
tively.
ora Dianae explanatory of ^er^em/;?rtm ifecaten, the same goddess being Hecate in the lower world, Diana on earth, and Luna in heaven. She was of ten represented by a threeheaded image. by moonlight, with messae. aenis the bronze 513. ad lunam age preceded the iron, and in mystic ritual the earlier metal w^as of ten religiously used in later ages. For a somewhat similar rea511.
tria virginis
390
NOTES
son, iron could not be iised in the old Sublician bridge across the
Tiber.
514.
pubentes
yw/c?/.
:
515.
516.
ere
the
dam
could snatch
it.
amor
at
love-charm.
flesh wliich
By
this
is
piece of black
was supposed
:
birth,
517.
Dido.
mola manibusque
For the
mola., see
holy meal
and
133.
holy hands
ablative of accompaniment.
The
adjective beII.
518.
icith
in
These two features are veste recincta: tvith loosened girdle. probably syinbolical of her desired release from love. with sidera, witnesses of her doom. 519. conscia fati then she prays to tvhatever power, righleous 520. tum si quod, etc.
: :
(literally,
is
;
'
')
lovers
;
whose love
G. 356, r. 2
not returned.
;
B. 191
H. 425, 3
H.
&
B. 360,
(The solemnity of the scene is echoed in the double alliteration of On the openiiiijj verse and the spondaic rhythm of oO"), 509, and 51-i. the other hand, the energetic actions (cf. tonat, 510) and movements
of the participants are reflected in tbe prevailing dactyls of 510, 511, and 512, as well as 517. In 510-511 the effect is increased by anaph. . tria) and polysyndeton (j-que, -que, -que).) ora itcr, ter
.
Lines 522-553-
DlDO's MlSKRY
524. 525.
AND ReMORSE.
cum
the
:
hour ivhen.
pictae of gay plumage. hoth, and. 526. -que, -que couched in sleep. 527. somno positae This verse is probably spurious. 528. lenibant = leniehant.
: :
529.
at
non
sc. qnierat.
530.
solvitur in
somnos
sinks
to sleep ; solvitur is
properly of
BOOK IV
the relaxing of the body.
391
:
cf.
Tenny-
and ever faiPd to draw The quiet night into her blood." ( 2%e JSIarriage of Geraint.)
rest,
:
rursus resurgens suggestive assonance. her love surges and sJie heaves 532. saevit amor magnoque, etc. with a mighty tide of passion. It is better to make Dido the subject
531.
:
oi fluctuat.
sic
thus
adeo emphasizes
sic,
which
is
ex-
534.
en,
quid ago
/0,
what
am I to dof
;
The
indicative instead
II. 322.
of
tlie
deliberative
subjunctive
cf.
prendimus,
inrisa
only
to be
535.
Nomadum = Numidarum.
quos ego sim,
;
536.
etc.
I have scorned
them, etc.
;
A
;
A. 535, e
of course
B. 283, 3
G. 631
537.
H. 593, 2
igitur
:
H. & B.
; i.e.
523.
then
as theseplaces
must
:
be rejected,
shall
consider another?
:
ultima iussa
uttermost
commands.
Dido asks
538.
my
:
may be?"
I to do so) because they
etc.
(am
are grateful for aid once given, and because thankfulness for past
benejits is
The
omitted sequar ;
belongs to facti.
people.
540.
sequi.
= eos
is
levatos esse,
Dido
:
ironical;
fac velle
me and
541.
542.
543.
Laomedonteae
nautas
inferar
:
himself.
i.e.
those of Aeneas.
leaving Carthage.
545.
:
pursue (them)
i.e.
an enemy.
:
The verb
is
used as a middle.
whom I could
scarce
quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli tear from the Sidonian city.
392
546.
is
NOTES
rursus
agam pelago
:
seawardf
herself.
pelago
dative.
547.
quin morere
nay
die.
The
It is doubtless
its
vigorous
548.
tu
whose
life,
advice, tliough
well
meant
550.
lock,
non licuit,
ichg could
not spend a
a hlameless Ufe, even as some wild creatwe, hiowing not such The Latin sentence is not interrogative, but strongly excares !
Dido vainly yearns for a life in the wilderness, far from both the joys and the sorrows of civilized communities. " We are too familiar with the frontiersman in America to fail (De Witt, The Dido Episode.) to recognize the type." Her own moral guilt, being last mensc. est. 552. servata Sychaeo an adjective here. tioned, seems to haunt her most.
clamatory.
/
: :
(Note the beautifully smooth rhythm of the opening verses (522527). Alliteration isskilfully employed (cf. 528,525, 526, 527). In 520 the initial spondees mark the contrast in thought then the tumult of emotion fincls expression in a series of verses, all of which begin with a dactyl (530-539), while in some the dactylic rhythm prevails throughout; cf. 535, 538, 639.)
;
Lines 554-570-
in
a Vision.
certus eundi hent on going : eundi is au objective genitive with an adjective denoting knowledge. a phantom of the god, not tlie god liimself. 556. forma dei voltu eodem referring to the god's visit to him (239 ff.). explained by what follows. 557. ita
:
:
omnia: in all respects ; Greek accusative of specification. coloremque: the -que is hypermetric. literally, uiider this hazard ; i.e. at such a 560. hoc sub casu
558.
:
crisis.
561. 563.
deinde from
:
henceforth.
illa
i.e.
Dido.
BOOK
564. 565.
IV
393
certa mori
sc. est.
:
poetical constniction.
non = nonn.
:
fugis
potestas
566. 567. 569.
iam
soon.
:
fervere
heia age
Heia^
what ho
The
ref rain of a
Latin boating-song
runs thus
(Heigh-ho
nostrum reboans echo sonet heia ! men, let the answering echo ring out our heigh-ho
viri,
*
')
varium
is
et mutabile
ever.
semper femiua
icoman
;
epigrani
cf
oft-quoted
know what
Virgil sings,
Woman
is
(The spondaic rhythm of the two opening verses indicates that something of serious iraport is about tohappen. In the two closing verses the urgent command is emphasized by the pause after the initial feet (heia age and/emn^a) and by the dactylic rhythm, with which are contrasted the spondees of sicfatus, etc.)
Lines 571-583-
Sea.
umbris
f atigat
:
vision.
i.e.
:
572.
575.
gives
fes.tinare
sc.
me.
of iubeo.
576. 577.
deorum
partitive genitive.
:
quisquis es though Aeneas must have felt reasonably certain who the god was, yet in accordance with an ancient superstition, he avoids any possible risk of using the wrong
appellation.
578.
sidera
dextra
feras
vouchsafe
favorahle
stars
i.e.
good
weatlier.
394
580. 581.
seize
NOTES
fulmineum
:
Jiashinrj.
:
Tbe word
therj
literally.
of energetic action.
deseruere ihey have left (the shore) picturesque perfect. latet sub classibus aequor i.e. the ships are so numerous. 583. The line is repeated from III. 208.
582.
;
:
(Note the energetic tone with prevaihng dactyhc rhythm. This heightened hy contrast with the spondaic rhythm of the last Hne.)
is
Lines 584-629.
DlDO's CURSE.
586.
587.
sails
i.e.
the
evenly across
588.
tlie
:
mast.
the adjective belongs to litora as "well as portus,
siiie
vacuos
and
is
explained by
remige.
589.
percussa
abscissa
inluserit
II.
:
a middle use.
similar to percussa.
590. 591.
arserit,
is
used as in
occiderit
and
581.
advena
intruder
adventurer.
592.
non =nonne.
expedient
:
sc. cives,
my people.
The
omis-
mentem mutat
facta impia
:
i.e.
in being disloyal to
then
was
when thou
crown;
dabas
agent
:
producing the unliappy entanglement. en dextra fidesque lo! this is tlte pledge and faith of hini who, ihey s<iy, carries, etc. Understand eius as tlie antecedent of quem. governed by aiunt. For the fact, cf. II. 599. quem subiisse
in
:
708.
BOOK IV
600.
395
non
potui,
etc.
from limhf
Absyrtus.
602.
patriis
up
sons.
is si
fuerat
pugna-
vissem
cum Aenea.
fuisset
suppose
it
heen.
Concessive sub-
junctive.
604.
quem metui
ivhom had I
By
castt^a is
meant the
castra nautica,
where
drawn up aud
B.
.512, b.
protected.
Tlie
mood and
;
tense of
tulissem express a
A. 439, b
G. 272, 3
H.
.5.59,
H.
&
implessem, exstinxem such syncopated forms (for implevissem and exstinxissem) are used by Virgil only in speeches. Here they accord with Dido's mental excitement. 606. memet super ipsa dedissem myself have flung on top of all (i.e. into the flames). Xote the asyndeton. with thy heams. 607. flammis 608. harum interpres curarum et conscia agent and witness
605.
:
:
of
these
my
sorrows ;
inteipres
more truth than Dido could suspect. She did not know how much Juno had done in working her ruin.
volves
6og.
lata
night
triviis
is
ulu-
shrieked hy
crossroads.
The
is
verb,
though
intransitive,
used passively.
610.
FiG. 57.
:
Hecate.
di Elissae
i.e.
tlie is
di
Manes.
In funeral inscriptions
Dido's use of the
very
common.
396
third
NOTES
person,
in
speaking
Jiear.
of
herself
(Eli^sae
mei)
gives
emphasis.
6ii.
accipite
is
and, aa
meet,
let
advertitey
my
ills).
infandum caput
tJiat
unspeaJcahle creature.
Dido does
not once, in this speech, mention Aeneas's name. sc. si, i/ there Jiis goal stands jixed; 614. hic terminus haeret
:
i.e. if
he
is
:
615.
at
Dido's curse
is
so framed that
it
is
really a
prophecy of the kter fortunes of Aeneas and the Romans. In the latter books of the Aeneid we read how the hero was engaged in war with the Rutuli and Latini; how, leaving Ascanius in his camp, he sought the aid of Evander; how the Trojans suffered heavy losses; and how in making peace with the Latins he dropped the Trojan name. Further, according to the legend, he
reigned only three years, and his body was linally lost in the
Numicius.
wars.
when Charles
I.
of
England consulted the so7'tes Vergilianae (for Virgil's works, like the Bible, were long used for forecasting tliefuture) he opened his text at this ominous passage.
617.
indigna
cruel,
cum
surrendered
indicative.
to tJie
The verb
is
future perfect
optata luce tJie deligJits oflife. diem hefore Jiis time. mediaque inhumatus 620. ante harena sc. iaceat, and lie unhuried on a waste of sand. cinerique haec, etc. 623. exercete odiis pursue wilJi Jiate. and offer tJiis trihute to my dnst ; i.e. the tribuiie of hate. viz. Rome and Carthage. sunto tlie form im624. populis
619.
:
plies solemnity,
625.
arise,
some avenger !
aJiquis ultor
BOOK IV
is
391
reference is to the great
in apposition to tu understood.
The
to
face
ferroque with Jire and sivord. to-day, hereafter, or ichenever 627. nunc, olim, quocumque, etc. iSTote the climax and asyndeton. the strength is given.
:
628.
traria
to
shore opposed ;
con-
belongs to
all
:
the accusativ^es,
liiora,
629.
imprecor
invoTce.
(The style of this famous passage is unusually vigorous. Kote esthe frequent pecially the rapid fire of questions in 595 and 600 ft'. aUiterations (as in 589, 594, 598, 60.3, 604, 605); the telling apostrophe of an unknown avenger in 625 the oracular, epigrammalic tone and the final liypermetric syllable (629), suggesting (as in 628, 629) an overflow of emotional excitement. The artistic variation of the rhythm, harmonizing throughout with the thought, is well worthy of close study, especially in tlie portions 587-594 and 607-629. Note the use of dactyls, expressive of energetic in alternation witli spondees, in 602, 604, action, in 588, 589, 593, 594 611 of impassioned utterance, in 620, 624, 626, 628. On the oJier .596 her sarcasm, hand, spondees empliasize Dido's self-accusation in in 598 her reflective tone, in 603 her solemn appeal to the gods, in 607, 608, 610, 612 ; her terrible curse, in 613, 614, 615, 616-619 (with initial dactyls), 627, 629 (initial dactyl). Emphatic diaeresis after the first foot is comraon ; cf. 595, 601, 618, 621, 622, 624, 629.)
; ; ;
f^
Lines 630-662.
V.'
DiDo's Death.
631.
quaerens abrumpere
:
seeking how
to
cut short.
quam
in
is
primum
632.
at once.
nutricem Sychaei: foster-mothers were held esteem; Dido is attended by her hnsband's, as her own
633.
high
dead.
suam
her own.
The
:
is
probably
funeral
cinis ater
dic properet
hid
her hasten
;
propej-et is
a jussive sub-
cf.
veniat, 637.
fluviali spargere
lympha
i.e.
to purify lierself
398
636.
NOTES
monstrata
sic
: :
as prescribed.
637. 638.
i.e.
lovi Stygio
'netlier Jove'
(Milton, Comus,
1.
20),
i.&
Pluto.
7 am minded to fulfil. and give over to the 640. Dardaniique rogum capitis, etc. Jlames the pyre of that Dardanian wretch. The -que is explanatory, To avoid susso that we could translate, 'by giving over,' etc. This would picion, Dido calls her own pyre the pyre of Aeneas. be the more natural, as on it liis belongings were piled. For
639.
etc.
studio anili icith an old dame's zeal, " her intentions being (Conington.) doubtless better than her powers."
641.
:
642.
643.
Uoodshot eyes.
maculis trementis
icith
interfusa genas
(hectic) spots.
For the construction, cf. note on oculos suffusa, I. 228. she had been in aTtower of the palace cf 586. 645. inrumpit limina courts. the pkiral, if correct, is used metri causa for rogum, 646. rogos but probably the word should be gradus.
:
647.
in
usus
such use as
his svvord;
cf.
had apparently asked her warrior lover for ensem relictum, 507, which need not be regarded as
IJido
hic
temporah
:
paulum lacrimis et mente morata pausing awhile The ablatives are modal rather than causah thought.
in
651. 653.
dum
vixi
:
relics,
my
life
ci.
fuimus IVoes,
de-
derat
654.
i.e.
at her birth.
:
magna imago
life
mei
not
precisely the
same as mea,
is
for im.ago
I
mea my own ;
emphatic.
BOOK IV
656.
recepi.
399
as,
ulta
is
the same
not prior
to,
that of
Dido avenged her husband by pimishing her brother. This she did by carrying off his ill-gotten wealth.
657.
tantum
sic, sic
:
onli/.
:
659.
660.
os impressa toro
i.e.
in a f arewell kiss
cf II. 490.
.
the adverb,
made emphatic by
repetition, refers
to tKe
sic
in
manner and circumstances of her death. Cf. the use of sic, Tennyson seems to have the words in mind, when II. 614.
" Thus
'
thus
the soul
flies
air.'
With
iuvat ire
journey.
661.
:
cf.
She
is
going on a pleasant
hunc ignem
i.e.
ab alto outat sea. nostrae omina mortis i.e. the omens which
deatli.
:
my death wilL
suggest.
(Note the use of spondees, in 631, to express the idea of what is In cf. 660. hateful, and of dactyls, to reflect quick movement, in 641 queenly and the last words, Dido sliows both womanly tenderness di2;nity, and the rhytlim aud language are beautifully fitted to the
;
thought, 651-660.)
Lines 663-692.
The
663.
665. 666.
City's Grief.
ferro
:
on
the
sword.
atria: palace
striicture.
bacchatur:
roofs of
runs
riot.
671.
houses
culmina perque hominum, etc. roll on over tJie and temples. Note how the anaphora promotes the
:
descrip-
trepido cursu
in wild haste,
:
hoc
illud fuit
:
ivas this
illa, III.
558.
me
tcith
fraude petebas
me?
literally, assailing
me
400
678.
NOTES
vocasses
tulisset
:
for the
mood,
cf. tulis-
sem, 604.
679.
680.
= ahstulisset.
sc.
It is
struxi
pyram.
:
681.
merely
to
exstinxti
exstinxisti.
patres
senate.
date volnera)
etc.
let
me
and
sub-
catch ivith
my
lips
whatever
over hers.
The
junctives are in parataxis with date ; cf. sinife revisam, 11. 669. The ancient custom of catching the breath of a dying person was one
of the last tributes of affection, a survival of the primitive notion
that in this
an idea
tive
way the existence of the spirit was continued. Such prevailed among the Seminoles of Florida. (Tylor, PrimiI,
Culture,
p. 433.)
685.
sic fata
had
656.
For/ato,
is of
note on
ulta,
stridit
:
gurgles.
The verb
:
sese governed by both attollens and cf. Gray's Elegy 692. quaesivit lucem
690.
" Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day Nor cast one longing, hngering look behind."
reperta:
sc. luce.
The sad
" Yirgilian
moments
(a) the artistic (In this pathetic scene, we may note especially rhythm spondaic followed by foot, hrst the after use of the pause pause the without rliythm thus 666 and 681) 687 shows the sanie of prominence (&) the special onomatopoetic offcct of ()67-8, with the following hiao, u, and r sounds and tlie uiuisual (]Uiulrisyliabic euding, the peculiar and of ring 671 iuiitative the tus (femineo uhdatu); (c) after (')72, diaeresis of the of and appropriateness of the ihictylic rliytlnn 67r)-6 rriit, 674; (d) anai)hora: not only in (')7l (pcrqne), but also in (e) polysynde(hoc), (578-9 (cadnii, idnn, cadcm), aiui 6<.)0-l (tcr) (')(')4, (Wny, (573, (582 in as 670, alUteration, ton, 682-3^ (-Que) (/) of inspeaks lienry Tlius (g) the effect' of siniplicity of expressiou.
;
;
BOOK
iv
401
gemuit (692) as "placing before the mind the whole heart-rending history in a single retrospective glance."')
Lines 693-705.
Descent of
694.
695.
difficilis
:
Iris.
obitus her hard departure. quae luctantem, etc. to release her struggling soul from
:
the
Umhs
that cling to
it.
696.
fato
:
i.e.
by a natural death.
i.e.
merita
morte
one might incur in a battle uot a self-inflicted death. the two kinds of death here 697. ante diem subitoque, etc.
:
foreseen.
698.
nondum
etc.
illi
head
the
golden lock ;
is
dative of separation.
a few hairs were plucked from the forehead of the victim, and as the dying were regarded as offerings to the nether gods, a similar
case.
damnaverat
croceis
:
con-
tinued.
700.
roscida
dewg.
Iris is
the
raiiibow, spiritualized.
adverso sole against the sun ; literally, 'from the sun opposite.' The rainbow must be opposite the sun.
701.
:
702.
hunc
iussa
i.e.
crinem.
703.
.705.
as hidden.
in ventos
in auras.
(This short scene, with the beautiful picture of Iris, serves the artispurpose of giving a restful close to the tragedy. Note the smoothness imparted to the last words by alhteration, ventos vita.)
tic
402
NOTES
QUESTIONS ON BOOK
IV.
In what respects is the first line peculiarly fitting as an introduction? Into what three major divisions or acts may the book be divided? IIow many people participate in the action? IIow many divinities? Is the book a tragedy? What are the requiWhat traits of character does Anna manisites of a tragedy? At what time of year did the fest? What is the leading trait?
Trojans arrive at Carthage? How long did they remain? On what passages do you base your answer? For what purpose did Virgil introduce the story of Dido? Did he originate it? What What passage is line is proplietic of the supremacy of Rome?
prophetic of the Carthaginian
in 425-6?
acter of
War?
To what
is
there an aUusion
char-
To what
II
in 470-473?
In 602?
What prominent
met his death at the hands of Orestes ? What rhetorical device is employed in the ten lines beginning with 522? Is the same device used in any other passage? Did Dido's curse, 615-620, come true? Who was the ultor in 625? In what respects
Book
is
Dido's last sentence peculiarly appropriate to the conditions ? What passages are intended to emphasize the patriotism of Aeneas?
Is the epithet piiis appropriate in
lines are
393?
How many
incomplete
book? IIow many formal similes? IIow many times is Ascanius mentioned? What traits of his are brought out ? What passages show VirgiPs keen observation of nature? Which ones manifest dramatic power? Wliich are the most carefully written passages in the book, as judged by the style?
found
in this
Examine two
of
them
in detaiL
liis
idea of
Fama?
What
familiar
quotation
IIow
does this book compare in length with the others? What figure How many well marked cases of anaphis found in 320 and 321 ?
ora are there
?
Where
is
What
find?
manner
or matter, do
we
lines
are there
The character
of
BOOK
AENEAS IN
SICILY.
V.
Lines 1-7.
The Trojaxs
1.
sail
from Carthage.
During the closing scene
of
medium
certus
purpose.
:
iter
the
midsea
011
tcay.
his way.
steadfast, unwavering.
his
atros Aquilone
Tlie
5.
wind
duri
is
"vvas
panys
ichen deep
love
used as a substantive, and its force, logically, though not grammatically, extends to duri dolores, which therefore
implies the knowledge ofcruel pangs.
is
The
This
is
said
from
makes
femina in Kenilicorth,
Lines 8-34.
They reach
8-11.
g.
Sicily.
10.
13, 15.
ni. 192-195. occurrit is in sight. olli cf I. 254 and note. quianam archaic word, used for dignity.
Cf.
: :
colligere
arma
i.e.
make everything
snug.
16.
obliquat sinus
403
40J:
KOTES
:
tJiis ;
:
cf.
transversa
in
used adverbially.
20.
nubem
cogitur aer
the air
The
ancients supposed that clouds were the product of condensed air. ohnitiin concessiye. Note the 21. dhniti cowtxB.: strive agaii^st.
appropriate rliythm.
enough,'
23.
i.e.
tendere tantum
;
literally 'force
our
est.
way
tantum
Erycis more poetical than litora fratris Erycis, because the shores themUnderstand esse. selves offer a brotherly welcome. if onhj I can rememher and 25. si modo rite memor, etc. rightly retrace the stars already ohserved ; i.e. on his former voyage
quoque =
quo
and
ichither.
along the Sicilian coast. the epithet here implies thoughtful consideration for 26. pius equidem sic poscere ventos, etc. even others. See Introd. 5.
: :
Ihave long seen that the ivinds make this demand ; viz. that we change our course. Take iamdudum with cerno, and for the idiom see A. 466; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 533; II. & B. 48.5. Note that the poet gives his hero a knowledge of seamanship.
27.
28.
is
by trimming the sails. an often, as here, with a single question. Here = num. sit potential, = esse potest See A. 447, 3; B. 280, 2 G. 257, 2 and 259; H. or conditionah
ablative of meaus,
i.e.
:
553,2; H.
29.
&
:
B. 517,
1.
quo
whither, to which.
demittere
hring
home,
i.e.
to a
harbor.
30.
31.
550.
:
32.
secundi
(hie to
they are sailing eastward. used with adverbial sense. 33. cita 34. The rhythm appropriately expresses the attainment of an
:
end in.view.
BOOK Y
Lines 35-41.
405
A RoYAL Welcome.
36.
adventum sociasque
horridus
: :
rates
the arrival
of friendly ships;
hristUng.
He
:
is
ursae
38.
Troia Criniso,
uihoin a
Trojan mother
:
to the
river Crinisus
;
i.e.
was the river god, Crinisus fiumine is an ablative of source. because they were Trojans. 39. veterum parentum sc. eos esse, bids them joy on their return. 40. gratatur reduces gaza agresti ivith rustic munifcence ; gaza is properly used of royal magnificence. Here even the liing lives in humble style.
: : :
Lines 42-71.
oum
fugarat
poetical f or
:
cum fugasset ;
at early
cf
note on cum
extulerat,
44.
dawn.
the
top
tumulo).
So,
in
a-
later
tinies,
Roman
:
troops from
45.
etc.
year draws
to
an end with
47.
ex quo since. (a day) ever of 49. semper acerbum, semper honoratum mourningy ever of honor. Kennedy coiupares Shakespeare
:
" The yearly course that brings this day about Shall never see it but a holyday." (King John, IH.
51.
1.)
(spend).
Gaetulis
52.
'
deprensus
et
caught
i.e.
urbe
it
implies
imprisoned.'
not
aut,
because
among
the Greeks
406
NOTES
(Argos and- Mycenae) are distinguished from those among the Mycenae an unusual singular; appositional Libyans, 51.
:
genitive.
54.
exsequerer
yvithvota,ful/il
'with.pompas,leadforth.
suis
due.
55.
nunc
lo
!
but
dered
It
now ; note the asyndeton. ultro may be renmeans literally heyond ; i.e. beyond all that we could
:
we have reached the very spot. not in truth methinks, icithout the purpose 56. haud equidem, etc. and will of heaven. The dactylic rhythni of the line indicates
expect,
:
mental excitenient.
57.
delati
hrought
to
shore
cf. demittere,
29.
intramus
rite loith
his-
torical present.
58.
solemnize the
joy
because
we are assured of the favor of heaven. the prayer for favorable winds is made 59. poscamus ventos iothe Manesoi Anchises. The rhythra denotes solemnity. atque haec me sacra quotannis, etc. and may he grant that year by year when my city is founded I may offer these rites in temples consecrated Virgil has in mind the Parentalia, an annuai Roman festito him.
:
bina boum numero capita tioo heads of oxen for each Troia generatus a son of Troy ; Troia is an ablative of
: :
source.
62.
adhibete Penatis
et patrios et
Sicilian Penates.
:
summon
colit
63.
quos
Acestes
i.e.
and the
64.
si
a future event.
God
willing') in
modern
and the
66.
67.
speech.
Homan
reckoning,
et qui, etc.
in the foot-race,
etc.
Each
qui
= quicumque
or
si quis
-que is correlative to
BOOK V
68.
407
is
incedit melior
est.
more
picturesque thaii
levibusque sagittis
Perhaps this
viz.
why, in the
described.
69.
:
sequel, only
archery,
seu corresponds to si implied in qui (67) = si quis. The rhythm is suggestive of the difficulty of the contest. literally favor with the lips, i.e. say nothing ill71. ore favete omened. As the best way to do this was to be silent, the words
:
commonly mean
he silent.
Lines 72-103.
The Fuxeral
72.
:
Rites.
73.
materna myrto the myrtle was sacred to Venus. aevi maturus the genitive is a poetical construction,
:
as in
ille
Aeneas.
:
tumulum
hic
:
i.e.
the
tomb
lines.
of Anchises.
Note the
alliteration
in this
77.
here,
i.e.
at
the
tomb.
mero
Baccho
79.
an ablative of quality.
:
80.
ref erring
,
.
to
the
.
burial.
recepti
nequiquam
cineres,
FiG. 58.
^ Carche-
rescued in vain
is
smM
recepti agrees
with
which
equivalent
is
to
'
my dead
pareut.'
The
reference
animaeque umbraeque
licuit
:
cf.
mihi.
meaning for the Roman of VirgiFs day, to whom the Tiber was the most famous of rivers. 84. adytis ab imis from thc foot of the shrine, i.e. the tomb itself, which was a holy place. emphatic anaphora. Seven, like three, 85. septem, septena
quicumque
est
full of
408
is
NOTES
it
may
lapsus per aras gliding among ticiple with present force. whose back 87. caeruleae cui, etc.
:
the altars
flecked brightness
mnde its scaleshlaze with gold. With notae understand distinguehant from incendehat. For cui, dative of reference,
477.
88.
89. 90.
cf. I.
nubibus
ille
:
locative ablative.
the serpent.
gi.
tinguish
Ihvii.
:
and
levis.
serpens
94.
participle.
:
hoc
of
:
therefore
ab-
CENivS
HVIVS
LDCI
lative
cause.
magis
eagerly
sacri-
MOWT15
instaurat
fice
more
does he renew.
The
incertus geniumne knowing not etc. loci, whether to deem it the Genius
95.
:
FiG. 59.
A Serpent
as genius
spirit.
loci.
The
As a
have an attendant spirit. 96. caedit: tlie sacrifice here mc^de was called Suovetaurilia
(sus, ovis, taurus).
Greek accusative. The Manes released from Acheron. 99. Acheronte remissos are supposed to conie up froni tlie lower world to partake of tlie
97.
terga
sacrifice.
100.
nec non et
cf. I.
707.
as each
BOOK T
IOO--3.
409
I.
:
103.
spits.
The
spits, of course,
Lines 104-113.
one of the sun's children, drove his father's steeds. 108. pars et certare parati some, too, ready to contend. Xote the construction according to sense in pars parati. We may understa,nd pars with visuri.
:
circo
sacri
games were
to
be held.
ostro perfusae dyed purple. and noiv, from a central mound, 113. et tuba, etc. proclaims that the games are hegun.
:
the trumpet
Lines 114-123.
pares
well-matched.
gravibus lemis
heavy-oared ; abla-
tive of quality.
116.
tvith his
acri remige
keen oarsmen;
is
remige
a collective
being
instrumental.
:
figureheads.
ShIP.
have the FlGURE-HEAB OF A ROilAN FlG. 60. Sea-Dragon (^Pristis) the Chimaera, Centaur, and Scylla.
Thus we
410
117.
theus,
NOTES
mox
Italus Mnestheus,
etc.
soon
to be tJie
Italian Mnes^
from whose name comes the Memmian family. The etyinological connection assumed by Virgil is not clear, but he probably nieans that the Greek name (JAv'qa6(.v<i, associated witli /jLeixvrjaOai) was assimilated to the Latin memiiiisse, and so became Memmius. Certain lioman faniilies in Viigirs day were proud of being
In this passage the poet houors three iamilies (1) the Memmii, one of whom, though of nnsavory reputation, was a patron of letters in Cicero's day (2) the Sergii, to whom Catiline belonged; (3) the Ckientii, one of whom was defended
familiae Troianae.
;
by Cicero on a charge of murder. In addition to these, the Geganii, a noble Alban family, claimed descent from the Gyas of 118. 118. ingentem, ingenti: the repetition is emphatic, but the emphasis is, perhaps, intended playf ully, for though this huge ship had three tiers of rowers, yet in VirgiPs day this would have been a comparatively small ship, for at the battle of Actiutn there were
ships of ten tiers, while others are said to have run as high as
forty.
119.
urbis opus
a cily ajloat.
hucje
So Lyell (quoted by Henry) speaks of " the gilded steamboat Hke a moving city " on the Mississippi (Geology, 2. 2). triplici versu an anachronism, as triremes were unknown in tlie heroicage. 120. terno consurgunt ordine remi in Ihreefold rank rise the oars. This is an emphatic repetition of the ideain 119. Note the rhythm.
:
122.
magna
note that
names
Compare
modern usage.
Lines 124-150.
The Start.
124.
125. 127.
spumantia contra
olim
:
litora
al times.
tranquillo
silet, etc.
hut in time
;
of calm
is
is sfill
and
rises
from
the
tranquillo
a temporal abla-
BOOK V
128.
411
:
a picturesque touch,
poefs observation of nature. as a mark ; in predicate apposition to metam. 130. signum nautis pater note the careful jiixtaposition, implying for the
illustrative of tlie
:
:
to
to
know whence
return
;
retnrn
unde
long
ut inde, tlie
131.
et longos
and
is to
lohere to
hend round
the
course.
The
ilex
on the rock
be like
tlie meta,
round which
ductores the captains. 134. populea fronde because the poplar was sacred to Hercules, the god of athletes. with middle force. 135. perfusa
133.
: : :
136.
intenta
intenti:
the oars
remis
is
dative.
literally
in
136.
'
138.
of nervous excitement.
laudum arrecta
cupido
139.
finibus
starting-places.
haud mora
as in
iii.
prosiluere
instantaneous
perfect.
adductis lacertis as the arms are drawn hack ; adductis is literally drawn to (the body). The expression is descriptive of the stroke in rowing. versa upturned, from vertere; the perfect par141.
:
pariter
ahreast.
:
143.
rostris tridentibus
the
prow terminated
in three hori-
145.
biiugo certamine in the two-horse chariot race. corripuere cf. prosiluere, 140. effusi carcere
:
from
gular.
146.
their stalls
effusi,
nec
and
41 2
steeds do
the charioteers
is
NOTES
shake the icaving
reins
:
iugis (properly
<yokes')
148.
put by
studiis
metonymy for equis. It is a dative of reference. faventum: zealous shouts of partisans; for -um in1.
434.
iuclusa shut
:
in
Lines 151-182.
the
of epithet.
152.
turbam
inter
fremitumque
of his rivals.
153.
154.
ers.
pondere pinus tarda tenet double alliteration. aequo discrimine at equal distance; i.e. behind the
: :
lead-
155.
to
win
the
lead,
i.e.
in their
is
rivah-y with each other, not the foremost place of all; locum
direct, not inner, accusative, the
meaning
:
tended.
157.
159.
160. 161.
162.
una
adverb.
iunctis frontihns
:
metam tenebant
medio
compellat voce quo tantum, etc.
litus
:
in gurgite victor
londly shouts
:
ichither,
man,
so
far
to ihe
right?
mihi
is
an ethical dative.
163.
ama
etc.
hug
:
the shore
i.e.
the
saxum of
124.
laevas
stringat sine,
let
the oar-hlade
course.
i.e.
nearer
to the rock
170. 172.
radit iter
laevum
grazes his
way nearer
in on the lef.
ossibus
his hones,
the
as the
seat of eniotion.
BOOK V
174.
413
socium =
sociorum.
175.
176.
decoris dignity^ from decus. deturbat tosses. ipsc rector, ipse magister
: :
Jie
the sense
helm.
177.
of
same force as idem, and magister has here gubernaclo subit: steps to the ductor (cf. 133).
or helm;
clavum: rudder
'
tiller/ i.e.
gravis
ut
ivhen.
redditus
est
arose.
VirgiPs humor, which is amply illustrated in the Eclogues, Georgics, and minor poems, is not, of Here in the lighter tone course, much in evidence in his epic.
181.
risere: transitive.
cf.
note on
I.
739.
The
Lines 183-209.
hic
temporal.
extremis
duobus
dative of interest.
184.
superare
with spes;
cf.
amor
cognoscere,
10.
185. 186.
ante
adverb.
:
length.
nec tota ille, etc. yet not leading, look you, The pleonastic ille calls fresh attention
first syllable is
:
hij
a ivhole hoat's
to the subject.
praeeunte: the
186.
parte prior
190.
Hectorei
:
:
Troiae sorte
as allotted to her.
quamquam
extremos
last
: :
o
is
aposiopesis.
sc. vos.
hoc vincite
do not be
197.
olli
:
hoc
certamine
summo
straining
to
the utmost.
414
198.
NOTES
is
aerea = aerata, hound tvith brass. the ground Jiies from under them ; solum 199. subtrahitur solum used freely of the watery surface; see note, IV^. 154. inere chance. 201. ipse casus enters on the perilous course ; spatio is 203. spatio subit iniquo
:
:
dative.
206.
ohniya.
striking.
inlisa
c?a.s/im<7
on (the reef).
effect.
AUitera-
morantur
are at a standstill.
Lines 210-224.
commota:
startled.
:
214.
latebroso in pumice
in the coverts
of
uidi
nestlhigs.
215.
flaps loudhj.
exterrita.
:
216.
from
her hoine
with
etc.
217.
rliythm.
218. 222.
ultima aequora the home-stretch. Yirgil again notes the fractis discentem currere remis
ipsa
:
\\\{\\ Pristis.
humor
223.
of the situation.
ipsam
is
phrase, which
224.
cedit
sc.
Lines 225-243.
TlIK FlNISIT.
228.
studiis
hi
(f.
IS.
229.
proprium decus,
etc.
these deem.
it
shame not
to
leep the
BOOK V
honor that
is
415
icon.
tJieirs,
and
tJie
glory
tJiey Jiave
The subjunctive
mood
231.
is
ni teneant representing
the direct
tenebimus.
hos: i.e. Mnestheus and his nien. possunt, quia posse videntur " they can because they think they can." (Conington.) The words have beconie a familiar proverb. Confidence in one's
:
percJiance
adverbiaL
aequatis
,
rostris
iunctis
frontibus, 157.
233. 235.
Tlie accusa-
tive is cognate.
236.
libens
be a thanksgiving offering; laetus and are commonly used in connection with sacrifices cf " God
laetus:
it
will
voti reus
if
bound by
my
vow.
The phrase
is
illustrated
commonly in Roman law, where (e.g.) pecuniae reus is used of one condemned to pay money. So one who makes a vow to the gods is bound by it, when his prayer has been f ulfilled.
238.
porriciam
porricere is a technical
offerings.
artistic effect of
illa
the ship.
Lines 244-267.
purpose.
250.
See
I.
319.
quam plurima
in
circum,
etc.
around
icJiicJi
boean purple
251.
from this comes our word meander. Ganymede, son of Tros, who was carried by 252. puer regius an eagle up to heaven to be the cup-bearer of Jupiter cf rapti
Maeandro
Ganymedis
Jionores, I. 28.
416
254.
:
NOTES
anhelanti similis like one pajitlng ; i.e. the picture is so quem praepes, etc. there must have been two scenes, vivid. with Ganyinede figuriug twice. lu the first, he is engaged in the huut; in the second, he is borne aloft by the eagle. the savage harking of 257. saevitque canum latratus in auras
:
:
dogs
rises
skyward.
:
qui the autecedent is Jiuic, 259. deinde with donat. hamis consertam note the quantity of e. 259. levibus auroque trilicem cf. III. 467, with note.
258.
:
: :
260.
Demoleo
dative of separatiou.
The person
referred to
is
vowel
is
Note the
appropriate
262.
to
is
purpose.
ing, as if
264.
'
viro
to
multiplicem with its many folds. The details are added enhauce the prowess of Aeneas. indutus clad in this ; supply
:
ex
aere
267.
Lines 268-285.
Return of Sergestus.
268.
iiig
iamque adeo
cf. II.
567.
donati
is
hav-
With
conuected
taeniis.
mouly worn by ntliletes, crippied in one tier (of oars). 271. ordine debilis uno ingforious, amid jeeis. 272. inrisam sine honore on a highway. Romau roads, being sub273. viae in aggere stautial in structure aud well drained, rose above the general level
: :
of a flat couutry.
BOOK V
274.
417
tire.
obliquum
while crossing.
gravis ictu
hlow.
275.
saxo
to
escape.
parte ferox m part (of its body) undannted. raising aloft ; a characteristic iise of the 278. arduus attollens adjective for an adverb cf. III. 70. pars for sed pars altera.
277.
:
279.
nixantem nodis
:
as
it
struggles on with
its
coils.
in sua, etc.
upon
its
own
limhs.
seque Note
the double alliteration in the verse. 281. vela, velis: the repetition is emphatic.
way
to sails.
:
promisso munere Virgil has not told us before that even Such, however, is the principle the last would receive a prize. followed here and in 305. especially, spinning and weaving. 284. operum Minervae Greek accusative of specification. sub ubere at 285. genus
282.
: :
:
her hreast.
Lines 286-314.
ichen
this
contest
icas
over.
So
the
Cicero uses the phrase ante ludorum missionem, hefore the end of games.
287.
quem
collibus curvis,
of
etc.
when
hills,'
winding
of a
well-wooded, encircled.
:
"288.
theatri circus
the circle
theatre.
The
place formed a
natural amphitheatre.
289.
quo
se, etc.
ichither,
with
many
dative = in conhimself into the midst of the company. consessu is There is a sort of prolepsis in the expression, because the sessum.
multa milia coustituted the consessus. a raised 290. exstructoque resedit and sat down on
:
seat.
The
418
291.
NOTES
hic
:
temporal.
viz.
qui
translate, ^y an?/.
The antecedent
is
understood,
velint
subjunctive in virtual
indirect narration.
296. 301.
i.e.
Euryalus.
woodsmen. 302. quos fama obscura recondit literally, wliom fame hides Infama ohscura we in darJcness, i.e. whose fume is hid in darkness. have the juxtaposition of conflicting ideas, i.e. oxymoron. m the midst of these. 303. quibus in mediis wiihout a gift from me ; mihi is dative 305. mihi non donatus
i.e.
: : :
of agent.
306.
Gnosia
:
i.e.
Cretan.
as archers.
levato
307.
poIisJted.
caelatam argento
ferre
:
handle.
308. 309.
cf.
datferre, 248.
unus =
idem.
:
praemia
special ones.
flava oliva
Elsewhere Virgil speaks of caput nectentur shall have their heads crowned ;
pale-green olive.
:
second.
Amazoniam,
Threiciis
ornamental
of their
kind.
312.
helt
lato
quam
circum,
etc.
girl
of gold and clasped hy a hucJcle with polisJied gem; like lato auro, is an ablative of quality.
gemma,
Lines 315-339-
corripiunt
\\^\'di\\y,seize
upon
; \.q.
dashover.
spatia
the
course.
317. like a
limen
effusi
tJie
starting-point.
nimbo
similes
of rain.
streaming forth
JiJce
a storm-cloud,
.
i.e.
sudden shower
So
iii
compares a fliglit of bees to aestivis effusus nuhihus signant sc. oculis, fx their eyes on tJie goal. gets away first. 318. primus abit
: :
ultima
BOOK V
320.
419
Note the spondaic the verse is an echo froni
proximus
huic,
etc.
an oft-quoted line.
tliat
fifth foot,
older literature.
323. 324.
quo sub ipso close iipon him. calcem terit iam calce noio grazesfoot withfoot; calx=pes.
: :
325.
spatia
si
spatii) remain.
plura supersint did more of the course ( = pilus Tlie condition is regarded as still possible. Virgil
:
and
it
FlG. 61.
LONG-DISTANCE FOOT-RACE.
326.
etc.
:
fore.
ambiguumve
it
reliiiquat
make
328.
tie.
:
finem
?>\.
feminine;
cf,
lafn
in French.
note on
329.
here
is
ut foite: for (or, as)bf/ chance ; ut often translated as'vvhere,' but A^irgil hasno other instance
caesis:
i.e.
in sacrifice.
of this use.
330. 33r.
420
332.
NOTES
titubata
ille
ille
:
totterlng.
:
333.
334.
sacro cruore
:
blood ofsacnjice.
336.
337.
Salius.
:
munere amici
:
thanks
to
Ms friend.
prima tenet takes frst place. sc. est, is third winner; palma, whicli is 339. tertia palma properly the victor's reward, is used by metonymy for the victor.
338.
:
Lines 340-361.
the
gazing elders
iyi
front.
Tn
Rome
good will. and merit that comes icith more 344. gratior et pulchro, etc. winsomeness in a fair form; veniens adds color to the expression. hasreached aprize. frustraque translate 346. subiit palmae
343.
:
reddi favor
-que as hut.
347.
si
the condition
is
one
palmam movet
literally,
is al)lative
:
ordine
nemo
;
no one
alters the
is
order ofthe
paimam
:
a collective singu-
ordine
350.
l)hiral.
me
subject
casus
mischance,
accusative
fall
The word
aureis
et te
:
involves an illusion to
the actual
of
Salius.
352.
354.
a dissyllable by synizesis
:
gilded.
lapsorum miseret for the syntax, see TT. 143. Niso i.e. one who also, like Salius, fell {lapsorum). Nisus is not very serious. Take with dahis, rather than digna. the first person, because Niso is equivalent to mihi. 355. merui The iorm is vivid for meruisscm, hence the protasis ni tulisset.
: :
laude
356.
merit.
quae Salium
sc. tuliU
BOOK V
357.
:
421
simul his dictis simul as a preposition is poetical for ostentabat note the frequentative form, madea great simal ciun.
:
dispkvj of.
358.
illuin
risit
olli: smiled
'
is
indirect object
risit
would be
laughed at him.'
:
casus, 350.
360.
etc.
dooricay.
once been dedicated by some Greek to Neptune, but seems to have been afterwards taken to Troy, where it fell into the hands of
Aeneas.
Lines 362-386.
confecti
si
si
sc. sunt.
cui virtus,
etc.
ichoso is valiant
andready ofheart
It
icithin.
With
mere presence
364.
of
mind, being
i.e.
was really long leathern thongs, bound round the hand and arm, and
caestus, the ancient boxing-glove, w^hich
geminum honorem
a douhle prize.
:
366.
The
horns were gilded and the heads crowned with garlands. Note the alliteration and weighty rhythm of the verse. 368. vastis viribus note the alliteration here and in the next
:
verse.
369.
the
people.
Paridem in Homer, he is showy aud Greek poets made him excel in atliletics.
370.
422
371.
NOTES
idem
:
:
and who also. ad tumulum i.e. when Hector's funeral ganies were held. Translate as eAam^jiOM. /.e. hitherto victorious. 372. victorem immani corpore qui se, etc. who, hailing as he did from Ihe Behryciun race of A/ni/cus, strode forward icith his huge bulk. In se We have ferebat is.perhaps involved the idea of a swaggering air. the phrase without any such implication in quem sese ore ferens, ly. 11. In any case, se ferebat i^, literally, presented himself not boasted. Amycus, a king of the Thracian Bebryces, was conquered only by the fanious Pollux.
: :
375.
talis, etc.
at
for
hdttle ;
378.
proelia.
excedere palma sc. 384. quae finis quousque, how long f sc. me. 385. ducere the prefix 386. reddi
380.
:
quo
usque
by tmesis
for
re-
is
his due.
Lines 387-423.
LlSTS.
gravis
sternly
ut
was
sitting (literally,
had taken
his seai).
former valor goes for nauglit, if he allows Dares to go unchallenged. Tbe alliteration and rhythm emphasize the reproach. nullo certamine icithoui a so tamely. 390. tam patiens
389.
f ortissime
frustra
/.e.
his
strugf/le
391.
cf.
mihi, 162.
deus
ille
magister
deus, not so
much
:
was a son
392.
nequiquam memoratus
liis
vainly
famed ; because
his pupil
reputation.
gloria
ambition.
BOOK V
395.
423
sed enim
iste
si
: :
hut in truth
cf. I. 19.
397.
sc.
niihi, ivhich
once
I had.
im-
probus
398.
399.
repeating the
:
foret
esset.
400. 402.
io
haud moror
witli inductus
:
"
heed, carefor.
etc.
(Morris.)
icith
enter contests.
used quite
literally,
common
:
expression, conferre
manum,
403.
404.
seven
huge ox-hides,
cf.
magnorum
where magnorum
is parallel to
We
sc.
have here an instance of exaggeration in epic description. 406. longe recusat from a distance declines (the combat,
:
pugnayn)
407.
longe implies
'
pondus
senior
:
et
i.e.
the
weighty
Entellus.
:
tristem
pugnam
fatal contest
slain.
tristem,
because, in this
Eryx was
tuus addressed to Aeneas. i.e. of former opponents of Eryx. 413. sanguine sc.fui. 414. suetus aemula necdum, etc. i.e. in my better days. 415. melior nor yet had envious age sprinkled my teniples with snow ; cdnehat, literall}^ ivas hoary, from cdneo. probat is settled ; so, sedet animo, II. 660; IV. 15. 418. sedet auctor Acestes and approved hy my hacker Acestes. Kote the
: : :
:
asyndeton.
419.
tibi terga
remitto
/
:
421.
duplicem amictum
was
called aholla.
424
422.
NOTES
et
magnos,
etc.
allitera-
tion of m, anaphora,
size is
423.
and spondaic rhytlun. The idea of unusual further einphasized by the use of a hypermetric syllable. exuit strips ; sc. vestibus.
:
Lines 424-452.
The Combat.
424.
pater
games.
426.
427.
the term indicates his caref ul superintendence of the extulit brought out. aequos explained hjparibus armis.
:
:
: :
in digitos arrectus
on
tiptoe
i.e.
to secure a
good reach.
extulit
raised
429.
nam
lacessunt^.
ille
:
430.
431.
Dares.
Entellus.
hic
membris
:
:
et
mole
;
i.e.
massive limbs;
ha7ul bloivs.
hendiadys.
433.
trementi
as he trembles
a dative of interest.
inter se iactant
volnera
434.
multa cavo
lateri, etc.
fiank; caro
viri^
The
subject of ingeminant
is
but of dant, pectora. 435. errat crebra pldyn oft. the woi-d is onomatopoetic. 436. crepitant solid. His weight is shortly to be the cause of a. 437. gravis heavy fall (cf 447). nisu eodem loith poise unchanged. merely loith his bodg and eyes; 438. corpore modo atque oculis i.e. without changing his place {nisu eodem^ he bends his body
:
: :
slightly.
tela exit
:
439.
ille
:
i.e.
Dares.
velut qui:
one who.
oppugnat
molibus
440.
441.
442.
sedet encamps ; ov., w\i\\ circum, besets. aditus i^\\\\\)\y temptat(Jtries) i\o\n pererrat, a case of zeugma.
:
arte
skilfidly.
443.
insurgens
Entelhis
is
now
tak-
BooK V
444.
425
extulit: note the effect of the dactyl aiid strong pause following the spondaic rhythm of 443. ille ictum venientem a vertice velox praevidit
sheer down.
:
blow sweeping
Xote the striking alliteration. This feature continues to be prominent in ahnost every one of the remaining verses
445. 446.
of this paragraph.
elapsus
ultro
:
sUpping aside.
even.
He
missed his
is
{ultra).
447.
heavilij.
The
repetition
tion,
^eya?
/xeyaAtoo-rt'.
The
may be
;
^.e.
given as in a heap.
age.
448.
quondam:
studiis
:
at times.
cava
hollow
from
ii.
450.
eagerly.
451.
caelo
186.
Lines 453-484.
Entellus Victorious.
454.
455. 456.
vim
suscitat ira
:
is ablative.
conscia virtus
consciousness oficorth.
aequore toto
ille
:
457.
cf
its
use in 186.
458.
quam multa
grandine,
etc.
when storm-
alliteration in
culminibus crepitant.
459.
hand wherewith
461. 466.
and
batters
Dares.
pater
non
The second clause explains the first the gods who once favored Dares now favor Entellus, who has the
and
the
greater strength.
468.
illum
i.e.
:
Dares.
469. 471.
in 367.
426
473.
:
NOTES
superans animis triumphant in spirit. explained by the two foUowing verses. 474. haec 476. servetis revocatum recall and rescue. The word emphasizes the idea as itfronted hirn. 477. adversi of contra sietit ; he and the bull f aced each other.
:
:
donum
arduus
in predicate relation.
:
libravit
:
cf.
insurgens, 443.
The pause
:
effractoque
inlisit, etc.
hroke
humi bos
ending in
tylic
rhythm
super
and the
adverb.
:
483.
meliorem animam
i.e. it is
Ufe of a man.
Lines 485-499.
cf
manu
iviih
a large force
by Servius. Most modern editors take the phrase as with his strong hand,' but it is ridiculous to make the liero do so hard a piece of work unnecessarily and in the preseuce of a large
tudine
asseinbly.
488.
across
volucrem fluitering. traiecto in fune on a cord passed The words, coming between volucrem- and columham, her.
:
(li
to
aim
490.
a hrazen helmel
BOOK V
received the lots throion in; sortem is a collective singular.
427
The
lots,
consisting of pebbles
on which the
were shaken in an urn or helmet, uutil a lot leaped out (exit, 492). This method is here foliowed to determine the order in which the
men
:
are to shoot.
496.
Pandare
cf. II.
is
iusIliad,
The
story
told in
Homer,
Acestes
ipse
:
i.e.
499.
Lines 500-544.
The Contest
501. 503.
or
arbore mali in the ivood ofthe mast. 505. timuit exterrita pinnis fiuttered her ivings in terror. Some, with less probivith loud applause. 506. ingenti plausu ability, compariug 21.5, refer the phrase to the bird, i.e. 'with loud
504.
:
: :
have
07.
alis v/ith.
But, in 215, pinnis is added, as in 515 plaudentem. omnia the whole place.
:
Xote the rhythm. pariter oculos telumque aiming high. 508. alta petens tetendit et/es and shaft alike he levelled ; i.e. took careful aim. Xote the cf. the note on traiecto in fune, 488. 510. nodos
: : :
asyndeton, (yet) he severed the Jcnots. innexa pedem 511. quis = quibus.
is
The purely
logical usage
cf. 1.
seen in
512.
6.
281.
:
Notos
Here we have its poetic extension; for ventos, and governed by in, which
228.
is
expressed
with the second noun. iamdudum arcu, etc. 513. rapidus: with adverbial force. having already long held his arrow in place on his ready boiv ; contenta
to the
arrowa
428
514.
NOTES
in
vota
to
alliteration
in the verse.
515.
iam laetam
:
at
its
escape.
specuspirit
latus
517.
in astris aetheriis
in the region to
which the
properly belongs, as the soul was believed to consist of aether. Note the rhythm of 516-7.
fixam: /.e. in its body. 519. superabat: remained over, = supereraf. 521. ostentans artem making a display of his shill. This he does by drawing a long bow and making tlie string resound. Note the force of the frequentative. pater i.e. as a veteran archerc Note the quantity of the final syllable, an arcliaisin cf. iraT-qp. cf. TI. 200, with note. 522. obicitur magnoque futurum augurio and destined to prove of great import ; augurio is dative of
518.
:
:
purpose.
523.
m
a
showed' this.
524.
seraque
the
terrifici, etc.
and
at
proclaimed
and repeats the idea of post. What this event of later days was, we do not know possibly the Punic Wars, in which Sicily played so great a part, and which made her a province of Rome. 525. liquidis in nubibus 'amid the floating clouds (Rhoades). unloosed from heaven. Note the impressive 527. caelo refixa
is eniphatic,
;
omens ; sera
'
spondaic rhytlim.
crinem a hairy trail. Our word comet (ko/xt^tt;?) originally meant a star with a hairy trail {stella crinita). i.e. he welcomes the omen, regarding 530. nec omen abnuit
528.
:
'
'
it
as good.
531.
534.
laetum Acestes, too, treats the omen as good. exsortem ducere honores (th<tt thou), out of due
: :
coursef
te.
:
ipsius
Anchisae
i.e.
once belonging
to Anchises.
536.
The rhythm
is siniilar
to that of 527.
BOOK Y
537.
538.
429
giff.
in
magno munere
:
as a greaf
sui
the
honor
set
ahove his
oicn.
542.
543.
the indicative
is
poetical.
i.e. the
next prize-winner.
Lines 545-603.
i.e.
over
546.
cf
286.
:
gentlemen were regularly escorted by attendants, known as paedagogi, of which term custodes would be a less technical equivalent. this implies secrecy. The specta547. fidem fatur ad aurem cle is to be a surprise for the spectators. with dic, 551. 548. Ascanio jussive subjunctives in parataxis with 550. ducat, ostendat
cf.
custodem
257.
The
sons of
Roman
dic;
cf.
avo
tive of reference.
552.
infusum
:
icho
had streamed
in
i.e.
esse patentis
to be
is
used as an adjective,
=
in
vacuos.
553.
incedunt: parade. There is first a procession. pariter uniform arraij ; the word applies to both appearance aud movelucent
a comprehensive word, applicable to the arms and
ments.
554.
:
mirata fremit
applaud
in
admiration.
The
transitive
idea
is
morem, etc. all have their hair trimmed garland. The phrase in morem refers
in
:
omnibus
duly croicned
to a
Roman
hear
fashion,
We
430
later
NOTES
(G73) that
tlie
boys wore
Jielniets.
domied at a later stage of the spectacle, wear both hehnets and garlands. tico eacli. Augustus gave two spears and a hehnet 557. bina to each boy who took part in the game of Troy. ferunt supply
:
"pars as
pectore summo, etc. at the top of the chest around tlie neck passes a pUant circlet of ticisted gold. The reference is to the golden torques, a military decoration, which was worn low down on the neck. 560. terni = tres, and used for variety. captains. pueri bis seni, etc. the hoys, twice 561. duotores six in numher, folloiving each, look gay icith parted troop and like coinmanders. This statement merely amplifies the previous one; his seni, not merely twelve, but twelve in two groups of six each agmine partito refers to the symmetrical division of the whole Into three companies, and of each company into two halves parihus magistris means simply that the companies are commanded alike. The magistri are the same as the ductores ; cf. 176 with note.
558.
levis
pnlUhed.
it
563.
una acies
referens
:
sc. est.
564.
565.
reneicing.
:
i.e
albis bicolor
mapas-
dappled
icith spots
showing
tchite
terns, as
stepped
literally^
shnving white
steps
mi pedis means the frojit part of the foot. The to which Mr. Biglow's bluff farmer referred, when he warned hun " To shun a beast that four wliite stockings wore." (Lowell, in the introduction to The Bigloic Papers.) 567. frontemque arduus albam and a white broio, as it towered
:
high.
568.
Atii Latini
The reference
is
a compliment
The
in the
next verse,
BOOK V
431
doubtless has reference to the future union between the Atian aud
Julian
farailies.
C. lulius Caesar
C. lulius Caesar
lulia
= M.
|
Atius Balbus
(Dictator)
Atia
I
Augustus
572.
575.
Cf. 538.
:
excipiunt plausu pavidos greet ivith cheers ihe timid hoijs. tuentes as they gaze. and. see in them 576. veterumque adgnbscunt ora parentum to the features of their sires of old ; i.e. they note resemblances
: :
no longer pavidi. paratis dative. 578. lustravere paraded hefore. probably he was the chief trainer, for a 579. Epytides reference (669) shows that others were associated with him.
577.
laeti
later
580.
olli
discurrere pares,
the three
etc.
ranks,
and
comjxmies, parting their hands, broke up the colstatement beginning with atque explains the preceddetail.
down
the
and half to the left, and galloped to the sides of the arena but at the word of command, given by Epytides, they turned right about face, and then the two The companies sides charged each other, with weapons levelled.
(turmae) consist of twelve youths each, so that the chori, or halfcompanies, comprise six each. Thus, when they wheel to the
charge, there are eighteen on each side.
The
first
-e-
-e-
--
(2)
V^
->
/^
(1)
(2)
432
the third as follows
NOTES
-^
::
The three captains f-- -O- -6-) probably act as pivot points ot mark the centre of the field, where the charging half-companies
reform in marching cohimii. marches, counlennarches. 583. cursus, recursus in opposing groups ; literally, opposed in 584. adversi spatiis alternosque orbirespect to spaces or position, adversis spatiis. bus orbis impediunt and interweave circle ivith circle ; i.e. wheel
:
:
in
and out
585. 587.
588.
in intricate fashion.
;
precise details
it is
a sham battle.
Creta alta
march side hy side. Crete is a mountainous island. 589. parietibus textum caecis iter a way within
:
'
'
(Ken-
neitlier doors
ancipitem-
que mille
viis
dolum
(uifl
ablative of quality.
FiG. 62.
590.
etc.
:
of
the course
maze.
were confused hy the indiscoverahle and irretraceahle qua (literally, rvhere, = ut ca) introdnces a relative clause
of result.
The
would follow the course. The lengtliy anaphora (m-, m-), harmonize witli tlic idea expressed.
BOOK V
592.
438
;
haud
alio
cursu
i.e.
in one just as
intricate.
texuntque fugas et proelia ludo and weave in sport their Jlight and hattles ; ludo is a modal ablative. this simile turns upon the rapidity 594. delphinum similes and joyousness of their movements, as the former did upon their
593.
:
:
intricacy.
595. 596.
as a custom
cf.
III. 108.
:
Priscos Latinos the Early Latins, i.e. the Latins living before the foundation of Rome. It is a technirettulit
:
revived.
cal phrase.
599.
sc.
quo modo
:
evenas;
sc. celebravit.
ipse: Ascanius.
quo
modo.
600.
porro in succession. 601. patrium honorem ancestral observance. and noio the 602. Troiaque nunc pueri, etc. Troy, and the troop Trojan. With pueri supply
:
The
known
as the ludus
Troiae,
By connecting them with Aeneas and luhis, under Augustus. Virgil is paying a compliment to the emperor. tenus tmesis for hactenus. sancto patri i.e. 603. hac
. . .
:
The
Lines 604-640.
Tris
604.
primum
i.e.
she becomes
605.
disloyal,
:
i.e.
unfavorable.
tumulo
locative ablative.
referunt sollemnia
evil.
pa^
the
due
rites.
606.
The rhythm
is
suggestive of coming
434
607.
608.
NOTES
eunti:
i.e.
multa movens
ac.
anuno.
I will
bear him " (Merchant of Venice,l. 3, 48); saiurata is a niiddle cf. I. 228. participle governing a direct accusative 609. per mille coloribus arcum: along her thousand-hued rain;
botv.
Iris is the
jnille
colorihus
is
ablative
of quality.
610.
dative of agent.
virgo
repeating
613.
sola secretae
614-5.
Note the
:
slovv,
thought.
616.
superesse
exclamatory infinitive
desistere,
est,
I.
37.
The
infinitive clause,
to
be
437.
ill ;
unversed in loorking
litotes.
cui genus,
etc.
influ-
traxerit
for calling
626.
627.
them
:
:
vertitur
is
closing.
cum
whde.
freta
governed by
ewen.s'ae.
"
And we all seas the while, all lands, all rocks and skies The name of guest, have wandered o'er." (Morris.)
fines
:
that hate
sc. sunt.
:
muros iacere from huilding icalls. nullane iam Troiae, etc. shall no
:
Trog's
634.
tlic
Hectoreos amnis
i.e.
tlie
rivers
noblcst of Trojans.
638.
iam tempus
agi res
sc. est
noir
BOOK V
639.
435
such portents aclmit no delay
;
prodigiis is dative.
640.
there
is
fire
on the
altar.
Lines 641-663.
The Women
642.
alte.
raising her
hand
aloft; procul
643.
note the effective pause. of the rnany children of Priam; 645. tot Priami natorum
cf.
iiote
ou
II.
501.
:
646.
648.
vobis
look you
:
Ethical dative.
or energy.
:
spiritus
spirit,
651.
had no part
652.
Beroe's reason
:
is
reported.
but at frst the matrons
munere
ceremony.
654.
at matres
primo ancipites,
etc.
were gazing on the ships with jealous eyes, being in doubt and ivavering between an unkappy yearning for the land now reached and the recdm
calling them with the voice of fate
;
and am-
biguae
657.
658.
spectare is
an
historical infinitive.
cum
secuit
arcum
cleft
The phrase
:
is
modelled on secare viam, the via here being the arcus ; cf. 609. from domestic focis penetralibus 660. rapiunt: sc. pars.
hearths;
from adjacent houses. icith free rein ; the metaphor 662. immissis habenis chariot race. Volcanus by metonymy for/re. the ablative is one of material. 663. abiete
?.e.
: : :
is
from a
Lines 664-684.
cuneos theatri:
a feature of the
Roman
theatres trans*
436
665.
NOTES
ipsi:
i.e.
the
:
men
666.
667.
respiciunt
ut:
i.e.
look back
oif
nimbo
smoky cloud.
;
he went
just as he
was
cf.
the use of ut in
329, 388.
669.
exanimes
is oiie.
breathless.
magistri
trainers, of
whom
Epy-
tides (579)
The
same
as those
now
referred to.
were tlieir only hope. empty hchnet. This he doifs, so that the 673. galeam inanem womeii may not fail to recognize him. Koman soldiers wore helmets in battle, but on the march carried them suspended by straps from the neck. See note on 556. The epithet inanem adds color
672.
:
their ships
to the picture.
676.
illae
the
here
and
there.
over the
shores
and
in
sioubi
everyiohere
\\\^.T2i\\y,
:
icherever
(^ac.
smit).
and
the light
of
day.
and Juno (i.e. the frenzy she has inspired) is shaken from their breasts. Our word enthusiasm illustrates the ancient idea of the way a god may take possession
:
of one.
posuere = deposuere. 682. stuppa the tow used for canlking :s put briefly for the lentus est vapor tlie smouldering hcat confire within the tow. For est, see IV. GG, and note. sumes. sc. narium, througJiout the frame. An abla'683. toto corpore tive of extent of space, comnion wheii totus, omnis, and similar words are used.
681.
:
: :
Lines 685-699.
The Fihe
685.
griid'.
:
is
Quknched.
abscindere I:istorical infmitive. Tlie act is indicative of So Jacob rent his clothos,' when lie heard of tlie loss of
'
BOOK V
686. 687.
437
auxilio
si
utterJy
in
Troianos
sc. es,
if tliou dosy
not yet
a man.
exosiis,
a participial
makes with sum an equivalent of orfi. i/ thy loving-kindness of old 688. si quid pietas antiqua. etc. For pietas, see Introd. 5. hath any regard for human sorrows. grant to the fleet to 689. da flammam evadere clacsi nunc
adjective.
: :
tenuis res
slender fortunes.
:
691. 694.
quod superest the little that remains. sine more = sine exemplo. tonitru tremescunt
:
descrip-
tive alliteration.
695.
697.
ardua terrarum et carapi the hills and the plains. implentur super are flled to overfioioing ; super
:
is
an
adverb.
Lines 700-718.
A
700.
701.
CoLONY OF Aeneadae
nunc huc
nunc
is
to be left in Sicily.
alliteration.
:
moved
285-6.
702.
cf.
IV.
-ne, -ne
resideret
deliberative subjunc-
tive in
703.
an indirect question.
Observe the parallelism in rhythm between this and the preceding verses. The contrasted thoughts are emphasized by the
perfect balance of the
704.
two questions.
all others.
unum
ahove
Pallas
Roman
claimed the custodianship of the Palladium, which their ancestor Xautes was said to have rescued
Nautii of his day,
who
from Troy. Virgil coiild not disregard the tradition, though in the second book he seems to have accepted a conflicting one. she it was who gave him answers, 706. haec responsa dabat, etc.
:
what the mighty wrath of the gods porfended, or what the course of fate required. Pallas spoke through the mouth of her
(telling) either
438
prophet
"NTautes.
NOTES
quae
j^oi^te^idej-et
and quae
questions.
Many
haec,
l.e.
editors,
on very
708.
advice
709.
710.
he
is
trahunt retrahuntqtie (haw againand again ; iiot toandfro. ferendo: by endurance. The precept accords with Stoic
38,
teaching.
river-
712. 713.
consiliis
dative.
volentem
causal, for he
is willing.
trade
:
sc. eos,
antecedent of
qui.
navibus
714.
716.
loho,
left over.
For the rhythm see note on 614-5. quidquid all icho. The comprehensive neuter
: :
is
often
used of persons. metuens pericli fearfd of peril ; metuens is here a pure adjective, governing an objective genitive. let them have ; cf. sinite revisam, II. 669. 717. habeant sine Nautes thus asks for the sc. a te. 718. permisso nomine
:
approval of Aeneas.
Acestam
72) Cicero refers to the tradition which connected the Sicilian town of Segesta or Egesta with Troy and Aeneas. Note the
rhythm
of the verse.
Lines 719-745-
tum vero
in curas,
etc.
is
distracted
hy various cares.
721.
bigis subvecta
Niglit
conies up in the west and passes across the heavens to the east
suh-
means np fro7n heloiv. gliding doivn from heaven ; because it is a 722 caelo delapsa Aucliises himself is in the underworld visioii sent by Jupiter.
:
(734).
BOOK V
725.
439
727.
tandem
at lenfjtli
iias
:
i.e.
af ter all
your
trials.
miseratus
est
used absolutely,
had
conipassion.
728.
730.
731.
pulcherrima attracted into the relative aspera cultu rugged in tJieir nurture. debellanda tibi Latio est: the story is
:
clause.
ante
alta
adverb.
tJiroiigh t)ie
Averna per
depths
ofAvernus;
i.e.
the
lower world.
733. 734.
iciih its
congressus meos
tristes
a meeting
icit/i
me.
umbrae
in apposition
gloomy shades.
:
huc i.e. to Avernus. black victims were offered to the 736. nigrarum pecudum gods of the lower world. multo sanguine ablative of instrument. The sacrifice will secure her help. 738. torquet medios nox umida cursus: dewg night icheels
735.
: :
and so is verging toward dawn. dawn draws near, the Ghost cries
;
In Hnmlet
"
But
:
sof t
methinks
1 scent the
morning
air.'*
739.
741.
deinde
temporal meaning, which, how^ever, shades ofE into the inferential. It means, after so brief a meeting.' proripis sc. te. 743. sopitos ignis slumhering Jires ; i.e. those of his own hearth,
keeps
its
'
:
canae Vestae
hoaj-y Vesta.
the oldest of
Roman
deities.
Lines 746-761.
is
Laid Out.
primum
constet
:
440
750.
NOTES
transcribunt
:
the
word implies
a formal transfer of
names
to a
who
are to go to Italy
ahnost
ceteri,
the
exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus few in numher, hut a hrave hand Jceen for ivar ; virtus is used of persons by nietonymy. Note the alliteration. as the city was called Acesta, Virgil seems 756. hoc Ilium, etc. to mean that the new city sliould be another lUura for its people,
754.
: :
and the
757.
758.
city.
forum proclaims a court ; i.e. establishes a court of patribus justice, which was indispensable in a Roman city. as was done, not only by the early kings, but by senate. dat iura
indicit
:
:
Augustus as emperor. For the picture here given, cf. I. 426. hyperbole. Erycino in vertice on Mount 759. vicina astris
:
Eryx.
761.
matically, late
foot.
a sacred grove of ivide extent. Grammodifies sacer. Anchiseo note the spondaic fifth
: :
Lines 762-778.
The
762.
epulata
city.
sc. est,
has feasted
This
is
tbe
new
763.
factus
sc. est,
honos
sacrifice.
764.
766.
creber adspirans
night
complexi inter se, etc. emhracing one and day. The accusatives are direct
IT. 017.
:
objects;
ci.annos
demoror,
772.
BOOK V
773.
774. 775. 776.
441
ex ordine =
:
ex more, or
:
ri(e,
duly.
tonsae olivae cf. tonsa corona, 556. procul apart. Note the alliteration. Cf. 239, with notes.
777.
778.
= =
III. 130.
III. 290.
Lines 779-826.
et
inexsaturahile pectuSf
and
implacahle heart.
782.
783.
descendere in
to stoop to.
quam
who
;
her
i.e.
Jimo.
pietas
piety,
on the part of
Aeneas,
to
Juno
784.
quiescit
is
Juno.
:
785.
race.
out of
tlie
heart of the
Phrygian
traxe syncopated form for traxisse. It governs reliquias. the very ashes and hones. Juno does 787. cineres atque ossa not spare, so to speak, even thedead body of Troy. A passionate
786.
:
exaggeration.
788.
To
:
ill-treat a corj^^se is
let
sciat illa
her know
i.e.
she
may
but no one else can. referring to the storm of I. 81 ff. 789. Libycis in undis lo ! too, in wickedness, driving 793. per scelus ecce etiam, etc.
: :
on the Trojan matrons, she hath foully hurnt the ships. per scelus
'
The phrase
emphatic by position. Some, less well, refer it to actis, driven into guilt/but it is Juno's conduct, not the women's, which is assailed by Venus.
is
795.
terrae
dative, linquere
etc.
:
tradere.
796.
quod
superest,
grant,
I pray,
that the
to thee
691
tihi
mari,
of the sea.
798.
ea moenia
those walls
i.e.
442
799.
NOTES
J
Saturnius
was a son
hirth.
oi
Saturn.
80 1.
ivJience
thou
draicest
Venus,
:
according to
merui
earned
(thy conjidence).
803.
Xanthum Simoentaque
(Ne[)tune)
testor:
froni
iu
Homer, Aeueas
is
rescued by Poseidou
Achilles.
Shortly after-
wards, the latter is compelled to battle with the Simois aud Xanthus (riiadXX. 318 ff. XXT. 136 ff.). 7vhen AchiUes in his pursuit ivas 804. cum Troia Achilles, etc.
;
:
icalls.
The
force
of
cum coutiuues with daref, f/einerent, Si\\d jjosset. 808. Pelidae tunc ego forti, etc. then ichen Aeileas had encoun:
of Peleus, and
ablative absolute.
io
ihough I desired
see note
overthrow ; be-
caiise of
811.
813.
manibus
:
ou
TI. 610.
The
longed-for promise
i.e.
is
815.
816.
only..
laeta
^Yo\Q\)t\Q,,y^\i\\
817.
iungit auro
feris
i.e.
the
yoke
iied.
is
a golden oue.
818.
literally,
in
liis
hands
lcls
all
ihe
reins
sireain
cf.
FiG.
g;;.
x\kp-
TUNK.
820.
freely
.
;
7
i.e.
,
.
m-
tumidum aequor
comitum
cete
: :
aquis
the sea
of sicoUen
icaters
aquis,
atteudants of Neptuue.
facies
sc.
sunt or
apparent.
(KijrTj).
BOOK V
823.
443
senior GlsiVLci chorns: the agedcompany of Glaucus. "With this aud the following verses, cf. 239-241. Thetis et Melite, etc. Yirgil (fol825. laeva neuter plural.
:
:
lowed by ]Milton) imitates Homer in giving occasionally a list of musical names, mainly, it would seem, because the mere sounds
give a pleasurable effect cf Homer, 7^"^? XVIII. 34 Georgics IV. 336 fE. Milton, Paradise Regained II. 186
; .
ff.
Virgil,
if
Lines 827-871.
vicissim in their turn : joys alternate with anxiety. yards to he spread ivitJi sails. 829. intendi bracchia velis together all worJced the sheets 830. una omnes fecere pedem the pedes were the sheets or ropes attached to the lower corners of the sail. These were tightened or relaxed according to the wind.
:
pariter sinistros,
to
This statement merely amplifies the previous one. Virgil describes the tacking of the ships, as they try to catch the wind alternately with the right and left half of the sail. Supply nunc with sinistros.
the
left,
and now
ihe
una ardua torquent cornua detorquentque together The cornu, or end of the they turn to and fro the yardarms aloft. yard, would point to the bow or the stern, according to the sheet which was pulled tight. In 830 and 831, the main idea is that all
831.
:
sua
its
own,
:
i.e.
favorahle.
to
ad hunc
according
him.
/
alii
ceferi,
#
which cannot be
mediam metam
It is
in the heavens.
mid goal, i.e. the middle of its course midnight meta involves a metaphor frora
:
its
the race-course.
836.
placida laxabant
fusi
:
asyndeton; supply
e^.
837.
as in
I.
214.
444
838.
NOTES
levis
:
HfjhtJy.
:
840.
841.
tristia
i.e.
foreboding death.
that
deus
god
he
was.
the subject
Somnus, emphasizing his divine power, which a mere could not withstand.
of themselves. steady, not gusty. 844. aequatae 845. fessos oculos furare labori:
843.
: :
mortal
ipsa
steal thy
iveary eyes
tion,
from
toil ;
labori,
'
a dative of separa-
common with
verbs of
taking away.'
:
FiG. 64.
SoMNUs.
847.
because intent on
his duty.
848.
mene
me
is
salis, etc.
me
i.e.
sea ?
emphatic.
ignorare
is.
i.e.
know
how
849.
850.
deed
Aenean credam quid enim, etc. (and) Aeneas tvhy inam I to trust him to the treacherous hreezes ? The order has been
:
:
huio monstro
the sea.
adopted to give emphasis to Aenean. 851. et caeli totiens, etc. and that
sky
;
a clear
et
et
quidem.
:
852.
853.
clavum
with
:
amittehat.
:
amittebat the last sub astra tenebat kept syllable preserves its original quantity. uplurnedto the stars. For suh, cf. suhvecta, 721, with note. steeped in the slumhero\is miyht of 855. vi soporatum Stygia
stronger than numquam.
:
nusquam
Styx; soporare,
'
to
make
but here
856.
eJ/'orts
is
and
despite his
on, a
dative of reference.
857.
primos
et
:
ti'anslate closely
proiecit,
to relax.
858.
861. 862.
wlih
:
when he
god)
/?m</ Jiim.
ales
oti iriugs.
:
sjircds
on
:
its
cf. cu/r-
rimus ae<jaor,
non
setius
none
BOOK V
863.
445
interrita
:
promissis
unafraid.
iamque adeo
islets
:
cf.
567.
scopulos Sireiium
three
rocky
865. 866.
near Capri were r^garded as the home of the Sirens. quondam from the poefs, not the hero's, point of view.
:
sale
rauca saxa sonabant the rochs were roaring surf Xote the strikiug assibilation in the verse.
fluitantem errare
:
hoarsely.
867.
the
Greek accusative of specification. naked (i.e. unburied) shalt thou lie 871. nudus in ignota, etc. on an unknown strand. To be left unburied was considered a fearNote the pathetic ring of the verse, with three feminine f ul fate.
869.
: :
animuni
caesurae, nudus
in,
QUESTIONS
Where
ON^
BOOK
Y.
when he left Carthage? How far was it from Carthage to Drepanum? How does Segesta figure Why does Virgil introduce the games? Was in Roman history ? What similar it usual for Romans to celebrate funeral games?
did Aeneas intend to go
What great characteristic of the hero is exemphfied in Book Y? lu what other book does Virgil speak of games? Did Augustus encourage them? Had
games are celebrated
in the Iliad
f
IV and VI?
there?
Could they have been celebrated equally well before Aeneas went to Carthage? How many different contests were
number of lines? Which the smallest? In which was the number of contestants largest? How many contests are.there in Honier's account? Which poet shows How did the Romans tlie more artistic arrangement of the games ? mark the observance of funeral anniversaries ? Why the nitith day in 64? What is the meaning of the first two words in 71? AVas the appearance of the serpent (80-93) a good or a bad omen?
Which
fills
the largest
What Roman
faniilies of
*446
NOTES
other passage
is
What
ous?
there
which
AVhy are such passages ahuost confined to Book V? Who is the puer rer/ins in 252-257 ? What happened to him in the passage described? What goddess was offended because of the occurrence ? Why ? In what passages of preceding books has the poet used the serpent in formal simile? What example of quick wit was shown in the foot-race? Collect passages from Virgil indicating
the poefs love of youth. What traits of character does Nisus show? What are the principal points of difference between ancient and modern boxing? Who was Eryx, and how did he
was Alciden (4U) ? What was Trinacria? What is the meaning of the word? In what two places was there a Mt. Ida? AVhat is the alhision in lines 496-197? Who was Cisseus? Is the order in which the athletic events are given a good one? Why? AVhy do we have lulo and lulus in 569 and 570 but Ascanius elsewhere in the book? Account for the lapse of time
die?
Who
implied in septima (626). AVhat Biblical pal-allels are there for 685? Who were the Parcae (798)? Explain the allusion in line AVhat lines state the subject of the next book? About how 811.
many days
are covered
by the action
of this
book?
BOOK VL
AENEAS VISITS ANCHISES IN
" One
of tbe
TIIE
LOWER WORLD.
it
the best I
most astonishing pieces of hterature or rather Zeers of Stevenson, VoL ever met with."
contains
p.
II,
328
{Scribner's, 1911).
Lines 1-13.
Akneas
2.
visits
:
implying great h>nging to reach the shores Euboicis with oris, instead of of the proinised land, Italy. Cumarum,iov metrical conveuicnce a case of enallage. Cumae was a colony from Chalcis in Euboea. obvertunt pelago proras i.e. the prows poiut seaward, 3.
tandem
at last
BOOK YI
while
tlie
447
by means of cables. Thiis the ships are ready for departure at any moment. this in prose would be naves ad 4. ancora fundabat navis
sterns are attached to anchors
:
is
impossible in the
praetexunt
fundahat.
The
2,
note the use of the present beside the imiDerfect f requent use of the historical present is largely due
:
to metrical convenience.
cf.
emicat ardens
:
tandem,
6.
with note.
are hidden in the
to
flint,
semina flammae i.e. the sparks which Yirgil tries until struck out by the steel.
throw a glamoLir
over early customs, especially in connection with a locality which, In priniiin his day, was a centre of fashion and extreme iuxury. See I. 174-6 tive times, the starting of a fire was no easy process.
and
7.
note.
:
pars densa ferarum tecta rapit silvas some pillage the Soldiers and woods, the thick coveris of game ; i.e. for firewood. explorers, when pitching camp, always attend first to two things, Ugnatio, the gathering of fuel, and aguatio, the procuring of water.
Yirgil here dignifies
commonplace themes. does not engage in these 9. at pius Aeneas, etc. the hero himself ordinary employments he is busy with higher things. arces Cumae was on high ground, capped by two sumniits, the heights. on one of which was the temple of Apollo. altus Apollo ApoUo The expression is prompted by arces, but suggests in his majesty.
:
more than merely a lofty position. 10. horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae
dread Sibyl hard
by.
the
retreat
of
the
The
by
be
many grottoes.
One
approached through the temple. into ichom the 11. magnam cui mentem animumque, etc. Delian seer hreathes a mighty mind and soul, revealing the future. Tke verb inspirat governs both a direct and an indirect object The Delius vates is (cui), and cui is to be repeated with aperit. ApoUo; cf. note on IIL 251. Note the parataxis in aperitque
:
futura,
which
is
equivalent to
'
so that the
f uture is
revealed to her.'
448
13.
NOTES
subeunt:
i.e.
Triviae i.e. Diana (sister of Apollo), as a goddes.s of the lower woiid. aurea tecta i.e. the temple with its rich ornamentatiou.
Aeneas
aiid
his companions.
Lines 14-41.
The Temple-sculptures.
14.
of
i.e.
Crete.
The
power
proniinently
15.
among
credere caelo doublealliteration; praepetibus pinnis pinnis^ au instrumental ablative. Jioated forlh toward the cold 16. gelidas enavit ad arctos north ; i.e. so as not to melt the wax by whicli tlie wings were
.
. : :
attached.
17.
Chalcidica arce
i.e.
Euhoicis, 2.
Note
redditus his primum terris he?'e restored Jirst to earth. tibi, Phoebe on the apostrophe, see note 011 III. 119. cf. I. 301, and the metaphor in enavit, 16. 19. remigium alarum posuitque immania templa this act nuist have preceded that of
:
sacravit.
It
is
cf.
II.
353.
Such dedication of implements, arms, etc, when one's need for them was over, was common in ancient times; cf. I. 218 and V. 3(50.
20.
letum Androgeo
sc.
est,
is
(i.e.
Androgeos.
geiiitive
form.
tum
further ;
i.e.
another picture.
21.
Cecropidae
the hexametcr.
Athenaei could not be used in For the story, see vocabulary undcr Minotaurus.
:
Athenians
sere7i living
sons.
The
periphrasis
corpora natoruni has inore color than natos aloiie, and suggests the fact that the victims were offered alive. The story generally
BOOK VI
22.
449
stands the urn, the
lots
there
(now) draion. The sculpture shows the urn after it has been shaken stat therefore iuvolves niore meaning than est would. The two previous scenes are over aguinst this. 23. contra
; :
froni Athens.
tliese,
On
a second
door,
corresponding:
(respondet) to
the
sea
two scenes froni Crete. elata mari uplifted from Crete is a mountainous island; cf. Creta alta, Y. 588.
are
24.
hic
:
correspouding to
mated
; i.e.
thei^e.
suppostaque
is
furto
for
craftily
to the bull.
The expression
paratactic,
amor
25.
26.
= propter am.orem tauri. mixtum genus = proles hiformis. Veneris = amoris. monumenta
tauri
metri causa.
27.
labor
ille
domus
i.e.
that
et inextricabilis error
cf. inreyneahilis error,
explana-
V. 591. 28. reginae princess, i.e. Ariadne, who fell in love with Theseus. sed enim but indeed, or hut lo ! See I. 19 and II. 163, with notes.
:
29.
ipse
i.e.
though
lie
;
:
dolos ambages-
que
deceptive ivindings
hendiadys.
hlind
viz.
30.
caeca
vestigia
those of Ariadne's
lover, Theseus.
31.
etc.
;
and so
equal to
si sineret,
contrary-to-fact
is
condition.
The
due to vividness or
Daedakis), impHed
metrical convenience.
32.
Icare
conatus erat: the subject is casus sc. tuos, ihy fall. in patriae. 33. quin protinus omnia, etc.
:
scanning
omnia
used as a dissyllable,
being
consonantal.
35.
36.
37.
38.
adforet = advenisset. Glauci sc. flia. ista spectacula such sights as those intacto untouched (hy thQjdke).
:
ista is
contemptuous.
BOOK VI
39.
:
451
potential
see IV. 57
siibjunctive.
praestiterit
it
were
hetter
a
;
de
more with
40.
and V.
96.
morantur
are slow
to
perform.
The
sacrifice
miist have
11.
30
ff.
associated the buci^lic diaeresis in two successive verses, bis, 32 and 33.) well as the anaphora of his . .
is
as
Lines 42-76.
In the Presence of the God. on which Cumae was This is apto form a cavern. See 2. in antrum situated. proached through the temple. See 10 and note. fata oracles. theij had come. 45. ventum erat
42.
Euboicae rupis
i.e.
the rocky
:
hill
46.
47.
48.
tempus sc. est. unus predicate with mansere, remained the same. comptae in order ; also in the predicate, with mansere.
:
:
49.
maior videri:
sc.
est,
she
is
taller to hehold,
i.e.
nnder the
god's influeuce, she begius to look more than hunian. The infiuiFor the thought, cf. tive is used by a Grecism for visu, the supine.
Wordsworth
" Her countenance brightens, and her eye expands ; Her bosom heaves and swells, her stature grows."
50.
is
(Laodamia.')
;
mortale
an inner accusative. quando since. Note its late position. art thou slow to voic and prayf 51. cessas in vota precesque Literallv. toirard vows and prayers. for ere that the mir/hty 52. neque enim ante dehiscent, etc.
:
mouths of
the
awestruck house
icill
ISTote
the stroug
personification.
dura sturdy in contrast with tremor. Dardana: logically with Paridis, but Dardani
:
_w_)
is
452
inadmissible
iii
NOTES
the verse.
direxti
dlrexisti.
it is
Paris, aided
by
(XXn.
58.
358
ff.).
magnas obeuntia
:
so
many
seas
have I entered
61.
iam tandem
:
the following
tis
cf.
:
'
seeiug that
now we
etc.
fugien-
V. 629.
62.
fuerit, etc.
.
.
the luck
tenus-ior hactenus by tmesis; of Troy have followed us ; hac cf. V. 603. faerit secuta is an optative subjunctive and the force
.
of the perfect
may
be given as
'
may
it
iam
:
at last.
:
obstitit
67.
68.
meis fatis ablative, according to my fates. agitataque numina way worn powers (Morris)
:
'
'
explan-
tum templum
69.
:
i.e.
is
granted.
solido de
marmore
the reference
vowed by Augustus at Actium and dedicated on the Palatine, Oct. 9, b.c. 28. Diana was always closely associated with A]>ollo, and her statue stood beside his in this temple.
to Apollo
were instituted in n.c. 212, but the Roman reader of these lines nmst have thought rather of the famous secular games held by Augustus in b.c. 17. The plan was doubtless under discussion before Virgirs death. magna manent penetralia a i.e. the Sibyl. 71. te quoque honie for august secrefs awaits. By penetralia Virgil means, not a tem[)lt', l)ut a secret place for the Sibylline books, which were deposited under the statue of Apollo in the temple built by Augustus. thy oracles and mystic utter72. tuas sortes arcanaque fata
70.
iw'/?!.4 /JoZ/mare.s
BOOK YI
ances
;
453
sortes,
an equivalent of
and both
being explanatory of penetralia. i.e. the fif teen (quindecimviri sacrisfaciundis), 73. lectos viros
:
who had charge of the Sibylline books. manda 74. foliis tantum ne carmina
onli/.
Aeneas says
ff.
this,
in
:
tantum
76.
ipsa
tLHth thine
own
lips.
(The paraojaph opens with language suggestive of awe. Note the sounds in 4214. The abrupt utterances of the proininence of n and Sibyl show marked repetitions, as in 46, 51, and 52 (the two words cessas
.
. .
Anaphora relative position in the verse). assonance and nec), {non asyndeton non), frequent the aud 55, give weight to 47, 48. In49, 54,
same
.
.
lu Aeneas"s pravers, the dactyls of 58, 59 suggest rapid movements in (J4 and 68 they'imply earnestness, and in 71 they accord with the idea of future glory. Alliteration is couspicuous in 62 and 71.)
;
Lines 77-97.
The
77.
Sibyl's Prophecy.
:
Phoebi nondum patiens not yet submissive to Phoehus. The Sibyl is depicted here and in the following verses under the figure of a restive horse, which must be controlled by its master. immanis to be taken predicatively with bacchatur. iu antro she has now gone within. In 47, she was still antefores. cf A nthea si videat, I. 181. 78. si possit The literally, to have shaken off ; i.e. to be rid of 79. excussisse tanto magis ille fatigat, etc. perfect retaius its ordinary force.
:
somuch the more he tires her foaming mouth. and trains her hy force ; fngit is a 80. fmgitque premendo cf. patiens, excussisse, fatigat, technical terru from horsenianship domans, and premendo. have swung open ; a picturesque perfect. 81. patuere governed by ^jer^cuZrt understood. 84. terrae hut ihey shall not also rejoice to 86. sed non et venisse volent
:
have come
non
is
454
87.
NOTES
cerno
:
i.e.
88.
Siniois,
Xanthus
these rivers,
011
so
much
j)arts in
the
($av06<;)
89.
Numicius and Tiber of Latium. The word Xanthus mesiiis Jiavus, which is a frequent epithet of the Tiber.
:
defuerint
:
^neh-i
causa.
alius Achilles
viz.
Turnus.
;
Is
already raised
Latium (for thee) cf. 11. 783, wherej/6t is expressed. i.e. like the first Achilles. Turnus was the son of 90. et ipse the nymph Venilia, and Achilles was the sou of the sea-goddess Teucris addita clinging to the Trojans ; literally, having Thetis.
in
:
up
attached heiself
92.
to,
:
quas,
etc.
is
a cum clause
is
highly rhetorical
quas non
omnes.
The usage
more common in Greek. coniunx hospita an alien bride ; i.e. Lasc. enV. 93. causa vinia, wlio was wooed by Turnus, but became the wife of Aeneas. iterum she will be a second Ilelen. go forth to face them more 95. contra audentior ito quam, etc. holdly than thy Fortune will allow thee ; a stoical maxim. The brave man may rise superior to fortune, however adverse. The luck of Troy (Troiaiia fortuna, 62) will still pursue Aeneas, but
: :
: :
'
quidquid
97.
erit,
:
est
(V. 710).
quod
id quod.
site of
Graia urbe
the later
i.e.
PaHauteum, tlie city of Evander, on the Evander had come from Arcadia.
Rome.
(In 78, the spondaic rhythm is expressive of labored pff(~)rt in 87, of terror. The abrupt parentheses in 84 and 8;') accord with oracuhir style. Note too the alliteration in 8() and 87, with the epizeuxis heUa Excited utterance is indicated by the exclamatory tone hella. of 92, foUowed by tlie anaphora Ucnnn Note, in iterum, 03, 04. 80, the proniinence of r souiids (combined with dactylic rhythm), to describe frenzy.)
;
BOOK VI
Lines 98-123.
455
ambages
the cavern.
enigmas.
antroque remugit
:
from
obscuris vera involvens wrapping hertruth in mystery ; i.e. in true oracular fashion. ea frena furenti, etc. so does Apollo shake the reins as she rages, and ply the spur heneath her hreast. The metaphor from a horse is resumed. See note on Phoebi patiens, 77.
100.
:
furenti
sc. ei,
a dative of reference.
of a verse.
ut
primum
mihi.
:
as soon as.
mi =
123.
inopina
inopinatus.
praecepi atque animo peregi forecast and traversed in thought; peregi is a mere expansion of praecepi ; animo belongs to both verbs. The sentiment in 103-5, like that in 95-6, is a stoical
105.
:
one.
106.
quando
since here
is
the
famous
est.
Such
is
107.
the
from Acheron^s
bricosus iu
tenebrosa
is
Acheronte refuso is an ablative absolute. Lake Avernus, being fed from subterranean sources, was supposed to be supplied from the Acheron, one of the rivers of the underworld.
j)i'ose.
contingat optative subjunctive; eontingere is commonly usedof happy events. doceas jussive subjunctive. sacra ostia
109.
: :
kingdom
. .
.
of Phito.
:
iter
all
iuner accusative.
maria omnia
ferebat
en-
and all the threats of ocean and sky ; i.e. the tedious journeying and the dangers of the voyage. zveak though he was. sortem senectae fhe 114. invalidus
dured
the seas
: :
portion ofage.
Rest, not
toil, is
the usual
lot
of the old.
Xote the
456
115.
NOTES
quin
:
nay^more.
:
116.
mandata dabat
potes
see Y. 731
ff.
gnati
namque omnia
for
thoii art
:
all-powerful
omnia
is
an adverbial accusative.
without purpose.
119. 120.
nec nequiquam
his icife's
:
or
Manis coniugis
shade
:
i.e.
Eurydice's.
cf.
Milton
" Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing Such notes, as warbled to the string
Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek And made Hell grant what Love did
seek."
FiG. 66.
Orpheus
t
Fig. 67.
AND EURYDICE.
121.
122.
fratrem
/.e.
Castor.
PoZ/Ma: in vocabulary.
viam
inner accusative.
Thesea
to the
off Proserpina.
Alciden i.e. Hercules, who carried off Cerberus from the lower workl. Forms of Hercules are impossible in the hexameter.
et
mi genus,
etc.
the argumeiit
is indirect,
but
forcible.
'If
Or-
pheus, Tlieseus, etc, were able to do so much in the world below, why may not T, who am also of divine birth, at least visit my
father
thereV
ab love summo:
daughter of Jupiter.
BOOK VI
457
(In 90 ancl 100, note the use of impressive words, consisting whoUy obscuris involvens), the two of long syUables (horrendas, ambages caesura, an unusual feahephtheniinieral Ihe successive verses having rhythm of the followaccelerated In marked contrast comes the ture. ing words (ea frena furenti concutit, etc.) empliasized by alliteration have an artistic contrast of rhythm in 106-107, and assonance. and in 121-122. The rhytlim of IIO-IU is also carefully adapted to
:
We
the thought.)
Lines 124-155.
aras
ogy with
126.
altaria.
facilis
is
descensus Averno
easrj is the
descent
;
to
Avernus.
here used for the whole lower world Averno is the dative {=ad or in Avernum) used exceptionally with a verbal noun.
Avernus
sus";
cf.
his
remark in
ch. 20) is Facilis Descen" Little boys at Vanity Fair (ch. 65)
school are taught in their earliest Latin book that the path of
Avernus
kindly.
130.
is
aequus
has
erexit ad aethera
has uplifted
to
heaven;
i.e.
made
ilhistrious.
ad
astra,
potuere
(to
do
this)
an emall the
phatic repetition of Aeneas's potuit (119). media omnia mid space: i.e. between the upper and the lower worlds.
132.
Cocytus
" Abhorrfed Styx, the flood of deadly hate Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
There
is
458
NOTES
Heard on the rueful stream fierce Plilegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Far off from tliese, a slow and silent stream,
;
Lethe,
tlie
{Faradise Lost
II.
577
ff.)
menti
bis
:
sc. est.
Le.
both in
life
and
. .
in death.
bal-
bis
lacus
and
:
Tartara, each
with the same number of syllables. 135. iiisano iuvat indulgere labori
dolori (ir. 776).
136. 137.
cf.
note
how adjective and noun frame The words have furnished the
himself
tlie
to
Tennyson
calls Virgil
{To
Virgil.')
et lento limine
lunoni infernae
dictus
:
sible form.
set
),
an inadmis-
be sacred
means
apart as sacred.
140.
sed non ante datur, etc. hut 'tis not given to pierce earth's secrets, save to him who hath plucked from the iree the golden-tressed With qui we must undei-stand ei, literally, earlier than fruitage. to him ivho ; is qui is more direct and personal than si quis. this hath the beautiful Proser142. hoc sibi pulchra suum, etc. pina ordained to he borne to her as her own gift. Note the artistic The collocation, pulchra suum being followed by the two nouns. beautiful gift is a tribute to the beautiful goddess. For jiulchra,
:
cf.
Milton
" Not that
fair ficld
Of Enna, Avhere Proscrpine gathoring flowers, Herself a fairer flovver, by gloomy Dis
Was
gathered."
ff.)
BOOK VI
143.
459
with jjrimo suptliine
primo avolso
ply ramo.
145,
eyes.
with
:
carpe.
149.
tibi
ethical dative.
corpus
cadaver, a
word which
is
rare in poetry.
150.
nescis
we
:
man
;
in-
cestat funere
152.
dejiles with
death
155.
to his
icith
(Note the frequent alliterations, as in 125, 130, 139, 145, 147-8, 151, 152 (^sedibus suis sepulchro), and 153, with assonance in 154 (invia vivis). Three successive verses show anaphora, viz. 133, 134, 135 (in the last case syllahic). The vehement flow of the SibyPs speech is indicated bv the comparativelv larcje number of verses in which dactyls predominate. Thus 128, 1:31, 136, 146, 149, 152. With these may be contrasted the solemn tone of 138, 145, and 150.)
. . .
.
Lines 156-21 1.
defixus lumiua
;
tvith
I.
downcast
226.
eyes, a
participle
157.
cf. dejixit
lumina,
:
caecos eventus
dark issues;
figit
i.e.
messa2,'e.
:
perplexity (Mackail).
ponit, implies a slow,
160.
ablative
niodal;
Jigit,
instead of
hea^^ tread. multa inter sese, etc. much varied discourse did
:
they in-
terchange, each
tvith
each.
sermone serehant
is
a variation on ser-
monem serehant, a quaint expression, inasmuch as sermo is derived f rom sero, being properly oratio serta, i.e. remarks joined together,
or conversation.
161.
quem socium,
etc.
an indirect question.
400
162.
164.
NOTES
atque
:
and
:
:
lo !
Misenum
effect.
iiifiiiitive
165.
aere ciere
con
structioii is poetical.
aere
ciere,
note both here and in the intentional assonance, descriptive of the trum-
accendere cantu
peter's art.
166.
Hectora, a Greek
accusative form.
167.
alike.
Hectora circum
at Hector's side.
168. 170.
illum:
{.e.
Hector.
:
vitavictor: assonance.
less nohle.
non
inferiora
is
a standard no
The neuter
plural
venience.
when he met his death. dum personat aequora while he made the seas ring. emphatic by position and be172. demens
tum
{.e.
fore a pause.
FiG. 68.
exceptum immerserat had caught and much Triton plunged. si credere dignum est not so
173.
: :
wiTH CoNCH.
14,
implying
disbelief,
as
expressing
amazement.
The
where a tradition
174. 175.
176.
Contrast ut
fama
est,
is
virum = eum. See note on eo me solvat, lY. 470. circum i.e. around the body which lias been found,
:
iussa f estinant
177.
haud mora
i.e.
cf. III.
tomh;
ofhis
altar.
What
178.
179.
180.
we
learn in 224
18G.
:
ff.
caelo educere
cf. 11.
cf.
:
densa ferarum
tecta, 7.
procumbunt
piceae,
etc.
2. existed when he
of the antiqua
The
district,
however, underwent
BOOK VI
Note the
182.
461
"imitating
tlie
ring of the
montibus: from
:
tJie
mountains;
in prose a preposition
would be used. implements ; cf. I. 177. 184. armis explained in 187 ff. 185. haec
:
186.
187.
forte
si
as
it
chanced.
:
nunc ostendat
is
understood)
equivalent to a wish,
would show
itselfl
arbore
188.
locative ablative.
:
since the Sibyl's utterance about Misenus has been verified, Aeneas has some reason for the hope just expressed. The wish there expressed is here fulas in 186. 190. forte
quando
:
i.e.
filled,
and
tlie
coincidence
is
indicated by
tiie
repetition, in the
same metrical position, of forte. 191. Note the alliteration in this verse and the
appearance of the birds
192.
is
next.
Thus the
emphasized.
from sido. the dove was sacred to Yenus. 193. maternas aves artistic chiasmus. 195. pinguem dives ramus humum fail not my dark hour ; rehus 196. dubiis ne defice rebus Understand meis. dative.
sedere
:
\s
197.
198.
pressit
checJced.
:
z.e.
what they
etc.
fight as the eyes of those following them icith prodire is an histoiical infinitheir gaze could keep them in view.
forward as they do, in order that to the the Trojans may just keep them in view, and so be led on golden bough. This idea of purpose accounts for the subjunctive
200.
possent
the doves
fly
of
view
is
we may call
grave olentis
pestilential
is
an adverbial accusa-
462
203.
NOTES
sedibus optatis
:
on
ilip.
site
by Aeneas)
locative ablative.
explanatory of sedibus
204.
discolor
unde
auri, etc.
gleam of gold ; discolor, because the gold is contrasted with the green. Note the assonance of auri aura. note the picturesque scene; a 205. quale solet silvis, etc.
out
amid
Virgil
was a
206.
lover of nature.
^
:
quod non sua seminat arbos which produces. The niistletoe is a parasitic plant.
209.
tree,
not
its
oicn,
crepitabat brattea
is
etc),
:
and
of nietal.
211.
cunctantem
By
contrast,
it
empha-
however readily the bough yielded (see 147), it would seem to the eager Aeneas to cling teuaciously to the tree. Tennyson once quoted cunclantem in this line to ilkistrate what he
sizes avidus, for
means wlien he
in
alonely word."
II. p.
{Memoir, Vol.
385.)
(In contrast with the preceding paragraph. note the nuniher of verses in wliich spondees predominate, especially 15(), 1(')0, 175, 183, Special stress is throvvn on slow spondees, 18(5, 187, 199, and 211. when following an initial dactyl, as in 162, 177, and 182. Ahiteration and assonance are again prominent.)
Lines 212-235.
cineri ingrato
The
use of ingrato
is
no response or return for the service rendered. suprema last rites. P^xcavations have proved that both cremation and inhumatiou were practised in prehistoric times on the
pathetic.
is
:
There
site of
Rome.
BOOK VI
214.
46b
;
pinguem taedis
feralis
pinguihus
taedis.
216.
cupressus
:
cf. atiri
217.
super
adverb.
arms
of his comrades.
219.
220.
frigentis
ofhim
cold in death.
:
toro
on,
the hier.
defleta
their
weeping done
literally,
wept over.
221.
purpureas vestes
is
perhaps
due to their being a substitute for the primitive offering of blood. 222. pars ingenti subiere f eretro some have shouldered the
:
heavy
223.
hier.
The
perfect tense
:
is
picturesque
feretro is dative.
triste
ministerium
accusative in
see
note on
(i.e.
subiectam
224.
This custom was probably due to the primitive idea that the iiving should not look upon the ghost as it leaves the body.
with averted faces.
aversi
225.
teres
226.
fuso olivo
ablative of quality.
cra-
the details of the " First they funeral of Patroclus (Homer, Iliad XXIII. 250 ff.)
:
postquam conlapsi
cineres, etc.
cf.
quenched the fire with gleaming wine, so far as the flame went, where the ash had f allen deep then amid tears they gathered the white bones of their gentle comrade into a golden urn, wdth a double fold of fat, and, placing it in the hut, covered it with a linen veil. And they drew the circle of the mound, and set the foundations around the pyre, and straightway heaped thereon a
;
pile of earth."
227.
bibulam favillam
lecta
:
the
thirsty
ash;
hihula,
because
it
gathered
iip.
cado
:
idem
urn.
" He with pure water too thrice paced the round Of comrades." (Rhoades.)
circumtulit
i.e.
464
230. boufjh
231.
vale.
NOTES
rore levi et
of fruitful
ramo
:
felicis olivae
ivith
Uglit
dew from
olive.
novissima verba
See note on
II. 644.
:
(he last
232.
233.
his oar
ingenti
and trumpet; sua arma, in were burnt in 217, where see note.
235,
his
ISTote
the polysyndetoti.
aeternum nomen
it is still
is
(Attention has been called to the careful artistic structure of the relative claiise cui armis (215-17), comprising three members of equal length, expressive of three corresponding ideas, Thus, frondihus atris feralis cupressos fulgentibus armis ; intexunt . . constitinmt decorant ; latera ante super. AlHteration is employed to emphasize the solemnity, esnecially in 214, 221,
.
.
Lines 236-263.
alta
deep.
:
scrupea
a poetic
:
emphatic
by position.
sive force.
239.
tuta
sheltered
quam
super,
etc.
o'cr ivhich
flijing creatures
\\\s.q
safelij
wing
iheir
way ;
volucres.
not found in the best Mss. Tlie word Avernus was connected, in popiUar etyniology, with dopvo^, hirdless.
242. Tliis verse is
The region about Lake Averiius is volcanic, aiid tlie lake itself is "a crater filled with water. Its banks are now bordered witli blocks of lava" (Baedeker). Even to-day, beside the neighboring Lake Agnano, tliere is a fanious I)og Grotto, where carbonic acid
fuines overpower dogs in a few seconds.
243.
cf.
Y.dY.
244.
constituit
as exj^i-essed in Y. 287.
247.
voce vocans
The
expression
is
one of
BOOK TI
many
Jieaven
248.
465
technical expressions
rites.
Tiell.
religious
queen
in
and
iiote
i.e.
on IV. 511.
beneath
the
throats
of
supponunt
the
victims.
suscipiu7it),
appropriate
matri Eumenidum i.e. Night, who with her sister Terra, was a daughter of Chaos. cf. IIL 119, with note. 251. tibi, Proserpina nocturnas sacrifices to the nether 252. Stygio regi: Pluto. gods w^ere offered regiilarly at night. incohat fashions in outline. The verb implies making the first rough phm/ which could be
250.
: : :
'
filled iu later.
It is a techuicai term,
:
used of
sacrificial ritual.
253.
254.
255.
light
solida viscera
:
wliole carcasses.
super separated by tmesis from fundens. primi sub lumina solis et ortus hard upon
:
the daicning
of
the early
is
explauatory of
lu7nina.
256.
sc.
mugire rumhle. iuga silvarum icooded 7'idges. coepta sunt. For its use, see A. 205, a; B. 133, 1; G. 423, n. 3 H.
:
299, 1
257.
258.
dea
i.e.
:
canes the hell-hounds of Hecate. Hecate, who comes to open the way. procul
:
este, profani
the mysteries.
Here
it
applies to the
may
not enter the lower w^orld. Aeneas. vagina eripe ferrum 260. tu Odysseus (Homer, Odijssey X. 535)
:
262.
aperto
263.
the participle.
:
aequat
keeps pace
icith.
and u sounds in a striking manner, having " nine times and u six times in ten words" (Henry). Similar is the use of u sounds in 256 ff. Alliteration is artistically employed, e.g. 238, 241 (/sounds); 24o,
466
.
.
NOTES
.
.
suynmas carppns cormia saetas (&h\)a,);2'iQ, 247, 24S, cultros cruorem ; 250, matri magnae ; 250, suh mugire solum moveri silvarum (ababa) 258, 200, 202 (effata furens). Note also the alteniation of rhythm in 258-9, and the use of anaphora in 258 and 201.)
.
.
Lines 264-267.
see
V. 235.
silent
umbraeque
si-
lentes
265.
is
ye voiceless shades,
ghosts.
hroad
a cansal ablative.
266.
me the right to tell ivhat I have heard ; grant that ivith your will I may unfold secrets huried in the darkness and depths of the earth. sit fas = liceat, and the second sit, without fas, has the same meaniiig. audita loqui the poet voices tradition, and his utterances are a revelation (pandere).
fas, etc.
:
mihi
grant
special invocation in the body of tlie work impHes that the subSo iii the lUad, the Catais one of peculiar difficulty. logue of the Ships is introduced by a special invocation of the Muses (II. 484 ff.), and Milton invokes the Holy Spirit at the opening of the third book of Paradise Lost. In this majestic passage, note the general dactylic tone of the first two verses, shading off into the slower spondaic rhythm of the last
ject
(A
approached
two.)
Lines 268-281.
270
obscuri sola sub nocte in the gloom, heneath the lonehj Note the poetical transfer of epithets, for ohscura and soli. quale est iter in silvis like a pafh amid theforest. Yirgil,
: :
son of a forester,
272.
knew
tlie
woods.
:
See Tntrod.
2.
rebus abstulit colorem hatl) rohlxd the ivorld ofher color. primisque in cf. II. 400. 273. vestibulum ante ipsum, etc. faucibus tli(; -qiie adds a j^hrase, which explains tlie preceding clause more closely, even at the entrance to the Jaivs ofhell.
: :
BOOK VI
274.
467
Luctus
et ultrices
Curae
Grief and avenging Cares (i.e These, which bring deatli to men, are
:
trance to the
dead.
276.
home
:
of the
malesuada
:
the comtone.
of the ex-
ternal appearance.
277.
Letumque
Distress
is
LabosDeath.
FiG. 69.
que
and
roman
coins.
Letum
278.
Lahos
is
tum
;
next.
hrother Sleep.
So, in
.
consanguineus Leti Sopor Death's own Homer, Sleep is " Death's brother " (Iliad
: :
XIV. 231)
cf
Shelley
"
How
wonderful
is
Death,
Death and
for,
being
moral
insensibilit}'.
The accompanying
is
references to
war
and
of
civic strife
Rome
during the
;
guilty joys
poetical for
mala mentis Gaudia: the souVs malae mentis Gaudia. By these are. meant
wars.
:
which lead to death. on the thresJiold facing (these). 279. adverso in limine 280. ferreique Eumenidum thalami the Furies' iron cells ; i.e. in which they sleep, when not engaged in pursning the guilty. or ferrei, a dissyllable by synizesis, cf. aureis, I. 726, and aurea, I.
sinful pleasLires,
:
698.
281.
fillets ;
vipereum crinem,
innexa
is
etc.
a middle participle.
See note on
5,
511.
its
(The opening verse with its picturesque ihant, its weighty spondiac rbythm, is a fitting introduction
468
KOTES
passage. Emphasis is secured by the use of a number of double expressions for the same idea, e.g. snb nocte = per timhram ; domos AUiteravaciias = inania regna ; incertam lunam = luce maliyna. tion is conspicuous throughout.)
Lines 282-294
"
282.
in
medio
sc. vestibulo.
283.
quam. sedem,
etc.
the
home
lohich,
men
say, false
is
Dreams
the accusative,
order.
286.
stabulant
are
stalled
word
:
t.e.
Fkj. 70.
i.e.
Chimaera.
292.
289.
i.e.
Geryon, a
admoneat, inruat
etc.
cf.
I.
58,
with note.
tenuis sine
corpore vitas.
*'butthin
Unbodied
riitting."
lives,
(Uhoades.)
of 284, with its three feminine caesurae, is On the other hand, the beautifully suggestive of tlie idea of sleep. heavy spondees of 288, combined witli onomatopoea, are descriptive of hideous monsters. Anotlier noticeable verse is 21)0, where the rhythm, aided by alliteration, harmonizes with tlie tliouglit expre.ssrd. Note, also, the dactylic ring of 292 and 203, shading iuto a spondaic rhythm in the closing verse.)
Lines 295-332.
The Way to
295.
luni.
:
Aciikron.
Ciiaron.
hinc hence; i.e. on ]iursuing one's way beyond the vestihu' The reahn of Pluto is conceived as being approached tlirough
BOOK vi
469
an entrance-coiirt (vestibulum, 273), at the far side of which is the limen (-79), with the doors {fores, 286), admitting to the interior. Once within tlie fores, Aeneas finds a vast domain, divided into He first foUows a path leading to Acheron. several parts. 296. turbidus hic caeno, etc, here, thick icith mire and unfathomThe language well exable in depth, the gulf of waters seethes. presses the terrifying appearance of the stream. 297. Cocyto eructat belches intoCocytus ; Cocyto is dative. on whose chin lies a mass ofun299. cui plurima mento, etc.
:
of flame stant implies fixedness of stare flamma is an instramental ablative. Dante introduces Charon as "an old man, white, with ancient hair
300.
his eyes are staring orbs
;
his eyes
i.e.
of flame."
302.
ipse
unaided.
:
Though
:
old,
velisque ministrat literally, serves with sails, i.e. tends a barge of murky hue. 303. ferruginea cumba
304.
iam
senior,
etc.
is
hardy and
green.
cf.
In other words, a god, though old, has the vigor of youth viridi iuventa of theyoung Euryalus (V. 295).
305.
huc
i.e.
to the boat.
ad ripas effusa
:
streaming
to
the
banks.
306-8.
matres atque
viri, etc.
passage in the Odyssey (XI. 38 ff.), bnt Yirgil emphasizes the With the pathos, for there is no equivalent in Homer to 308.
cf.
magnanimum
genitive plural.
An
archaism
cf
caeli-
quam
multa,
etc.
" Countless as forest leaves that fluttering fall In the first chill of autumn." (Rhoades.)
compares the dead leaves of autumn to a multitude of ghosts (Ot/e to the West Wind).
Shelley,
by
contrast,
470
310.
NOTES
gurgite ab alto
:
from
ilie
seething deep
gurgite implies a
storm.
311.
quam multa
frigidus annus
tlie
chilly secnion.
313.
to cross
io he ihejirst
The
infinitive is poetical
Greek
influence.
cursum
an inner,
I.
rather than a direct object, of the verb (cf. aequor navigare, the grim hoatman, 315. navita tristis
:
67).
317.
318.
enim
indeed
cf. its
meansl So Dante, in his great poem, often questions Virgil, his guide through the lower world. hy what principle of distinctionf or, sim319. quo discrimine
quid volt:
zvhat
hy ivlwse di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen power the godsfear to swear falsely. The poet uses the double expression iurare et fallere for the single but unmetrical periurare.
324.
:
The
= per
numen^
is
due ta Greelc
influence.
325.
inops
Ae//)?es5,
Some, however, render the custoni of placing a coin between the lips
because inhumata.
pay for a passage in Charon's boat. inhumata the notion that the unburied were not received among the shades is Homeric (cf. Odyssey XI. 51 ft".). poetic for ex ripa flumen 327. ripas et fluenta transportare transportare, the accusative being governed by trans in the verb. datur = licet; sc. Charonti, Note the accumulation of r sounds
:
in the verse.
329.
life
the span of
human
was counted at a hundred years (Plato, Repuhlic X. 615). a liysteron proteron, as they revisit the I330. admissi revisunt waters before they are admitted to the boat. Another case occurs
in the next verse.
332.
333.
in his hrarf.
d('aih's /lonor, i.e. hnvrdl.
334.
classis
=:
uavis.
Oronten
see
I.
113
ff.
BOOK YI
335.
471
ship.
simul
together.
vectos
ivhile sailing ;
cf.
note on tunsae,
481.
(Note the impressive spondees in 305, and contrast the rhythm in In the first, spondees prevail in the secthe two similes (309-311). ond. the initial spondee (311) is followed by dactyls expressive of the Sober spondees are again employed fluttering movements of birds. in 313, where they accord with the idea of stabant, and a similar verse (330), closing the Sibyl's speech, is suggestive of an end attained.)
;
Lines 337-383-
Palinurus.
sese a^eh at = ibat, was passing on. Palinurus: his fate is narrated in V. 833 ff., but there are some slight inconsistencies between that account and this. Book V. seems to have been written later than VI., aud Virgil died before revising his
poem
as a
whole.
338.
Libyco cursu
multa
:
The
incident
really occurred
340.
343.
Cumae.
;
in
umbra
:
in the <leep
shadow
cf
269-272.
mihi with delusit, a dative of reference. 345. canebat Virgil is following some tradition not mentioned # in Book V. lo ! implying indignation. 346. en cortina; cf. III. 347. ille autem: sc. inquit; ille is Palinurus.
:
92,
with notes.
348.
nec
me deus aequore
:
mersit: but
cf.
the
account in
Book V.
349.
forte
hy chance.
cui datus
haerebam
as
my
regebam
351.
cui.
praecipitans intransitive, falling headlong. pera iuro cf. note on 324. sc. me, that T felt. 352. cepisse
:
maria
as-
353.
armis
gear.
excussa magistro
reft
of
its
hehnsman.
472
NOTES
should expect excusso mafjistro (cf. excutitur mngister, I. 115), but the expressioii is forced iiito harmoiiy with spoliata armis. but cf. V. 848, where the sea 354. tantis surgentibus undis
:
We
is
cahn.
355.
The numerous
:
effect.
artistic chiastic hibernas immensa aequora noctes hibernas stormij. order. He was doubtless cling356. aqua: on the water ; with vexit. ing to the timbers torn from the ship. from the crest of a wave. 357. summa ab unda this may be rendered, 358. tuta tenebam, ni gens invasisset
:
:
The condition
contrary to fact, corresponding to tenuissem ; but the departure from the normal construction gives vividness to the expression. this involves two ideas 359. madida cum veste gravatum
:
with
my
Condense
is
for transLation.
360.
uncis
pictui--
esque.
rugged
cliff-suiumits.
He had
dragged himself up to the top of the cliff. 361. praedamque ignara putasset m ignorance deeming me a For -que here see note on prindsque in faucibus, 273. The prize. natives suppose he has gold on his person and murder him. The
:
fact.
363.
365.
quod:
terram inice
this is the
main
idea,
though in point of
time following the action of the next clause, portusque require The sprinkling of three handfuls of earth upon Velinos; cf. 301.
a dead body was regarded as burial. as Velia w^as founded at a later day, 3660 portus Velinos
:
we
have here an anachrouism. The j^lural is used, perhaps to avoid the similarity of endings in j)ort\x.TQ. VelinuvQ.. the use of the pronouu, here and in 305, indioates 367. aut tu diva creatiix: sc. viam. si quam the urgency of the appeal. i.e. Venus. i.e. over the Styx. 370. per undas
: :
BOOK VI
371.
473
saltem
had done
dira
:
at least.
go on wandering
in
life.
icild.
:
374.
is
i.e.
the Cocytus
severum
a transferred epithet.
375.
sc.
a Charonte.
376.
YL
it
expound
prayer.
inasmuch as
imply that the divine will is thereby changed. dicta sc. haec. 377. cape = accipe.
:
378.
der.
finitimi
i.e.
There was a tradition that the Lucanians, when suffering from a pestilence, consulted an oracle, and were bidden to
appease the ghost of Palinurus.
to
up a mound
pay solemn
Yelia,
:
now known
Capo Palinuro.
:
dative.
sollemnia mittent
will
offerings.
(The use of alHteration in picturesque narrative is well ilhistrated in this passage, in which fuUy half the verses show alliterative effects. The most conspicuous cases are in 338, 356, 358, 362, 364, 370, 371, Anaphora is employed in 363-4 {per 376, 378, 382. per . ])er), 365-7 (aiit tu arit tu), 367 (si qua si quam). Spondees are used to express solemnity in 352 and 363, and slow movement in 358 to heighten a chmax in 361, and to suggest comfort after sorrow iu 382.)
. .
.
Lines 384-416.
Charox.
384.
385.
hoatman
saiv
them
and
is
387.
increpat ultro
at
474
389.
NOTES
iam
istinc
:
even
from where
rjou are
iste,
istic,
istinc,
are
litotes.
The
story
is
essent virtual indirect discourse, Charon expressing the thought vv^hich moved him at that former time. However, the subjunctive witli quamguam becomes common after
394.
:
quamquam
A^irgil.
395.
Tartareum custodem
:
i.e.
Cerberus.
manu
in vincla
petivit
396.
397.
sought
:
to
enchain hy violence.
regis
Phito.
:
dominam
our queen
:
{.e.
Proserpina.
389.
the
Amphrysia vates the Sibyl is so called because she is servant of Apollo, who once tended the Hocks of Admetus on
Amphrysus
in Thessaly.
etc.
:
licet
the
huf/e
doorkeeper
from
howl
affrif/ht the
hloodless shades.
licet terreat is
A.
1
565, N. 1
B.
and
II.
564,
H.
H. & B.
402.
5:52,
2 a.
:
casta
in the predicate.
patrui
i.e.
Phito,
who was
The word
is
a used with
an ironical tone.
404.
servet limen
:
i.e.
stay at home.
imas ad umbras
:
to ihe
shades helow.
all.
not at
It is
an emphatic negative,
:
prose.
the
at
yet.
:
adgnoscas
jussive subjunctive.
hreast siihsides
tumida ex
;
ira,
etc.
thenafter his
sea,
when a cabn follows a storm. sc. dixit. 408. nec plura his
:
409.
si
te
fatalis virgae
vocant,
the
fateful irand.
fatalis is ex])lained
:
by
fata
unseen.
so long longo post tempore visum Tlie expression implies tiiat the golden bough had been
117.
BOOK YI
used before to gain an entrance to the lower world. yii"gil has some snch tradition in view we do uot know.
411.
spirit.
475
"Whether
alias
animas
:
the
otlier
sphnts,
out.
gemuit
person,
414.
and ingens
sutilis
:
seamy ; properly,
i.e.
Emphasis
its
is
rimosa incolumis
ireelj, through
chinks.
safe
accusatives.
416.
glauca ulva
gray sedge.
(In this Charon scene, the style and diction, in keeping T^ith the theme, are less dignitied than usual. The boatman is peremptory and abrupt, and the expressions/re quid veuias and istinc, 889, are from Similar is the use of absiste moveri iu the the language of daily life. SibyPs reply. Note too the irony of 392 and 400-2, the nse of mdla, and the somewhat humorous tone of 413-4. 40o'; of detiirhat, 412 It will be interestiug to sttidy the rhythm of 380, 392, 401, 408-9, 413-4, and 416.)
;
Lines 417-425.
latratu trifauci
i.e.
Cerberus was
trifaux
circle of Hell.
418.
adverso
colubris
fronting them,
opposite.
recubans immanis
on his neck he has snakes instead of hair. a morsel 420. melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam drugged with (steeped in the sleep of) honey and medicated meal. In Dante, Virgil throws earth into the brute's maws {I-nferno, Canta
419.
:
i.e.
VI).
476
421.
ille
if
:
NOTES
tJie
monster.
fame
this
tlie
word has
long, as
424.
425.
third declension.
^irreme-
inremeabilis
This striking vvord, apparently coined by Virgil (cf. V. 591), conimonly demands a paraphrase in other languages. Dante takes two lines to translate it (Purgatorio, I. 131-2) and Shakespeare's " from whose bourn no traveller returns " (Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1) is about the briefest natural rendering in English. Cf. note on cundantem, 211.
able
'
and u sounds, and the proniinence of r, the littera canina, as known to the Romaus. Note, too, the dactyhc rhythm of 421.)
it
was
Lines 426-439.
voces vagitus
The
but
because " their crying and sadness are merely their eartlily cliarac-
and condition carried with tliem into Hades. Tlie infants are placed in the very entrance and beginning of Hades," because such location was " peculiarly suitable for tliose who had died in the very beginning and entrance of life " (Henry). They
ter
.
nor of joy.
In the
first circle
of his Tnferno,
spirits of those
Tii
" abides with the innocent babes bitten by the fangs of death, ere they were exempt from human sin " (Purgaiorio,
that
YU.
-M
ff.).
:
430.
431.
damnati mortis
/.e.
witliout
judges chosen by iot; iwlice is a collective singiilar. the aHotment referred 432. quaesitor Minos urnam movet
:
to in
tlie
previous note
is
'
BOOK YI
magistrate.
477
was applied to the Roman praetor, who presided over criminal trials. Dante has Minos sitting at the entrance to the second circle of Hell, and judging sinners {Inferno Y.). ille silentum concilium vocat 'tis he who sum-
The term
quaesitor
mons apanel ofthe silent dead ; i.e. to act as a jury. examines into men^s lives and 433. vitasque et crimina discit Minos conducts the cognitio and discit takes the the charges made.
:
maesti the suicides are maesti, because they were so in Dante treats theni much more severely. They are cast into life. the second ring of the seventh circle, and suifer the fate of Polydorus (TII. 22 ff.), becoming stunted trees, on which the Harpies feed (Inferno, Canto 13). though free from guilt ; {.e. they took their lives, 435. insontes not because of moral guilt, but in misery or despair. manu i.e. by their own hand, but implying violence, as in 395. lucem i.e.
434.
: : : :
the light of
.
life.
:
vellent how they would ivish, i.e. if there were any an incomplete conditional sentence of the conpossible chance On the thought, cf. the famous passage in trary to fact type. Homer, where the shade of Achilles says " Speak not to me soft
436.
;
:
quam
words on death, noble Odysseus. Fain would I be bound to the soil and serve another ax:)Oor man of little substance, rather than be a king over all the departed dead" {Odyssey XI. 488 ff. cf. Matthew Arnold's Balder Dead, toward the end of 2. Journey to For more cheerful views of the other world in classithe Dead). cal literature, we must go to the Greek philosophers.
(The contrast between the wailing infants and the howling Cerberus
is
very striking.
The spondaic rhythm of the first three verses is offbv the accelerated rhythm of 429, which in turn yields to spondees
employed thoughout, most notably in 426, double and chiastic, abba.)
478
NOTE.S
Lines 440-476.
Thp:
440.
partem fusi in omnem outspread on every side. Tlie Mourning Fields are spacious, giviug to tlie sorrowing dead the
solitude they crave.
441.
Similarly Dante.
:
Lugentes Campi
;
the expression
is
apparently original
with Virgil
*
Bunyan's nanies, such as the 'Slough of Despond,' Delectable Mountains,' and Valley of Humiliation.' whom fell love with cruel wa^t442. quos durus amor, etc.
cf.
' :
'
cf.
Tennyson
in
hand
of Fair Women.')
The downward
Understand
443.
tle
slope to death."
(A Dream
eos as
antecedent of quos.
:
secreti calles
to
sequestered walks.
;
myrtea
silva
the myr-
was sacred
Venus
cf.
Pope
Wandering
{Ode on
VirgiPs silva suggested to Dante his
'
St. Cecilia^s
Bay.)
mournful wood,' fringing a barren plain (Inferno XIV. 10); cf. the 'wide forest,' which serves as a setting for Tennyson's A Dream of Fair Women. i.e. Alcmaeon. 446. nati with comes. 447. his Dido A'iri.e. witli wound still fresh. 450. recens a volnere giFs general model for tliis meeting of Aeneas and Dido is the Homeric scene of the meeting of Ajax and Odysseus in the lower
: : : :
ff.).
Dante places Dido in the second circle of Hell, with Cleopatra and Helen of Troy (Inferno V.). governed.by iuxta and adgnovit. 451. quam even as the moon, when in the early 453. qualem primo qui, etc.
:
month one
it
rise
amW
iJip
clouds.
Tn
fiill,
the sentence would be qualem lunam videt qui videt enm surgere, etc. Tlie siinile even Uke the moon which he sees who sees it rise, etc.
BOOK VI
explains ohscuram, which
is
479
prhno
month, when the moon could not be seen, but the early month from the third day on, .when the moon begins to be visible. For the difficulty of recognizing Dido's
first
shade,
455.
cf. 3J:0.
:
ergo the inferential particle is very expressive, and implies long pondering over the fact; Hivas a true message, then, that r^eached me. Yirgil does not tell us how Aeneas received this news. He did learn from Mercury (IV. 564) that Dido was certa mori, and the sight of the blazing pyre filled him with gloomy forebodings, as he sailed away from Carthage (V. 7). The addition of ferro, 457, may be an inference from her present appearance (recens a volnere, -450).
457.
exstinctam
funeris
sc. te esse.
extrema secutam
tcas
hadst sought
thy doom.
458.
:
it
death (not
merely sorrow) / hrought thee? This nieans here the hy the world ahove. 459. per superos earth, but in III. 600, the gods; cf. ad superos, 481. Aeneas thus swears by the heavens, the earth, and Hades. et si qua fides, etc, and hy ichatever is sacred in the grave. cf IV. 268 ff., 345-6, 396. 461. iussa deum squalid icitli scurf; a quaint, alliterative phrase 462. senta situ
: :
('
ho^jLov evpojevra,
Hades (Odyssey X. 512). The drove me icith their hehests. 463. imperiis egere suis expression implies a distinction between iussa and imperia, the latter being more specific and exacting than the former. sc. meo. 464. discessu dative cf. capiti suhduxerat ensem, 524. ne sub465. aspectu trahe the construction is archaic and therefore poetical. 466. extremum fato, quod te adloquor, hoc est hy fate^s decree this is the last icord I may speaJc to thee ; fato is a causal
the
of
:
: :
mouldy house
ablative.
quod
i80
467.
NOTEb
ardentem
et torva
tuentem animum
Dido
;
;
and
for
to
hei*self.
468.
soughL
;
soothe
4,
conative imperfect.
G. 130, 2
;
B. 116,
i.e.
H. 244,
ciere
164, 4.
iir. 344.
lacrimas
Cf.
I.
his
lacrimare ;
469.
482.
:
470.
is
voltum movetur
does she change her countenance ; movelur than if she were a standing image
sit.
quam
si
dura
:
silex, etc.
of hard
472.
Marpesian rock ; stet is more picturesque than Marpesia cautes i.e. Parian marble.
jiint or
corripuit sese
'flung
herself
away
lier
'
(Mon-is)
a fine
notwithstanding
responds
seeming indifference
her sorroics ;
illi
(468-470), she
473.
illi
is still
a creature of passion.
:
respondet curis
:
to
is
475.
gives her
iniquo
fate'
(llhoades).
476.
This translation preserves the alliteration. prosequitur lacrimis attends her with his tears
:
beauti-
Xote the
difference between
prosequitur
and
sequitur.
is
an
epiloirue to
Book
Thus infelix Dido, 450 Italiam non sponte seqitor, IV. 301 hnne tantum dolorem, 4(54 = IV. 410; queni fnyis? 406 (Aeneas to Dido) = mcne fugis ? IV. 314 (Dldo to Aeneas) Aeneas weeps while Dido remains unnioved, 400 ff., whereas in IV. Dido weeps, 314, and Aeneas stands firni, 331 ff. In so sorrowful a scene, it is natural that spondees, expressive of sadness, should be unusuallv prevalent; cf. 441, 442, 443, 445, 440, The broTven rhythni of 447, 450,- 451, 452, 453, 450, 400, 401, 474. ending, is wcH suited nionosylhibic diaeresis and with its double 400, is often height artistic effect The to the pathos of the thought.
;
400
ened by
alliteration.)
BOOK VI
Lines 477-493.
481
Those
477.
Who
fell IX
:
War.
toils
thence he
way ; datum, i.e. quae se dabat, the way which presented itself to him, For the expression, cf. Bunyau " Tliey went theii till they came at a place where they saw a way put itself into their vvay." arva ultima the farlhest Jields, i.e. of the (^Pilgrim^s Progress.) neutral region, neither Elysium nor Tartarus.
: :
478.
secreta
apart.
479.
of
pallentis
because he
:
in
Hades.
ad superos
on earth;
superos.
cf.
Here ad superos
483.
apud
The polysyndeton
Cereri sacrum etiam, etiam
:
:
names can be
given.
priest
still,
485.
Note the
anaphora.
487. 488. 491.
iuvat usque morari they delight to linger on. conferre gradum walk heside him. vertere historical infinitive.
: : :
492.
tollere
vocem exiguam
They
raise
I.
is
but the
Hamlet (Act
Sc. 1):
" The graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets."
exiguam is explained by the next words. makes mockei^y of their gaping mouths. 493. frustratur hiantis
:
(Panic and flight are suggested by the accelerated rhythm of 489, with its lengthy words. The effect is continued by alliteration in 490 In the closing words, (videre viruni) and the repeated t sounds in 491. strongly emphathe prominent a sounds clamor frustratur hiantis
482
NOTES
Lines 494-547.
Dkiphobus.
(The Homeric model for
this scene is the
ff.)
Agamemnon, Odyssey
495.
XI. 385
ora
Greek accusative of
:
specification.
496.
498.
despoiled.
scarcely indeed.
tegentem
conative, trying
te
conceal.
499.
notis vocibus
loith
familiar accents.
\\\tro
:frst;
cf.
its
use in 887.
hand with thee? de te is used for in te, because the words belong also to sumere poenas, with which phrase de is regularly used, mihi
502.
:
ivho Jias
had
so free a
fama
tulit
rninor hrought
me
news.
Vii'gil
which Deiphobus fell in battle, This, too, is what we niay infer from the Homeric narrative (Odyssey VIII, 510 ff.). suprema nocte on that last night ; i.e.
to another tradition, according to
:
fall.
:
tumulum inanem
ter
i.e. i.e.
a cenotaph
cf. III.
304.
506
voce vocavi
et
with
where
see note.
507.
nomen
tibi
arma
:
i.e.
amice
semi-hiatus.
relictum
has heen
:
left
undone
liy thee.
funeris umbris
to the
Lacaenae
illa
:
die
Laconian icoman.
she
He
disdains to
name
Ilelen.
512.
513.
emphatic
liow.
:
it
was who.
monumenta
memorials.
ut
514. 515.
nimium
saltu
:
expressive of engerness, as
:
ardua Pergama
516.
(licrs
the helyJits
:
of Troy.
laden in
its
gravis alvo
illa
Jieariiy
helly
referring to the
sol-
concealed within.
:
517.
Ilclen.
chorum simulans
BOOK VI
i.e.
483
raising in revels the Bacchic
thanksgiving.
is
euhantis orgia
an inner accusative, in imitation of the equivaleiit Greek. ciroum i.e. round the city. 518. flammam all the Bacchic revelers carried torches. Helen's was uniisually large. summa Danaos ex arce vocabat Viroil here foUows a tradition about Ilelen, which involves some inconsistency with the account in Book 11. See II. 256 and 571-4.
cry ; orgia
:
:
521. 523.
526.
infelix
ill-starred.
:
egregia
scilicet
ironical.
forsooth.
:
amanti
her lover,
i.e.
Menelaus.
the son of
528. 529.
of Ulysses,
who was
:
Laertes, but
whom
scandalous gossip
made
whose father was Aeolus. talia Grais instaurate repay the Greeks ivilh like penalties. instaurate talia is proj^^erly 'renew such things.' Note the poefs reticence as to the fate which befell Deiphobus.
This, of course,
530.
532.
is sufiiciently
pio
whether he has come accidentally, in the course of his wanderings, or on a special mission, at the order of the gods.
pelagine veuis,
533.
fatigat ut adires
spurred thee on
to
visit;
secondary
se-
quence, because /fl%af carries us back to the outset of his journey. an adjectival phrase, the nearest equivalent to 534. sine sole
:
loca turbida
:
a land of disorder.
amid such interchange of talk. The expression implies that Aeneas answers the questions put, but the answers are not given, as thus a previous part of the narrative would be repeated for the reader.
536. It
iam medium traiecerat axem had now crossed mid-heaven. was now past noon. As the underworld is siiie sole, this poetic
:
So often in
This
Dante
537.
cf.
fors
perchance.
is
traherent
imperfect form
perfect traxissent (
484
538.
NOTES
sed admonuit
:
nox
ruit
i.e.
:
up from ocean
hitherto their
250.
led
se via findit
way has
through neutral
ground.
Now
it
parts into
Elysium.
taken into the relative clause, and therefore agreeing with quae, instead of with hac. bi/ this is oiir route to Ehjsium 542. hac iter Elysium nobis Elijsium is accusative of liniit of motion, iter (est) nobis having the
dextera
force of ibimus.
exercet poenas ivreaks the punishment ; a bold personification, softened by the explanatory et ad impia Tartara mitlit. impia pitiless. cf note on ne subtrahe, 465. 544. ne saevi / icill Jill up the tale. The expression 545. explebo numerum The ghosts are flocks, whicli Hades, as sheplierd, is metaphorical. counts. Deiphobus will return {reddar, middle voice) to the fold.
543.
:
:
Cf.
Milton
in the dale."
{L' Allegro.)
melioribus
in
i.e.
547.
verbo
as he spoke.
in 501, grief in 513, solemtlie latter verse, with its alHterastrono; with contrast In
and
is the sniooth dactyhc verse 522, with its l sounds, and feminine caesurae (cf. 284). AlHteration is prominent throughout. Note especially 500 and 512 541 and 547 (inipressive effect)). (pathos) 530 (solemnity of curse)
i
; ;
Lines 548-627.
Tartarus.
548.
respicit subito
toward Elysium, but in his desire to see the departing l)('i])ho})us he looks back and so gets a view of Tartarus.
to the right,
549.
moenia
fortress, or castle.
BOOK VI
550.
485
of Phlegethon,
tlie
meaning
:
<
the burn-
ing river'
552.
554.
&
^ iron tower, soar*
^c. est.
ing
to the
557.
stripes;
hinc,
and
the
sound of cruel
grammatically, sonare
infinitive.
558.
559. 560.
tractaeque catenae
constitit
facies
fas
: .
and
:
haesit
forms.
:
The word
plural.
561.
563.
.
ad auras
:
:
as in 551.
sc. est.
sceleratum limen
the gods'
576.
564.
565.
punishments; deum
is
a subjective
genitive.
castigatque auditque dolos, etc. " he flogs them and hears their guile, compelliug them to confess" (Page), i.e. he lashes offenders to force from them confession. The words subi567.
:
The
568.
is
given to Minos by
in the
quae
quis, etc.
the crimes
world
late
tlie
hour of death.
We
Greek tragedy.
continuo
straighticay
guilt.
i.e.
as soon as
Rhadamanthus has
is
determined their
TiVts, vengeance.
ultrix:
Tisiphone
connected with
571. 572.
quatit:
lashes.
:
and notes.
573.
stridentes, etc.
on hideous hinges grating harsh, The Infernal Doors fly open." (BUlson.)
486
Milton's imitation
is
NOTES
well
known
" On a sudden open fly, With impetuous recoil and jarring sound, The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh tliunder, that the lowest bottom shook Of Erebus." (Paradise Lost,
574.
II.
879
ff.)
portae
custodia
i.e.
Tisiphone,
saevior
as
i.e.
than Tisiphone.
:
bis patet,
etc.
iJie
tJie
deptJis
far as
is
is
sJcy
to
Jieavenly
Olympus.
heaven
it:
" As far removed from God and hght of lieaven As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole."
(Paradise Lost,
I.
73.)
caeli
this earth.
Titania pubes
tJie
Titans' brood.
The Titans
sided with
and cast into Tartarus. 581. volvuntur: writJie. 582. Aloidas sons of Aloeus, i.e. Otus and Ephialtes, who tried to assail lieaven by piling Mount Ossa on Olyrapus, and Pelion on
derbolts
:
Ossa.
585.
crudelis
etc.
not
vidi.
The </ffm-clause modifies dantem, Salmoneus was struck down in the niidst of his impious'
he attempted to do
described in 5921.
:
career.
What
is
is
explained in 587-591
his
puiiishment
588.
i.e.
viz.
SaliMonia.
590.
madman
to inimic.
The
qui sim-
ularetf etc., is
BOOK YI
591.
487
aere
i.e.
with
brazen
chariot.
cornipedum
pulsu
equorum:
so Teiinyson,
II. p. 13),
(Memoir, Yol.
592.
horse'' (T/resm.s').
593.
turbine
cer-nere
inhirlivind.
:
nec non et
{yjv
moreover ;
:
cf. I.
707.
to see
is
;
596.
erat
it
was possihle
a meaning due to
Greek analogy
perience.
598.
iSdv)-
The
Sibyl
immortale
deathless.
fecunda poenis
:
ture
ad poenas.^ gropes for dainties 599. rimaturque epulis habitatque, etc. and lodges, etc. The -gue and -que are correlatives rimatur, sc.
;
poenis (dative)
ea,
i.e.
the viscera.
600.
renatis
602.
quos super,
" On
whom
and Pirithous
is
usually
cadentique
sc. silici.
The
altis,
etc.
high feslal
golden headrests ; literally, /or the couches the headrests qleam. Xote the rare asyndeton
between adjectives in geniaUhus cdtis. The genialis ^'^^'^^ ^^ torus was so called because " the genius is the source ^^^ Wheel. of the good gifts and hours which brighten the life of the individual man, and also the source of his physical and mental health in a word, his good spirit " (Preller). The fulcra correspond to the heads of our modern sofas.
;
488
604.
605.
NOTES
epulae
:
maxima
sc.
natu, eldest.
:
608.
satus
quibus invisi sc. erant. The quibus belongs also to pnU dum vita manebat this clause belongs iii and innexa.
:
first.
pulsatus parens
in
Roman
aut qui divitiis, etc. or tliose loJio in wealth they had won; j^epeiiis, literally, ybwnf/, accident, but by effort. 611. nec partem posuere suis and have
610.
:
:
:
secured, not
by
set aside
no portion
for their kin. quae maxima turba est i.e. the misers, not the kindred. Virgil iraplies that avarice was the most conspicuous
vice in his day.
612.
arma
secuti impia
i.e.
fare, revolutionists.
613.
615.
dominorum fallere dextras io break fnith icith theirmasters. quam poenam sc. exspectant. quae forma, etc. ichat
:
form of
sceleris,
Altliough the Sibyl has forbidden inquiry not poenae. she herself goes ou to explain. Tlius quam poenam (exspectant) is mersit mersit iu 621-624. explained in 616-620, and quae
. . .
be used in poetry, especially as it Thus merserit could not be used here. venient metrical form. like Sisyphus, who was con616. saxum ingens volvunt demned to roll a liuge stouo u])]iill, ouly to see it roll back on
:
archaic,
radiisque rotarum districti pendent and some hang outstretched on icheel-spokes ; like Ixion. See note
reaching the summit.
quos snper, 602.
617.
:
011
sedet aeternumque sedebit for liis attempt to carry off Proserpina, Theseus was chained to a rock, but accordiug to the
common
Ilercules.
iu
122)
was
released
by
BOOK VI
6i8.
489
Phlegyas
iii
marsh
This motive, that of having sinners testify to the truth, is used by Dante, who, for example, has an envious spirit in Purgatory proclaim the gospel of love {Purgatorio, Canto XIII. 36). temnere cf. note on I. 512. 622. fixit leges pretio atque refixit made and unmade lawsfor a hrihe. The words are suggested by the early custom of inscribing on a brass plate the laws that were enacted. It is probable that in this passage Virgil is glancing at Marcus Antonius, the opponent of Augustus. this quadrisyllable, a Greek word, is always 623. hymenaeos last in a Virgilian verse; cf. I. 651; IV. 99, etc. See note on IV.
:
:
316.
624.
ausi omnes,
etc.
guilt,
and reaped
:
(Billson.)
linguae centuni
;
cf.
note on
58.
scelerum formas
cf.
(In the description of Tartams (548-501). note the many alliterations, with the picturesque use of certain consonants, especially s, r, t The spondees open(cf. 548, 550, 551, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561). ing 552 and 557 are impressive, and the closing line of the section (561) is, except for the tiftli foot, spondaic throughout. In the wSibyrs narrative of horrors, Virgil exhibits a wonderful Alliteration, onomatopoeia, and resourcefuhiess in linguistic effects. figures of rhetoric are numerous. Hard and harsh consonants (t, p, See 570,571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 580,583, 591, c, s, r) asain abound. For vowel effects, see especially 572, 592 f., 602. 609, 611, 616, 627. 576. For special rhythmical effects, see 574-5, 576, 590, 602, 614, 6167, 62:^, 624.
In the catalo.saie of sinners and their ptinishments, Virgil avoids monotonv bv taking the sinners partlv from tradition (580, 582, 585, Some595, 601,^617), and partly from actuaf life (608 ff., 621, 623).
times, too, he mentions the punisbment but not the offence (as in 581, 596, 602, 616), and sometimes tlie offence, but not the punishment
490
jsroTES
For the same reason Virgil separates those (as in 583, 608, 621, 623). who are closely associated with tradition (e.f/. Phlegyas, Ixion, Pirithous, and Theseus, and does not adhere strictly to tradition in his assignment of punishments (cf. 602 f., 616).)
Lines 628-636.
^
629.
i.e.
munus
fuljil
tlie
task taken in
hand;
bough to Proserpina. reared hy tlie foryes of tJie 630. Cyclopum educta caminis Cyclopes ; i.e. built of iron by Viilcan and his workmen. 631. adverso fornice with archway in front ; ablative of quality. 633. per opaca viarum: over the dark way ; ci. note on angusta
of carrying- the golden
:
foribus
i.e.
by way of
purifi^ation,
before entering a holy place. (Note the general dactylic tone of the passage, culminating in tlie wholly dactylic verse 634. The poet turns, as it were, with relief from the horrors of Tartarus.)
Lines 637-678.
the task
of
the
goddess fuJflled;
demanded by the goddess. Cf. 629 and note; niunus must have the same nieaning in both verses.
the task
a land of joy ; amplified by the following synonymous expressions. amoena virecta, etc. the green pleas638.
locos laetos
cf.
4-41.
etc.
here an ampler
etlier clothes
the
meads with
roseate
light
et
is
really iu
the fine atmosphere contrasted with the aer of earth, and tlie still denser
purpureo
cf.
BOOK VI
49i
iumen iuventae purpureum, I. 590. with note. TYordsworth has a close rendering of this passage in his Laodamia, and retains the
word purpureal
" Of
all
imaged there most beauteous lu happier beauty more pellucid streams, An ampler ether, a diviner air
that
is
:
And
purpureal gleams;
slieds the brightest
Chmes which
Earth kuows,
the sun
is all
who
day
unworthy
:
to survey."
striking alliteration
and
chiastic
from
pars in gramineis, etc. the pursuits enjoyed in life (note the Greek ideals of gymnastics and music) are still enjoyed in Elysium. Milton's fallen angels engage in these pursuits in bell {Paradise Lost, II. 528 ff.).
642.
:
644.
trip
it
in the
dance.
The
Orpheus, who i.e. Threicius sacerdos Apollo, in the garb of Apollo (Jonga cum veste). matches their 646. obloquitur numeris, etc.
645.
:
is
a priest of
measures
icith
The
seren differ-
ences of notes are the distinct notes of the scale (according -witli the lyre's seven strings), wliich
Orpheus utters in response to (ph-) the rhydnns (jiwneris) of the dance and song.
647. 651.
653.
eadem
i.e.
:
discrimina.
is
miratur
the subiect
Aenea^J.
,
:
rir,. ii.
.ung-
ctc.
icnaf
pnde
...
iti
ROBED PrIEST.
chariots
the
same attends them, ichen hid heneath the earth plural : vivis agrees with eis understood.
657.
.1
currum
is
genitive
vescentis
;
feasting.
joyous paean
as
laetum paeana canentis singing the Greeks do in the service of ApoUo (Iliad,
:
[.'473).
492
658.
KOTES
unde superne plurimus,
etc.
:
from which, in the world The Eridaabove, the full flood of the Eridanm rolls amid forests. nus, or Po, has an underground course of about two miles uear its source, and so was said to spring from the lower world. passi here is the band ofthose who suffered 660. hic manus wounds,fghtingforcountry; manus passi (ior passa) is a construc.
cf.
deiecti,
580-1.
662.
who have bettered life by the discqvery of truth ; i.e. those who promoted civilization by advancartis does not refer merely, or eveii ing human knowledge.
663.
etc.
:
or those
mainly, to material inventions. It applies rather to the principles of philosophy, including natural science, as understood by the
ancients.^
who by seruice have made men grateful to them, i.e. the benefactors of mankind. The obligation of doing good- in the world was a Stoic principle. aliquos (where we might expect alios) is due to the Greek coloring
etc.
:
and
those
rim?.
medium
in their midst.
:
umeris exstantem altis towering aloft ivith shoulders high. so in Dante, Virgil asks the elect 669. dicite, felices animae spirits to tell hiui and Dante the way {Purgatorio, Canto III. 73 ff. XI. 40 fP.). optime vates i.e. Musaeus.
:
670.
illius
ergo
on
a prepositional sub;
stantive, is postpositive.
A. 359, b
G. 373 and K. 1
II.
416, 5
H. & B. 339, d. sc. verbis. 672. paucis "soft-cushioned banks and meadows 674. riparum toros, etc. fresh with brooks we haunt" (Page) riparum is an appositional
:
genitive.
675.
inclines
1
si
;
fert
ita
is
corde voluntas
if the
wish
in
thy heart so
corde
significat philosophos,
BOOK VI
678.
493
dehinc: a monosyllable, as often in older poetry. linquunt: i.e. Aeneas and the Sibyl. It is iinplied that Musaeus now leaves them.
(This beautiful passage has always appealed strongly to great poets, e.g. Dante, Schiller, and Wordsworth. Tennyson has it, as well as the eleventh book of the Odyssey, in view, when in his Tiresias he dwells upon the joys of his " Pagan Paradise "
:
" and these eyes will find The men I knew, and watch the chariot whirl About the goal again, and hunters race The shadowy lion, aud the warrior-kings In height and prowess more than human, strive Again for glory, while the goklen lyre Is ever sounding in heroic ears Heroic hymns, and everywhere the vales Wind, clouded with the grateful incense-fume Of those who mix all odor to the Gods On one far height in one far-shining fire."
Besides the beauty of thought, note the cumulative effect of the balanced phrases in the three opening verses, with the impressive spondaic rhvthm (637), the alliteration (locos laetos), and the simiIn the rest of the passage, alliteration is very larity of final svllables. Spondaic marked, especially in 641. 644, 647, 648, 653,. 660, 674. rhythm is artistically used to picture toil (643) or repose (652) or a calm demeanor (6m, 672). On tlie other hand, the dactyls of 647, 655, 670, and 675 suggest joyousness or keen expectation.)
Lines 679-702.
penitus convalle virenti deep hi a green inclusas animas. etc. the imprisoned soids,
: :
vale.
tliat
ivere to
pass
to tJie light
ahove
i.e.
to return to earth.
:
681.
was surveying
loith
earnest
thought.
recensebat numerum icas telUng the tale; cf. note on expleho numerum, 54-5. their fates and fortuneSy 683. fataque fortunasque virum, etc. Xote the double alliteration, the iheir works and ways (^SIackail).
682.
:
:
494
NOTES
{= eorum) being common to botli. manus exploits. advancing ioward him; adversum 684. tendentem adversum
: :
is
an adjective.
686.
genis
oculis.
The word
:
sockets.
687.
exspectatsL-psirenti
tJuj
father.
Anchises
cf. I.
409.
:
690.
ducebam animo
day
tlie
in .Cicero's
rebar deemed : even word had a quaint air but was suited to
:
icas thinking.
poetry.
691.
false.
nec
me mea
:
cura
fef ellit
nor has
my
longing played
me
692. 694.
terras
tliis,
as well as aequora, is
:
governed hj per.
695.
696.
is
an accusative of limit of 697. stant sale Tyrrheno classes sea; i.e. are moored off tlie shore of (= naves), an archaism.
:
to
Tuscan
classes
Tuscan sea;
700-2
II.
792-4.
(Artistic means here employed inchide O80, (387-8, venisti (a) alHteration lyietas; (595, ()97, 700, 702
:
vicit,
tandem
tua, parenti
.
anaphora (392-3, quanta quantis ; 095, tua tua 897-8, da 700-1, da ; ter ter (c) rhythniical effects the spondees of 087 express deep emotion the dactyls of 702 emphasize the idea of svvift, easy movement.)
(6)
: .
Lines 703-723.
The
703.
Spirits
retired.
reducta
704.
BOOK YI
literally, ayid
tJie
496
The expression
is
638-9.
Lethaeum amnem:
means
forgetf ulness
:
The
"word Lethe
707.
ac velut ubi
strepit
ecen as when.
apes
cf. I.
430
ff.
709.
murmure hums
:
i.e.
the buzzing
of the bees.
tion.
The
:
is left
to the imagina-
710.
711.
quae
sint, etc.
ichat
is
The
indirect
porro
an archaism. "drink heedless draughts of long 715. securos latices, etc. " (Rhoades); securos is a case of transferred epithet, forgetfulness the latices making men securi, free from care. et longa oblivia
:
explanatory of securos
716. 717.
latices.
has
sc.
animas, emphatic.
:
iampridem cupio
:
/ have long
tliis.
meorum
has
.
.
even
to
count
this,
the race
previous verse.
hanc taking the place of connectives. that so thou mayest rejoice with me 718. quo magis, etc.
:
more
an ablative absolute. hut, father, must we suppose that any 719. O pater, anne, etc. soids pass aloft from here to earth, and return a second time to slugatfnding
Italy.
Italia reperta is
:
gish
bodies?
The
is rare,
For caelum
etc.
:
as the
heaven of Hades,
so
earth,
cf. caeli
suspectus, 579.
721.
ichy have
unhappy beings
mad
est.
a desire for Ufe ? lucis is the light of life. With miseris supply It is used proleptically the animae becorae miserae on earth.
723.
suscipit
repUes
\\\iQY2i\\\,
takes up.
(In the simile, 707 ff., there is an effective use of s and u sounds, to represent the humming of bees. In 719, note the striking brevity, the
496
NOTES
The
vocative,
however (0 pater)
makes
tlie
meaning
clear.)
Lines 724-751.
principio
in
tlie
first jjlace
intro-
duces.
725.
campus
The
phiral
liquentis
poetical for
i.e.
'
the
sea.'
Titania astra:
is
Titafi's star,
119.
726.
sustains.
its
totamque
:
and mind, pervading whole mass, and mingles ivith its mighty frame ;
etc.
:
cf.
Tennyson
" Thou that seest Unwversal Nature moved by Universal Mind." (To Virgil.)
inde thence; i.e. from this the anima mundi. Understand est.
728.
:
vitae
volantum
the life
of
and the strange shapes ocean bears heneath his dazzling Jioor ; marmoreo aequore is Hoiner's aA.a tmpfjbaperjv, and Virgil doubtless thinks of the Greek rather thau the strictly Latin meaning, marble surface.' 730. igneus est, etc. Jiery is the vigor and divine the source of
729.
et
quae marmoreo,
etc.
'
those life-seeds.
The second
fire,
first.
The source
all things,
of all
is
life,
of the nature of
particle, a seed, or
731.
far as harmful hodies do not clog theni, or earthlg Hnd)S and mort<d frames o'o not dull The general meaning is that the mortal body acts as a clog them.
so
cf.
7:20-1 above.
cf.
Popo
The
idea
is
very
" Vital spark of heavcnly flame, Quit, oh quit tliis mortal frame
'*
1
BOOK YI
and Shakespeare
:
497
of
" But whilst this muddy vesture Doth grossly close it in."
decay
hinc metuunt, etc. hence their fears and desires, their Human emotions and passions are due to this griefs and joys. nnion with the bodv, which disturbs the normal tranquillity of the sonl. neque auras dispiciunt, etc. nor can they discern Ihe The light of heaven, pent up in the gloom of their darh dungeon. ferainiue clausae shows that animae has become tlie subject. nay, when at the last day life has left them 735. quin et, etc.
733.
:
:
quin
et
quin etiam.
736.
evil,
miseris,
etc.
still,
alas
not cdl the plagues ofthe hody quit them utterly ; miseris is
f
it
must needs be
that
many a
taint,
deeply ingrained.
The words
concreta
and
:
upon another
etc.
tree.
ivith penalfies,
andJor past
sins
pay punishment ;
:
iu order to
remove the
740.
taint.
to the
void
winds.
741.
aliis
of guilt
Purged
742.
is
(Rhoades.)
infectum
wherewith
quisque suos patimur Manis each of us suffers his oicn The form of the expression is due to Greek influence suos,
:
instead of nostros, because of the distributing force of quisque. Manis is an equivaleut for genius (8a/xa)v, EugUsh demon), the
498
'
NOTES
man through
him
life,
is
until he
Thus the
spirit is the
ment described
Plato: "
and succeeding
we may compare
charge of
to a place
Now
it
is
each
man
where the dead must assemble and be judged, and then go to Hades with the guide who has been appointed to take them thither. And when they have received their deserts tliere, and remained for tlie time appointed, another guide brings them back
again after
many
ex-
inde per amplum mittimur Elysium, etc. then through broad Elysium we are sent; i.e. after purification. and reinain, a few of us, in 744. et pauci laeta arva tenemus the joyous jields. For clearness, the paratactic clause might be
:
rendered parenthetically
The
a few of us to remain in the joyous pauci limits the application of tenemus. All tlie souls of
:
fields.
whom
ff.
few (Ancliises being one of these) remain for ever there, regaining in time their original purity but most of the souls must drink of the water of oblivion and
;
then return to
745.
new bodies
(cf.
713-5).
:
donec longa
dies, etc.
tiJl
lapse
of Mme, rvhen
the
ages*
cycle
is
and
leaves unsoiled
ofspirit.
;
has omnis all these (sc. animas) the pauci oi 744 are to be omitted. ubi mille rotam volvere, etc. tvhen they have com748.
:
This, then,
is tlie
period of their
purgation in Elysium.
749. 750.
lost,
deus
i.e.
Mercury.
etc.
:
scilicet
immemores,
memory
the earth.
751.
to the
rursus et incipiant, etc. and hej/in to desire to retnrn again Itody. This idea comes logically before that of revisaut ; a
BOOK YI
499
(In this didactic passage, there are many instances of archaic or quaint diction used by Virgil to give a poetic coloring to what might Distinct archaisms are ollis (730), moclis easily have become prosaic. Other quaint expressions are campos miris (738), aurai (747). liquentis (724), globum lunae (725), volantum = avium (728), marmoreo aequore (729), inolescere (738) rotam volvere (748), and the pleonasm rursus reverti (752). One of the most alliterative verses in Virgil is 727 ; cf. also 725, 728,
729, 732, 736, 737,
and 742.)
Lines 756-853.
of Rome.
quae deinde sequatur gloria what glory sJiall Tiereafter The indirect question is gq^erned by expediam, 759. attend. Itala de gente of the Italian stock ; i.e. 757. maneant: sc.'^e. the descendants of Aeneas and his Italian wife, Lavinia. The Itala gens is put side by side with the Dardania proleSy to which
:
lulus belongs.
758.
tive,
animas
the construction
governed by expediam.
name.
:
inherit oiir
760.
vides
parenthetical.
ning his
761.
first success.
proxima
luois loca
lucis, vfith.
For the genitive, instead of the dative, with proxima, cf. vicina Thyhridis arva, III. 500 (Bennett). The proximity, however, of loca here, as of arca there, probably surget: emphatic primus determines the choice of case.
.
asyndeton.
equivalent to caelum, which, as we have seen, can be used of earth in comparison with the lower
762.
aetherias
See 579.
the aether
is
world.
763.
Albanum nomen
Silviiis.
all
the
Alban kings
:
postuma
The
latest.
serum
late-horn,
:
supplementing longaevo.
contrast betvveen his
educet
hring forth.
humble
500
NOTES
surroundings and his lofty destiny is emphasized by the coUocation regem rer/u/nque, and by the spondaic rhythm of the verse.
769. 770.
pariter
si
i.e.
umquam,
we
of his
kingdom
as
if
regnandam
Grecisni.
'
772.
quercu
civic
life
of a citizen in battle.
con-
tibi
etliical
dative.
Nomentum
names eight
of
(in
Virgil
FlG. 73.
COROKA
ClVICA.
two
each)
groups
of
four
thirty
the
in a state of desolation, but the poet takes pride in the antiquiThe Aeneid revived an ties and past glories of his native land.
interest in these places
among
Sir Walter
quin et
as in 735.
avo
i.e.
Xumitor.
comitem sese
addet sliall join. Romukis restored Numitor to his kingdom. Mavortius son of Mars. viden ut stant Virgil uses both the as in 765. 779. educet f orm viden ( = videsne, with e shortened) and the indicative in the They are common in early Latin indirect question as archaisnis. literature, and were still in use in the colloquial language of tlie poefs day. geminae cristae tivin plumes ; referring to the doubleplumed helmet worn by Mars. here of Mars, but commonly of Jupiter. suo 780. pater ipse superum iam signat honore hj/ his own token even now marks him
:
for the world above ; superum (predicate accusative) is not equal to deum, but is to be exphiined in the light of apud superos (568), superne (658), supera (750), and refers to earth in contrast to the
BOOK VI
lower world.
earth
501
By
honore, Virgil
means the geminae cristae. Oii become a trae son of Mars, renowned in war.
etc.
:
Rome
Shall bound,
my
Her
(Rhoades.)
imperium terris, etc. cf. I. 287. 783. septemque una sibi, etc.
will ivithin her loall enclose
;
and seven
hills she,
a single
city,
sibi is
translated in her.
The thought may seem weak after the previous verse, but the city was the centre and embodiment of Roman power, and, to the true Roman, the grandest feature of the empire. The following simile shows how fully the poet personifies her. He has ah'eady
used this verse in a patriotic passage in the Georgics (II. 535), where he also speaks proudly of Rome as rerum pulcherrima, the
of the world. ^ felix prole virum hlest in 784. her hrood of men. The words are thought to have a reference to the legislation of Augustus
:
fairest glory
against race-suicide.
the
etc.
even as
Berecyntian mother rides, turret-crowned, in her car throuqh the Phrygian cities. The reference is to Cybele, the Magna Mater of
the gods, called Berecyntia after a Phrygian mountain sacred to her. She appears in works of art wearing a mural crown, i.e. one representing walls and battlements, she having first taught men
to fortify cities.
" She looks a sea Cybele, fresh from ocean Rising with her tiara of proud towers At airy distance, with majestic motion, A ruler of the waters and their powers."
(Childe Harold, IV, 2.;
786.
787.
laeta
deum
partu
omnis caelicolas,
502
788.
NOTES
geminas acies
:
th^j
two
:
ei/es.
789.
Romanosque tuos
caeli ventura
-que
is
explanatory.
Caesar
i.e.
Augustus.
790.
sub axem
uote
cf.
791.
i,
hic vir,
liic
cf.
011 II.
746.
The second
tlie
Idc
has short
oi
is
:
an archaism.
sc.
Divi genus
wlio
Caesaris, son of
dicine Caesar ;
i.e.
Julius Caesar,
was
deified
son.
the
after death,
it
main
idea.
:
regnata per arva Saturno quondam aniid the Jields once For rejnata, cf. regnandam, 770. Iii ania ruled oifer hij Saluni. (from arare, to plough) there seems to be a reference to the effoi"ts made by Augastus to revive agriculture in Italy. dative of agent. Saturn ruled in Latiumduriug 794. Saturno Garamantas these people entered into a the first Golden Age. Indos treaty with Augustus the year of VirgiFs death, b.c. 19.
793.
:
the word
is
The Romans
had
lost
little to
do
to the Parthians,
who
in b.c.
by Crassus in b.c. 53. the construction suddenly 795. iacet extra sidera tellus changes, so as to present more vividly tlie vast extent of Roinan sway. Instead of saying, " beyond the remotest lands of Africa,"
:
Anchi.ses says
sun, there
lies
heyond the paths of the a land ichere Atlas, etc. extra sidera
heijond the
stai^s,
ijear
:
and
fhe
i.e.
beyond
The phrase
is
course.
The
verse
is
a reminiscence of Ennius.
See
divum
shudder
hij
reason of
dirin,''
BOOK VI
800. 802.
503
turbant trepida
fixerit
fremhle in terror.
aeripedem cervam
For the
licet
brazen-footed deer.
with
iiote; jixerit is
licet.
The
reference
is to
for a year.
803.
The capture
of the
:
Erymantliian boar
Lernam
nec
qui, etc.
with
vine-clad
driving his
from Nysa^s lofty crest. Liber ( = Bacchus) was fabled to have journeyed in his car, drawn by tigers (or panthers, according to the Greek poets), from Xysa, a mountain in India, all over the world. With nec we must
supply tantum
telluris ohivit.
Fig. 74.
^^^
"^^^
Hercules Hydra.
Augustus
is
compared
to Hercules
them, he has carried the blessings of civilization throughout the world. He has been as untiring as Hercules in eradicating evils; he has journeyed as far and wide as Bacchus himself It is true
.
but Yirgil blends two ideas, and while he speaks mainly of the wide range of Roman power, he alsc thinks of the beneficent character of the rule of Augustus. 806. et dubitamus, etc. and do ive stdl hesitate to extend our proivess by deeds, etc. For et, cf " And shall Trelawney die ? Anchises means that when they see the future glory of Augustus thus revealed, the Trojans need have no hesitation in entering upon their career in Italy.
area,
: .
808.
olivae
emblem
:
of peace.
priest.
incana menta
hoary chin
regis
Romani:
i.e.
Xuma.
The kings
of
Rome
were
(1)
504
!Martiiis,
NOTES
Tar-
(5) Tarquinius Priscus, (G) Servius Tullius, (7) primam iirbem the infant city. quiiiius Superbus.
:
8ii.
Curibus
subibit
:
country.
8i2. 815.
shull succeed.
:
iactantior
uver-hoastful.
Note
tlie
assonance in iactantlor
Ancus.
popularibus auris the hreezes of puhlic even. qiioque According to one account, Ancus courted the peox^le, so favor. but, according to the common tradias to secure the succession
816.
:
whom
Yirgil
inchides
817.
among
the Tarquinii.
:
animam superbam
but he was driven out by the equally proud Brutus. Thus Virgil intentionally transfers the well-known epithet. the fasces werethe symbols of authority, 818. fascis receptos and tliat authority was wrested from the Tarquins and giveu back
:
to the people.
819.
saevas securis
imperium.
820.
natos pater
emphatic juxtaposition.
sons to death for plotting to restore the Tarquins. the use oi pulchra, combined with 821. pulchra pro libertate
:
rhythm of the verse, sliows that Virgil is speaking with fervor on a lofty theme. unhappy, however much posterity 822. infelix, utcumque, etc.
:
common
is
phrase prae
tlie
se ferre^
proclcdm, celehrate.
The meaning
latter will
that in
struggle between
love
and duty,
tlie
prevaih
hearted Virgil,
old were "
who
of sterner stuff," so that their personal aifections yielded to their love of country and the glory which tliat patriot-
made
ism was sure to bring (82;)). Ti)is was the unanimous interpretation of the passage in anticjuity. Many modern editions make a new sentence begin with utcumque, rendering: " Ilowcver posterity sluill view (censure) that
BOOK VI
505
will prevail." deed, yet the love of country and passion for glory was unaniAs a matter of fact, antiquity so far as we mous in its praise of Brutus. So Augustine, City of God, Book
know
As Book
a somewhat similar fashion that, in Aeneas for IV., he feels compassion for Dido, yet commends sinking his affections when duty calls him. Decios see note on quin morere, IV. 547. 824. quin aspice
to Yirgil,
it is
in
reference to heroes of the Latin and Gallic wars. Drusos this of Hasdrubal, also involves a cora]\I. Livius Drusus, conqueror Drusus, pliment to Livia DrusiUa, wife of Augustus, and her son saevum securi in his consulof whom Augustus was very fond.
: :
disobedience.
illae
animae
le.
fulgere
here of
concordes nunc
heart
:
et, etc.
>
"Of one
829. 830.
now and
(Rhoades.)
acies
batfles.
:
aggeribus Alpinis the Alps are, as it were, the northern daughter Julia ramparts of Italy. socer i.e. Caesar, who gave his note the assonance. Monoeto Pompey as wife. arce Monoeci Gaul, whence Caesar cus (now Monaco) is put by synecdoche for
: :
831.
validas viscera vertite viris in this unusual alliteration Virgil is imitating some passage in early Latin literature. Caesar granted an amnesty after the 834. parce: forbear.
833.
:
506
battle of Thapsus.
NOTES
genus qui ducis Olympo because Caesar be desceuded froui Aeueas, aud therefore from Yeuus
: :
i.e.
Mummius, who
:
tri-
umphata Corintho
triuniph of
triumphare
The
:
Mummius was
;
Capitolia
Argos, etc. L. Aemilius Paulus defeated Perseus, the last kiug of Macedou, at Pydna, b.c. 168. Argos and Myceuae, aucieut seats of Greek power, represent Greece as a whole but Greece was not finally conquered uutil b.c. 146. The next note, however, will show why Virgil here iudulges in a
eruet
ille
;
poetic fiction.
839.
Aeaciden
but here to Perseus, who, as kiug of Macedonia, claimed to be descended from Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus. Descendauts of Trojans, therefore, are to conquer descendauts of the great Greek captain. and Minerva's outraged 840. templa et temerata Minervae shrine ; i.e. the outrage perpetrated iu her temple; cf. II. 404. i.e. Cato the Censor, the sturdy advocate of 841. magne Cato
:
old
Koman
simplicity.
:
Gracchi genus especially the two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius. geminos Scipiadas the two Scipios, oue of whom was the conqueror of Ilaunibal, while the younger destroyed Carthage, The form Scipiones ( ^ B.c. 146. ) is inadmissible in the
842.
:
cladem Libyae
),
^
:
hane of Lihya ; Lihj/ae = Africae which canuot be used iu dactylic verse. parvo poten:
the
tem
strong in poverty ;
tlie
*'
serves
844.
alliteratiou.
:
ulus,
was supposcd
to tlie
moued
BOOK VI
845.
507
do ye
wJiirl
Ui,
rapitis, Fabii
whitlier
is
me,
Faare
The
expression
011
a lengthy record.
The Fabii
famous
in the annals of
Rome, but
known
846.
Maximus, who by
his
surname of Cunctator.
This verse is a close reproduction of one in the Annals of See Introd. 25. Ennius unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. rem = rem ]Srote the monosyllabic ending, common in early poetry
:
;
puhlicom.
847.
excudent
alii
: :
esying.
the future tense, because Anchises is prophspiVirgil is, of course, thinking of the Greeks.
:
rantia aera
i.e
lifelike statues.
mollius
smooth
flesh.
lines
credo equidem cf. IV. 12. The phrase ducent luill shape. The verb is properly applied
848.
:
concessive.
(i.e.
to ductile
is
even in oratory, Virgil gives the palm to Greece, so as to bring into higher relief the undoubted superiority of the Romans in the art of government. caelique
meatus describent radio, etc. Virgil ref ers to science, especially astronomy, f rom which he instances the tracing of the sun's course
:
through the zodiac, and a knowledge of the rising of the stars. By radio is meant the rod used for tracing astronomical figures in
the sand.
851.
populos:
artes
:
nations.
852.
the contrast with the arts of sculpture and oratory, etc. pacique imponere morem to croim Peace with Law. The singular morem is more abstract than mores, which is used in moresque viris et moenia ponet, 1. 261. Virgil is thinking of the beneficent rule of
:
Augustus, who broughfc peace to the world, and then to that peaceful world gave the blessings of law and order, in a word, Most editors, however, read pacis (for which the civilization.
608
aiitliority is
NOTES
slight), the
'
laws ot
peace.'
The
sentiiuent
(The revelation to Aeneas passes into a splendid eulogy of Eome's future heroes. These are divided into chronological groups, () Alban but within these kings, (b) Roman kings, (c)* republican heroes groups chronological order is neglected. Augustus occupies tlie central phice, and appears after Komuhis, as being a second founder of Roman empire. The republican heroes are headed by those who were most eminent for patriotism, as Brutus, the deliverer, and Tor^piatus, who lilve Brutus slew his owai son for his country's sake the selfCamiUus and Drusus, who waived their personal sacrificing Decii feehngs to save the state. In contrast to these (autem, 826) follow Caesar and Pompey, who turned their forces against the state (833). Lastly come brilliant representatives of tliat large number who fouglit for their country in tlieir country's wars. The secret of Rome's strength, as seen in this imposing historical review, is sunnned up by Virgil in some of the most majestic verses in Roman hterature (847-853), showing liow fuUy the poet realized the glory of liis tlieme. 8pecial artistic effects are numerous throughout, and Virgil seems to be largely under tlie spell of the first great Roman epic poet, Ennius, a verse of whose is suggested in 797, while another closes the catalogue of heroes (846). Note especially the proniinence of alliteration, as in
;
761, 762, 76)3, 765, 769, 786', 890, 811, 819, 821, 824, 830, 833, 834, 836, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 846, 849, 850, 851 (regere . Bomane), 853 (subiectis superbos).
7')9,
. . .
.
Other means by which vividness is increased are (a) exclamatory forms of thoui>;ht 771, 822, 828 (b) interro^ative forms 779, 806, 808, 817, 841, 842, 844; (c) anaphora: 773-4, 787, 791, 828-9, 832, 834, 841-2 (d) asyndeton: 761, 776, 782, 786-7, 788, 823, 848, 851 (e) apostrophe: 832, 834, 841, 844, 845, 851
:
Lines 854-892.
TiiE Marcelli.
854.
mirantibus
sc. eis.
Aeneas and
tlie
with the giory of the revelation. 855. aspice iit ingreditur cf. the note on
:
this Marcellus
was a hero of
won
BOOK VI
dium, by slaying
Gauls, B.c. 222.
857;
509
the chief of the Insubrian
witli his
own hand
rem puhlicam, as in 846. rwhold ; 858. sistet eques: with his horsemen vnll
rem =
literally, as
The
a
:
battle
cavalry
i.e.
engagement.
Carthaginians.
lus,
Poenos
the
the
Romans
:
75.
AND THE
oplma.
renewing the icar, for before the battle of Clastidium the Insubrians had sued for peace. the spolia opima for the 859. tertia arma capta Marcellus won and third time in Roman history, his predecessors being Romulus
:
Cossus (841).
860.
patri Quirino
sc.
ait.
i.e.
Aeneas:
una
ire
videbat
him.
iuvenem: theyoung Marcellus, son of the emperor's sister successor, Octavia. He was adopted by Augustus and chosen as his
861.
but died in b.c. 23, in his twentieth year, universally lamented. He seems to have been a youth of wonderful promise and noble
character.
862.
laeta
parum
sar/.
hi>i
eyes
down-
lumina deiecta or voltus deiectus. of the young Virgil is perhaps describing the appearance in life his early [Marcellus, who seems to have had a premonition of
for either
death.
863.
virum
i.e.
sic
i.e.
as
we
see.
a noUe form is his ! quanused tum here talies the place of the genitive, which is regularly
865.
quantum
;
instar in ipso
ichat
with
instar
866.
867.
sed nox
gnate
;
:
atra, etc.
{est)
:
cf. II.
360.
ingressus
cf.
sc. dicere.
868.
is
passage
510
869.
NOTES
tantiim
:
Fate will give but a glimpse of him to earth. ultra esse to live lonr/er. See note on 861. 870. nimium vobis visa poteus, etc. too mightij, ye gods, it see.med the Romnn stock would be, were these gifts lasting. The omission of esset being A^ery rare, it is better to regard visa as the
only.
:
est
being equivalent to
putavistis.
The
haec dona
ille
Marcelhis.
campus
i.e.
the
Campus
Mau-
Rome, founded by Romukis, sou of Mars. quae funera we are 873. aget: send forth.
tumulum recentem
of
the
Mau-
soleum
Augustus was built in b.c. 27, four years before the death of Marcelhis. praeterlabere the long word
:
has a picturesque
875.
etc.
:
effect.
7ior ivill
FlG.
The River-god
TlBER.
ancestors
spe
877.
(
tantum iactabit
pietas, etc.
:
take
siich
pride
in.
alumno =flio
his old-world
w
878.
!
heu
for
his
gnodness
for
means worthv of the olden times. ivould have met him unscathed, 879. se impune tulisset obvius obvius for obviuni by attraction. Understand si vixisset. Anchises si^eaks from the point of viewof Virgil himself, who has survived
honor
prisca
:
Mareelhis.
880.
pedes
nominative singular, as a
foot-soldier.
BOOK YI
88i.
882.
511
equi armos
si
qua
fata aspera
rumpas, tu Marcellus
is
eris
ifin any
way thou
The
conditional sentence
mixed
in
;
expresses a wish as well as a condition in other words, apart f rom the wish, we shoiild have rumpes or ruperis, but even as he utters
To 'burst the the thought, Anchises realizes its hopelessness. harsh bonds of f ate means, of course, to escape the early death to which he is doomed. By Marcellus, Virgil means not merely the
'
man
and make tu Marcellus eris an independent sentence l^ut though this gives good sense, it breaks up the connection in thought and substitutes disjointed utterances, which are never found in Virgil at the climax of a scene, however pathetic. bring me lilies with full 883. manibus date lilia plenis, etc.
Some
mark
hands.
present
at
the funeral of
Marcellus.
Dante that he represents angelic bands as crying not merely, in the words of Scripture, benedictus qui venis, but also manibus date lilia plenis from Virgil (Purgatorio, Canto
It is characteristic of
XXX.
884.
19-21).
V. 79, and see note on purpureas spargam a volitive subjunctive, expressing a vestes, 221 above. proposal, unconnected with date, thus differing from the syntax
purpureos
flores
cf
:
H. & B. 501,
2.
The
ani-
words manihus
plenis belong to
etc.
:
spargam as much as to
o'er
date.
mamque
nepotis,
let
me heap
is
my
these gifts.
The construction
campis
:
aeris in
gerenda
sc. sint.
:
Laurentis populos
Cf.
i.e.
3apital of Latinus.
892.
IIL 459.
612
NOTES
(The dirge of Marcellus the raost pathetic scene in Roman literature furnishes a fitting close to this noble book, For an interesting incident associated with it, see Introd, 13. As here we have the death of a nation"s idol, so the preceding books close respectively with the death of (II) Creusa, (III) Anchises, (IV) Dido, (V) Palinurus. This passage, like the preceding, abounds in alliterative effects: e.g. 856, 857, 858, 859, 865, 860, 872, 876, 877, 878, 887, 892. Apostrophe (871, 873, 882), personification {ille campns aget, 872), and exclamation (865, 872-3, 878) are most effectively employed, and the representation of Anchises as a mourner, particularly in the funeral obsequies (883-5), is a strikingly beautiful device. The spondaic rhythm of 860 indicates the sorrowful tone of the narrative following, and the sadness is strongly emphasized by the same rhvthm in two successive verses (868, 869), as well as in 877. It is
still felt
in 888.)
.
Lines 893-901.
Somni portae
to
Virgirs gates
of
sleep correspond to
ff.).
Homer's gates
is
of drearns (^Odyssey,
XIX. 562
fertur cornea
f/Ieaming
said
icith
the
made gleaming,
etc.
falsa
visions, i.e.
i.e.
897.
898.
his
with
dictis.
:
was a popular idea that false dreams came before, and true dreams after, midnight. Aeneas entered Hades at dawn (255), was half way at noon (535), and
merely to give a note of time.
It
makes
900.
recto litore
see note
901.
on
II.
266.
IIT. 277.
(These conchiding verses are of little importance in themselves, but give a parting scene corresponding to the landing described at the opening of tlie book. They al.so serve the artistic purpose of furnishing a quiet close after an intensely emotional passage. The tone of sadnoss, inherited from the previous paragraph, is seen in the rhythm of 896 and 900.)
BOOK VI
QUESTIONS ON BOOK
How far is it 17 ? How were
from Drepanum
to
513
VI.
Ciimae? Why Chalcidica in the temple of Apollo and the grotto of the Sibyl connected? Why does Virgil introduce the temple sculptures in 20 ff.? Has any light been thrown on ancient Crete by recent discoveries? Who was the regina in 28? Whj fugietitis in 61?
temple in Rome is referred to in 69 f.? To vvhat passage in a preceding book do 71 and 75 refer? In 42-76 show how Show the Virffil makes an artistic use of vowels and consonants. effect of prevailing spondees or dactyls in any of the first hundred How could Aeneas claim descent ab love summo? Quote verses. Milton's lines descriptive of the rivers of the lower world. What was the token which admitted the living to the lower world ? How did Aeneas discoverit? What literary or dramatic purpose is What formal rites served by introducing the Misenus episode?
What
ff.)
Has Homer any passage corresponding? any bearing on VirgiPs own life? What
What
Aeneas on the hither side of the Acheron? What shades were permitted to cross at once? When could the others cross? Why is a special invocation introduced in 264 ff. ? What forms were found at the eiitrance to Pluto's realm ? How do Virgil and Dante, respectively, describe Charon ? Where and how did Palinurus meet his death? What inconsistencies are there between Books V. and
geographical names are in substantial agreement with those in this book ? AVhat are the principal stylistic features of the Charon scene (384-416) ? What sounds are most prorainent in the description of Cerberus (417 ff.) ? How does Virgil show his sense of artistic contrast at this point? What others before Aeneas had entered the infernal regions while still
VI.
?
What modern
how many portions does Virgil divide the lower regions across the Styx? How many of these does he leave unvisited? Why? What other great poets have written upon this theme? What are some of the principal pointa
living ?
Into
514
of difference
NOTES
between their treatment and Yirgil's?
How
far has
Virgirs account influenced hiter poetry ? Why is the topic of such lasting interest? In what respect is the sentiment of 436 characteristic
of
pagaji
poetry?
?
llhistrate
Why
does Virgil
What
Book
11. ?
From what
573
ff.
Who was
Musaeus?
Wordsworth's imitation of the Virgilian passage. What classes are found here ? What does Virgil represent as the occupations
and interests of those in this region? Is life there represented as more or less happy than in the upper world ? Wliat is the meaning of 663? Are the dead represented as knowing what the
living are doing?
passage
637-678.
What
is
Explain 743.
?
Whaf
authentic history
tlie
men referred
to
were contemporaries of
list
poet ?
AVho were socer and (jener, 830-831 ? Who was the young Marcellus, and when did he die ? AVhat story is connected with the poefs reference to him ? How does Dante use 883 ? How does Virgil compare Roman and Greek genius? Explain 852. Do any lines of this book serve to introduce the followiug books? W^hich books close with the death of a prominent character? Whichbook recounts the death of two leading characters? IIow long a tinie has elapsed from vix e compectu (I. 34) to the end of Book VL?
of
Roman
heroes?
books could bo omitted witli lcast injury a whole? What do you consider the most beautiful passage in the poem? Whateffects beneficial to Rome would such a poem be expected to produce? What are the loadiiig ideas animatin^- the poeni? What was the political condition of Italy
first six
BOOK YI
at the
515
time of Virgil's birth ? Of his death ? What were the perDescribe the main soiial relations between Virgil and Augustus ? Did ^'irgil take any features of imperial policy under Augustus.
part in forwarding that policy
of the Aeneid.
?
Was
What was
his atti-
tude toward the gods of popular mythology ? Illustrate the spiritCite from each book au instance of the iiality of the Aeneid. Do you think it correct to say that the Aeneid is hero's pietas.
To what Greek and Roman poets was Virgil most indebted? What has been the extent of his influence on European literature in general ? On English poetry ? On Christian thought ? How was he regarded in the Middle Ages ? What
"Christian-like"?
were the sortes Vergilianae ? Cite six Virgilian expressions which have become proverbial. Was Virgil satisfied with the Aeneid f Was he a rapid writer? Tell something of his methods of work. Summarize the story of the last six books. Does the Aeneid as a whole show unity ? Discuss Woodberry's statement that " Aeneas is, in his. character, Rome concentrated," and that the Aeneid is
" a meditation
upon
life."
Virgil,
and
explain
all
vagliami
il
kmgo
studio e
Tu
se' lo
mio maestro,
light
il
mio autore.
O glory
and
May
the
love, that
author.
I.
82.)
YOCABULAEY
ABBREVIATIONS
abl., ablative. intr., intrausitive.
irr.
,
acc, accusative.
adj., adjective.
irregular.
m., masculiue.
met.,
adv., adverb.
metouymy.
u., ueuter.
couip., comparative.
coiij.,
conjuuctiou.
dative.
dat.
def., dcfective.
prep.
for
preposition.
exemjyli
auiple.
gratia,
ex-
prou., pronouu.
refl.,
reflexive.
f.,
femiuiue.
figurative.
rel., relative.
fig.,
gen., genitive.
i.e.,
id est, that
siug., siugular.
impers., impersoual.
iudecl., iudecliuable.
subst., substautive,
superl., superlative.
tr.,
indef., iudefiuite.
trausitive.
intens., inteusive.
voc, vocative.
\v.,
interrog.
iriterrogative.
with.
Regular verbs of the first conjugatiou are indicated by placed before the tirst meauiug.
tiie
figure
VOCABULARY.
abrumpo,
[ab
-ere,
,
-rnpi,
-ruptus
hreak,
to ;
rend, from^ aivay violate. from ; of time, from, sijice, [abrumpo], n., anyabruptuin,-i with pasagent governing after ; hroken off; precipice, thinrj oive verbs, hy. ahyss, chasm. Abas, -antls, m. 1. A king of comrade abscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus 2. A Trojan, Argos. tear [ab + scindo], tear off, of Aeneas. away, tear, cleave, separate. abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditiis [ab-f doj, put away, hide ; shut up, abscondo, -ere, -condi and -condidi, -ditus [abs + condo], put hury ; plunge.
off,
-diictvis
duco],
hack.
leacl
away, remove,
draw
p. adj.,
ahsent, distant. abeo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [ab + eo], -ere, -stiti [ab + sisto], absisto, go away, depart, withdraw, turn stand off or away from, withaside ; take the lead, 5, ol8. drav^ from, desist, cease, stop. abies, -ietis, f., ./??', spruce ; Jir (or abstineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus spruce) timher. [abs + teneo], hold or keep off ablatus, p.p. of aufero. from, ahstain from, hold hack, abluo, -ere, -lui, -liitus [ab -}luo], loash
off,
purify, cleanse.
1,
refrain, restrain
534.
one^s
seJf, 2,
abiiego [ab
fuse.
nego],
deny, rerefuse
reject,
abstrndo,
-ere, -usi,
-usus [abs
off or
trudo],
push or thrust
away ;
conceal, hide.
-itus [ab
oleo], destroy, efface, remove. abripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus [ab + rapio], snatch away. snatch,
seize.
abstuli, see aufero. absuin, abesse, afui or abfui, afuturus or abfuturus [ab + sum], he ahsent or aicay from, be distant; he wanting or missing.
absumo
absuino, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus [ab -f suiiio], take away, consume, devour, destroy^ end. ac, see atque. Acamas, -antis, m., one of the Greeks at Troy. acanthus, -i, m., a plant, the acanthus or hear'' s-foot. Acarnan, -anis, adj., o/ Acarnania, a country of Greece between Epirus and Aetolia Acarnanian. accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus [ad -\- cedo], f/o to or draw near to,
approach. accelero [ad -}- celero],
to,
Acliilleus
accumbo,
-ere,
-cubui, -cubi-
tus [ad -f- cumbo], recline at or upon. accumulo [ad -1- cumulo], 1, heap
up, load, honor.
ous, valiant.
acerbus,
-a,
-um
[acer],
adj.,
come
ful; untimely. acernus, -a, -um [acer, maple'], make haste. adj., ofmaple, maple. accendo, -ere, -cendi, -census -ae, f., incense-box, censer. acerra, [ad + cando, cf. candeo, shine^, set flre to, light up, kindle ; en- acervus, -i, m., a heap, pile. Acesta, -ae, f., a town in Sicily. rage, arouse, excite, inspire. accessus, -us [accedo], ra., ap- Acestes, -ae, m., a king of western Sicily, son of Crinisus, a proach. Sicilian river god, and Segesta accido, -ere, -cldi, -cisvis [ad + or Egesta, a Trojan woman. caedo], cut into, cut. accingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus Achaemenides, -ae, m., a companion of Ulysses. [ad 4- cingo], (jird on, gird, arm, -um, adj., of -a, equip, make one''^ selfready, pre- Acbaicus, Achaea, a country in the northpare, resort to. ern part of the Peloponnesus, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad Achaean, Grecian. -}- capio], take to one''^ sdf, admit, let in ; accept, receive, enter- Achates, -ae, m., a comrade of Aeneas. tain, hear, listen to, learn, at1,
hasten,
tend to, heed. accitus, -us [accio], m., used only in abl. sing., sunimons, call. accomnuxlo [ad + commodo], 1,
fit,
Achoron,
a
viver
]Var}d.
llades,
hnrklc, gird
<>n,
adjnst.
accubo, -are,
[ad
-1-
-cubui, -cubitus
lie
Achilles, -is and -i, m., king of Thcssaly, bravest of the Greeks before Troy.
Aciiilleus,
Achilles.
-a,
cubo],
near,
lie
by,
-um,
adj.,
of
recline.
Acliivus
Achivus, -a, -uin, adj., Achae'- ,i, Grecian; pl. sabst., the "Greeks.
Acidalius,
ilalia -a, -iim, adj., oj
visit,
adliuc
encounter, meet, undergo,
fountain in sacred to Venus), Acidalian. acies, -ei, f., sharp edfje ov point., edge ; keen vision, sight, eye;
(a
line of battle, battle arraij.
AciBoeotia
Acragas,
Acragas or adfecto [adficio]. 1, strive to obtain, aim at, grasp, seize. Agrigentum, a city on tlie southern coast of Sicily, now Gir- adfero. adferre, attuli, adlatus
-antis, m.,
genti.
[ad
f.,
-f fero],
acta,
-ae.
seashore,
heaCli,
to ;
with
shnre, strand.
arrive.
Actius,
-um, of Actinm, a adfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [ad 4figo] fasten to, fix upon ; passive promontory and town of Epirus, as niiddle, cling to. where Augustus defeated Anadflictus, -a, -um. p.p. of adfligS, tnny and Cleopatra, i;.c. ol.
-a,
,
aciitus,
-a,
-uin,
adj.
[acuo,
sharptowa7'd,
ad, prep.
witli
acc,
to,
downcast, dcjccted, sad, pitiable ; ruined, shattered. blow or [ad + flo], 1, adflb breathe upon, inspire ; blast,
2,
among.
040.
-iixi,
adamas,
to
assemble.
dep., speak
Adamastus,
m., Adamastiis,
adfor [ad-hfor],
to,
assent
to,
to,
give
one''^
self
up
yield,
resign
add
seifto.
addo,
adgnosco,
-I-
add,
impart,
bestow
addere
se, join.
or toward, attack,
-ui,
adhibeo, -ere,
or
to,
-ii,
-itus
[ad
-f
adeo,
[ad
-ire,
-f eo],
-ivi
-itus
go
approach,
adig^o
hitherto, as yet, yet,
still,
6
until
Dleo],
adsum
magnify,
offer.
honor,
adore,
now.
acligo, -ere, -egi, -actus
worship,
[ad
4-
adoperio,
[ad
-f
ago],
force.
drive
to,
drive,
hurl,
torap.
adimo, -ere, -emi, -einptiis [ad -1- einoj, take to one^s scJJ\ take
adorior,
-ortus [ad
oro],
1,
-f orior],
attempt.
from
01*
aivay
adoro [ad
adquiro,
[ad
-f
-ere, -quisivi, -quisitus quaero], acquire, gain. -f adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutus [ad 4- Adrastus, -i, m., a king of Argos. iuvo], aid, assist, help, support. adsentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus [ad -f sentio], assent to; apadlabor, -labl, -lapsus [ad -f labor], (jlide to or toward, sail prove^ agree to, agree ; give consent, Also deponent. reach. acquiesce. to, adligo [ad-|-ligo] hind (or fasten) adservo [ad -f servo], 1, guard^
access, entrance.
,
to,
adsidue [adsiduus],
ally,
adv., continu-
speak to, address, acappeal to. admiror [ad -|- iniror], 1, wonder at, he surprised at, admire. admitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [ad -(- iiiitto], admit. adinoueo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -\moneo], remind, admonish, warn.
constantly,
-a,
perpetually
persistently.
adsiduus,
-um
[adsideo], adj.,
adsimilis [ad
prosper, smile upon. admoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus adsto, -are, -stiti [ad-fsto], [ad -f moveo], move, hring near stand at, hy, near, or upon, to, carry (or conveij) to, offer. stnud ; alight, light upon. adiiitor, -i, -nisus or -nixiis [ad adsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus 4- nitor], lean upon or against, [ad-f suesco], accustom to, make (or render) familiar to, bella strive against, strive, struggle, exert one^s self. animis, 6, 882 he (or hecome) adno [ad -|- no], 1, swim to or accustomed. toirnrd, Jlftat to, reach. adsuetus, -a, -um, p.p. of adadniio, -ere, -ui [ad -f nuo], nod suesco. to, nod assent, assent, consent, adsiiltiis, -iis [ad -f saltus], m., promise. assault, attack. -jadoleo, -ere, -olui, -ultus [ad adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutu;
aaritator
rus
[ad +,^
^^^,^,y ^^^
Aloidae
^^^^ ^ipQy^^
haiicl, prese-,
Albanus, -a, -um [Alba], adj.^ oj Alba, Alban ; as noun, Albani, -orum, m., the Albdns. albesco, -ere [albus], grow white,
tus [ad + SO: ^g^-j^ 2^ ^j^.^^^ ^iQ_ aclulterium, -) chase^ pursue tor; adultus, -a, -.^^g^ harass, hurry,
lesco, adult,
j
adveho,
-ere,
-^goj, u.,
.
gleam, dawn. albus, -a -um, adj., white. Alcides, -ae, m., a descendant oj Alceus; Hercules, the grandson of Alceus. army (on
^^ain,
veho],
canf
g^;^,^,^^
ales,
alitis
[ala],
adj.,
winged
of
advena,
eigner.
-ae,
c,
stranrjer,
Aeneas. alienus, -a
eign.
-um
[alius], adj.,
0/
advenio,
-ventus [ao
arrive
at,
Venio],
coine
to,
'^liger,
'''^ero],
reach.
advento [ad
venio, intens.],
1,
^uis
^^''
[ala
-quid
come near, draw near, approach. adventus, -us, m., coming, arapproach. adversor [ad -f versor],
rival,
resist.
1,
Aeneas,
oppose,
'^"-
an
^'''^erwise.
Aeneis,
Aeneid.
-idis
or -idos,
<,phst.,
aenus,
-a,
-um
aenum,
-i, n.,
a brazen
vessel,
cauldron, kettle. or toward, Aeolia, -ae [Aeolas], f., an island -f verto], turn to of the Liparian group, north of attend, observe, give heed, note ; Sicily, the home of Aeolus. pass., arrive at. advoco [ad + voco], 1, call, sum- Aeolides, -ae, m., son or descend1. Ulysses, 6, ant of Aeolus. mon.
advolvo,
[ad
roll.
-ere,
-volvi, -volutus
roll to or toward,
529.
2.
3Iisenus, 6, 164.
+ volvo],
-i,
Aeolius, -a, -um, adj., of Aeolus. Aeolus, -i, m., the god who ruled
the winds.
adytum,
ant of Aeacus.
adj., equal,
adijro
hitherto, as yet^ yet,
noio.
still,
6
until
[;id 4-
adsum
Dleo],
magnify,
offer.
everlasting..
^orsMp, adoperio,
ivrap.
^ndless,
last^
-ire, -oj
ago],
force.
drive
-ere,
to,
clrive,
hnrl,
[ad-foperio],
c^^er, eternally,
adimo,
-f
adorior, -iri,-ort^^-]^ m.
attempt.
(acc.
lerem),
adoro [ad
adquiro,
[ad
oroj^
plicate, ivorsh\
aditus, -us [adeo], m., approac/i, access, entrance. adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iiitus [ad -Jiuvo],
aid., assist,
/le/p,
support.
adlabor, -labi,
to, reac/i.
-lapsus
[ad
-f
m. anEt/iiopian.
,
etlira, -ae
f.,
t/ie
lAWpa
cf.
aether],
clear
s/cy,
adligo
to,
firmament,
/leaven.
Aetna, -ae,.f., a volcano in Sicily. adloquor, -loqui, -lociitus [ cop- Aetnaeus, -a, -um, of Aetna, Aet' loquor], spca/c to, addre naean, dwelling on Aetna.
appeal to. admiror [ad + \^^_f^^\^^^ at, bc surpns^-j adiuStto r T ^T
cost,
,,
a5,,^,,^;
aevum,
-I, n.,
never-ending time,
lapse of time, time, age, old age. Africa, -ae, f., Africa.
-a,
-um
'
Africus,
wind.
-i,
m.,
t/ie
sout/iwest
Jiigh, lofty,
towering, soaring.
hronze
also
Agamemnouius,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
made
of these, such
as
money,
air.
etc.
f.,
acstas; -atis,
summer, summer Agenor, -oris, m., king of Phoenicia and ancestor of Dido.
1,
aestuo [aostus],
hoil,
sect/ie,
agcr, agri, m fieJd, land, country. aggcr, -eris [ad + gero], m., wluit is carried to a phice, hcap,
.
mound,
top,
diJce,
emhankment,
raiscd
hanJc,
aetas,
-atis
[for
,
aevitas, froni
1
summit, rampart.
itp, iiiiTc(fsc,
surface,
aevuui], f. agc, tiine of life, (ild agc, perind nf time, time. aetcrnus, -a, -uiu [ or ae viteruus
t
aggcro [agger]
cnJargc.
2.
agitator
[ad
Aloidae
heap upon,
gero], carry
to,
add
to, 3, 63.
Albanus, -a, -um [Alba], adj., oj Alha, Alhan ; as noun, Albani, -orum, m., the Alhdns. albesco, -ere [albus], grow white,
agito
gleam, davm. -um, adj., white. lently, drive, chase, pursue ; tor- albus. -a ment, persecute, harass, hurry, Alcides, -ae, m., a descendant of Alceus ; Hercules, the grandson hasten, speed. of Alceus. agineu, -inis [ago], u., army (on
[freq. of ago], 1, drive vio-
the
train, march), coluran, ranJc, line, array ; hand, group, company ; herd, flock ; motion,
ales,
alitis
[ala],
adj., ivinged ;
as noun, c, hird.
stream, current. agna. -ae, f., ev:e lamh. agnus, -i, m., lamh.
211
m.,
a comrade
[alius],
adj.,
of
-um
of
ago,
-ere,
egi,
actus,
conduct,
[ala
-f
-quid -qua, (qui), hring aliquis (quod), indef. adj. (and subst.), do, treat, execute,perform ; pass, some one, any some, any ; spend; age, agite, imper., come ! one. agrestis, -e [ager], adj., o/ the
pursue;
steer,
country, country, rustic, rural. aliter [alius], adv., otherwise. agricola, -ae [ager and colo], m., alius, -a, -ud, adj. and subst., . other, another, eise ; alius tiller of the soil, farmer, husthe another, one . alius, handman, peasant.
. . . .
. other ; alii the one Aiax, -acis, m., nanie of two others. alii, some Greek heroes in the Trojan War. 2. The alligo, see adligo. 1. The son of Telamon. almus, -a, -um [alo], adj., nourson of Oileus.
.
.
.
ishing, fostering
cious,
kindly, gra-
henignant,
alui,
propitious,
ali-
ala, -ae,
f.,
wing, pinion
mounted
-cre,
altus or
-cris,
active,
eager, courageous,
alatus,
port; rear,
Alba, Alba Longa, -ae [albus], thc parent f., a town in Latium
;
Aloeus;
I
they were
;
Otus and
stormed
Ephialtes, sons of
Neptune and
city of
Rome.
Iphimedia
having
Alpheiis
Olynjpns, tlicy were Apollo, 6, 582.
slain
10
by
;
amictus
nnpleasant,
ful.
umveJcome,
pain-
Alpheus,
this
a river in Elis under ground, and fable deciares that it rose again in the fountain of Arethusa in Sicily.
-i,
ni.,
Amazon.
disappears
-onis, f., an Amazon] *one of the fabled race of female vvarriors dvvelliug on the river
Tliermidon
in
Cappadocia.
f.,
Amazonis,
1,
-idis,
an Amazon,
Alpinus,
ultaria,
hif/h,
-a,
490.
-a,
Amazonius,
aloft
-ium
on high,
mystery, oracJe.
one of two
;
. .
.
the second,
ambedo,
-f ethi],
-ere,
-edi, -esus
[amb
char,
the
next
anoth<'r
alter
1,
eat
or
gnaw around,
the other.
ent,
devoitr ;
consume,
ulterno
[alternus],
do
hy
5, 752.
deliher-
ambiguus,
ate, weigh. alternus, -a, -um [alter], adj., one after the othcr ; hy turns, in turn; alternating, in succession,
alternate.
ambio,
i.,
-ire,
-ii,
-itus
[amb
-f
nurse.
high,
lofty,
altus, -a,
-um,
adj.,
greal; deep, profound ; nohle, exalted; subst., altuni, -i, n., heaven, deep sea, sea, ocean, main.
address.
ambo,
tu-!o.
-ae, -o
num.
-um,
adj.,
hoth.
ambrosius,
hrosiaJ,
-a,
adj.,
amdi-
alumnus,
alveu.s,
-i
-i
[alo],
;
m.,
m.,
fostercavity,
divine;
immortal,
child, foster-son
son.
[alvus],
amens,
Jess ;
holloin;
huJl of
f.,
a ship, hoat,
sUtr, G, 412.
mad,
distracted,
insane,
alvus,
-I
[alo],
helly, hody.
Hiuans,
-antis [anio], adj., /ont? of; fond, loving, affectionate subst., m. or f ., lover.
-i,
frnntic; ama.zed, astonnded. amicio, -ire, -icui or -ixi, -ictiis [am(c=ambi) -f iacio], throw or
wrap,
ainnr.-ious,
ni.
or
f.,
marjnrnm.
,
niuilrus,
-a,
-um.
adj
h^itrr.
anilciio
u
of the
anlielo
BelDrycians
2.
1,
garment
veil.
mous
-a,
boxer.
and a facompanion
amicus,
friendhj,
-um
[amo],
adj.,
ivell
of
Aeneas,
221,
of a double ques-
'dnd,
kindly or
disposed.
second
member
first
amicus,
aniitto,
[a
-1-
-i
tion
(the
member
being
missus
let
go,
lose.
4-
amnis,
m., a hroad and deep stream, river, water, torrent. amo, 1, love, cherish; nautical,
hug,
5,
caput], adj., two-headed, douhle, twofold ; uncertain, wavering doubtful, dubious, perplexing.
103.
amoenus,
lovely,
-um
amor,
m., love, affection ; longing, passion, desire, eagerness, hist ; love-charm, personified, object of love; Cupid, the god of love, Love.
-ere,
Ughtful. -oris
[amo],
Anchises, -ae, m., a Trojan, son of Capys and Themis, grandson of Assaracus, and father of Aeneas. Jupitersmote him with a thunderbolt and made him helpless because he had boasted of Venus's love. Anchiseus, -a, -um, adj., of Anchises.
amoveo,
-movi,
-motus,
Anchisiades,
of Anchises
-ae,
;
Aeneas.
Aniplirysius,
an anchor. m., Ancus Marcius, -i, sian, of the fourth king of Rome. in Tliessaly along wliich Apollo Androgeos, -o, and Androgeus, tended the flocks of Admetus 1. Son of Minos, king -ei, m. applied to the Sibyl because she of Crete, slain by the Atlienians. was inspired by Apollo. A Greek chief at Troy. 2. amplector, -ti, -plexus [amb 4f., wife plecto], twine or wind around, Andromache, -es or -ae,
f.,
of Ilector.
-is,
c, snake, serpent.
large,
angustus, -a, -um [ango], adj., strait, narrow; subst., angustum, -i, n., a narrow place,
passage.
spacious, grand, ample, great splendid, magnificent, glorious; adv., amplius, more, longer.
Amycus,
anhelitus, -us [anhelo], m., hard or difficult breathing, panting. a anhelo [anhelus], 1, breathe with 1. Amycus, difficulty, pant. He was a king
aubelus
12
aii
pello
Troy, went to It^.ly and founded Patavium (Padua). anilis, -e [aiius], adj., of an okl Antenorides, -ae, m., son or tcoman, an olil ivoman^s. descendant of Antenor ; Anteaiiima, -ae, f., breath, hreath of noridae, Acamas, jigenor, and spirit, shade, soul. Pohjhus, tlie sons of Antenor, life, life ; aniinal, -alis [anima], n., living 6, 484. being, animal. antequam or ante quam, animiis, -i, m., soid, spirit, mind adv. before. (as opposed to the body and to Antheus, -ei, acc. -ea, m., a physical life) loill, purpose, conipanion of Aeneas.
anheliis, -a, -iim [anhelo], adj., pantiiig, heaving.
.
intention
long-standing, time-
ivrath
;
-i,
courage, daring.
Anius,
priest of Apollo.
Anna,
-ae,
f.,
honored ; former. and antrum, -i, n. cave, cavern, grotto. Aornos, -i ["Aopvos, hi)'dh'ss], m., Dido. Lake Avernus, \n Campania.
,
yearhj.,
-iiiin,
annual ;
m.,
cital,
subst.,
annales,
?/-
annals,
records,
story, re-
; disclose, reveal^
account. aiinosus, -a, -um [annus], adj., fuU of years ; aged, old. aiinus, -1, m., year, season.
maJce
lcnoxon,
shovj
make or
-um,
-i,
f.
,
adj.,
yearhj,
^yeak,
summit;
a coast town
foot of
Alt.
Aiitandros,
of
Ida.
JNIysia
apis,
at
tiie
Apollo,
-inis,
Q,nte, adVo
and prep.
previoush/,
1.
As
adv.,
before,
2.
in
front.
Jupitcr and Latona, twin brother of Diana, god of prophecy, music, poetry, medicine, and
arcliery.
As
prep. w,
acc.,
before, in
front of, beyond. antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latiis [ante -|- fero], carry or bear hefore, pnt before, prefer. aiiteiiina, -ae, f., yard (of a sliip),
sail-yard.
appareo,
name,
5,
call ;
r)40.
declare,
piro-
Antenor,
leader
-oris,
m.,
a
tlie
Trojan
fall
claini,
wlio,
attt-r
of
appollo,
-ere,
-puli,
-pulsiis
ascendcr
^lclt^
;
13
o,
Aretliiisa
of the Great
fabled
foi3
&n'ngr or
and
Little Bear,
or
si<l^til-^'
,
of
the
-i,
former
m.,
alone
the
1, fZrive o,
north.
scando],
\_'.
a|
Arctorus,
aperio],
adj.,
the
brightest
;
^W^^
V^
3v\t)S.t-i
^^^y^
_us
f.^
[asce: to
the
sun,
m.,
bow,
rainbow
^Y^,
-inis
put on,
part. as
viis
-'
adj.,
infl.amed, fiery,
ar-
7?^ar
?)?/,
ar.iong.
dent,
eager,
;
earnest,
fierce,
spirited,
impassioned
loind,
furious,
angry.
unnd.
^^-aquosus,
ara, -ae,
-a,
-um
altar.,
[aqua],
adj.,
rain-bringing, rainy,
f.,
xoatei-y.
funeral pile Arae, -arum, the Altars, a reef in tlie Mediterranean between
Sicilv
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsnrus, to burn ; blaze, be on fire or in flames ; glow, glitter, glisten, flash, sparkle; burn with love,
impatience, or desire
be eagerfor.
;
long for,
ardesco,
2)lough.
tree
;
-ere, arsi
[ardeo], be-
loood.,
arboreus,
-um
-um,
[arbor], adj.,
gin to burn, take fire, bxirn ; of the emotions, become aroused, excited. or inflamed. ardor, -oris, m., burning; ardor,
zeal, eagerness, fervor.
branching, treelike.
Arcadius,
-a,
adj.,
Arcadian,
arduus,
high.
-a,
erect,
-um,
on
adj.,
steep
of Arcadia, the central part of the Pelopomiesus. arcanus, -a, -vim [arca], adj.,
hidden,
secret
n.,
;
lofty,
towering
aloft
n.,
raised
subst.,
high,
high,
-i,
arduum,
high
subst.,
arca-
place, height.
num,
-i,
a secret.
arceo, -ere, -ui. inclose, shut in bind, restrain, confine ; keep off,
repel, debar.
areo, -ere, -ui, he dry, wither, dry up ; part., arens, -entis, dry, dried up, shallow. ArethQsa, -ae, 1, a fountain near
Arctos,
-i,
f.,
the constellations
Syracuse into which the nymph Arethusa is said to have been changed when pursued by the river-god Alpheus.
arffentum
argentum,
-i,
14
silver
A-eilo
-I,
n.,
silver,
armus,
u.ly
and founded
plate. silvprware.
beasts, ^aA'.ia).
Argi, -orum, m., Argos, tlie cap- aro, 1, ploug^^ m., son or habit; sail. Antenor ; Anteital of Argolis, a place dear to Arquiteiiens,ias, j\genor, and Juno Greece in general. teneo], adj., Argos, adjons -um, of Antenor, Argivus, -a, of -bearing ; Ai-give, Greciau, Greek; subst., Apollo. quam, Argivi, -orum, m., Argives, ante arrigo, -ere, Greeks. + rego], diV"^. -ea, m., a Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of Arpart. as adj., arrfecgolis, Argolie; Greek, Grecian. attentive ; erect, al5..,of arguo, -ere, -ui, -utus, make roused, encouraged ; ardenif.,; clear, show, prove, declare, be;
.
tray, reveal.
tense, eager.
-um
[areo], adj.,
dry.,
ram ;
hattering-
arripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [a rapio], seize, snatch, take -f possession of; hasten to.
ars,
5,
ram.
artis,
f.,
.skill,
dexterity,
arma, -orum,n., arms, iveapons, armor ; tools, titensils, implements ; tackle, Jittings, equipment of a ship (sails, mast, lig., imr, ivarrudder, etc.)
;
521
a)'t ;
practice, vocation,
skilfid
profession
or cunning
imrkmanship,
work
fare,
troops,
057."
artife.v, -ieis
Jicer,
[ars 4- facio],
artist ;
a7'ti-
armatus,
armcd,
-um
artisau,
schemer,
; px^ri,
plotter.
matus,
m.,
armed
n.,
;
man, artus,
beasts
soldier, vmrrior.
mcmber ; frame,
artus,
ch>se,
body.
[arceo],
adj.,
1,
armentum,
for
drove.
-i
[aro],
-a,
-um
plonghing,
cattle
herd,
tight,
closely
Jitting,
293.
ariindo, -inis, f., reed, arrow. armiger, -eri, m., armor-bearer. [arma -\- arviim, -i [^ayo'], i\., ploughed or armipotens, -entis potens], adj., powerfid in arms ; cultivated landj land, Jield;
valiant, brave, loarlike.
arinisonus,
-a,
-um
[arma
-1-
arx,
armo
[arma], 1. arm, equip with arms, rquip; Jit out, make ready, prepare, 4, 299.
region ; shore, 2, 209. arcis [arceo], f., citadel, stronghold, tower, fortress hcight, hill; hcaven ; peak, pinUdfjc.
-I,
Ascaiiius,
asceiido
at^u^^
lclca
;
15
Alba
tower
liy
attonitus
fabled founder of
-ere, -scencli,
sicl^*
.xtiiS
-scensus
climb,
tU^'
I,,
scando],
ascend,
Ulysses at the destruc tion of Troy. asylum, -i [atrvXoi'], n., place of refuge ; sanctuary.
at, ast, conj., but, yet, hut yet
;
at
us [ascendo], m., an
th,6
least, still
moreover, however.
-truni,
adj.,
^^0 01'
f.
"
climhing.
ater,
-tra,
black,
^yc*
.
dark,
deadly.
Atii,
5,
dusk ;
gloomy,
dismal
spray. a^:' vi^sad -f specto], 1, ZooA; ^o; po/:>ow, grase ^ or upon; heapudt, survey earnestly. m., [aspicio], ??ectus, -us
Q-iicj,
^t
to
,
afsight,
ence.,
vieiv,
1,
appearance,
Atlas, -antis, a mountain in Mauretania in northern Africa on whicli fable said tlie heavens also a king of Maurerested pres;
613.
emhossed; harsh,
angry,
bitter,
Jierce,
cruel,
;
loarlike, formidable,
relentless
him atque
(ac)
[ad
-f
que],
conj.,
aspero
ruffle
;
raise, arouse.
aspersus,
-um
[aspergo],
and, and also, and besides; with comparatives and words of likeness and unlikeness, as, than. Atrides, -ae, m., son or descendant of Atreus; Agamemnon or
aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [ad -fspecio], look at or upon, behold, see; consider ; regard,
pity.
Menelaus.
atrium,
-i,
room.
atrox, -ocis,
asporto [abs + porto], 1, carry attingo, -ere, attigi, attactus [ad -f tango], touch, reach, find, frora or away ; take away.
arrive Assaracus, a Assaracus., i, m king of Phrygia, son of Tros, attollo,
,
at,
conie
to.
[ad -f tollo], lift, throw) up ; huild, raise (or erect, rear ; rouse, excite ; with se or passive as middle, lift one^s
-ere
self, arise,
astrum,
heaven.
-i,
n.,
star
pL,
sky,
appear.
Astyanax, -actis, m., son of said Hector and Andromache to have been cast down from a
;
attonitus, -a, -um, p. p. of attono, thunderstruck ; amazed, aioed, astounded, astonished, spellbound, dazed.
attrecto
attrecto [ad
16
auspicium
aura, -ae (old gen. -ai), f., air (inmotion), hreeze, hreath, vital handle. breathorair; lightofday, light, Atys, -yos, m., a young friend of lustre, gleam, radiance ; favor, Ascanius. applause ; ad or sub auras, on auetor, -oris [augeo], m., origitracto], 1, touch,
father,
progenitor ;
;
authority,
adj.,
auratus,
voucher
counsellor.
dar-
golden.
aureus,
-um [aurum],
adj.,
audeo,
dep.
,
-ere,
-um [aurum
-f-
with prep. in, 2, 347. leafed, 6, 141. audio, -ire, -ivl, -Itus, hear ; lisauriga, -ae [aurea (bridle) -\ten to, heed. obeg ; hear of. ago], m., charioteer, driver. aufeio, auferre, abstuli, ablaauris, -is, f., ear. tus [ab -H fero], bear or carry f., daim, morning off or away, take away, remove. aurora, -ae, personified, Aurora, goddess of augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, augdawn, and wife of Titbonus, who ment, increase, add to the numprecedes the chariot of the suuber o/.
auj>ur,
-uris,
c,
aiigur,
sooth-
god.
auguriuni,
-I
aurum, made
plate.
-i,
n.,
gold
of
gold,
Ausonia,
token ; presentiment, foreboding Aiigustus, -i, m., surname given Octavius Caesar, by tlie Senate,
n.c. 27, as
ern Italy
Jtaly.
adj.,
Ausoc.
emperor
of
Rome.
f.,
hall,
specio],
court, palace.
aulaeuin,
-i
(avXaia), n.,
sayer
dircrtor, protector.
aiispicinni, -i [auspex], n., augembrtndered fabric or stuff. port Boeotian -idis, f., a 7iry, anspire, divination, froni Aulis, omen, token, thetlight of birds from wliicli tlie Greeks sailcd sign ; power, authority, will. against Troy.
;
Auster
Auster,
ausuiii,
-tri.
17
wind
aversus,
as
-a,
balteus
m.,so7ith wind,
-um
turned
[averto], part.
the south.
adj.,
away ;
;
ivith
removed, far away from, 1, 568. or. either averto, -ere. -verti, -versus [a + autem, conj., biit, on the converto], turn avxiy or aside trary, on the other hand, yet, avert ; remove, carryoff; rarely however ; moreover, now, beintr., 1, 101.
. . .
. . .
[audeo], in., daring deed, venture, attempt; daring. aut, aut, conj., or ; aut
-i
far
sides, again.
avidus,
-ontis,
-a,
-um
[aveo,
craue],
Automedon,
oteer
rhus.
of
Achilles
m., and,
cliari-
enger.
after
avis,
autvminus,
-i
of increase, autiimn.
auxilium,
-I
[augeo],
n.,
aid,
avius, -a, -um [a -f- via], adj., out of the path or way, pathless; subst., avia, -orum, n., byways, unfrequented places or ways, 2, 736.
avunculus, -i [avus], m., mother''^ avarus, -a, -um brother, maternal uncle, uncle; graspgreedy, avaricious, etous, cf. patruus.
[aveo], adj., coving.
avus,
-i,
aveho,
sire, ancestor.
axis, -is (alwi/), m., axle, axletree; car, chariot ; pole, heavens.
B
baca,
-ae,
f.,
away
steal,
or
off,
carry
any small
off.
Avernus,
-i {dopvos, hirdless),
m.,
fruit of trees.
adj., Avernus, a lake in Campania bacatus, -a, -um [baca], studded or set with pearls, of between Baiae and Cumae. pearls. Birds flying over it were killed by the exhalations. Near it was bacchor [Bacchus], 1, celehrate the orgies of Bacchus, rage, one of the fabled entrances to rave, revel, rush tcildly about. the Lower World and also tlie the god grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl. Bacchus, -i, m., Bacchus, of wine, called also Liber, '-DePoet. for the Lowe.r World. liverer," and Lyaeus, " CareAverniis, -a. -uin, adj., of Averdispeller," son of Jupiter and nus ; subst., Averna, -orum, Semele wine. n., the region ahout Lake Averbalteus, -i, m., belt, girdle. nus; the Lower World.
;
baratlirum
barathrum,
abyss,
giilf,
-i
18
n.,
blaiidus
-es,
f.,
[/Sdpa^poj/],
chasm.
beard.
barba,
-ae,
f.,
wife of Doryclus, a follower of Aeneas. bibo, -ere, bibi, drink, drink in,
quaff.
Beroe,
barbaricus,
-a,
-um
-um,
[barbarus],
adj.,
^dj., foreign,
barbaric, strange.
bibulus,
-a,
-um
[bibo],
adj.,
barbarus,
-a,
barba-
thirsty, dry.
foreign, strange.
Barcaei, -orum,
m.,
the
Bar-
town Barce,
bicolor, -oris [bi(s) -|- color],adj., of two colors, dappled, mottled. bidens, -entis [bi(s) -f- dens], adj,, ivith (or having) tico teeth or tico
rows of
sheep.
teeth complete
subst.,
nurse of Sychaeus.
beatus,
-a,
[bi(s)
-{-
forma],
two~
formed. Bebrycius, -a, -um, adj., Bebry- bigae, -arum [bi(s) + iugum], cian, qf Bebrycia, a country in 2)air of horses, two-horse chariot. Asia Minor, more commonly biiugus, -a, -um [bi(s) + iuguni], known as Bithynia. adj., of a two-horse charint, Belides, -ae, m., son or descendant two-horse, drawn by a pair of horses. of Belus. ^bellatrix, -icis [bello], i., female bilinguis, -e [bi(s) -f- lingua], adj., warrior ; as adj., warlike. doubJe-tongued, treacherous. bello [bellum], 1, wagewar, make bini, -ae, -a [bis], adj., two each, war, fight, war. two by tivo ; two. bellum, -i [originally duellum bipatens, -entis [bi(s) + patens], cf. duo], n., war, conflict, battle adj., opening in two ways, personified, War. douJ)Je, swinging ; wide open. belua, -ae, f., beast, monster ; a bipennis, -is [bi(s) -|- penna]. adj,, large, ov ferocious, animal. two-edged ; subst., two-edged {,ixe, Belus, -i, m. King of Tyre 1. battJe-axe. and Sidon and father of Dido. bireniis, -is [bi(s) -|- remus], f., 2. Founder of Dido's royal line. a boat with two J^anks of oars 3. Ancestor of Palamedes, 2, 82. a gaJJey ; a bireme. bene [bonus], adv^, woJl, righfly. bis [for dvis cf. duo], adv.,
;
happy.
tiricc.
Bitias,
noble.
-ae,
m.,
a Carthaginian
.wiooth-
gracious.
blandiis, -a,
-um. adj .,
;
Berecyntius,
Bfrcryntus,
tongited,
flattering,
caressing,
persuasive, aJJuring
tranquiJ
pJeasant, quiet.
Bola
Bola,
in
19
tlie
caelum
C
-inis, n.,
-ae,
f.,
a town of
Aequi
Latium.
-a,
bonus,
peak,
top^
term, applying to
summit. cado, -ere, cecidi, casus, fall, excellence), kind^ kindly^ propisink douni ; of heavenly bodies, tious^ friendlij.
kinds of
set,
Boreas, -ae (Bopeas), m., thenorth vnnd ; the JVorth. bos, bovis (/SoOs), c, bull, hullock^ ox, coio, heifer
;
sink,
wane ;
;
subside,
(in
;
be-
come
die,
quiet
perish,
fall
battle),
be slain
happen,
pl., cattle.
occur.
bracchium, -i ((3pax'i-<^i'), u., rm, cadiicus, '-a, -um [cado], adj., doomed or destined to fall or forearm ; branch, projection (as die ; fallen, slain, 6, 48L aheadland), 3, 535; pl., sailyards.
brattea, -ae, f., metal ; gold-leaf gold-foil. brevis, -e, adj., short, shallow subst. pl., brevia, -ium, n.,
shoals, shallows.
cadus, -1, m., jar ; urn. a thin plate of caecus, -a, -um, blind ; blinded,
desperate, reckless den,
less,
;
secret,
hid-
private
gloomy,
briefly, in
few
icords.
fig.,
Briareus
(trisyll.), -ei.
;
caedo,
cut
down;
brnma,
-ae
[brevima
sacrifice.
adj., [caelum], -e sima, sc. dies], shortest day, caelestis, divine; celestial, heavenly, vnnter solstice, winter. subst. pl. caelestes, -ium, c, brumalis, -e [brunia], adj., of the gods. winter, ivintry, winter''^. Brutus, 'i, m., Lucius Junius caelicola, -ae [caelum -f colo] c, inhabitant of heaven, deity, He expelled the TarBrutus.
first
consul.
f.
god.
4,
in
caelifer, -era,
fero],
adj.,
-erum [caelum
-f
heaven-supporting,
sky-bearing. Aeneid), owl. Bntes, -ae, m., a descendant of caelo, [caekim, chisel or graver''^ tooV], 1, carve in relief, engrave, Amycus, king of Bebrycia, 5, 372, emhoss, chase. Buthrotum, -i, n., a seaport town caelum, -i, n., sky, heavens, of Epirus. heaven; air, weather ; Upper Byrsa, -ae, f., tlie citadel of Carthage."
World.
Caeneus
Caeneus
(dissyl.), -ei, m.,
20
a Tliescalidus, -a, irarm, hot. caligo, -inis,
caligo,
1,
cano
-um
f,,
[caleo],
adj.,
jnist,
fog, dark-
ness, obscurily.
be
dark or gloomy ; be
m.,
foot-path,
caenum,
-i,
n.,
dirt,
mire, filth^
path
-a,
-um
dark^ gloomy,
calx, calcis,
f.,
heel,foot.
f., a town on the Caesar, -aris, m., in the southern coast of Sicily. Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. His mother was niece Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Caniiilas, who took Veii and freed of Caius Julius Caesar, the
Aeneid, Camarina,
-ae,
Kome from the Gauls, b.c. 390. renowned general, statesman, autlior, and dictator caminus, -i. ni., forge, furnace the hxtter
;
adopted the youth, who tlius crevice, crater. became Caius Julius Caesar Oc- campus, -i, m., plain, field, racetavianus later, when emperor, conr.'<e, surface of the sea ; Mavortis Campus, the Campus the title Augustus was added. See p. 431. Martius in Kome, on the left
;
caesaries, -ei, f ., hair of the head, flovnng locks. [sod. caespes, -itis [caedo], m., tiwf, caestus. -iis [caedo], m., cestus,
gauntlet,
part. as
glowing, shining.
boxing-glove loaded with lead and wound round the boxer's hand and
candidus, -a, -um [candeo], adj., (straps pnre white, white, beautiful,
fair.
candor,
-oris
[candeo],
m.,
arm). Caicus,
one of his vessels. Caieta, -ae, f., a town in Latium canlstra, -orum [^KdviaTpa], n., (now Gaeta), named after the basket, baskets. inirse of Aeneas. canities, -ei [canus], f., grayness ; calcar, -arls [calx], n., spur. hoariness, gray hair. Calchas, -antis, m., a priest cano, -ere, cecini, cantus, sing, and seer of tlie Greeks at Troy. play, chant ; celobrate, rchearse, caleo, -ere, -ui, be toarm or hot, narrate ; foreteU, reveal, preylow. dict; proclaim, announce.
canorus
canorus,
tunefiil,
-a,
21
adj.,
castellum
-um
[cano],
house, dnngeon ; harrier, startmelodious, harmonions. cantus, -us [caiio], m., singing, ing-place. song ; melody., strairi, sound. carchesium, -i [^Kapx'n<^t.ov'], n., canus, -a, -um, gray, gray (or cup, drinking-cup, heaker, hoiol (witli two handles). white) haired, hoary ; venerable, ancient, time-honored. cardo, -inis, m., hinge, pivot, capesso, -ere, -sivi, -situs [capio] socket ; turning-point, crisis, emergency. seize, grasp, lay hold of; strive careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, he withto reach, perform, execute. capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take, out, hefreefrom ; he deprived of, lack, want, miss; relinquish, seize, take possession of, capture, reach, occupy ; ensnare, deprivz one''^ self of, 4, 482. delude, deceive, hetray, heguile ; carina, -ae, f., keel, hoat, vessel,
charm, fascinate, captivate. ship ; hull. Capitoliiim, -i [caput], n., the carmen, -inis, n., song, strain, Capitol or temple of Jupiter note, lay ; hymn, poem, verse, Optimus Maximus on the Capiinscription ; prophecy, predictoline hill at Rome. In the tion ; incantation. plural, the summit, with the Carpathius, -a, -um, adj., of temple and other buildings. Carpathus, an island in the Aegean, northeast of Crete capra, -ae [caper], f., she-goat,
goat.
Carpathian.
-a,
caprigenus,
genus],
adj.,
-um
-ere,
-psi,
-ptus, pluck,
of goats.
captivus,
captured,
-a,
-um
[capio], adj.,
captive,
plundered
subst., captive.
capto
[capio],
1,
catch at eagerly,
;
listen to.
capulus, -i [capio], m., handle, hili. caput, -itis, n., head; summit,
peak, top ; life; man, person,
creature.
o,f, feed on, enjoy ; prey upon, consume, loaste aivay ; av. viam, hasten, pursue one^s way. carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, heloved ; loving, fond. Caspius, -a, -vim, adj., Caspian, ofthe Caspian Sea; Asiatic. Cassandra, -ae, f., daughter of Priam and Hecuba, beloved of Apollo and gifted by him with
prophecy
notrequitingliislove,
vessels.
2.
Eighth king
linen
;
of Alba.
carbasus,
sail,
-i [KdpTrao-os], f.,
canvas.
she was condemned to proclaira the downfall of Troy, but was believed by no one. cassus, -a, -um, adj., void, deprived of. castellum, -i [castrum], n., for-
castigo
\
tress,
22
fast-
cella
place, spectators'' seats in a thear
tre
;
cnstle,
strongJiold,
ness, 5, 440.
theatre, amphitheatre.
f.,
ago],
1,
chas-
cavity,
rebnlce,
reprove,
cavo
castra, -orum, n., camp, encampment ; naval camp^Jleet. Castrum Inui, a town of Latium, near Ardea. castus, -a, -um, adj., chaste, pnre, guiltless ; virtnous, pious, rigkteous; sacred, hobj. [cado], m., faU; -us casus,
chance,
fate,
[cavus], 1, hollow out ; hew away, cut throngh, 2, 481 cavatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hollowed out and therefore overhanging, overarching, vaulted. cavus, -a, -iim, hollow, vaulted, arching, enshrouding, envelop;
ing.
Cecropides,
fortune;
event,
m., descendant of Cecrops; pl., the Athenians. Cecrops was the fabled founder
-ae,
-ere,
of Athens.
ceclo,
crisis,
f.,
emergency.
chain, fetter.
f.,
jjlace,
Celaeno, -us, f., one of the Plarpies. There were three of tliese mousters, Aello (tempest), Ocypete(swift-winged), and Celaeno Sent by the gods to (bhxck). year 147 n.o, torment Phineus, king of Thrace, catulus, -i, m., ivhelp, cub. they were driven tlience to the Caucasus, -i, m., a range of Strophades by tlie sons of Bouiouutains between the Black reas, in return for proplietic adaud Caspian seas. vice given by Phineus to the cauda, -ae. f., tail. Argonauts. Cauloii, -onis, m., a town of southern Italy on the east coast celebro [celeber], 1, throng, fre;
crowd, troop>, throng, multitude, hand. Cato, -oiiis, m., M. Porcius Cato the Censor, noted for his stern and uncomprouiising morality he died at the age of 85 in the
be behind
sion.
fall to, as
a posses-
of liruttium.
m., see Corus. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, occasion, pretext ; legal, cause, case,
Caiirus,
-i,
emnize.
celer,
-eris,
-ere,
adj.,
swift,
snit, lawsuit.
cautes, rock ;
-is,
cJiff,
f.,
sharp or pointed
f.,
crag, rock.
cclla, -ae,
f.,
cavea,
-ae
[cavus],
holluw
the lioneycomb).
celo
23
Charon
1, strive,
celo. 1, r.onceal, hide. celsus, -a, -um [obsolete cello, )'ise'] adj., high, lofty. Centaurus, -i, m., Centaur, a
struggle,
;
contend, flght;
in.
-a,
vie
vnth
enadj.,
-um
[cerno],
inevitahle
fabled monster having human head and shoulders and the legs and body of a horse also fem.,
;
determined,
certain,
settled, defl;
un-
swerving,
5,
122,
the
name
of
one
of
Aeneas's vessels.
indecl. adj., hundred.
with facere, inform. centum. centumgeminus, -a, -um [cen- cerva, -ae [cervus], f hind, deer. tum -f geminus], hundred-fold^ cervix, -icis, 1, necTc ; shoulder. hundred-armed, an epithet of cervus, -i. m., stag, deer. cesso [cedo], 1, cease, stop; loiter, Briareus. linger, delay, he slow or idle; Ceraunia, -orum. n., a mountain
,
hesitate. range on the coast of Epirus. -a -um, adj. (nom. sing. (ceterus), Cerberus, -i. m., the three-headed m. not used), rest of, remaining, dog of Pluto which guarded the other. entrance to the infernal regions. Cerealis, -e [Ceres], adj., of cetus, -I [pl. nom. and acc. cete (ktjtos), n.], m., sea-monster, Ceres; with arma, utensils for ichale. preparing (or making) flour or ceu, adv., as, just as ; as if, as hread : cooking utensils. when. cerebrum, -i, n., brain. Ceres. -eris, f., goddess of agri- Chalcidicus, -a, -um, of Chalcis, Chalcidian; of Cumae. Cumaeshe was daughter of culture
,
;
an
Cumae was
originally setin
Chaon,
-onis.
m.,
Trojan,
certamen.
Chaouius,
Chaos,
abl.
-a,
-um, of Chaonia,
Chaonian.
[certo], adv., emulously,
certatim
eagerly,
rivalry.
earnestly,
with
or
in
certe
at
[certus],
adv.,
certainly,
surely,assuredly,truly; at least,
any
rate.
Chao, n., Chaos, personified by Virgil as god of the Lower World he was father of Erebus and Xox, 4, 510. Charon, -ontis. m., Charon, son of Erebus and Nox, ferryman
;
Cliarybdis
of the
sliades
24
river
circumvenio
-)-
over
the
eo], m.,
Styx.
a whirlpool in the Straits of Messina near the coast of Sicily and opposite the rock Scylla. Chimaera, -ae, f., a fabulous firebreatliing monster of Lycia, having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon, G, 288 also one of the ships of Aeneas, 5, 118. chlaiiiys, -ydis [xXa/ii5s],f., alarge woolen outer garment worn by the Greeks cloak, mantle.
-is, f.,
;
Charybdis,
circiilus,
circlet,
-i
[circus],
m.,
circle,
circum
about.
adv., roMMc?,
about,
at,
near.
circumfero,
chorea
-latus [circum -}- fero], carry around, pass around, with some holy object, e.g. water piirify, 6, 220.
-ferre, -tuIT,
;
circumflecto -ere,
choral choir
ciim
-|-
-xi,
-xus
[cir-
[xo/)6s],
ra.,
flecto],
ftfijid
or turn about
or
circuit.,
circumfundo,
[circum
-f
call^ call
surround ;
upon, invoke. 2, 383. cinxi, -ere, ciiictus, circiiinfusus, cinii^o. sur-a, -iim [circumrounA, encirrle, Jly or circle fuudo], p.p. as adj,, surroundaround ; gird ; envelop, overing, encompassing, gathered spread, 5, lo ivreathe, croivn, around. circiimspicio, -cre, -exi, -ectiis 5, 71. cing;iiliiiii, -i [cingo], n., girdle, [circum -f specio]. look around (or about) upon, survey, obsei^e. belt. cinis, -eris, m., ashes, emhers circiiinsto, -are, -steti [circum -f tomh, sepulchre, 4, 633. sto], stand around or about, circa, adv., and prep. w. acc, oicompass, surrou^id. around, ahout. circumtextiis, -a, -um [toxo], Circe, -es, f. a famous sorceress, l^art., woven around. daughter of the Sun she lived circunivenio, -ire, -veni,-vcntus on an ishand off the western [circum -f venio], come around, coast of Italy. snrriiund, encircle, encompass.
; , ;
circumvolo
circnmvolo [circum
Jly
25
volo],
1,
coetus
famous for a temple and oracle
of Apollo located there.
aroioid,
;
over
clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear (used of things seen or heard) hright,
;
circus,
-i, ra.,
circle, race-course.
-el,
famous, gUjrious.
classis,
-is, f.,fleet.
Cisseus (dissyl),
m., a king of
claudo,
clausus, shut, close ; encJose, shnt in close against, har against. claudus, -a, -um, adj., lame
-ere,
clausl,
citliara,
lyre,
-ae harp.
soon.
[/ci^dpa],
f.,
lute,
crippled,
maimed, disabled.
claustra,
riers ;
-orum
[claudo],
n.,
fastpnings,
lands.
-1,
citus, -a,
-um
rudder, tiUer,
cluens,
longing
civil.
to
citizen,
cliens,
cluo],
-entis
ra.,
[for
from
cUent, dependent.
civis, -is,
c, citizen,feUow-citizen, clipeus, -I, m., shield (large and round). feUow-coiintryman or -countryCloanthus, -i, m. a Trojan, comivoman. rade of Aeneas and commander clades, -is, f., slaughter, carof one of his vessels. nage; havoc, disaster, calamity ; Cluentius, -i, ra., a Roman gentile scourge, 6, 843. name. clam [akinto celo], adv., secrethj, Cocytus.-i 1_k(vkvt6s, a shrieking'], steaUhihj, unaivares. m., a river of the Lower World. clamo, 1, cry out, caU upon. clamor, -oris, m., shout, loud cry, coeo, -Ire, -Ivl or-ii, -itus [com- -(eo], go or come together ; conoutcnj ; sjiriek, scream, wail geal, curdle. applause, acclaim; roar, din, coepi, -isse, coeptus, hegin, comnoise ; protest. mence. clangor, -oris [clango],m., noise,
din, hlare
;
Jlapping, 3, 226.
coeptum,
-i
claresco,
o.f
-ere,
clarui [clareo],
grow clear or hright ; of coerceo, -ere, -ul, -itus [com- -f arceo], keep in, conjine, restrain, sound, grow loud. surround. Clarius, -a, -um, adj., Clarian, of Claros; a town in lonia coetus, -us [coeo], m., meeting,
light,
,t
Coeus
assemhhj,
flock.
26
company
compello
-ae,
f.,
gathering,
coma,
hair, Jocks
foliage^
'
Coeus, -i, 111., one of the six Titans comans, -antis [coma], adj., hairy ; crested. and fatlier of Latona. Tlie Titans were the sons of Coelus comes, -itis [com- -|- eo], c, companion, comrade, attendant; and Terra. follower, friend; aUy. cognatus, -a, -um [com- -f (g)na[comitor], m., hy comitatus, -ns tus], rclated bloocl, kindred. retimie, train, following, suite, cognouieii, -inis [com- -|- nomen], escort. family name, surname; name, comitor [comes], 1, accompany, apjiellation. attend, follow. cognosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus [com- -f mando], 1, commendo [coin- -I- (g)nosco], ascertain, intrust, commit, consign, comlearn ; know ; recognize. mend. cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus [com4-
ago],
gather,
assemble
condense
commisceo, -ere, -miscui. -mistus or mixtus [com- -)- misceo], mix together, mingle, hlend,
unite.
cohibeo, -ere,
-uT, -itus
[com-
-f
commissum,
committo,
-i
[committo],
n.,
cohors,
-tis,
f.,
train,
company,
troop, Jlcet.
adj.,
of ColKome Col;
-ere, -misi, -missus [com- + mitto], jo??i, iinite; enbegin, comgage in (combat) mence ; commit (a crime or
;
offence).
commoveo,
gather, assenible
collis,
-is, ra., hill.
-i, 11.,
reef.
collum,
vate
;
neck.
tilJ,
agitate,
munus],
comptus
emo], comb, dress, arcolonus, -i [colo], m., hushandrange, hind up. man ; colonist. compages, -is [com- -f pango], f., color, -oris, m., color, complexion, joint, seam; fastening ; frame, hue, tint. framework. coluber, -bri, m., snake, serpent. 1. coinpello, 1, address, speak to,
rcgnrd.
<'()Iuiuba, -ae,
f.,
f.,
dove, pigeon.
acros/
2.
Kphraid.
-ere, -puli, -pulsus
colunina, -ae,
column, pillar.
compello,
iplector
[comdrive
;
27
confero
[com- -f capio], conceive, harbor, become possessed by, 4, 474 ;
adj.,
-I-
pello],
drive together^
force, conipel.
-i,
complector,
-\-
-plexus
brace, hold.
aroused, roughenecl
compleo,
-I-
[comcrowd,
127.
-f
pleo],
;
up,
Jill ;
conclamo [comconcludo,
clamo],
1, cry
throng
complete.
-us, m., embrace.
-ere, -posui, -positus
complexus,
[com-
-f
;
compono,
[combuiid,
-I-
pono],
jmt
settle,
together
found ;
arrange,
to rest,
bury ; quiet,
adv.
,
concresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretus cording to (or by) argument or [com- -I- cresco], grow together, compact. take on form by hardening comprehendo or comprendo, part. concretus, -a, -um, in~ -ere, -ndi, -nsus [com- -f preingrained: grown, inherent, hendo], seize, grasp ; recount, stiffened, matted, clotted, hardac,
composito [compono],
enumerate, describe.
ened.
quell,
comprimo,
[com-t-
premo],
-a,
check,
concurro, -ere, -curri (cucurri), -cursus [com- -f curro], run together or rush together (to a
place); engage, encounter, fight. concursus, -us [concurro], m.,
coneavus,
-um
[com-
-(-
cavLis], hollow.
concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus concourse, throng, crowd, as[com- -I- cedo], depart, ivithsembly, gathering, multitnde. draw, go or come away, grant, concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus permit, alloio. [com- -\- quatio], shake, shake concha, -ae [Koyxv^i f-j conch, violently ; agitate, alarrn, teroverwhelm. concido, [com- -!- condensus, -a, -um [com- -f dencado], faJl, fall down. sus], adj., crowded together, concilio [concilium], 1, procure, huddled together, close together. win, secure ; gain or loin the condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [comfavor of -{- do], found, establish, build cbncilium, -i [com- -f (root) cal, store (or treasure) up ; hide, concaW^, assembly, gathering, comceal ; lay to rest, bury, consign pnny, council. (to tlie tomb); restore, 6, 792. concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus confero, -ferre, contuli, collatus
;
shell
fig.
rify,
arouse, excite
coiifertus
/^com-
28
to<iethor
;
,cAo
fero],
hring
side,
-iin
[oonfercio],
iu
congressus, -us [congredior], m., meeting ; pl. intervieir, 5, 73o. conicio, -ere, -leci, -iectus [com-t- iacio], throw together, throw,
,
crowded
conficio,
pass.,
together,
-ere,
dense or
-fectus
cast,
hurl
witli
se,
hasten,
v7o.s6 arrrnj.
rush, dash.
-feci,
aiul
conifer, -era, -erum [conus -\fero], adj., cone-hearing. confio [com- 4- facio], Jinish, accom- conitor, -i, -nixus and -nisus [com- -1- nitor], exert one^s self, plish, compJete, execute ; ivear
conficior
out,
waste,
loeaken,
-f isus
exhaust,
strain
strive.
every
nerve
struggle,
speud.
confido, -ere,
[com- coniugium, -i [coniungo], n., -1- tido], semi-dep., trust iu, rely marriage, vjcdlock, union ; meton., hushaud, wife. upon, have faith or coujidence coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus in, trust. [com- -I- iungo], join, join tocon/i<o, -ere, -fixi, -flxus [com-f figo], transjix, ])ierce
sum
through.
-|-
getlier,
alhj.
unite,
clasp
associate,
conftss,
-ere,
tiiiio],
acknowledge,
flictus
avow.
confligo,
-flixi,
-lapsus [com- -|labor], fall together,faU ; sink together, contend, struggle,Jight. dowu ; faiut, swoon ; fall upou. confugio, -ere, -fugi [com- -f fugio], .^re to Jor help ovjor aid, conluceo, -ere [com- -)- luceo], shiue brightly, gleam, glare. have rerourse to. confundo, -ere, -fudi, -fiisus conlustro [com- -f lustro], 1, look [com- -f fimdo], pour together, at, inspect, survey mix, mingle, blend; confuse, conor, 1, try, endeavor, attetnpt. perplex, disturb ; break, vio- consanguineus, -a, -um [com-1-
[com-
dash
or
strike
conlabor,
-i,
late.
-1-
sauguis],
;
adj.,
congemo,
loudly.
-ere,
-ui
[com-
4-
hlood
subst.,
kiusman,
-atis
hrother.
consanguinitas,
[consan-
congoro, -cre, -gessi, -gestus guiueus], f., hlood-relationship, [com- -I- gero], collect, pile (or kiuship. hcap) up; huild, consfrurt. conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -scencongredior, -i, -gressus [com- + sus [com- -|- scando], ascend, gradlor], go together, meet, enclimb, mount ; emhark upon. gage (in battle witli), encounter. couscius, -a, -um [com- -f scio],
Cora
I!ora, -ae,
in
f.,
31
creatrix
etc, hasten on or along (or speecl) over or along.
;
dash
Latium.
:
oram
before, hefore one^s eyes, in one^s presence, in person, with one^^s own eyes face to face, openly ; 2, prep. w.
1,
corrumpo,
[com-
abl.,
of
,
'orinthus,
-i, f .
a city of Greece,
cortex, -icis, m., hark. cortina, -ae, f., caldron, kettle tripod of ApoJlo (on which the
priestess sat)
;
destroyed
in batti.
by
Mummius,
^
"-
b.c.
,.
'
fig.,
oracle.
the
Corus,
s, -a,
,'
-i
[or
Caurus], m.,
cousessus
"
-um '^
'
-,
'
northioest loind.
consido, 7 *^"^^^' ""f ^^'^ ^^^'[com- + sicll^^ ivaving, swaying ; flashing, perch ; sinJc t. ^ rcornu gleaming, glittering. pesl, ,7 ,,^. , + !^ -^' np ones ahode r4:. noofecL horn.,. Corybantius, -a, -um, adj., o^ consilium, -i [ct. the Coryhantes. ^riestsof Cyh( counsel, advice ].
,
,
-,
corusco,
-are,
move
rapidly
lcornuml,
-'
'
'
design.
'.ntler
^us
[com-
temnoj,
despise,
consisto,
~ere,
-stiti,
-stitus
still,
defy.
[com- + sisto], stand stand ; halt, pause^ stop stand; remain, one''^
rest, be at rest.
settle
consono, -are,
-lii
[com-
sono],
resound, reecho.
course.
contentus,
-a,
-um
[contineo],
conspectu
in medio, in the midst of the conterreo, -ere, -ui, -itus [comgazing throng, 2, 67. + terreo], frighten greatly, conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus terrify. [com- + specio]," ZooA; at, see, contexo, -ere, -texui, -textus hehold, spy, descry, catch sight [com- + texo], weave together, construct, frame, bnild. of; Jind, discover, (5, 508. consterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus coiiticesco, -ere, -ticui [com- + [com- + steriio], taceo], hecome still ov silent, strew over, cover, strew, bestrew. cease speaking ; he still or silent. constituo, -ere, -ui, -utus [com- contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentiis [com- + teneo], hold together + statuo], 2)lace, set, station
.
confertus
Comwith
28
toyethcr
;
.o^lo
fcro],
hrhig
gradum, imlk
6, 488.
side hy aide,
accompany,
confertus,
-a,
-uiu
[confercio],
in
congressus, -iis [congredior], m., meeting ; pl. intervieir, 5, 733. conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [comiacio], throw together, throw, -i,
crowded
conficio,
pass.,
tofjethrr,
dense or
-fectus
cast,
hurl
with
se,
hasten,
4-
rlose arrffij.
-ere,
-feci,
aiid
;
riish, dash.
conifer,
-era,
-erum [conus
fero], adj., cone-hearing. confio [com- + facio], Jinish, accom- conitor, -i, -nixiis and -nisus [com- + nitor], exert one''^ self, loear plish, complete, execute ; strain every nerve; -Vwtus exhaust, out^ ivaste, loeaken,
couficior
spend.
coiifido, -ere, -f Isus sum [com4- fido], semi-dep., trust in, rely
strive.
together^
-i
coniugium,
ton.,
[coni^.
m.,
hushand, wif,
gathering,
trust.
unite'^,
turn
direct,
-versus around,
bring
to
-|-
e;
-a,
'>(x\!ui\xi,ccige.
convexus,'
adj.,
-um
subst.,
convexum,
;
-I,
n.,
;
often
arch,
recess
muster.
-a,
vanlt; slope
contrarius,
adj.,
-um
[contra],
convivium,
quet, feast.
-J
opposite;
;
opposed, oppos-
convolsus, see convello. verse, hostile. convolvo, -ere, -volvl, -voliitus contreniisco, -ere, -tremui [com[com- + volvo], roll up, coil. -I- tremo], siiake, quake, tremhle. coorior, -Iri, -ortus [com- + contundo, -ere, -tudl, -tiisus o-orior], arise, break forth, break -tunsus [com--|- tundo], bruise ; out, spring up.
subdue, conquer, over- copia, -ae [com- + ops], f., ahunpower. dance, plenty; forces, troops, contus, -f, m., pole, pike. uumhers (usually pl.) ahility, coniibiuui (sometimes trisyll.).-i power. means ; opportunity, per[com- -H nubo], n., wedlock, uiission. leave. marriage, nnptials ; marriage tie. cor, conlis, n., hrart ; soul feel; coiiiis. -I. m., rone ing, emotion ; cordi esse aliciii, ; peak (of a helmet). be dear to somehody, please.
;
ing, contrary
unfavorahle, ad-
crush,
Cora
Cora,
in
31
creatrix
etc, hasten on or aloncj (or speed) over or cdong.
;
-ae,
f.,
dash
Latium.
:
coram
1,
before
corrumpo,
[compieces
infect.
-ere,
-rupi, -ruptus
one^s eyes, in one^s presence, in person, vnth one^s own eyes face toface, openly ; 2, prep. w.
abl.,
+
;
of
Corinthus,
destroyed
146.
1.
-i, f.,
a city of Greece,
cortex, -icis, m., bark. cortina, -ae, f. caldron, kettle tripod of Apollo (on which the
,
by
-a,
Mummius,
b.c.
priestess sat)
fig.
oracle.
the
Corus,
-i
[or
Caurus], m.,
corneus,
of horn,
-um
[cornu], adj.,
northwest wind.
rapidly icave, shake, brandish, swing. coruscus, -a, -um [corusco], adj.,
6, 894.
corusco,
-are,
move
2.
corneus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[cornum],
nel tree.
cornipes,
adj.,
[cornu
pes],
flashing,
adj.,
of
hoofed.
the Coryhantes,-pT:\esXsotCyhQ\Q;
corna, -Ss,
tip
horn, antler
end,
for
Corybantian.
(used
-i,
by synecdoche
n., cornel cherry.
Coryuaeus,
of Aeneas.
-i,
m., a companion
sail-yards).
cornum,
Coroebus,
m., a Plirygian ally he was a son of of the Trojans Mygdon and lover of Cassandra.
-i,
;
coroiia, -ae
[K-o/jwfTj],
,
f.,
croivn,
m., an ancient town of Etruria, now Cortona. Cossus, -1, m., A. Cornelius Cossus, consul B.c. 428, who won tlie spolia opima by slaying the Corytlius,
-i,
king of Veii.
costa, -ae, f., rib, side. m., [Kodopvos'], cotliuruus, -i cothurnus, hunting-boot, huskin ; a Grecian hunting-boot reaching
corporeus,
carnal.
-a,
-um
[corpus], adj.,
halfway
,
to the knee.
-a,
hody ; form, corpus, -oris, n. Jigure, frame, frameicork ; size, bulk ; corpse, carcass ; person; ^^ mass, 6, 727. corripio, -ere, -ripiii, -reptus [com- -(- rapio] s)iatrh, snatch up or av:ay, seize, catch, grasp rouse; with viara, spatium,
,
crassus,
clotted.
-um,
adj.,
thick,
crastinus, -a, -um [cras, to-morrow'], ofto-morrow, to-morrow'' s. crater, -eris [/cpaxTj/)], m. (acc. acc. pl. -eras), mixsing. -era
;
f.,
mother.
creber
creber, -bra, -brum,
qucnt^ rcpentcdy
32
adj., fre-
Cuniae
f.,
crista, -ae,
crest,
plume.
[crista], adj.,
incessant,
nn-
cristatus, -a,
-um
merous, constant; ahoundimj crestcd. plumcd. tecming in, with; fresh. croceus, -a, -um [crocus, saffron']., crebresco, -ere, crebul [creber], adj., saffro7i, saffron-hued (or become frequent ; (of the wiiid) -colored), yellow.
increase in strength, freshen. credo, -ere, -didi, -clitus, intrust,
trust,
confide in
helievc,
su]')-
pose, think;
383.
with se,
risk^
5,
ing, unnatural.
1, hurn.,
cremo,
consume.
rattle,
;
barbarously,
-a,
fiercely,* etc.
crack.
rattle,
5,
crudus,
-um
[cruor],
;
crepo,
206.
-are,
-ui,
-itus,
strong,
crueutus,
hloody,
-a,
-um
[cruor], adj.,
hlood-staincd ;
hlood-
thirsty, crucl,
murderous.
Cressa, -ae [Cres], f. a Cretan n., couch, hed. icoman. Creta, -ae, f., Crete. cubitum, -i [cubo], n., elhow. Cretaeus, -a, -um (Creta), adj., culmen, -inis, n., top, summit roof; height, pinnacle, 2, 200. of Crete, Crctan. cretus, -a, -um [cresco (creo)], culpa, -ae, i.,fault, crime, offence, part. as adj., born, sprung, dewcakness, error. scendcd. culpatus, -a, -um [culpo], part. Creusa, -ae, f. wife of Aeneas, as adj., hlanied, hlameworthy, and daughter of Priam. guilty.
,
cruor, -orls, m., hlood, gore. cubile, -is [cubo, lie doion'],
crimen,
charge,
crinis,
-inis,
n.
'acc2isation,
arraignment ;
m., hair
;
crime^
locks
nnt, protcctrcss.
pl.,
train {ov trnil) of light. Crinisus, -i, ni., a river of southwestern Sicily the river god. crinitus, -a, -um [crinis], adj.,
;
cultus, -us [eolo], m., cultivation ; dress, appenrance, guise, plight, habits, mode oflife, life. 3, 501 cum, prep. w. abl., with. 1.
;
2.
cum,
conj.,
no
perf.
-atus,
inave, brandish.
though, thoiigJi; since. Cumae, -aruin, f., an ancient town on the coast of Campania.
Cumaeus
Cumaeus,
-a,
33
Cyclades
m., the earliest Cretans. inhabitants of Crete
;
maean, of Cumae.
cumba,
skif.
-ae
boat.,
care to do anything, care to cuniulo [cumulus], 1, heap up, carefor, refresh. heap ; load, fill, load doivn ; incurro, -ere,cucurri, cursus, run, crease, augment. move swiftly ; fiow ; hasten, sail, cumulus, -i, m., heap, pile, mass. glide, skim over ; speed, dart, ciinabula, -orum [cunae, cradW].
n.,
cradle,
hirthplace
first or
shoot.
earliest abode.
cfinctor,
tant.
cunctus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[coniunctus],
cursus, -us [curro], m., running course chase, race, flight, voyage, journey, course, road,
route
;
all
speed, haste
evolution,
ivhole, entire.
cuneus,
assemhly.
-inis
curA^us,
[cupio],
f.,
-a,
-vim,
adj.,
curved,
spear-
cupido,
ar-
curving, winding.
cuspis,
-idis,
f.,
point,
custodia,
Amor
or Love
son of Venus
and god
of love.
-ae [custos], f., a icatching or guarding ; fig., the person who watches, watch,
guard, sentinel. cupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, decustos, -odis, c, guard, watch, sire, loish, long, long for. ivatchman, guardian; keeper, cupressus, -i [^KvirdpKTcros'], f.
cy2)ress.
cur, adv., lohy ? wherefore 9 for luhat reason ? cura, -ae, f., care ; anxiety, solicitude, concern ; sorrovj, trouble,
defender, protector. Cybele, -es (also Cybela, -ae), f. Phrygian goddess, the Mag1.
na Mater of the Romans she was daughter of Coelus and Terra, wife of Saturn, and mother distress, grief, anguish ; busi2. A mountain in of the gods. ness, duty, office ; regard, affecPhrygia sacred to Cybele. tion, love, pangs of love ; object Cyclades, -um [Ki^K-XdScs, cf. of care or love, loved one. kvk\os, ci^-cle'], islands " encirCures, -iuni, c, town of the Sa;
bines east of
Rome.
cling
'
'
Delos in
tlie
Aegean
Sea.
Cyclopius
Cyclopius,
adj.,
-a,
34
[Cyclops], Cyclo-
Dardanus
-uin
o/
the
Cijdops,
pcan.
Daedalus,
-I
[AaiSaXos, skUfiil]^
Cyclops, -5pis [Ki^/cXwi/', roundThe Cyclopes eyecl], a Cyclops. were fierce giants haviug but one eye, which was in the middle of the forehead.
m., a mythical Athenian of great mechanical skill and inFor a time he ventive genius. dwelt at the court of King Minos
of Crete
Labyrinth Afterward, having for him. cycnus, -i [kvkvos']., ni., swan. helped Theseus to solve the Cyllenius, -a, -um, adj., o/ Cylmystery of the Labyrinth, he leue, a mountain in eastern Arcadia, the birthphice of Merwas imprisoned by Minos. By cury subst., Cyllenius, -i, m., means of artificial wings which Ilercnry. he^ invented lie and his sou the latter was cyinba, see cumba. Icarus escaped cymbium, -i [cymba], n., cw/), drowned in tlie Icarian Sea, but bowl ; this was small and boatDaedalus landed at Cumae. shaped. dainno [daninum, loss], condemn, Cymodoce, -es, f., a Nereid sentence ; devote, doom, con(daughter of 'Nereus), a seasign. nymph. Danaus, -a, -um, adj., o/ DaCyinothoe, -es, f., a Nereid, sister naas, Danaan ; Greck., Grecian ; of Cyniodoce. Danaus was an ancient king ^f m., mountain of Cynthus, -f, a Argos subst., Danai, -ornm, Delos, the birthplace of Apollo the Danaans, the Gi^eeks. and Diana. daps, dapis, f. a sacrificial feast cyparissns, -i [cf. cupressus], fenst, hanquet (especially a rich, taken sumptuous, ordainty one),/oo(Z, f. cypress ; a poetic form
and
built the
meat, viands.
a large island in Dardania, -ae, f., poetic name the eastern Mediterranean. for Troy. Cythera, -onim [^Kvdtjpa'], n., an Dardanides, -ae, m., male descfDilaiit of Dardainis, Tmjan. ishmd in the Aegean Sea northwest of Crete and sacred to Dardanis, -idis, f. female descciidant af Dardanus. Venus near this she was said to have been boru from the foam Dardaniiis, -a, -iim [Dardanus], adj., of Dardanus, descendant of the sea. Cythereiis, -a, -iim [Cythera], of Dardanns\ Dardanian, Trojan. adj., o/ Cyifipra, Cytherean (jod- Dardanns, -i, m., soii of Jupiter .su1)st., Cytherea, -ao, f. aud Klectra, sctn-in-law of Teudess of Cythera, \'enns.
Cyprus,
-I,
f.
Dardaniis
cer,
35
clefero
coimtry, one in battle with the founder of tlie royal hoiise Latins at ^''eseris, b.c. 340, the of Troy. other in battle with Gauls and Dardaniis, -a, -iim, adj., of DarSamnites at Sentinum, b.c. danus, Dardanian, Trojan. 295. Dares, -etis, in., acc. Dareta, a declaro [de -|- claro], 1, make Trojan boxer. plain, proclaim, announce, prodator, -oris [do], m., giver. nounce, declare. de, prep. w. abl., from, away from, doion from, out of; with declino [de -f clino], 1, bend expressions of material, from^ down, loicer, close (of the eyes or evelids). of, out of; fig., o/, in regard to, about, concerninr/ ; in accord- decor, -oris [decet], m., heauty, grace^ comeliness. ance icith, according to. decoro [decus], 1, (Zecoraie, adorn, dea, -ae, f. yoddess.
,
debello [de
deck. -f bello], 1, suhdue, vanquisk, quell, crush, conquer. decorus, -a, -um [decor], adj., hecoming, comely, beautiful ; debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [de 4- haseemly ; decorated, beo], oice ; jjass. he due, be litting, destined. adorned. debilis, -e, adj., weak, maimed, decurro, -ere, -curri (-cucurri) -cursus [de -f curro], rundoicn, powerless, disabled, crippled. hasten down ; speed, sail, sail decedo, -ere, -cessi, -eessus [de
,
-t-cedo], icithdraw,
tire.
depart, re-
over.
decem,
indecl.
num.
adj.,
deeerno,
-ere,
-crevi,
decide,
decus, -oris [decet], n., beauty, grace, comeliness ; honor, glory, ten. pride; ornament, adornment, -cretus
resolve,
decoration.
dedignor [de
off,
dignor],
1,
deem
reject,
decerpo,
carpo], pJuck
pluck.
decet, -ere, -uit, it is fitting, proper, or suitahle. decido, -ere, -cidi [de-f cado],
fall
4-
deduco,
bring,
down, fall.
deceive,
lead, conduct.
defendo,
-|-
Decius,
-i,
;
m., a
Roman
P.
gentile
-ere, -fendi, -fensus fendo], icard off, avert [de defend, guard, pi^otect. defensor, -oris [defendo], m.,
name
defender, protector.. Decius ]\[us, fatlier and son, who devoted defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [de -ffero], bear, carry, convey\ themselves to death for their
especially
defessus
36
Deiopea,
Juno's
demens
-ae,
train.
f.,
nymph
in
defessus,-a, -iim [dffetiscor, he- Deiphobe, -es, f., the daughter of Sibyl, come ivearied'], adj., loearied,
fali(/ued, exhausted;
Cumaean
tired out,
and
priestess
of
luorn out
icfart/, sjipnt.
Diana.
Deiphobus,
-i,
m., a son of
Priam
forsake.
and, after the death of Paris, husband of Helen at the capture of Troy Helen betrayed him
;
defigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [de -1tigo], fasteu dnwn ; Jix, fasten ;
cast doinn, 0, 150.
to the Greeks.
delabor, -i, -lapsus [de + labor], glide down, fall down, siooop
dcjwn
;
defleo, -ere,
fleo],
-evi,
/-etus
[de
-f-
iveep for,
mourn
-xus
for, he-
+ +
[de
-f
delitesco,
-ere,
-litui
[de
latesco], hide away, hide, lie down, float down hid, Jurk. faU, drop, slide ; fall down. defungor, -i, -functus [de -{ Delius, -a, -um [Delos], adj., o/ Delos, Delian, of Apollo, who fungor], finish, complete., have was born at Delos. done with. degener, -eris [de + genus], adj., Delos, -i [A^Xos], f., one of the group of islauds called Cyclades d('(/f'n('rat<', i(jnohle, hase. in the Aegean Sea, famous as dego, -ere, degi [de + ago],2:a8.s,
flow
spond.
the
adv.,
birthplace
;
of
ApoUo and
alone
dehinc [de-f-hinc],
this time or place
;
from
Diana
this
island
had
hence, hence4-
forth
consented to shelter their mother Latona and had till then been a floating island. In recognition of its hospitality Jupiter anchored it with chains of ada[5eX0/j'],
mant. throw down, cqst doion, hurl down; drive down, drive delphin, -inis phin. out, disl()d(je ; hring down, kill,
f),
m., dol-
542
dcprivc.
of;
cast in, 5,
deinbrum,
delu<lo, ludo],
cheat.
-I
400.
dcin<le (dissyll.), imXw., from this time,fr(>m that time, hereaftcr, ihereafter, then, thereupon, next,
afterwards.
-ere,
-sus
[de
mock^
deceive,
delude^
demens,
-entis [de
+ mens],adj.,
deineutia
mad,
insane
;
37
imld;
,
desero
frantic^
+
off.
pello],
drive
away,
loard
insanity^
mad- dependeo, -ere [de + pendeo], hang down from, hang down, frenzy; folly^
f.
infntiiation.
hang.
-misi, -missus depono, -ere, -posui, -positus send down^ let [de + pono], lay doion ; lay fall (or Jloio), shed (tears); reaside, banish, allay, 2, 76 set ceive, admit, 4, 428 w. navis, apart. bring to port^ anchor ; demis- deprensus, -a, -um, p.p. of desus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hangprehendo (prendo), overtaken, ing down, let doivn, lovjered caught, seized. surprised. doivncast, drooping, suhdued, depr6mo,-ere,-prompsi, -promplow ; derived from, descended. tus [de + promo], draw out,
;
;
demo,
[de
-|-
-ere,
dempsi, demptus
out.
-rigui
[de
dispel.
(rigeo)],
;
Demoleos,
Aeueas.
m., a Greekslain by
-|-
demoror
[de
moror],
1,
delay,
+
+
demum,
adv., at last, at
till
length,
tear
in
finally, not
away ; pull
haste
(i.e.
(or drag)
down
ten
launch), 4, 593.
denique, adv., at
length.
last,
dens, dentis, m.,tooth ; fluke (of descendo, -ere, -scendi, -scenan anchor). sus [de + scando], go down, densus, -a, -um, adj., thick^ come down, descend ; make a dense, close, croicded, compact; ivay into, sink into, penetrate
frequent, repeated, constant, incessant.
stoop
to,
resort
to.
descensus,
[de
-f niintio],
1,
-us
[descendo], m.,
dennntio
announce,
descent.
declare,
foretell
threaten, 3, 366.
+
;
scribo],
out,
depasco,
-pavi, -pastus (also dep.) [de + pasco], feed upon, devour, consume; taste.
-ere,
trace
write down,
[de
sero], forsake,
leave
behind,
leave,
abandon,
desert.
desertus
desertus,
--a,
38
detrudo,
-I-
Dido
-ere, -trusi, -trSsus [de
-um
trudo],
thrust
down
or
off,
j)ush
down
or
off.
desolate,
;
lonely,
plu.,
unfre- deturbo,
quented
neut.,
solitudes,
away
desert, wilderness.
[de
1,
-}-
sido],
deus, -i, m., god, deity. deveuio, -ire, -veni, -ventus [de
-I-
venio],
at,
to^
designo [de
-|-
signo],
mark
off,
arrive
mark
[de
-I-
out.
-sii,
dev^olo [de
-situs
devolvo,
down.
-ere,
-volvi,
roll
off,
cease^for-
[de-f-volvo],
bear.
devoveo,
-|-
leave
off,
cease, desist,
abandon.
(as
despecto
.
down
[de upon.
specto],
1,
look
despicio, -ere,-spexi,-spectus [de -I- specio], look down upon; despise, reject, scorn.
-ae
fig.,
(sc.
destino,
1,
place
or set apart
destine, doom. destruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus [de -}- struo], ijull or tear down,
demolish, destroy.
dess of the
(trisyll.)
Lower World.
desuetus,
-a,
-um
[de-
desum,
-esse,
-fui
[de-(-sum],
dico,
1,
desuper [de
-f
super], adv.,
from
above, ahove.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, speak^ say ; tell, relate, speak of ; sing, celehrate (as a poet) name, call
;
hold.
foretell, predict.
-torsi, -tortus
torqueo],
turn from
ov
Dictaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dicte (a mountain in Crete), Dicof Crete, Cretan. dictum, -i [dico], saying, speech,
;
tncan
traho],
draw
off or
away
loord,
command.
or -onis,
f.,
from;
Dido,
-lis
called also
diduco
39
diripio
and queen of Cartliage. diduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus jlis le, d in 4- duco], draw apart^
different directions;
divic'
i.,
digressus, -us [digredior], m. going away, departure. dilabor, -i, -lapsus [dis -f labor], glide away, sUp azcay, depart,
disappear, vanish.
diligo,
-f
sep-
-ere,
,
-lexi,
oiit,
arate
distract.
lego]
^9<c^'
^mous
f.
-missus
m. and
appointed time, time (in general) period of time, an age. differo, differre, distuli, dila-
day
send in different (or all) directions ; send avKiy, send forth, despatch ; dismiss
let go.
dimoveo,
[dis -f
-ere,
-movi,
-motus
tus [dis
difflcilis,
-f fero],
put
off,
defer,
delay, postpone.
-e
[dis
-f-
facilis],
adj.,
not easy, difficult; liard, painful; dangerous, 5, 865. diffido, -ere, -fisus [dis -f fido], distrust, lose faith or confidence
in.
dinumero
count,
[dis -f
numero],
1,
count
-is,
over,
compute,
reckon.
Diomedes,
most
ploits
diffugio, -ere, -fugi [dis -f fugio], flee apart or in different directions, scatter, disperse, flee.
the
Greeks
his
before Troy.
Among
ex-
were the wounding of Venus and Aeneas and the caj)ture of the horses of
interpret.
digitus,
and founded Arpi. Dionaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dione, the mother of Venus, Dionean. a comrade of Diores, -is, m. Aeneas and kinsman of Priam.
,
deign.
adj.,
dignus,
-a,
-um,
fltting,
loorthy,
suitable,
proper ;
deserved.
dirimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [dis due, -f emo], take apart ; break ojf, interrupt, put an end to, end.
digredior, -gredi, -gressus [dis diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [dis asunder, pull -frapio], tear -f giadior], go away, depart.
dirus
40
diu
apart, ride apart, gallop apait^
separate.
disicio,
-
-ere, -ieci,
-iectus
;
[dis
throw
de-
ck lon,
overthrow,
shatter,
m
disii
'lish.
terrible, fierce ;
-ere, -iQnxi, -iunctus iungo], separate, remove, + keep apart, keep away from. dispello, re, -puli, -pulsus [dis
[dii;
ngo,
pello], drive
apart,
disperse,
2.
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [dis dispendiuiu, -i [dispendo], n., go apart or awaij, expense, cost; loss, 3, 453. -f cedo], retire, depart, withdraw. dispergo, -ere, -si, -sus [dis discerno, -ere, -erevi, -cretus + spargo], scatter, disperse. [dis + cerno], distinguish one dispicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [dis + specio], see clearly or disthing from another separate
;
mark
off,
loork, embroider.
discessus, -us [discedo], m., going away, departure. disco, -ere, didici, learn, learn how, become acquainted with. discolor, -oris [dis + color], adj.,
see.
dispono,
[dis
salio], leap
(or spring)
f.,
dis-
be
bui'st
(or rent)
person.,
apart.
dissiinulo [dis
simulo],
1,
clis-
distendo,
[dis
-tendi,
stretch
fill.
-tentus
out
or
note
(of the
;
6,
G40
musical discrimination,
;
+
;
tendo],
distend,
apart
disto,
distinction,
difference
crisis,
-are
[dis
sto].
stand
-stric-
apart,
br dista)it.
-ere, -strinxi,
distriii;jo,
+
in
cumbo],
-ere,
recline.
discurro,
-curri,
l'un
-cucurri
[dis
ditissinius,
(ITvos.
I
-a
-iiin,
adj.,
see
-cursus
different
curro],
directions
or
divello
divello,
asuiider,
-ere,
-velll,
41
-viilsus
Doricus
Epirus famed for
Jupiter.
its
oak grove
to
(-volsiis)
[dis 4- vello],
rend
doleo, -ere, -ui, -itus, grieve, sorroiD, mourn, suffer pain. remove. -um, m., a people of Dolopes. verbero], [dis -f 'diverbero 1, Thessaly who fought against strike (or cut) asunder^ cleave, Troy under Pyrrhus. divide. diversus, -a, -um [diverto], adj., dolor, -oris [doleo], m., grief, sorrow ; pain, anguish, sufferturned in opposite or different
pieces
;
ijig,
rious, unlike
remote, distant.
adj.,
artifice
;
abounding
stratagem,
trick
wile,
in
precious,
6, 195.
fraud,
guile, treachery
(or hidden) ivily plot, secret divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, divide, misdeed; fig., maze, 5, 590. spparate, part ; distrihute, apportion, share ; direct, turn, 4, 285. doTiiina, -ae [feminine of dominus]. f. mistress, queen. divinus, -a -vim [divus], adj., rule, [dominus], 1, ilivine, heavenly ; sacred, holy ; dominor reign, he supreme, be lord or inspired, prophetic.
,
master.
dominus,
-a,
-i
[domus], m.,master,
-iim. adj.,
-i,
subst.,
divus,
f.,
and diva,
do,
-ae,
domitor,
ruUr, subdupr.
domo,
due, rule, vanquish, conquer. dedi, datus, give, hestov}, present, furnish, supply, domiis. -iis and -i, f. house, home, abode, hahitation ; fig., houseyield, offer ; vouchsafe, grant, hold, family, line, race, house. permit, alloio ; make, cause, produce ; put, place ; give forth, ut- donec, conj., as long as, while;
dare,
ter
until,
till.
make
sail, sail.
dono [donum],
reward, hestow.
1,
give,
present,
doceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus, teach, inform, show, explgin, point out,
tell.
donum,
-i
[do], n.,
;
offering, sacrifice
-a,
doctus,
adj., ivise,
-um
in the
Dodonaeus,
-um, adj., Dodo- Doricus, -a, -iim, adj., Doric^ Dorian ; Grecian, Greek. naean, of Dodona, a town in
dorsum
dorsuin, animal
-i,
;
42
Ji
edico
conj., while, as
;
n.,
bark of
m.,
man
or
dum,
fii;.,
ridge^ reef.
long as ; until
if only.
a comrade of Aeneas, and husband of Beroe. dotalis, -e [dos], adj., of or pertaining to a clowry ; dotalis Tyrios, as a dowri/, 4, 104. draco, -ouis [5pd/cw;/], serpent, dragon. Drepanum, -i, n., a town on the western coast of Sicily. Drusus, -i, m., the name of a distin,fjuished family of the Gens
Doryolus,
-i,
duiiius,
thicket.
-i,
m.,
bramble, brier,
duo, -ae, -o, nuin. adj., two. duplex, -iois [duo -f plico], twofdd, donble ; both, 1, 03.
hard, harden ; endure, persevere ; be patient, strong, or Jirm. durus, -a; -um, adj., hard to the touch, unyiehling ; hardy, tough,
1,
duro
[durus],
make
Livia.
m., a Pelasgic people of Greece, living between the Ambracian and Malian i>ulfs. dublto [dubius], 1, be in doubt,
doubt, hesitate, question.
Dryopes, -um,
arduous
severe,
cruel,
ha7'sh,
unfreli7ig, stern.
dux,
ducis
;
[duco],
c,
leader,
guide
rhieftain, king.
dubius,
adj., vmvering, doubting, hesitating, doubtfid, diibious, perplexing critical, dangerous, peiilous, difficult, hazardous.
-a,
-um,
Dymas,
U7icertain,
diloo,
ductus, lead, e, see ex. draw, bring, guide, direct, con- obur, -oris, n., iro7'y. j^^roZojigr, duct ; pass, spend; eburnus, -a, -um [ebur], adj., of
-ere,
duxi,
rnoidd,
ivory, ivory.
(or choose) by lot reckon, calcidate, computfi, think ; 7rin, gain, receive. ductor, -oris [duco], m., leader.
;
848
draw
derive
anything?
(-qiii),
i7i
a7iy
respectP
any? any
ecqiiis
at all?
at all?
dudum
[diu
-|-
dum],
adv.,
long
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet to the taste or smell, fresh water plcas;
(-qua), -qiiid (-qiiod), interrog. pron. and adj., a7iy 07ie? any one at all? anythi7u/? as adj., any, any
-qiiae
at all?
ant,deHghtful, rharming
precious, loved, beloved.
dear,
island
dcvouring,
co7isuin-
Dulichiuui,
-I,
n.,
an
southeast of Ithaca.
-dictus [e
-|-
edissero
dico], declare,
43
speak,
rate.
egregius
utter,
prodaim; com-rtiis [e
say
tell,
nar^
mand,
/
eclissero, -ere,
dis-
eflfringo,
-ere,
,
-fregi,
[ex
-H
frango]
-um, p.p. of edo. effugio, -ere, -fflgi [ex + fugio], intr. edo, -ere, edi, esus, eat, deJlee forth or away, glide vonr, consume. away or along, speed along 2. edo, -ere, edidi, editus [e -ftr., escape,Jleefro7n,flee; avoid, do], (jive out or forth; utter, shun. say ; publish, announce, declare. effugium, -i [effugio], n., flight, edoceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus [e -f escape. thoroughly or eflfiilgeo, -ere, -si [ex -J- fulgeo], teacli doceo], detail, completely, inform in shine forth, be effulgent, gleam, apprise. glitter, glow, shine. edflco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [e -|- efltundo, -ere, -ffldi, -fflsus [ex duco], lead forth or out ; bring -ffundo], pour forth or out, waste, 5, 446 forth, bear ; erect, build, rear shed, 2, 271 forge, fashion. utter ; slacken; give up, yield efFero, -ferre, extuli, elatus [ex up. bring (or carry) out or efFflsus, -a, -um [effundo], part., -I- fero],
editiis, -a,
1.
, ;
scat-
dishevelled
suffused,
streaming ; headlong, 6, 339. egens, -gentis [egeo], part. as adj., ferus], efferus, -a, -um [ex needy, in ivant, poor, destitute, iioild, frantic, furious, savage. wanting, desirous of, desiring. effetus, -a, -um [ex -\- fetus, pro- egenus, -a, -um [egeo], adj., in want, needy, destitute. ductive'], worn out (by bearing), egeo, -ere, -ui, be in need or in exhausted. loant, need, require ; be poor or efflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex -1facio], make, form, cause. destitute. [ex fingo] f., im- egestas, -atis [egeo], f., ivant, eflflgies, -ei -for
ivalk,
sum
pedem,
go forth,
depart.
'-\-
poverty.
efflngo, -ere,
-f
tingo], shape,
form, fashion
portray, represent. effodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus [ex + fodio], dig out or up, dredge, 1, 427 gouge out. effor [ex -\- for], 1, speak out.
;
ego, pers. pron., I. egredior, -i, -gressus [ex -f- gradior], step (or walk) forth, go (or come) out, disembark, land. egregius, -a, -um [e 4- grex], adj.,
ei
ei,
44
ei milii,
Epirus
lo !
interjec,
ah! alasl
?coe is
me !
[ex
and crew,
cast ashore,
eiecto,
elabor, -i, -lapsiis, slip (or glide') forth or aicay ; sJip by, escape from, dodr/e, spring aside. elephantus, -i, ni. elephant ; ivory. elido, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [ex + laedo], 'strike (or dash) out
,
hehold ! see! Enceladus, -i, m., one of the giants who fought against heaven. Jupiter slew him with a thunderbolt and buried him under IMount Aetna. enim, conj. 1, assigning a reason or explalning a preceding statement, which however is often only implied, for ; 2, amplifying or exemplifying a preceding statement, namely, for instance ; 3, strengthening or
:
en, interjcc,
or up.
Elis,
-idis,
f.,
a country in the eniteo, -ere, -ui [ex-f niteo], northwestern part of the Peloshi]ie forth, heam. XJonnesus its capital had the enitor, -ti, -nisus or -nixus [ex
;
same
nalne.
f.
,
-f-nitor],
off^
another name
of
spiring.
-|-
or
es-
eluo, -ere, -ui, -utus [ex -l- luu], icash out or aioay, cleanse. Elysium, -i, n., Elysium, the home of the blessed in the
m., sword, knife. Entellus, -T, m., a Sicilian who vanqiflshed Dares in the boxing
ensis,
-is,
contest.
Lower World.
emetior,
nietior],
-iri,
enumcro
-mensus
[ex
-f
[ex
or
-f
numero],
over
;
out,
up,
count enumerate^
1,
measure out or off; recount. travel over, traverse, pass hy or eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, go (in all senses) over. march, go forth, emico, -are, -micui, -micatus rushforth, proceed ; go against; [ex-|-mico], spring (or leap) resort to, have recourse to. out or forth or up ; bound for- Eous, -a, -um [^(j3os], adj., of the ward ; da.^^Ji (or dart) forvard. d<(ii'n, of thc morning, eastern, oriental ; subst., Eous, -i, m., emitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [tx dainn, morning, morning star. -I- mitto], send forth or out. emoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus Kpeos, -1, m., builder of the [ex + moveo], mjioue, cZ%>Zace; wooden horse. Epirus, -i, f., a district of northshake, upheave; di.spel.
;
epulae
western Greece, bordering
the Adriatic.
45
on eripio,
etiain
-reptus [ex + snatrh avjay or from, rapio] take (or tear) away, remove; seize, draw, unsheathe, 4, 579 rescue, prcserve ; with fugam,
-ere, -ni,
,
epulae,
f.,
-arum (epulum,
-i,
n),
hasten Jlight.
-ae, m., son oi descend-
Kpytides,
erro,
ant of Epytus. Epytus, -i, a Trojan. eques, -itis [equus], m., horse-
man,
rider, knight
; pl.,
cavalry.
error, -oris [erro] m.,wandering ; maze, 5, 591; error, mistake deception, delusion, trick, deceit. erubesco, -ere, -rubui [ex +
eructo [ex
vorait
;
erumpo, equus -i, m., horse, steed. [ex + rumpo], Erebus, -i ["E/je/Sos], m., god of break through. darkness, son of Cliaos and
;
+ ructo], 1,
burst
forth,
darkness, the eruo, -ere, erui, erutus [ex + brother of Nox ruo], tear out or up, uproot Loioer World. undermine, overturn, overthrow, ergo. adv., therefore, then, accordruin, destroy utterly. ingly, consequently ; with gen., -i, m.,master, lord. in consequence of, on account of. erus (herus), [Eryx], adj., Eridanus, -i, m., a river of the Erycinus, -a, -um of Eryx. Lower World which was said to make its way to the earth's sur- Erymanthus, -i, a range of mountains in Arcadia where Hercules became the river
face,
where
it
Po. erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [ex -f rego], raise np, set up, cast up
erect, build, rear.
Erymanthian boar. Eryx, -ycis, m. 1. A Sicilian, son of Venus and Butes, halfslain by brother of Aeneas
killed the
;
Erinys, -yos,
scourge.
f.,
a Eury
curse,
Hercules
2.
in
a boxing match.
of
Eriphyle,
wife of Amphiaraus, slain by her son Alcraaeon because she had persuaded her husband to join .the expedition of the " Seven against Thebes,"
-es,
western
et,
conj.,'
and;
;
also,
.
even, too
et
moreover, et or que,
both, and.
etiam
iam], conj., and also, too, Ukewise, even, and even^ even now ; still, yet.
[et
etsi
etsi
46
even
if,
exaniiins
-ere, -vasi, -viisus [ex
[et+sij,
conj.,
al-
evado,
though^ though. Hliiadne, -es, f ., wife of Capaneus, one of tlie " Seven against Tliebes," who threw herself on the funeral pile of her husband
vado], go (or co7ne) out, foi'th, or up ; mount iip., ascend, climb pass over or by, escape.
evanesco,
nesco],
disappear.
-ere,
-niii
[ex
va-
vanish
aivay,
vanish,
adj.,
of Eu-
eveho,
+ +
ern coast of Greece Euboean. euhans, -antis \_evav., euo?], part. adj., crying Euhan or Euhoe
;
aloft., 7'aise,
evenio,
-ventus [ex
venio],
(tlie
cry
of
the
followers
of
come
to pass,
Bacchus); shrieking (or revel- eventiis, -lis [evenio], m., eventy ling) wildly or madly, celebratoccu7'rence. 7'esuU, fortune. ing.^ everto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ex Eunielus, -i, m., a Trojan who re+ verto], upturn., ove7'tuj'n, porled to Aeneas that the fleet overthrow., 7ipheave; riiin, deliad been set on fire. stroy. Euinenides, -vini [Ei^/xej/^Ses], the evincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus
disposed ones, a conciliatory or propitiatory title of the Furies the Eumoiides,
icell
;
kindly or
[ex
vincio],
bi)id
(or
icind)
a7'ound, loreathe.
the Furies'.
Europe. Eurotas, -ae, ni., a river of La- evoco [ex + voco], 1, call fo7'th conia on which Sparta stood. or out, sunwion. Eurous, -a, -um [Eurus], adj., evolvo, -ere, -volvi, -voliitus [ex of Eu7'us, eastern. + volvo], 7'oll forth or out ; w. Euriis, -i, m., the southeast or reflcxive pronoun, 7'oll doioi,
-ae, f
,
.
Europa,
evinco, -ere, -vici, -victus [ex + vinco], vanquish cornpletely or utfrrly, overcome, conquer.
^'^.s-^
loind, icind.
-i,
Jlow.
tlie
Euryalus,
m., a Trojan,
;
ex, e
[cf.
^K,
i^~\,
prep.
w. abl.,
f riend of Nisus both were killed while trying to get through tlie
07it of,
fnrm, of;
after, since
1,
l>oil
/>o/7,
foam
up
seethe,
Eiirypylus,
-i,
m.,
onc of
a
the
surge.
exaniiuatiis, -a,
p.p.
;is
-um
[exanimo],
ex-
adj.,
breathless,
exardesco
[ex
47
lifeless,
exm
watch,
guard,
sentry,
sentif
animus],
adj.,
nel. dewl ; hreathless, terrijied. exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsus excudo, -ere, -cudi, -cusus [ex
[ex
-|-
ardesco]
take
-ire,
blnze
be
trp
or
cudo],
strike
(or
hammer)
forth,
Jire,
Jcindled,
burn.
exaudio,
[ex
-ivi or
-ii,
-itus
audio],
;
hear
/)?<:??/
or
distincthj
hear,
regard,
heed.
excedo,
-I-
excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [ex + quatio], shake off or out, dash (or drive) off or from, dislodge, throw down ; arouse. exedo, -ere, -edi, -esus [ex + edo], eat out, devour, consume,
destroy utterly.
excelsus,
lofty.
-a,
-um
[excello], part.
exeo,
-itus,
go
high,
excidium,
fall.
-i
exerceo, -ere,
-ui,
-itus
[ex
+
;
throw, ruin, destruction, down1. excido, -ere, -cidi [ex + cado], fall out, fall from"; slip from,
practise, train
2.
caedo], cut out or off ; hew out, quarry ; raze, destroy. excio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [ex
engage in, carry on, administer, ply, pursue ; harass, vex, torment, persecute. exereitus, -us [exerceo], m., army ; host, multitude, band.
exhalo [ex
exhaurio,
+ halo],
-ire,
1,
breathe out.
-hausi, -haustus
the [ex + haurio], drain to dregs ; exhaust, icear out ; uncause; arouse, stir up, excite. dergo, endure. excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex + capio] take up ; take next or exigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [ex + ago], drive out or forth, drive in turn, answer, rejyly, succeed;
cieo],
call
forth
or
out
receive,
loelcome
seize
;
catch,
sur-
investigate,
ascertain
iveigh,
;
prise,
befall,
overtake,
excite,
consider,
ponder,
fulfil,
determine
;
attend
complete,
spend.
Jinish
pass,
adj.,
excito
[ex
cito],
1,
exiguus,
cry out, small,
thin.
-a.
little,
-um
[exigo],
exclauio [ex+clamo],
exclaim.
1,
excolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [ex eximo, -ere. -emi, emptus [ex + emo], take away or out, re+ colo], cultivate, improve, ref.ne, perfect.
move
hanish, appease,
1,
216.
e:xcubiae,
-arum
[excubo],
exinde
exinde, adv., then^ after
(ifterwards.
48
that, next,
plete,
exsolvo
finish
;
satisfy,
gorge^
satiate.
adj.,
cle-
exitialis, -e [exitium],
fitructive,
explico [ex
-f
fataU deadly.
exitiuni, -i [exeo], n,, destruction, ruin. exitus, -us [exeo], m., egress,
exit
;
search
ex-
investigate,
explore,
end, death
event,
issue,
result.
exopto [ex +
exordiun,
-i
opto],
1,
choose out,
ii.,
entreat earnestly,
heg,
arise,
-proinpsi, expronio, -ere. -proniptus [ex -f promo], hring come forth, spring
-f-
orior],
up.
forth
[ex-f-oro],
-a,
1,
utter.
exoro
exquiro, -ere,
exosus,
-um
[ex
-[-
hating,
detesting,
-ivi or
ahhorring,
-ii,
sanguis], adj.,
hostile to.
vmn.
expedio,
[ex
gle
;
-ire,
-itus
-f
pes], extricate,
disentan-
make
exscindo,
[ex
4,
-1-
-ere,
-scidi,
-scissus
tear)
extirpate,
forth; explain, disclose, imfohl make one\s way ; pass. in middle sense, pass safoly, escape. expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus [(!X
-f-
scindo],
or out
;
cut
;
(or
down
destroy
425.
1,
exsecror [ex-fsacro],
execrate.
curse,
pello],
drive
out,
expel,
Jtanish.
[ex
expendo,
-pendi, -pensus [ex -f peiido], iceigh out ; pay, pay the penalty of or for, S2(ffer ; expiate, atone for. experior, -iri, -pertus, try, make
sequor],
foUow
out, execute,
1,
stretch (or
adj.,
truding
covcrcd.
hare,
proexposcd, unn.,
exile,
in,
free
exsiliuni,
-etiis [cx H
;
-i
;
[exsul],
-solvi,
hanislniicnt
a place of exile.
-soliitus
coiu-
exsolvo,
-ere,
exsomnis
ex
49
Fabius
mediately, at once, straighiimy.,
solvo],
nnloose, unhind
forthvnth.
exsoinnis, -e [ex
sleepless.
somnis], adj.,
extendo,
[ex
-ere,
-tendi,
-tentus
+ sors],
lot in,
adj.,
or
-erum
(or
out
[ex],
adj,,
;
outside,
external,
foreign
look
siiperl.,
extremus
vjait
for long
flnal, uttermost
iooked for, long expected. exspiro [ex + spiro], 1, hreathe out or forth, exhale ; die. exstingno, -ere,-stinxi, -stinctns [ex + sdnguo], extinguish, put
(or hlot^ out,
kill,
extrema,
the
-oram,
death,
577.
last
things,
worst,
perils,
1,
ex-
tremities,
outermost
parts, frontiers,
externus,
external,
-a,
destroy.
sto],
stand stranger, forth or out ; rise ahove, tower exterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus [ex + terreo], frighten, affright, ahove. -structus exstruo, -ere, -struxi, terrify, appall. [ex + struo], huild up, erect, extorris, -e [ex + terra], adj.,
exsto, -stare
raise,
[ex
foreign ; foreigner.
huihl.
hanished,
exiled.
exsul,
exile.
-ulls
[ex
salio],
c,
extra [exter],
icithout, heyond.
exsulto
spring
[ex
(or
sulto,
cf.
salio],
extremus,
exuo,
-a,
-um,
see exter.
leaj))
up,
hoil
up
rise
exnlt, rejoice ;
throh, heat.
1,
exsupero [ex
+ supero],
exuro,
parch.
exsurgo,
siirgo].
-ere,
rise
-surrexi
[ex
exuviae,
-arum
up, stand.
n.,
exta, -orum,
especially
entrails, vitals,
tlie
etc,
sjjoils; relics ;
skin, 2, 473.
especially
-i,
Quintus Fa-
fabrictitor
bius
6,
50
fatum
story, reputation,
renown,fame
;
general
845.
Hannibal,
m.,
person.,
Rumor.
f.,
;
faine,
[fabrico],
thirst,
-is,
hunger, famine
fabricator, -oris
frai]ier,
greed
person., Famine.
contriver,
maJcer,
famula,
man~
builder,
constructor.
servant, attendant.
especially C. Fabriwho
distinguished
ryrriius,
-i,
m., a
Roman
gen-
famiilus,
-i,
m.,
slave,
servant,
attendant.
cius Luscinus,
hiniself in the
6, 844.
war with
n.,
that which
uttered; righi.
sjjelt,
grain, meal.
fas
[cf. for],
indecl., n.,
law (or
will)
divine
tice,
destiny
duty, jus-
right; with
-is,
esse, laioful,
or
right, ]}roper;~permitted.
fascis,
shape
pect,
face,
facilis.
rf^ady.
-e
[facio],
adj.,
easy,
factus, pass., fio, fieri, factus, make, do, peiform, execute ; form, build grant, snppose, 4, 540. factuin. -i [facio], n., deed, action,
feci,
exploit, art, entcrprise, plan.
facio, -ere,
fastigium, -i, n., top of a gable or roof, summit, pinnacle, hattlement, roof ; summa fasti<ia reruin, the main points of the
story,
1_,
;J4'2.
mtalis,
-e
[fatum],
adj.,
fated,
allotted,
apjxiinted,
destinnl;
tell,
declare.
tire
vcary,
vex,
exhaust,
of
; counterfeit oath).
violate
(an
trouhJe,
worry,
plague,
harass
fatisco,
pursue.
falsus,
-ere,
open.
fatiiin,
-i
[for],
prophecy.
deceptive.
f.,
oracle,
dooiii,
decree
sic/clc.
death
destiny,
astcr.
taiices
51
fictus
extol, exalt, laud ; with reflex., fauces, -iuin, f., throat, jaics, enbetake one''^ self, go, proceed, trancp, mouth. rush, rise. faveo, -ere, favi, faiitus, befavorable to, bt^friend^favor, applaud ; ferox, -ocis [feru.s], adj., wild, with ore, preserve a reverent, warlike^ bold, flerce, savage, haughty, proud. solemn, or holy silence, 5, 71. favilla. -ae, f., ashes, embers, ferratus, -a, -um [ferrum], adj., iron-shod or covered. cinders. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], adj., favor, -oris [faveo], m., favor,
good
fax,
fire,
v'iU.
f.,
of iron. iron.
torch,
facis,
Jlrebrand,
ferrugineus
adj.,
-a,
-um
of
[ferrugo],
the
color
iron
rust,
feeundus,
-um,
adj., fruitful,
ferrum,
;
ferus, -a, -um, adj., femina. -ae, f., ivoman. savage, cruel. femineus, -a, -um [femina], ferus. -i, m. wild
,
spearhead;
iron.
anything
made
of
wild, flerce,
beast,
wild
5,
creature
818.
monster ;
horse,
breach, gap.
fera, -ae [ferus],
feralis, -e, adj.,
goes briskly on. fessus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, ful, dismal. fere, adv., nearly, almost ; just weary, tired, worn out, exhausted; iceak feeble. generally, usually. feretrum, -i [fero], n., bier. festino. 1, hasten, quicken, make feriuus, -a, -um, adj., o/ icild haste ; hasten to perform. beasts; subst., ferina, -ae, f., festus, -a, -um, adj., festal, festive. flesh of a ivild animal, venison. ferio, -ire, strike, cut, slay. 1. fetus, -a. -um, adj., pregnant, fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, teeming with, full of. bring, carry, move, bear along 2. fetus, -us, m., offspring, young, or onivard, waft ; lead, direct. littpr ; branch, shoot, growth. impel, prornpt ; endure, suffer iibra, -ae, t.,flbre, root ; entrails present, offer, grant; produce, any vital organ. [figo], fibula, -ae f., clasp, bring forth, yield ; bear away, carry away, carry off, plunder buckle, brooch, pin. relate, report, say, bring word; fictus, -a -um [fingo], adj., /a?se,
.
aglov;
Fidena
feigned; subst., fictuin,
falsehood.
-i,
52
n.,
fletus
dary, end, limit, goal, startinQ
point, country.
Fidena, -ae, f., an^ancient Sa- finitimus, -a, -um [finis], adj., hordering, neighhoring ; subst., bine town of Latium on the
Tiber,
five
miles nortlieast
of
neighbor.
fio. fieri,
Rome.
fidens, -entis [fido], part. and adj., confdent, bold, trusting in, relying upon.
fides, -ei [cf. fido],
f.,
firnio
[tirnms],
make
firrn or
asstire,
;
strong,
make
steady,
estahlish; confirm,
ratify
en-
confidence,
courage.
,
faith, trust ; honor^fidelity, hon- firmus, -a, -um, adj. firm, strong, soUd, lasting ; resolute, steadesty ; pledge, promise ; person.,
Faith, Honor.
fides,
-is, f.
;
fast.
fissilis, -e [findo], adj., easily spUt^
fissile.
string
lute,
fixus, -a, -um, p.p. of figo. n., [flagruni], -i fido, -ere, fisus, semi-dep., trust, flagellum, scourgo, lohip, thong, lash. confide in, have confidence or flagito, 1, ask importunately or faith in ; dare, venture.
lyre.
f.,
confidence,
insistently,
demand.
flagro,
[fido], adj., trusty,
1,
fidus, -a,
-um
flamen,
trusticorthy,
faithful,
;
loyal
hreeze, icind.
safe, hospitahle
assuring.
flamma,
-ae,
f.,
figo, -ere, f ixi, fixus, fix, fasten, fasten up, hang up ; transfix,
pierce
;
torch;
flre
set firmly,
plant;
witli
flammo
flatus,
blast,
[flamma],
-iis
1,
set
on
m.,
blowing,
gust.
niius, filum,
-I,
m., son.
thread.
fimus,
funlo,
fin.i?o.
-um
slime.
-ere,
fissus,
clcavo,
pale
flexi,
;
flexus, bend,
form, fashion, make ; shape, mould, control ; arrange; devise, in-ere, finxi,
fictus,
guide
change, iufluence^
-etus, iceep, laiceeping,
move.
fleo,
-ere, -evi,
finis,
-is,
m.,
and
rarely
f.,
houn-
flexilis
(amentation,
VKiiling.
53
mourning^ fomes,
frag"or
tears,
-itis, m., tinder,fuel. fons, fontis, m.,fountain, spring., source ; vmter, lake, stream.
floreo,
-ere,
-ui
[flos],
hloom,
aclj.,
for, fari,
tell.
^tus, speak,
say, utter,
floreus,
[flos],
fore,
forem
f.,
-um,
Jlowery.
flos, -oris,
esse,
and essem.
door, gate, entrance.
f.,
foris, -is,
fluctuo
icaver,
[fluctus],
toss,
-iis
fliictuate,
forma,
image, heauty
-ae,
surge
rage.
sea.
fluctus.
Joic,
figure kind.
n.,
stream,
flood, river.
formica, -ae, f., ant. formido, l,fear, dread. formido, -inis [formido], i.,fear,
dread, terror, awe. fornix, -icis, m., arch, vault. fors, fortis [fero], f., chance
adv., fors
fluidus, -a,
ing^flnid.
-um
fluito
as
flumen, -inis
fluo,
[fluo],
n.,
flood,
floic,
stream, drip
ehh,
glide avjay,
vanish, dccline.
fluvialis, -e [fluvius], adj., of a
river, river.
hrave,
*
hold,
val-
strong, heroic.
[fluo],
fluvius,
-i
m.,
river,
stream.
fortuna, -ae [fors], f., fortune, fate, chance ; good or had fortujie, lot,
focus,
fodio,
-i,
m.,
hearth; flreside,
fossus,
adv.,
dig,
condition.
-a,
home ;
altar.
fortunatus,
adj.,
-um
[fortuna],
-ere,
fodi,
fortunate,
-i,
prosperous,
happy, hlessed.
foully,
pollnte,
foede
[foedus],
forum,
justice.
n.,
forum; court of
basely, shamefully.
foedo [foedus],
1, defile,
mutilate,
adj.,
foiil,
forus,
-i.
foedus,
-a,
-um,
[cf.
foedus, -eris
league, treaty,
fides],
n.,
fractus, -a,
-um
[frango], part.
shattered,
truce,
alliance,
and
adj.,
hroken,
frasraDs
diJi,
54
fulcio
cold, frigid, chill ; frosty, ivintry,
chiUing.
fragrans, -antis
frigus.
-oris,
n.,
cold,
cold
fear or
frango,
hreak,
grind,
-ere,
fregi,
in
of death.
dash
1,
pieces,
crush,
179.
frondens, -entis [frondeo], part. and adj., leafy. frondesco, -ere [frondeoj, put
forth lenves.
fraternus,
brotherly,
-a, -\in\
[frater], adj.,
frondeus,
leafy.
-a,
-um
-um
[frons], adj.,
[frons], adj.,
fraus, fraudis,
f.,
fraud, deceit,
deception, treachery.
fraxineus, -a, -um [fraxinus], adj., of ash ivood, ashen. fremitus, -us [frenio], m., din,
shouting,
2.
uproar,
t^irmoil,
ac-
frons, frondis, 1, leaf, foliage ; branch, bough; wreath, garland, chaplet. frons, frontis, f., forehead, brow, face ; front, p>row.
-i,
clamation.
frumentum,
;
n.,
grain, corn.
fremo,
fruor,
-i,
friictus
and fruitus
aloud ; resum, enjoy. sound, reecho ; shout assent or frustra [cf. fraus], adv., invain^ approval, applaud; wail, bewail, to no pjurpose, idly, uselesshj. lament. frustror [frustra], 1, disapjmint, freno [frenum], 1, bridle, curb, frustrate, bafHe ; make vain, deshout,
shriek,
cry
restrain, check
control, govern.
rein,
bit,
ceive,
mock,
-i,
fail.
n.,
frenum,
curb.
-i,
n.
bridle,
friistum,
food, etc.
picce,
bit
of
frequens, -entis,
frux,
fiicus,
friigis
[fruor],
f.,
fruit,
m., drone.
f.,
fuga, -ae,
fugio, -ere,
flight,
exile,
swift
coiwse, speedffigi,
croicds.
fugitus, trans.
Jlee,
jiy,
fretum, -i, n., strait ; water, sea. fretus, -a, -um, adj., leaning on, Irusting in, rehjing upon, depending npon. frfgeo, -ere, frixi, be c<dd, rigid,
or
xtijf,
and
iiUrans.,
ffre
escape, shun,
fugo
as in deatli
be
t(>r]>id.
fulcio,
fulsi,
fiiltus,
prop
frigi<lus, -a,
-um
[frigeo], adj.,
ujJ, sujijiort,
sustain, uphold.
fiilcrum
fulcrum,
-i
55
the
galea
Furies,
Allecto,
Megaera,
aiid Tisiplione.
-um
[furo], adj.,
raging,
1,
raving,
hrill-
frenzied.
furio [furiae],
riate.
madden, infu-
fulmen.
nin(f.
-inis
thunderbolt.
-a,
mad
or angry,
fulmineus.
adj.,
-nm
[fulmen].
;
like
lightning
Jlash-
ing.
come
-a,
fulvus,
taiuny.
-um,
adj.,
yelloio,
1.
furor.
ncss.
-oris
[furo], m.,
madper-
fumeus,
smoJiy.
-a,
-um
[fumus],
adj.,
2.
son., a Fury,
Bage.
1,
furor
draic.
[fur],
steal
awuy,
icith-
fumo
[fumus], 1, smoke, reek. fumus, -i, m., smoke. funale, -is [funis], taper, torch.
furtim
[fur],
adv.,
by stealth.
secretly.
fundamentum.
-i
[fundo],
adv.,
n.,
furtivus, -a,
-um
[furtum], adj.,
fropi
furtum,
trick,
-i
fraud.
fundo [fundus],
tablish, build,
1,
found,
es-
fusus, -a,
moor.
-um
extended, stretched out. 2. fundo.-ere, fudi, fusus, pour, pour out or forth; scatter. dis- futurus, -a, -um [sum], part. and adj., future, destined to be, comperse, rout, put to Jliyht ; bring ing ; subst., futurum, -i, n., doim, lay low, slay. the future. fundus, -i, m., bottom, depth,
abyss.
funereus,
-a,
-um
[funus], adj.,
funereal, da.rk.
fungor, fungi, functus, per- Gabii, -orum, m., an ancient to\Mi of Latium near the Alban Hills, form, discharge. about twelve miles from Eome. funis, -is, m., rope, cord, cable. the funus, -eris, n., funeral, funeral Gaetulus, -a, -um, adj., of
dead body,corpse; death, murder. disaster. furiae, -arum [furo], f., madness, frenzy, rage, remorse ; person.,
rites;
ern Africa,
modern Morocco.
helmet.
galea, -ae,
f.,
Gallus
Gallus,
siibst.,
56
o/ Gaiil
glacialis
-a,
-um,
-is,
adj.,
a Uaul.
Ganyinedes,
m., Ganymede, oii account of his genialis, -e [genius], adj., genifil, soii of Tros jftyous, happy, festive. beauty he was carried off by the cup-bearer geuitor, -oris [gigno], m..,father, to be eagle of Jove sire. of the gods in place of Hebe, tbe genitus, -a, -um, part. of gigno, daughter of Juno. horn of, son. Garamantes, -um, m., a tribe in Africa, genius, -i [gigno], m., guardian the interior of northern spirit, divine gtiardian, protectsouth of Ihe Gaetuli, in the moding genius. ern Fezzan. Garamantis, -idis, adj., Gara- gens, gentis [gen., rootof gigno],
;
tus, descended from, horn from or of. genetrix, -icis [gigno], f., mother.
f.,
senii-
family
ant.
take pleasure or
gaudium,
delifjht^
-i
[gaudeo],
n.,
joy,
genu, -us [761^1'], n., knee. genus, -eris [gen., root of gigno],
n.,
rfire,
fjladness.
,
.
gaza,
-ae, f
iires.
Gela, -ae,
city
river Gela. gelidus, -a, -um [gelu], adj., cold. (ielous, -a, -um [Gela], adj., of
(iela.
m., of the same -i, or ; sub.st., gerparents father manus, -i, m., hrother ; ger-
mana,
-ae,
f.,
sister.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, carry, Jiear, irear, have, put on; with geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin. belliim, Wfige, carry on. (lonhle, tvofohl^ two. gemitus, -us, m., groan, sif/h, gestauien, -inis [gesto], n., something carried or borne; equipmofui ; lamentfitio7i, imilinfj ment, uieapon. cry ofpain or rage ; roar. [gero], 1, bear,wear, carry, gesto gemma, -ae, f., gem, precious
stone, jc^nel.
have.
gemo,
Getious,
Getan,
-a,
-um
[Getae], adj.,
Ifiment
hemofin, bewail.
f.
,
Thracian.
The Getae
gena, -ae,
cheek.
generator,
hr('('(h'r.
-oris
[genero],
heget
m.,
heget
genero [gcmis],
generii-
icy.
g-lacies
glacies,
5^
ffraviter
one v}ho marches or strides ; an epithet of Mars.
soiV, land.
-um
\_y\avK6s'], aclj.,
gradus,
bhiish-gray,
f/ray,
sea-green,
duU
green, dark,
-i,
Grai
Glaucus,
a sea
the
m.
2.
1.
A fisherraan
chanored into
fatlier
of Boeotia
who ^vas
god.
The
of
Deiphobe. Graius, -a, -um (dissyll.), adj., 3. Leader of the Lycian allies Greek, Grecian ; subst., Graius, of Priam he was slain by Ajax, -ii, m., a Greek. son of Telamon. granen, -inis, n., grass, herb, globus, -1, ni., 6??, orh, gJohe, herbage. sphere. graraineus, -a, -ura [gramen], gloraero, 1, roll (or gather) into adj., grassy. a ball or mass, roll up ; coUect, grandaevus, -a, -ura [grandis -f
Sibyl,
;
Cumaean
grandis,
f.,
-e,
adj.,
Uirge,
great,
gloria,
-ae,
glory;
tion.
love
-inis,
f.,
hail.
grates, gratibus [grator], f., defective, thanks, requital. Gnosian, of Gnosus, the ancient capital gratia, -ae [gratus], f., grace, of Crete Cretan. charm, favor ; regard, fondness Gorgo, -onis, f., a Gorgon ; a for; gratitude, thanks. snaky-liaired daughter of Phor- grator [gratus], 1, congratulate,
Gnosius,
Medusa by name, whose v-ishjoy. head was cut off by Perseus gratus, -a, and presented to Minerva, who pleasant,
cus,
agreeable,
placed
shield
;
it
vjeUome, dear.
Gorgons ; there were gravidus, -a, -um [gravis], adj., three, Stheno, Euryale, and ^NIeteeming with, heavy with, fUecl dusa, monsters with snaky liair, 2cith.
pl.,
who turned
looked upon them. Gracclius, -i, a Roman family of the Sempronian gens especially Tiberius and Gaius. gradior, -i, gressus, step, walk, move, advance, go,proreed.
;
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, ponderous, weighty, Jirm ; weighed down, laden, burdened, pregnant ; bur-
dened
ent.ial,
icith
years, feeble
;
hard
influ-
to bear,
grievous, severe
distinguished, venerable,
revered.
Gradivus,
-i
[gradior],
m., the
gravo
violently
;
IS
haurio
this side, this
. .
hac, adv., on
hcre
;
imy^
.
.
stronyhj.
hac
hac,
hei^e
gravo
[gravis],
weigh down.
there.
hurden^ oppress. greniiuin, -i, n., lap, bosom. gressus, -us [gradior], m., step,
icalk, (/ait, coiirse, ivay.
hactenus
grex, gregis, m., flock, herd. Gryneus, -a, -um, adj., Grynean, an epithet of Apollo derived from Grynia, a city in Aeolis, Asia Minor, in wliicli was a hesitate, Jinger. halitus, -us [halo], m., temple sacred to hini.
[hac -F tenus] adv., thusfar, up to this time, io this pioint, till now. haereo, -ere, haesi, haesus, hang, cliug, adhere, stick fast to ; hold fast, remain flxed to, be rooted ov fastened, cleave be flxed or motionless ; pause,
,
breath,
gubernaculum,
Jielm, rudder.
-i
[guberno],
n.,
exhalation.
halo.
1,
breathe, be fragrant.
-oiiis,
gubernator, -oris [guberno], m., steersman, helmsman, pilot. gurges, -itis, m., whirlpool, gulf,
abyss ; stream, flood, sea.
Haiumon, Ammon,
hamus,
m.,
Hammon
or
gusto [gustus],
1, taste, eat.
Gyaros, -i, f., an island in the Aegean, one df the Cyclades. Gyas, -ae, m., a companion of Harpalyce, -es, f., a Thracian prince.ss famed as a huntress and Aeneas.
gyrus,
-i,
m., Jiook, li7ik. harena, -ae, f., sand, sea-shore, beach, strand; sandy ground, arena. harenosus, -a, -um [harena], adj., sandy.
m., circle,
coil, fold.
warrior.
Harpyia,
-ae
(trisyll.),
f.,
H
habena, -ae [habeo], f., rein. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have,
hold, possess
;
Harpy. Harpies were foul monsters with heads and slioulders uf vvomen and bodies of birds. hariindo, -inis, f., reed, arroio. hasta, -ae, f. spear, lance.
,
consider, regard,
deem.
habilis, -e [habeo], adj., handy, well-shaped, light.
habito
lin-.
[liabeo],
1,
inhabit, dwell,
haiirid,
lig.,
-ire,
haiisi,
;
liaustus,
,'
driiik, driiik in
drain. cxhaust
suffer.
liebeo
hebeo, -ere,
i)iaclive,
59
hic
Hermione,
-es,
f.,
daugliter of
hebeto
[liebes],
hlunt,
dull,
memnon.
heros, -ois
[ripws'},
Hecate,
-es,
f.,
a goddess of
tlie
and sister of trious man, champion, godlike Latona. She was also often man. identified with Diana on earth Hesperia, -ae [Hesperius], f., and Luna in heaven and so repWestern Land, Hesperia, Italy. resented by an image with three Hesperis, -idis, adj., icestern,
heads,
4,511..
Lower
World
Hesperian
des, -um,
subst., pl.,
f.,
Hesperi-
Hectoreus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[Hector],
Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus (or of Atlas and Hesperis), in charge of the gardens of the Hesperides.
the
These gardens,
onan
island of
the Atlantic west of Mount Priam. wife of Atlas, were said to produce the Hecuba, -ae, famous golden apples. heia, interjec, up ! away ! come ! Helena, -ae, f., daughter of Jupi- Hesperius, -a, -um. adj., Hesperian, western, Italian. ter and Leda and wife of ]Menelaus slie was carried aw^ay to heu, interjec, of grief or pain, Troy by Paris and this brought alas ! oh ! heus, interjec, to attract attenon the Trojan War. tion, ho ! Helenus, -i, m., a son of Priam. Helorus, -i, m., a river of south- hiatus, -fis [hio], m., a gaping, eastern Sicily. ahyss, chasm, opening, gulf, Helymus, -i, m., a Sicilian of mouth. Trojan stock and a friend of hibernus, -a, -um [cf. hiems],
jan.
;
Acestes.
adj.,
l.,
herba,
-ae,
;
gi^ass, herh,
herhage
turf, sod,
Hercules, -is, and Alcmena, renowned for his prodigious strength and for the so-called "Labors'' imposed upon him at Juno's instigation by King Eurystheus. Herculeus, -a, -um, adj., of Her2ules, Herculean.
-orum,
1.
it ;
he, she,
.
hic
. .
hic, this
that,
. .
one
another ;
.
the one
2.
the other.
[hic], here, in
there,
hic,
place,
adv.
hereupon,
there-
upon.
liiems
60
horrificiis,
Hyades
-a,
-um
[horreo-f-
facio], adj.,
terrihle,
dreadful,
frightful, fearful.
,
hine, adv.
forth^
side.
Jieyice,
-a,
thisplace,
from
time, liencehiiic
.
sonus], adj.,
ing.
-iim
herenpon;
.
on that
open the month, yawn. Hippocoon, -ontis, m., a Trojau coiiipanion of Aeneas.
hisco, -ere [hio], gape, falter.
horror, -oris [horreo], m.,Jwrror, dread, alarm ; sJiudder ; dreadful dim. hortator, -oris [hortor], m., inciter, instigator, encourager. hortor, 1, encourage, urge, exhort,
advise, counsel.
maw, human
heing.
honor
hospes,
-itis,
m.,
guest,
Jiost,
glory,
renown ;
*
reward, prize
grace,
stranger.
offcring,
sacrijice ;
hospitium,
honored custom or heauty ; ohservance, 5, 601. honoratus, -a, -iim [honoro], guest-Jand, ally, refuge. Ad]., honored, revered, venerated. hospitiis, -a, -iim [hospes], adj., hora, -ae, f.,Junir, time ; person., hospitahle ; guest-refriendly, Horae. -ariim, f., the Hours. ceiving ; strange, alien. -iim [horreo], hostia, -ae, f., animal for sacrijice, horrenurliis, -a^ ailj.,| dreadfiil, terrihle, awful, victim, sacrifice. frigttful, horrihle ; dread, awe- hostilis, -e [hostis], adj., of an ins]:^'ing, 6, 10. enemy, Jiostile. horrens, -entis [horreo], part., hostis, -is, c, stranger, enemy,
hristUng,
sJiaggy,
rough
hristie,
foe.
gloofny, somhre.
huc
[hic].
adv.,
to
this
place,
adj.,
horreo,
-ere,
horrui,
hifher, Jiere.
hQiiianiis, -a,
huiiiilis. -e
-um [homo],
adj.,
sJindder at.
of man, hnman.
to
[humus],
1,
loio,
sJiud-
low-iyiug.
hiimo [hunnis],
hiiiniis,
-T, f.,
hury.
.s'o/7,
ground,
earth
Iiiiini, h)cative,
on or upon
tJie
gronnd.
horrifico
[horrificus],
1,
maJce
Hyades,
'
Hyclra
seven stars
in
tlie
61
idcirco
head of the iam, adv., now, even now, already, their risby this time, then, at length ; at constellation Taurus once, straightway, forthwith ing in conjunction with tl)e sun presently, soon ; iam iam, now was thought to cause or indicate indeed ; non iam, no longer. rainy weather. Hydra, -ae, f., water serpent iamdudum, adv., now for a long tirae. the Lernaean Hydra, shiin by
;
Hercules
also
fifty-headed
the
iampridem,
time.
adv.,
Hymenaeus,
larbas, -ae, m., king of Numidia and a rejected suitor of Dido. Hypanis, -is, m., a Trojan. Hyrcanus, -a, -um, adj., of the lasides, -ae, m., son (or descendant) of lasius. Hijrcani, a tribe on the Caspian lasius, -i, m., son of Jupiter and Sea Hyrcanian, Caspian. Electra and brother of Dardanus. Hyrtacides, -ae, m., son (or
uiedlock, nuptials.
;
Hip-
adv., in the
q.v.
son of Daedalus,
-ere,
ici,
iaceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, Ue, lie loio, lie prostrate, lie slain or dead;
lieflat or level
;
ico
and
icio,
ictus,
treaty).
strike,
smite,make (a
he situated.
iacio,
cast,
-ere,
hurl;
lay
foundations,
v;ound ; force, 2, 544. 1, A mountain in Ida, -ae, f. Crete, Jupiters childhood home. 2, A mouutain near Troy whence
hurl, cast, toss, toss about, fling, drive about ; utter, say, pour
Ganymede was
1.
carried
away by
words ; revolve, consider, ponder ; with se, boast, part., iactans, gloi^y, vaunt ;
out
or forth
-antis, boastful, arrogant.
Mount
2.
Priam.
iactura, -ae [iacio], a throwing Tdalia, -ae, f., and Idalium, -T, n., a town of Cyprus, sacred to away, loss.
iaculor [iaculum],
the javelin.
1,
hurl, hurl
n.,
Venus.
idalius, -a, -um, adj., of Idalia^ Idalian. idcirco [id -f circa] adv. /or that
, ,
iaculum,
dart.
-i
[iacio],
javelin,
idem
reason, on
fore.
iJiat
62
Ilioneus,
iinineritus
a Trojan companion of Aencas.
-ei,
ni.,
acconnt, there-
Idem, eadem, jdcm [is + -dein], ilium, -I, n., Troy. dem. pron., the same ; also, like- ilius, -a, -um [llium], Ilium, Ilian, Trogan. wise, at the same time.
ideo, adv., therefore, for that reason, on tliat account.
ille, illa,
adj.,
of
or subst., that
that famous.
illic
[ille],
he, she,
it, lh<'tj
Idomeneus
(quadrisyll.
)? -e5 ^'^^i
a kiiig of Crete and leader of tlie Cretans against Troy. iecur, -oris or iecinoris, n,, liver.
i<>;itnr, conj.,
adv.j
in
that place,
that side,
there.
from
si<h\
therefore, then.
thence
illflc
on that
io-narus, -a,
-um,
adj.,
ignoranl,
[ille],
vxiy or direction,
ignavus,
country north of Epirus,/////>7'an. 1, Son of Tros and II us, -i, m. idle, slothful, lazy. 2, An earlier king of Troy. ij-ncns, -a, -um [ignis], 7i<\].,fiery. name of Ascanius or lulus. i<>nis, -is, ni., fire, flame, conflagralion, lightniug; furij, rage, imago, -inis, f., image, form, shape, figure, likoiess ; semfnrafh ; love. ghost, appearance ; hlance, [in + (g)nobilis], i5n6bilis, -e
-a,
-um,
adj.,
inactive,
adj.,
common,
mean.
hm,
hase^
ig-
shaxh',
phantom,
apparition
noble,
rant
adj.,
of,
not knoto.
-a,
ignotus,
-um
[in
gnotns],
subst.,
nnknown, strange ;
-i, ni.,
f.,
may
imitor,
h ug<',
he imitated.
1,
isnotus,
ilex, -icis,
Ilia -ae,
f.,
;
.strang^r.
imitate, counterfeit.
-e,
ilex, liohn
oak, oak.
Silvia.
immanis,
v<tst,
iir<uj<'.
adj.,
;
monstTous,
atrocions,
niotherof Honiulusand
also called
en<irnious
Ivcnnis
Hhea
Tliacus,
f/i((ii,
-a,
-um
[Iliuni],
adj.,
immcnior,
-oris
[iu-
memor],
immensus, -a,-um
adj.,
[in-
+ metior],
J)oundIess,
woman.
ilicet [ire
nnmeasur<'d,
vilh.
in
ilionc, -cs,
l'riaiu
f.,
eldest daughter of
incr.^c,
drown, overivheJm.
-y-
immcritus,
-um
fiu-
+ meiV
imiii
neo
63
improbiis
forward, urge, set in motion, innocent. w. remos, set in motion, ply. immineo, -ere, }iang over, over- imperinm, -i [impero], n., comhang, threaten. mand, power, authority, soviminisceo, -ere, -misciii, -mixereignty, dominion ; empire, tns or -mistus [in -f iiiisceo], kingdom. mingle icith ; blend ivith ; fade impero, 1, command, order. into, vanish into or in. impetns, -us [in -f peto], m., at-
immitis,
Jierce.
-e
[in-
mitis],
adj.,
[in-
pi-
immitto,
-misi,
-missns,
ger],
send into or to ; let go, let loose, urge on ; adrnit, let in ; let groio, w. Liabenas, loosen, 3, 5U3
;
slothful
[in
impingo,
-f
-ere, -pegi,
-pactns
slacken,
give
loose
reins
to
w. se, dash into, riish into. Immo. adv., nay rather, nay then, noy hvt. undutiful. Immortalis, -e [in- 4- mortalis], implacatus,-a, -nm [in--f placo], immortal, vndying. irnperishahle. insatiati', u nappcased. immotns, -a, -nin [in- -f- motus], impleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus [in adj., unmoved, motionless, im-f pleo], fill, fill up. satisfy. movahle, Jixed, unshaken, stead- implico, -are. -avi or -ni, -atus,
fast.
pango], dash against, drive against, force against. impins, -a, -iim [in- -f pius], adj., impious, evil, base ; unnatural,
iminugio. mugio],
roar.
-ire,
-ivi
or
-ii
[in
-f-
imploro
[in.-f ploro,
wai^,
1,
im-
immnndns,
filthy.
-a.
-um
[in-
-f-
muu-
plore, beg for, beseech, entreat. iinpono. -cre, -posul, -positus [in
-f ])oi\o'],
upon or
[in- -f par],
adj.,
1
over,
impar, -paris
475.
imprecor
cate,
[in
precor],
1,
invoke good or
evil
impreagainst
one.
impedio,
-ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [in -f pes], entangle, encircle, involve ; impede, ohstruct, inter-
imprimo,
weave.
[in-|-
icicked,
;
bad,
cruel,
cious
|
insatiate, ravenous,
;
maliim-
impel,
push onward or
portunate
braggart, 5, 397.
improvidus
improvidus,
-a,
64
incoiisultus
ning, attempt, undertaking, purpose.
-um
[in- -f pro-
un-
wary, unsuspecting. incertus, -a, -um [ii\- -f certus], iiuprovisus, -a, -um [in- -(- proadj., uncerPin, doubtful,fickle video], adj., ill-aimed, 2, 224 unforeseen, ujifitful, dim,
;
indistinct.
impiibes,
-is
or
-eris
[in-
-|-
pubes], adj., beardless, yoiithful, young, 5, 546. impune [impunis], adv., ivithout
pu7iishment, with impunity. -um, adj., see Tnferns. in, prep. w. abl. and acc. (1) w.
iinus, -a,
;
upon, among, at in case of, in respect to ; (2) w. acc, into, to, toivards, against on, upon, among, for. inaniabilis, -e [in- -|- amo] adj.,
abl., in,
o?i,
incesto, -are [incestus], defile, poUute. 1. incido, -ere, -cidi, [in- -\cado], fall upon, fall, meet. 2. incido, -ere, -cidi, -clsus [in-j- caedo], cut into, cut.
incipio, -ere,
-H
say.
inclementia, -ae
f.
,
-\-
clemens],
crueity, severity.
inanis,
empty, vain,
;
idle,
useless, fruitless
substantial,
phantom.
-|-
incliitus,
-a,
-um
[in 4- cluo,
inbellis, -e [in-
nnvarlike, feeble.
incanus,
gray.
-a,
-um,
,
hoary,
Incassiim, adv. in vain. incautus, -a, -um [in- -(- cautus], adj., careless, off one'.5 guard,
unsuspecting.
[in
-|-
colo],
advance,
or
-i
proceed,
in
dignified
inceiKliiiin,
stately
manner.
w., fire,
[incendo],
incoliimis, -e, adj., unharmed, uninjurcd, unimpaired, safe. incoinitatiis, -a, -iini, adj., un-
accompanied, unattended, alone. inconcessus, -a, -um [in- -\- concedo], adj., not pcrmittcd, allowcd. unlaicful.
not
bnrn
light
up, rnake
cite,
inceptuin,
inconsiiltus, -a, -um [in- -f- cons ilo], adj., without advice.
incredibilis
incredibilis,
-e
65
+
credo],
mers
-a,
[in-
indeprensus,
-um
[in-
-\-
iucrepito [increpo],
chide.
i,
challenge,
increpo. -are,
prendo], adj., undiscovered,with' out a clew or solution, intricate. Indi, -orum, m., inhabitants of India, Indians.
indicium,
closure,
-i
[indico],
n.,
distesti-
proof,
charge,
mony, evidence. incresco, -ere, -evi. -cretus, groic in, upon, or i(p, shoot up, increase. indico, -ere. -dixi, -dictus [in -f dico], declare, proclaim, anincubo. -are, -ui (-avi), -itus nounce ; appoint, order. (-atus) [in -f cubo], lie upon, rest upon; brood over, gloat indignor [indignus], 1, deem (or consider) uniuorthy; be indigover, 6, 610.
nant ov angry ; chafe, fret. incultus, -a, -um [in- -\- colo], wild, indignus. -a, -um [in- -|- dignus], uncuUivated^ negadj., adj., unicorthy, undeserved lected, unkempt, disordered. shameful, cruel. lucumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus [in -|- old verb canibo], lie upon, indomitus. -a, -um [in- -|- domo], invincible, inadj., untamed, lean upon or over, overhang domitablr ; fierce, fiery, savage. fall upon, swoop doion upon ; urge on, add weight to ; bend to induco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [in -{- duco], draiv on, put on ; inaiiy task, ply. duce, influence, incite, persuade. incurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -jindvdgeo, -ere, -dulsi, -dultus, [in curro], run into, -cursus
rush
in, into, or against, attack.
indulge
in,
give
way
to,
yield to.
induo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, pitt on, incurvo [in -f- curvo], 1, bend. assume ; stirround, deck, croion, incuso [in -)- causa], chide, blame,
accuse, upbraid
;
cornplain.
3,
526
put on, gird one^s self loith indntus, -a, -um, clad in, arrayed
in.
indago,
-inis,
f.,
an encircUng or ineluctabilis,
tlie
fig.
inevitable.
the chase.
inde, adv. from that place, from there, thence; from that time,
,
ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii. -itus [in -feo], go into, enter ; enter zipon, begin, undertake.
inermis,
-e
[in- -p
arma],
adj.,
unarmed,
skilled,
defenceless.
-)-
indebitus,
adj.,
a,
-um
[in- -f debeo],
sluggish,
timid,
harmless ;
lifeless,
dead, 2, 364.
incxpertus
inexportiis, -a,
i-iorj, adj.,
66
-1-
ingemino
-ius,
sni)erl.,
-um
[iu-
expe-
hncer,
inferior,
tvorse
',
nntricd.
iiiextricabilis, -e [in-
extrico],
infiibrieatus. -a,
rieatu.s],
-um
[in-
-|-
fabiin-
adj,,
unicnnight,
shnped, rongh.
infandus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[iu-
f()r],
i^nnmiis (or -imiis), -a, -um, lovcest. deepest, inmost, lowest part of, bottorn. infestiis, -a, -iim, adj., hostile, dend.Jy, fatal, threntening. infigo, -ere, -fixi -fixus [in + iigo],^ upon, fasten upon, imfasten, fix, implant. Tnfintlo, -ere. -fidi, -fissiis [in
nnspcakable^ umttterable
detestnble
;
pale
impious,
findo], cleave.
infit, defect.
.
aliominabJe,
iniqnitous.
he begins.
Infans, -antis [in- + for], adj., not speaking ; subst., m. and f.,
infiammo
dle, set
[in
fiamma],
-flexl,
1,
kin-
on fire, inflame.
-ere,
-flexiis
an
infant.
inflecto,
infaiistus, -a,
adj.,
-um
[in-
+ faustus],
un-
[in
+
;
flecto],
bend ;
chnnge,
affect,
i/l-omened,
ill-fated,
aJter
move, inflnence,
fortunnte.
1.
swny.
iiifectus, -a,
adj.,
-um -nm
[in-
facio],
inflo [in
in-
2.
infectus
adj.,
[iuficio] part.
Tnformis, -e [iu-
stained,
discolored,
dyed,
adj.,
inirrought, ingrained.
infeli.v,
-icis [iu-
felix],
infractiis, -a,
adj.,
-um
[in-
frango],
over-
Jirtd-cn,
xveakened,
-iim,
ad]'.,
hostiJe,
-frondo,
destrnctive
angry,
enraged,
-um
[in-
+ frenum],
fnrions.
inferniis, -a, -iim [inferus]. adj.,
infernal, of the Lower World. inf'ro, -ferre, intiill, inlatus [iu
adj., unJrridJed,
nsing no bridJes.
wool used in religious ceremonies as a badge of consecvation and sauctity. + fero], carry (or bring) to or into, benr to, into, oy against infiindo, -ere, -ffidi, -ffisiis, ponr ; w. se, in, i)di>, or npo>i ; sprcnd over, offer, sacrifce, present advance, proceed, appear, predifl'use ; infuse ; crowd, throng
red
(used of people). iii^'oniiiio [iu + geniiuo], 1. redonJdc, repent; be redoubJed,
increase, flash repeatedJy.
and
sent 07ie\^ ^flf ; pass. as midtile, pursne, follow. Tiiferus, -a. -iim, adj., below,
underneath
comp., inferior.
ingemo
ingemo,
geuK^],
-ere,
(jro^i.n.
67
-f
IDOpS
injury, injustice, story of icrong affront, insult.
ingens,
(jrent.
immense,
gratus],
iubeo],
labor],
iugratus,
adj.,
-a,
-iiiii
[iii-
unpledsant,
uiifeeling,
cold,
6. 2V?y.
ungrateful, unresponsive,
laetabili.s],
joyless,
cheerless,
dismal,
mournful.
-i,
ingredior.
-gressus [in -f gradior], enter, vmlk, proceed, aduance; undertake, enter itpon,
begin.
-ui,
inlldo, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [in + laedo], dash (or strike) into,
ingruo. -ere,
upon, or against ; drive upon, crash into. hurst upon, rush iniudo, -ere, -lusi, -Insus [in +
ludo],
gaj^e,
mock
at,
jeer cd,
make
adj.,
illus-
gape
inspect, ex-
sport
amine. inhonestus,
tus],
adj.,
'
hright,
-a,
clear,
hrilliant
-um
[in- -f lioues-
trious,
fanwus. remncned.
shanufnJ. ignomin- inluvies. -ei [in-, cf. luo i, f.. jiuk. ious, dishonorahle, disjiguring, innecto, -ere, -iie.xui. -nexus [iu + necto], tie, hiud. fasten ; bind hid.cous. around or ahout ; invent, deinhorreo, -ere, -ul [in -f- horreo],
hristle
;
of
the
rise.
sea,
hecome
vise. contrive.
rough, svell,
inno
[iii
inhospitus,
-a.
upon. swim
innoxius,
adj..
-a.
-um
-a,
[in-
noxius],
inhumatus.-a. -um
adj.. unhuritd.
+ hnmo],
harmless.
innumerus,
-iectus [in
-um
[in-
nu-
merus],
herless.
adj.,
countless,
num-
innumerahle.
upon, or against.
ininiicus, -a,
tive.
-um
[in-
+ +
iniquus.
-a,
-um
[in
aequus],
or ingrained. unjust; unfriendlij, -a. -um [in-, cf. opinor], iuoplniis, hostile, adverse ; unfavornhle, adj., iinexpected, unforeseen. disadvnntage(jus ; narroto, dangprous ; unfortnnate. unhnppy. inops, -opis [in- + ops], adj., poor, needy, destitute, hereft of iniuria, -ae [in- + ius], f., icrong,
adj.. unfair,
IllOllS
Inoiis. -a, -iiin [Ino],
68
atlj.,
insperatus
o/ or insequor, -sequl, -seeutus [in 4 sequor], follow, pursue, foUow bdongimj to Ino ; son of Ino^ up ; persecute, harass ; w. inf., Ino was a daughter of 5, 823.
wife of Athamas she leaped into the sea with her child Melicertesin her arms the gods changed her into a sea god-
Cadmus and
proceed, 3, 32. insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus [in put in or into, in-i- sero],
sert.
dess,
inserto [insero],
thrust in.
insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [in -|sedeo], sit on or upon, sit down inremeabilis, -e [in-, cf. remo], upon, take possession of, occupy. adj., that lohich cannot be gone insidiae, -arum [insideo], f. over again, iiTetraceable ; inexambush ; stratagem, trick, snare, tricable.
inqiiain, defect., say.
inrideo,
-ere,
-risi, at,
-risus
[in
in-
wile, treachery,
plot.
deceit,
artifice,
rideo],
laugh
mock,
loater,
sidt, deride.
insido,
1,
-ere,
-sedi,
settle
-sessus,
sit
inrigo [in-1-rigo],
be-
dovjn 7ipon,
rest upon.
on or upon,
badge,
dew
and
difuse, pervade.
inritatus, -a,
adj.,
-um
[inrito], part.
insigne,
sign,
tion.
-is
[insignis], n.,
irritated,
provoked,
token, ornament,
decoraadj.,
inritus, -a, -um [in- -|- reor], adj., vain, ineffectual, useless, to no
insignis,
able,
-e [in -f signum],
marked ;
distinguished, remark-
purpose^ fruitless.
inrumpo,
-ere, -rupi,
-ruptus [in
;
rumpo], break
into
burst
insinuo [in
-(-
sinus],
1,
icind in,
inruo, -ere, -ui [in -f- ruo], rush creep in, steal in, penetrate. iiito or upon. insisto, -ere -stitl [in -f- sisto], insania, -ae [insanus], f., iiisanstand upon, tread upon ; conity, madness, folhj. tinue, persist, begin. insanus, -a, -iim [in- -|- sanus], insomnium, -I [in 4- somnus], n., adj., insane, rnad ; inspired. drcain. inscius, -a. -un [in-, cf.scio], adj., insono, -are, -sonui [in 4- sono], not knowing ^ignorant, unaioare, sou)id loudhj, rcsound, roecho crack (with) a whip, 5, 570. unconscious ; amazed, bewilinsons, -sontis, adj., guiUless, indered. inscribo. -ere, -scripsT, -scriptus nocent, harmU'ss, unoffending. [in 4- scribo], lorite upon or in, insperntus, -um, [in- 4-a,
mark,
inscribe.
inspicio
ins| icio,
[iii
69
-spectus
into,
interfor
over
;
-ere,
-spexi, look
besides, moreover, in
ad
spicio],
ex-
dition.
Tnsuperabilis
1,
[in-
supero], un-
conquerable, invincible. insurgo. -ere. -surrexi, -surrecinto, inspire, impart. tus [iu + surgo], rise upon, rise instar, n. indecl., 7iA-eess, image ; to (tlie oars), rise ; ply with grandeur, majesty, as a quasibreathe
preposition, with gen., as large
as.
vigor.
+ sterno],
[ cf
.
spreadover, cover.
piick],
1,
instijo
a-Ti^o},
sjmr
on, urge on, incite, stimulate. instiniulo, 1, spur on, stimidate. instituo, -ere, -ui, -iitus [in
intaetus, -a. -um, [in- + tango], adj., untouched, untouched by virgin. tlie yoke, 6, 38 integer, -gra, -grum [in- + root unimpaired, tango], adj., of sound, entire undiminished, ; healthy, pure. inteuieratus. -a, -um [in-, cf. temoro], adj., inviolate, pure, unsullied ; of wine, unmixed,
;
3,
178.
-a,
intempestus,
-um
[in-,
cf.
tempus], adj., unseasonable ; gloomy, dark. sue ; press on or forv:ard, push -tendi, -tentus intendo, -ere, on, urge on ; persist, be eager or stretch [in + tendo], stretch, determined. out, extend, spread ; swell, fill instruo, -ere, -struxi, -strnctus
[in
struo],
build,
construct
;
hang
icith,
cover
icith.
1,
draw
train.
intento [intendo].
hold out,
1,
stretch out,
;
furnish, equip,
iusuetiis, -a,
adj.,
out
[in-
instruct,
brandish
threaten,
91.
-a,
-um
suesco],
intentus,
-um
[intendo], adj.,
;
stretched, strnined
intent,eager,
attentive, expectant.
upon or
at,
insidt, revile,
be insolent.
w. acc, between, among, in the midst of; during. -usus intercludo, -ere, -usi, [inter + claudo], shut off or in,
inter,
prep.
insum,
+ sum],
be
cut
off,
hinder, prevent.
adv., sometimes.
in or on.
interdum,
insuo, -ere, -sui, -sutus, sew in, into, or on. insuper [in + super], adv., above,
iuterea [inter
interfor [inter
+ ea],
adv., mean^
+ for], 1, interrupt.
interfiisus.
interffisus, -a,
part.
t>'jeen,
invito
intus,
in.
-um
[iiiterfundo],
adv.,
on the
inside,
'
nth'
iniiltiis -a,
-f ulciscor]
iniitilis,
[in- -f utilis],
adj.,
interior,
inner,
useless.
Iniiiis,
Iniii.
-i,
onthe inside;
-a, -iim,
superl., iiitiinus,
m.,
see
Castrum
inmost,
innermost.
-|-
iiiteiiiio
-ere [inter
luo], floio
invado,
into,
-ere, -vasl,
;
vado], enter
attack,
invade
accost,
invalidus,
adj.,
-a,
-um [in- -f
validus],
nndaunted,
-iiin
off,
fearless,
dauntless.
-a,
injirm.
[inter-
iiiterruptiis,
invelio,
-vexl,
-veetus
inter-
intervalliiin,
invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus intevo, -ere, -texui, -textus, in[in-fvenio], come upon, Jind (enveave, weave i)i, emhroider Jind out, discover, invent. cover. inventor, -oris [invenio], nu, frame, fashion ;
intiiniis,
-a,
-iim,
adj.,
see
in-
finder;
triver.
terior.
iiitono,
-toiiare,
-toniii
-torsi.
[in -f
-f
tono], thuiider.
intorqiii'0, -ere,
-tortiis
[in -f torqueo], h^trl, cast against.
pour vpon.
invictiis,
adj.,
-a,
-um
acc,
icithin.
-f
intractabilis, -e[inadj.,
-f tractal)ilis],
intractahle,
[invideo],
f..
cnr]i,
unconquerahle, invincihle. intreino, -ere. -m [in + trerno], tremhle, shake, quake. intro [intro, adv. ], 1, enter, go
ahle
;
ill-will.
inviso, -ere, -visi, -visus, come (or go) t<> sec, visit.
invisiis, -a,
iiifo.
peiietrale, picrce.
-I,
intro>i'e<lior,
-f
-<ressiis [intro-
-um
gradior],
stepi into,
uudk
into,
invltu,
'
invite,
sunimon
allure,
enter.
incite, tempt.
invitus
invitus,
-a,
71
iimgo
-um,
adj., unvnlling,
unfriendhj.
invius, -a,
jyathless^
-um
via], adj.,
course, voyage.
impassable,
difficuU;
iterum,
adv., again,
f.
,
asecond
time.
inaccessible.
Ithaca, -ae.
up,
an island in the
wrap
i(p,
roll
envelop,
in-
home
,
of Ulysses.
Ithacus, -a, -um, adj., of Itliaca, Ithacan subst., Ithacus. -i, m.,
the Ithacan, meaning Ulysses. lonian ; lonia was a countrj^ of subst., luba. -ao, f., mane, crest, plume. western Asia ISIinor ionium, or ionium 3Iare, the iubar, -aris, n., ray oflight, sunsJiine, daicn. lonian Sea ; this was tlie lower iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus, order, part of the Adriatic. cornmand. bid ; desire, irish lopas, -ae, m., a minstrel of admonish, persuade, advise ; Carthage.
:
iphitus,
ipse, -a,
-i.
m., a Trojan.
intens. pron.. self.
itself.
urge.
enjoin.
-a.
-um.
iucimdus.
-um,
-f
d.i[].,pleasant^
himself,
selves, cery.
herself,
themthe
delightfal.
I myself etc;
f.,
"jeri/,
dico], c.,pidge.
n.,
iudicium.
angei',-^
-i
[iudex],
judg-
ira, -ae,
"irath, rage,
of
-I
matrimony,
nuptial,
conjugal.
ter of
Thaumas and
Electra,
and iugerum,
a Eoman acre, about five-eighths messenger of the gods, particuiuger, acre. of an English acre larly of Juno. iugo [iugum], 1, yoke ; nnite is, ea, id, demons. pron., that, (or johi) in marriage, marry. this ; he, she, it.
;
(or this)
that. this.
demons, pron., 7m? iugum. -i [cf. iungo], n., yoTce team of horses ridge, summit of thine (or yours) ;
;
yonder, yon.
adv.,
istinc
[iste],
from
there
name
of a
Ro-
gens to which the family of Caesar belonged. ita [is], adv. so, thus. italia, -ae (the initial I is long lulus. -i, m., Iidus ov Ascanius, tlie son of Aeneas. by poetic license), 1, Italy. Italus, -a, -um [Italia], adj.. iunctura, -ae [iungo], i.,joining,
where you
are.
man
-orum,
joint.
iuugo,
-ere,
iunxi,
iuuctus,
luno
yokei join, unitc
; clas}),
72
fasten
labor
youthfulness,
youth,
vigor o)
f.,
;
together, arrange.
youth.
luno,
of
-oiiis,
f.,
Jiuio, wife
and iuventiis,
-iitis
[iuvenis],
time
col-
sister of Jupiter
and daughter
lective noun, the young, young w. iuferna, Juno men, the youth, ivarriors, 1, 407. of the Lower ]Vo7'ld, i.e. Proseriuvo, -are, iiivi,iutiis, help, assist, pina. aid ; pJease, gratify, delight. liinonius, -a, -iim [luno], adj., iiixta [iLingo], adv. near, ncar o/ Jitiio, Junonian, Juno''^. hy, close by, hard hy ; prep. w. luppiter, lov^is, m., Jiqnter, king acc, close to, next to, near to. of the gods, son of Saturn and Rhea w. Stygius, Pluto, king Ixion, -onis, m., king of the Lapithae and father of Pirithous o the Lower World. he was fastened to an ever-reiuro [ius], 1, take an oath, swe<ir volving wheel in Tartarus behy, call to witness ; swear. cause he had insulted Juno. ius, luris, n., law, right, justice,
Saturn
equity iussuin,
iussiis,
obligation, claim.
-i
[iubeo], n.,
command,
Kartt^Hgo,
K
Carthage, a city built by the Phoenicians on
-inis,
f,,
[iubeo], ra.,
onlyin
order,
abl.sing., by
h>i
command, by
f.,
decree, 2, 247.
justice,
ast of Africa, opposite Sicily, and not farfrom the moderi} Tunis.
tlie
i
noitliern
rightepusness, equity.
iustiis, -a, -iim
subst., lu-
labefacio,
-ere,
-feci,
-factiis
stum,
i,
right, etc.
adj.,
of
weaken.
labes,
-is
[labor],
;
i.,
fall,
down-
iuvencus,
f.,
-i
[iuvenis], m.,
young
fall,
ruin
1,
ning of
lal>6,
evil.
give icay,
totter,
waver,
faltcr, yicld.
1.
liibor,
-i,
Ijipsus,
sUde, glide
and
-is,
vigor)
c.,
subst.
iiivenis,
yon)ig
f.,
man,
youthf.,
pass
2.
young woman.
iuventa, -ae [iuvenis],
fuhicss, youth..
faint, swoon.
labor riabds).
toil. task,
irork
struggle;
iuventus,
-atis
[iuvenisj,
hardshij), trial,
dangcr, suffer-
laboro
ing,
tiine,
73
misfor;
Laomedonteus
-ere, laesi. laesus, strike,
disaster,
distress,
laedo
calamity,
1,
sorroio
workToil,
smite,
injure,mar,wound ; hurt,
manship,
G, 277.
455;
1,
person,
loork,
offend, thicart.
jaboro
[labor],
toil
fashion,
elaborate.
prepare,
emhroider,
laena. -ae. f., mantle. Laertius, -a, -um. cid]., of Laertes, the father of Ulysses Laertian.
;
f.,
joy, de-
Ijabyrinthiis, -i, m,, the Labyrejoice, he rinth; tbis was a celebrated laetor [laetus], 1, glad. structure built in Crete by Daeand laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, joyMinos, for king dabis
.
winding and intersecting paths amid which the stranger hopelessly lost his way.
abounding
in
happy
re-
exulting
fortunate,
Liacaena. -ae,
f.
Lacedaemonian,
Spartan; subst., the Lacedae- laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the monian or Spartan woman, left hand, on the left side ; stupid, foolish, infatuated ; subst., the Helen, liaceclaemonlus, -a, -uni, adj., left. left hand. lambo. -ere. -i, -itus, lick, touch. Lacedaemonian, Spartan. lacer, -era, -erum, adj., torn, lamenta, -orun, n. pl., icailing, lamentation, shriek. bruised, lacerated, mangled, lamentabilis, -e [lamenta], adj., mutilated.
lamentable, deplorable, lacero [lacer], 1, tear, mutilate, -adis [Xa/x7rds], lampas. icound, mangle, rend. torch, Jirebrand. lacertus, -i, m., npper arm, arm.
pitiable.
f.,
larap,
lanlger,
gero],
-era,
-erum
[lana
4-
wool-bearing,
woolly,
Ijacinius,-a, -um, adj., Lacinian, fleecy. lanio. this the name was 1, mangle, mutilate, lacerLacinium ; of ate, tear. of a promontory on the southern coast of Italy where there was a IJaocoon, -ontis, m., a Trojan priest of Apollo, serving also temple of Jund, 3, 552.
lacrinia. -ae,
tearful.
f.,
tear.
as priest of Neptune.
lacrimabilis, -e [lacrima],p2Yeo?(s,
Laodamia,
-ae,
f.,
daughter of
lacrimo [lacrima],
iceep.
shed tears,
swamp ;
she killed herself because of her luisband's death. L/aomedouteus, -a, -um, adj., o/
liaoiiicdontiades
Lavinius
be co)icealed, be covered ; esca^ Laomedou, father of Pria n aiul the k)iowledge (or notice) of. kinp; of Troy Trojn)/,. Laomedontiades, -ae, in.,'so)i latex, -icis, m. ,Ii<2i(id,fluid ; wi)if
;
(or <h'xr<nuUint)
of Laoniedo)i
1.
}rnt<'r.
Latinus,
of Latium
the Lati)is.
-a,
;
-um,
adj.,
Latin.,
lapidosus,
lapis,
-a,
-um
m.,
[lapis], adj.,
Latinl, -orum, m.
sto)iy, ha)'d
as stone.
stoiie,
-idis,
rock^
2.
ma)'ble.
Lapitha,
thae
the
; pl.,
a tribe
Latinus, -i, m. a king of his capital city v^as Latium Laurentum, and his daughter Lavinia became the wife of
, ;
Aeneas.
lapso
s/ij).
1,
down^
acountry of ancient between the lower Tiber and Campania. Latona, -ae, f., the mother of ApoHo and Diana.
-i,n.,
Latium,
Italy lying
course
fall.
n.,
latratus, haying.
latro,
1.
-iis
laquoar, -aris,
a pa)ielled or
1, ba)'k,
bay.
'1.
latus, -a, -um,adj., broad, wide, extensive, vndespread, a))iple. latus, -eris, n., side, fla)ik.
prais^,
largus,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
copious^
laud,
abundaiit,
spacious,
-a,
ample.
aclj.,
adj.,
of Tjaurenof
large, extoisive.
the
;
Liirissaeus,
-uin,
of
tlie
Latium
lauriis,
tree
l.aus,
;
-i,
and
Imirel. bay-
Lnrissaean. lassus, -i\,-iim, mV]., fai)it, weary, iiiearied, tired, exhausted. late [latiLs], adv., hroadly, iddely,
of
home
Achilles;
laudis,
praise,
glory,
fa))ie,
roioion,
-ae,
f.,
ho)ior
merit,
of of
virtue.
Lavinia,
f.,
;
daughter
a
hiding-
Lat-inus.
-1,
lurking-place
-a,
n.,
town
latehrosus,
adj.,
-um
Latium said to have been founded by Aeneas and named after his
wife Lavinia.
fnll
of
hidi}ig-places,
<'ra)i)iie<l.
hidden,
lavo
lavo, -are (-ere), lavi (lavavi), laiitus (lotiis. lavatus), icash,
bathe, sprinkle. lace
;
75
letalis,
libo
-e [letnm],
ac.
mourn^
H<
innrtal, fatal.
wat^
raoisten,
LiCtliaeus, -a
laxo
[laxus],
let
;
1,
lease,
go,
relax;
relieve,
letifer, -era,
refresh
clear, 6, 412.
laxus,
loosened, open.
Jcettle,
-i,
caldron.
m.,
hed,
Leucates,
-ae, m., a
promontory
Tyndareus, at the sout.hern extremity of tlie mother of khig of Sparta, and island of Leucadia, near the coast (^f Acarnania. Castor and Pollux, and of Helen and Clytenmestra. levamen, -inis [levo], n., relief, Liedaeus, -a -um [Leda], adj., solace, comfort, consolation. (or 1. levis, -e. adj., light, iu weight, Loda, descendant of
Leda.
-ae,
f.,
"wife of
dauf/hter),
lei^ifer, -era,
of Leda.
swift,
-erum
[lex
ferro],
adj., Iav:-givin{/.
pxdislied.
1.
levo
raise
;
[levis],
1,
lighten,
;
lift,
lakeoff;
aid, assist
re-
lieve, alleviate.
2.
levo
[levis], 1, polish.
Ljenaeus.
press,
of
Bacchus,
Lenaean.
ofthe icine- lex, -legis, f., law, statute ; pL, Bacchic, governmeut ; terms, conditions. libanien, -inis [libo],n., libation,
offering, sacrifice.
make
lenis.
allay, assuage.
-e,
gentle,
quiet.
lento [lentus],
1,
hend.
libens, -entis [liben], part., willing. cherrful, glad ; often with adverbial force, willingly, etc. Liiber. -eri, m., god of wine. an Italian deity identified by the
Romans
chus
;
witli
,
the"
Greek Bacf.,
fig.
wine.
liberty,
Ijerna, -ae.
freedom.
libo.
1,
taste,
sip
w.
(or
oscula,
kiss ; pour,
pour
make) a
liaoiiie*
iibro
'^
76
^^'^'^^'^^
longre
abandon, forsake ; yield up ; sist from, give up.
de-
Laomedon.
^-^^^
liiiteuin,
-i
[linum],
-ere,
n.,
linen,
\
pl
1'
lo'^'^^^^'^
brandish, sivina : launch Ji'-, a j)eople -"*"", -orum, m. l]it"'^i "^ Illyvia iiear the head
7
cloth, sail.
ni.
liquefacio,
[liqueo
1.
-I-
-feci,
-factus
facio], melt.
^Ton
,
.
"^l^^
Adriatic.
f.,
ya, -ae,
'Ijoet.
northern Africa
2.
for Africa.
Libyan,
liquidus, -a,
liqiiid,
-um
[liciueo], adj.,
fluid,
fl.owing ;
clear,
-itus
impers.,
proper, right
asconj., aUhough,
make atonement,
though, even
]Ii<;nuni,
-i,
if.
appease, propitiate.
n.,
wood,
wooden litoreus,
bank
litus,
coa.^it,
-a,
structure.
li?o, 1,
the seashore,
on
the shbre,
on the
beach,
bind,
wind
(orcoiV) around,
(rare), 3, 390.
n.,
piinion.
-oris,
seashore,
lilium,
strand.
-i,
lituus,
baeum, the western promontory lividus, -a, of Sicily dark bhte, Lilybaean.
;
-um
[liveo],
adj.,
livid,
lead-colored,
iimen,
-inis,
n.,
;
threshfdd,
donr,
;
entrance, gate
temple, palace
dweUing, abode
set, lay,
Locri, -oriiin, m., a colony of Locrians a race. from Greece, who settled in southern Italy, 3, 399. limes, -itis, m., crosspath, border locus, -i, m. (m. and n. in pl.), jmth, course, track.
;
starting-point of
limosus -a, -um [limus], adj., maddy, miry, slimy. liiniis, -i, m., mud, mire, slime.
liiieiis,
region, locality,
country ; opportunity, place, chance, room ; condition, state. -a, -iim [linum], adj., of longaevus, -a, -uin [longus -j-ae,
f.,
lin^iia,
tongue^
note,
off,
at
from
a distatice
from,
lcave
behind ;
desert,
length.
long-inquus
longinqiuis,
a*^lj.,
7T
Lycius
-a,
nff,
far
lonr/.
longe,
lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctus, mourn^ mourn for, lament, beicail. lumen. -inis [lux], n., light. glow; torch ; light of day, day ; eye ;
life; air.
longus,
long luna, -ae [cf. lux], f., moon, continued, lastimj, prolonged; moonlight. distant, remote ; deep, 1, 159. ISnatus. -a, -um [luna], adj., loquela. -ae [loquor], f., speech, moon-shaped, crescent.
-a,
-um.
adj., lonr/,
ii-nrd.
loquor,
lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf. tell, sing. lupus, -i, m., icolf. loricH, -ae [lorum], f. a leather lustro [lustrum], 1, purify by atonement, pass. as middle, percorselet, corselet, cuirass, coat of
locutus,
speak,
say,
,
mail.
lorum,
reins.
-i,
n., strap or
thong ;
pl.,
liibricus,
-um,
adj.,
smooth,
5,
578
survey,
examine,
re-
slippery, slimi/.
vieio.
luceo. -ere, luxi [lux], shine, gleam. lucidus, -a, -um [lux], adj., shining, bright, clear, gleaming. Liucifer, -eri [lux-f- fero], m., the
light bringer,
lustrum,
-i
f
j
the national sacrifice made every fifth year at Rome -when the
especially
of purirication;
j/
j
morning
star.
luctor.
1,
census was taken hence a lustrum or period offive years. lustrum. -i, n.. bog, fen ; haunt^
;
luctus, -ns [lugeo], m., grief, sorden, lair, covert of wild beasts. row, iroe, suffering, lamenta- lux, lucis. f., light, daylight, day ; per.son., 6, 274. tion glory; life. lucus, -i, m., sacred (or conse- luxus, -ns, m., excess ; luxury, crated) grove or icood; grove, magnijicence, splendor ; pleasicood, forest. ure, wantonness. ludibrium, -i [ludo], n., mock- Lyaeus. -i [Xi^w], m., the one who ery, sport. a delivers or sets free from care ludo, -ere. lusi, lusus, p^^ty, sport Greek name for Bacchus.
; ;
Liyaeus. -a, -um, adj., of Bacchus^ ceive. Bacchic, Lyaean. ludus, -i [ludo], m., sporte deuy, lychnus. -i, m., lamp. /hosts, Lycia. -ae, f., a country on the game. niksouthwest f., coast of Asia Minor. lues, -is, plague, pef abode hlight, wasting sickness. 7cius., -a, -um, adj., Lycian^
sport of, mock, deiude, de-
make
Jjyctius
subst.
pl.
,
78
tho-
male
m. a river of Asia Minor, famous for its winding course a winding (or wavy)
-dri,
,
;
Maeander,
Lycians.
Lyctiiis, -a, -mii, adj., of Lyctus,
a town in Crete
tan.
Lyctian, Cre-
line or border.
Maeonius,
~i,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
o/ 3iae-
Lycurgus,
who opposed
the
wor.ship
of
onia., a Lydian.
province
-a,
of
Lydia
of the
;
Maeotius,
-um,
adj.,
Lycus,
Lydius,
-i,
m., a companion of
Aeneas.
-a,
maereo,
-ere,
mourn,
grieve^
\'
lament, sorrow. of Lydia, Lydian, Etruscan (because the maestus, -a, -um [maereo], adj., sad, gloomy, moimiful, sorrowEtruscans were thought to have come originally from Lydia). ful, unhappy. -iuni, n., huis. magiilia, lymplia, -ae, f., clcar water, water. magicus, -a, -um, adj., magic. lyux, lyncis, c, lynx. magis, adv., morc, rather. magister, -tri, m., master, lcadMachaon, -onis, m. a Grecian er ; pilot, helmsman, captain priiice, siid to have been tlie instructor, traincr tcachcr, son of Aesculapius, and a sur(juardian, tutor. geon ot the Greeks at Troy. magistratus, -fis [magister], m., machina, -ae, f. machine, engine majistracy ; magistrate. magnaninius, -a. -um [magnus of loar ; device, contrivance. -{- animus], adj., magnanimous, inacies, -ei, f., emaciation, leanness. nohlc-mindcd, grcat-soulcd, macto, 1, sacrifce, offer up, imhijh-spirited. molate ; slay, kill, slaughter. magnus, -a, -um, adj., great,
adj.,
-um,
macula,
-ae,
f.
S27ot.
large,
vast
noble, important,
natfi,
maculo
[raacuhi],
-a,
1,
spot^stain.
maculosus,
madefacio, [madeo -\-
-um
[macula],
-factus
part.,
ous
maior
oldcr
cldcst.
maximus
natfi,~ oldcst.
-cre,
-feci,
3Iaia, -ao, f., mother of ]\Iercurv (wliosc father was Jupiter) and
madens,
wet.,
-entis
-ere,
[madeo],
daughter of Atlas
of
n
tli'*
moist^ drippitu/.
Pleiades.
-ae,
f.,
ma(lesc5,
niadui [madco], hcrow,e wet ov soakcd ; drip. martidus, -a, -um [ma(h'o], ad'
loet,
[I,,
chcek-bone, jaioJiadly,
listance^
f;v,;/j, ^; <;
?7/,
drenched, drippimj.
lenyth.
scarcciy, hardly ; w,
Malea
79
manioae,
mate/*"
-arum
-a,
[manus],
f.
iiiale
fida, unsafe^
ma)iacles.
manifestus,
fendo,
-um
[manus
-\-
stri/cc}, adj.,
plain, clear,
malesiiadus.
suadeo],
-a,
-um [male
impeUiiig
-\-
mano.
tovxd.
1,
adj.,
(or
mautele,
[manus],
n.,
napkin,
persuading)
to evil, desperate.
maligaus,
geno],
[makis -f- manus, -us,f., hand ; handiioork, a)'t. skill ; act, artio)!, prowess, malignant, malideed; hand, crowd, troop, force. cious, wicJced ; scanty. small.
-a,
adj.,
iiialle,
-um
malo,
volo],
malui
[mairis
-|-
3Iarcelliis.
-i,
m.,
name
of a \\o-
wish
-i
more or
rather,
man
prefer.
malum,
ill,
and conqueror
of
of Syracuse
Marcellus,
malus,
icicked,
-a,
nnxinus
2.
Octavia the sister of Augustus and adopted son of the Emperor he died in early youth, 23 li.c.
;
son
malus,
-i,
m., mast.
f.,
mare,
order,
-is. n.,
-1,
sea.
mamma,
-ae,
hreast.
maritus,
suitor.
charge,
injunction,
marmor,
marinoreus,
-f-
-um [marmor],
mando [manus
mit,
i)UrHst,
do],
;
1,
coni-
consign
com-
mand.
2.
dircct, order.
Marpesius,
mando.
-ere,
mandi, mansus,
sume. maiieo,
staij,
pesian.
ere,
mansi. mansus.
;
Mars. 3Iartis. m,, god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno war, hattle^
;
3Iassyli,
-iiim,
-orum
-a,
or
-um, m., a
adj.,
Manes.
of the Loiver World, souls of the dead in Hades, shades, gliosts, Manes; Lower W^ri(2, ahode
of the dead.
m., gods
Massylus,
lioii.
-um,
Massy^
f.,
Lihyan.
Tnateriius
maternus,
matui-6
-a,
80
mensis
-um
[niater], adj.,
o/ a mother, maternal.
[iiiatums],
-a,
1,
ripen
hastcn, speed.
matnrus,
-um,
adj.,
ripe,
adj., o/ Melihoea, a town ot Thessaly MeUhoean. melior, comp. of bouus. Melite, -es, f., a sea-nymph. inelius, adv., comp. of bene.
;
membrum, -i, n., limh, part, mature ; advanced. adj., memher. -um, MoorMaurusius, -a, meinini, -isse, def. (imperative, ish, African, Mauretanian. mementu), rememher, he mind3Iavors, -ortis, anotlier aame for
Mars.
fnl.
-a,
Mavortius,
adj.,
-um
Memniius,
tile
-i,
m., a
Roman
m.,
genof
or family name.
-onis,
Memnon,
snn
Tithonus and Aurora, kiiig of maximus, -a, -um, adj., tin. ^'thiopians, slaiu by Acliilles superl. of maguus. at Troy. 2. Maximus, m., a Roman -i, family name of those who bore memor, -oris, adj., mindful, re1.
;
memherinij grateful ; relentless. Cunctator, the opponent of meinor-abilis. -e [nienioro], adj., Hannibal, 6, 845. memorahle, famous, glorions. to jiweatus, -us [meo], m., course, meinoro [uiemor], call 1, memory or mind, mention ; remotion, movement. ifiedieo [medicus], 1, heal (or late, recount, rehearse, tell ; say^ speak, call. cure) vnth drufjs ; medicate, mendax, -aeis [mentior], adj., drng, (5, 420. meditor, 1, think npon, meditate ; Jying, faJse, deceitful, untruthit
,
was Fabius
'
ful. _
mediuui,
midst.
-i
Menelaus,
broiher
-I,
of
Agamemuon,
;
medius,
dle,
-a,
-um,
adj., in the
midof,
in
the
midst,
middle
midst of, middle ; intervening, hetween. Medon, -ontis, m., a Trojan. me<lulla, -ae [medius], f. marrow. Mearus, -a, -um [Megara], adj., phni, intention, tpill. ofMegara, a Sicilian city Megameiisa, -ae, f., tahle ; food,feast, rean. mel, niellis, n., honey. viauds.
, ;
Helen he of Sparta and one of the Greek k^aders in the Trojan war. 3Ienoetes, -ae, m., a companion of Aeueas. inens, mentis, i.,mind, intellect, reason; soul, heart ; disposition, feeling ; design, jmrpose^
king- of
husbaud
and was
Meliboeus,
-a,
-is, ni.,
month.
mentior
mentior,
nssert.
-iri,
81
?'>,
Miiiotaurus
-are,
-ui,
-itus.
falsely
mico,
vibrate, flash,
pretend;
-a,
part.,
men-
glitter,
titus,
feit.
-um,
hjinj, counter.,j,
migro,
grate.
mi-
mentum,
-i,
n., clii:^i\ex'rd.
1
miles,
&?/?/,
-itis,
mercor fmerx],
purchase.
sU^iU
app\
armed men.
mille, indecl.
a thonsand
Mercurius,
of Jupiter
-i,
milium,
n.,
and
getx^
mes-
thousands.
senger of the
go-'ble.
minae, -arum,
tlements ;
cu7'ses ;
f.,
pinnacles. bat-
mereo,
-eip. -ui.
-itnpLend me-
threats,
menaces^
perils.
f.,
3Iinerva, -ae,
mergo,
Athena
wisdom,
fare.
she was
arts,
conceal, hury.
'
mergus,
-i,
m,
diver, a
kind of
water-fowl.
minlme
[mereor],
n., merit.,
[rainimus],
least,
ineritum,
-i
very
little,
not
at
by no
desert, service.
meritus,
-a,
-um
[mereor], part.,
plice ; agent, helper. merus, -a, -um, adj., pure, unmixed ; siibst., merum, -i, n., ministerium, -i [minister], n., scrvice, office, duty. unmixed wine; 2)ure icine, [miiiister], 1, ministro serve wine. attend to, manage; supply, fiir-met, an intensive pronominal sufiiish, provide. fix, e.g. egomet, I myself. meta, -ae, f., turning-point, goal 3Iinoius, -a, -um [Minos], adj., end, limit, bonnd ; pointoi\a,n(\, of Minos, king of Crete.
promontory,
3,
429.
metuo,
metus,
aJarm.
-ere,
metui
m.,
fear,
[metus],
dread,
fear, be afraid of
-us,
[minae], 1, project, toirer ; threaten, menace. 2. minor, minus, comp. of parvus; subst. pl., minores, -um, m., descendants. Minos, -ois, m., a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, and after death a judge in the Lower
1.
iniiior
meus,
-a,
-um
World. 3Iinotaurus,
miuus
man and
half bull
;
82
molior
he was coii- miscresci, -ere, feel pity for, by JMinos in the Labypity. rinth, where he was slain by miseror [Iniser], \,feel pity f>r,
fined
Theseus. iniiiiis [minor], comp. adv., l(\ss. mirabilis, -e [niiror], adj.,w;o(^(^rfuL admirahle ; exlraordinary
.,
pity,
mitesco, become)
ful.
e
'd,
[niitis],
grow (or
gentle, or peace-
j'
strange.
mitigo
[^ggg^
ago],
1,
make
'7e,
soften, soothe,
f.,
ticrban,
cap,
miror [mirns],
mirus,
-a,
at,
ad-
Phryginlc
cap.
mitto,
-e*e,
-um,
adj.,
wonderful,
despiatch;
thmw
marvellous. lay aside, dismiss ; Jinish, end; misceo, -ere, miscui, inixtus, offer. 6, 380. mix, mingle ; unite,join; con- 3Inestheus, -ei, and -eos, m., a Trojan comrade of Aeneas. fuse, disturb, agitate, stir up. mobilitas, -atis [mobilis], f., throw into confusion excite,
scatter.
motion,
-i,
activily,
swiftness,
Misenus,
speed.
trumpeter of Hector and after- modo [modus], adv., only, but; wards of Aeneas he was lately, just now, but now ; proon the coast of Camdrowned vided that. Mount Miscnus (or pania. modus, -i, m., method, manner, (2) mode, \ray ; bound, limit, end. Misenum), a promontory south of Naples. moenia, -ium, n., walls, rammiser, -era, -erum, adj., loretched, parts, fortifications ; city, citamiserable, unhappy, unfortudel. mola, -ae, f. niill ; coarse meal nate, sad, pitiable. used in sacrifice, meal. miserabilis, -e [miseror], f\dj., pitiahle, miscrable, moles, -is, f,, mass, bulk, huge wretched, deplorahle. mass, size ; massive weight, miserandiis, -a, -iim [miseror]. structure, buihling, or engine of adj., piteous, wretched, unwar ; dam, dike, mole ; labor, happy, liapless. task, toil ; diffirnUy, frouhle,
,
mi-
effiirt ;
storm,
-iri,
tempest,
clistur-
sereor, -cri, -itiis [miscr], pity, take pily mi, iK/rc {ov ferl) com-
Ixince.
molior.
[molcs], pile up, build, rrect, construct, lahor uj)on; strive, eudeavor, attempt,
-Itiis
mollio
try,
58
mugitus
memorial, monument ;
pl., tradi-
nndertake
plan, contrive,
mora,
sue with
ioil, 6,
477.
molliu,
-ire,
-ivi
;
and
-ii,
-itus
[mollis],
softcn
soothe,
calm,
cleli-
hindrance, ohstrnction, ohstacle, pause. morbus, -i, m,, disease. moribundus, -a, -um [morior], adj., dying, ready to die, nwrtal.
-ae,
f.,
delay,
moritui-us], die, perish. moror [mora], 1, delay, linger, yidding, favorable. prmse, tarry ; detain, keep hack, comp. moUius, molliter, adv. caiise delay ; regard, carefor. delicateJy, skilfuUy. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, remind, mors, mortis, f., death. admonish, advise, warn ; an- morsus, -us [mordeo], m., a hitnounce, predict, foretell. ing, hite ; eating, gnawing, monile, -is, n., necklace, collar. 394 of anchor. an 3, faitg^, fluke monitum, -i [moneo], n,, admoni- mortalis, -e [mors], adj., mortal, tion, warning ; advice, counsel human ; subst., mortales, -ium, command. m., mortals, men, human heings. [moneo], monitus, -us m., mortifer, -era, -erum [mors -|admonition, warning ; advice, fero], adj., death-hriiiging,
pliant,
flezihle ;
gentle,
counsel.
Monoecus,
HercLiles
;
-i,
m., a
surname
of
3IonoecT, a promontory on tlie Ligurian coast west of Genoa, so calied from a temple of Hercules wliich
stood there.
arx
death-dealing deadly. mos, moris, m., manner, custom, fashion, wont, hahit ; law, rule pl., character, institutions, laws. motus, -us [moveo], m., motion,
,
movement, swiftness,
agility.
moveo,
m., mountain,
1,
-ere,
movi,
motus,
moMs, montis,
moiistro
hill,
[monstrum],
trouble
;
meditate, re-
direct appoint,
ponder
declare, disclose.
prescrihe.
mox,
monstrfiin, -i [moneo], n., omen, ently, afterwards, then. warning, sign, portent, prodigy; mncro, -ouis, m,, shaip point or monster, monstrous shape, feareclge, sword, blade. ful or awesome thing. mu<>io, -ire, -ivi or-ii, loiv hellow, montanus, -a, -um [mons], adj., rnmhle, moan, roar. mountain. mugitus, -us [mugio], m., lowing, monunientum, -I [moneo], n., helloiving.
mulceo
mulceo,
soothe,
quiet.
84
mulsus,
allay,
navifragus
-ere,
mulsi,
calm^
appease,
-!-
Mygdonides, -ae, m., Coroehus^ son of Mygdon, king of Phrygia. Myniiidones, -uin, m., Myrmidons,
plico],
Thessaliau
-a,
followers
of
of
many
folds,
manifold,
Achilles.
various.
myrteus,
[luultus],
-um
[myrtus],
f.,
adj.,
miiltum
greatUj.
adv.,
adj.,
much, much,
of myrtle, myrtJe.
myrtus,
-a,
multus,
-um,
great, poivetful ahundant, dense, heavy ; many a ; pL, many ; comp., plus, pluris,
myrtle tree, myrtle shaft, myrtle branch, myrtle grove, myrtle wreath.
-i
and
-us,
N
nam,/or, hecause.
supeiL, plurimus, -a, -um. munio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [moenia], fortify, build. munus, -eris, n., ojffice, charge,
namque,
naris,
-is, i.,
narro, 1, teU, narrate, relate. aid, Narycius, -a, -uiii, adj., of Naryx, service, function ; duty, present, a town of the Locri, Narycian. hoon; kindness, favor, From Naryx, a city across from reward, prize ; offering, gift, Euboea, a colony came out and sacrifice. settled on the coast of Brutmurex, -icls, m., jmrple-flsh, purtium. pledye,purple; a sharp, pointed, nascor, nasci, natus, to he horn, ov jagged rock. arise,spring up,_grow nascens, murmur, -uris, n., murmur, mur-entis, pres. p., new-born. muring, rumbling, noise, uproar, nata, -ae [nascor], f. daughter. roaring, shouting, applause.
; ,
murus, -i, Musa, -ae, f., Muse. Musaeus, -i, m., a Greek poet
m., loall.
nato [no],
1.
1,
swini, fl,oat.
-i
natiis
(gnatus),
[nascor],
of
adj.,
change-
m., son, child, offspring, young. 2. natus, -us [nascor], m., used only in abl. sing., hy birth. nauta, -ae [navis], m., sailor,
muto,
1,
change, alter,
-ariiin,
change.
Mycenae,
ae,
f.,
and Myceiia,
Argolis,
naiiticus, -a,
-um,
adj.,
of ships,
of sidlors, nautical. navalis, -e [navis], adj., of ships, home of Agamemnon. ndvdl ; subst., iiavalia, -iiiiii, n., Myconos, -i, f., an island northdock, docks, dockyard. oue of the Delos, east of -um, [uavis -}navifra>us, -a, Cyclades.
a city of
the
avigium
,
85
^
nescio
adj., dishonor ; as impious^ ahominahle, wicked. nego, 1, say no, say that not,
denij, refuse.
sail,
set sail
iiemo,
-iiiis
[ne
-a,
-|-
homo],
c.
no
nemorosus,
adj., vujody.
-um [nemus],
grove,
m., hoatman. nav^ita, -ae Naxos, -i, f., cne of tlie Cyclades, noted for its wines.
-ue, (1) interrog. enclitic, in direct questions, usually nottranslated;
in
indirect,
nenius, -oris,
furest.
n.,
wood,
whether ;
son of Achilles called also Pyrrhus. followed nepos, -otis, m., grandson
-i,
;
Neoptolemus,
m.,
by an
or -ne, ivhether.
or.
pl.,
grandchildren, descendants,
posterity.
Neptunius, -a, -um, adj., of JVeptune, Neptunian. quidem, not ne,adv. 720^; ne "', Neptunus, conj., in order -i, m., one of Saturn's t' even ; sons, brother of Jupiter, Juno, lest. and Pluto, and identified by the nebula, -ae, f., cloud, mist,fog. Romans with Posidon, the nec or neque, adv. and conj., and Greek god of the sea. not, neither, nor ; neque (nee) neque, see nec. nor neque (nec), neither. nequeo, -ire, ivi or -ii, nequitus, nec iion, and also. he unahle, cannot. necdum, adv., nor yet, and not nequiquam [ne -f- quidquam], yet. adv., and (nom. acc. in vain, to no purpose. necesse, adj. only), necessary, needful; un- Nereis, -idis or-idos [Nereus], f., any one of the daughters of avoidahle. inevitahle. Nereus and Doris a sea nymph, nectar, -aris, n., nectar. a Nereid. necto, -ere, nexuiornexi, iiexus, unite, join, Nereus, -ei or -eos, m., a sea god, hind, tie, fasten ;
the exclamatory infinitive,
,
.
1,
37.
father of the Nereids. fasten together. nefandus, -a, -uni [ne-f-for], adj., Neritos, -i, f., a small island near Ithaca. unspeakable, unutterahle ; imm., nerve, sinew, -i, pious, wicked, accursed, ahomi- nervus, subst. n., vm>ng, 1, 543. tendon ; howstring. nahle nefa.3 ['le + fas], n., indecl. noun, nescio, -ire, -ivior-ii [ne -\- scio], not to knovj, he ignorant of; that unhich is contrary to divine sin, icickedness, nescio quis, etc. Iknoio noticho law, impiety, or what ; some one, something. crime ; guilt, shame, disgrace,
:
nescius
iieseiiis,
86
adj.,
,aus
Nisus, -i, m., a Trojan follower of Aeneas. not knoviing^ igiiorant, unmoare. neve (ir nen [ne -f ve], cohj., or niteo, -ere, -iiT. shin\ gleam. glisten ; nitens, -enlis, part. and not, and not, 7ior, ucither. adj., shining, sparkling, gleamnex, necis[neco],f., violentdeath, ing ; hright, beaviing ; glossy, .^hiughter, murder. sleek, -uin, see necto. nexus, -a, well-fed. ni, CDnj., not, that not, lest, if not, niteseo, -ere, nituT [niteo], hecome hright, hcgin to shine, nnle.^fs, except. shine, gleam, gliften. nidus, -1, m., nest ; pl., hrood, nitidus, a, -uin [niteo], adj., ncstlings.
-a, -iiin
[nescio],
niger, -gra, -grum, adj., hlack, sahle, swarthy, dusky, dark, gloomy. niirans, -antis [nigro], part., hhfck, duskij, dark.
shining, sleek.
nitor, or nixiis. lean upon, rest upon, tread (or walk)
-i,
nisiis
upon
ward, adcance.
nivalis, -e [nix], adj., snowy.
nigresco, -ere, nigrui [uiger], grow (or turn) hlack, grow (or hecome) dark. uihil (nil) [ne -f hilum], n., indecl., nothing ; adv.,not at all, hy no means. Nilus, -i, m., the Nile. niinbosus, -a, -uin [nimbus], adj., covered with clouds, cloudcapped, stormy, rainy. ninibus, -T, m., violent rain, rain-cloud, storm ; tem))c.st,
sform-cloiid, cJoud.
adv.,
adj.,
snowy,
uixor
no.
1,
[nitor],
1, strive,
struggle.
swim. Uoat.
-um
nodo
[nodns],
;
1, tie
(or fasten) in
a knot
hind, fasten.
-T,
m.,
kiiot,
hond ; fold,
uoiniis, -adis, c,
aJl
nomad ; Noinaname,
Nisaee.
nisi
-es,
f.,
and nl [ne
-iis
n.,
word;
n.,
a town of the
nnle.^^s.
nisus,
tion,
sistanec.
-iiin
[novemj,
adj.,
ninth.
nos
nos, see ego.
87
nnllus,
-a,
Nysa
-um
;
[ne
-\-
uUus],
adj.,
snhHt.,
no one.
;
num,
ative
interroii:.
particle
it
in
di-
iii
perfect tenses,
-iini,
know
adj.,
rect questions
iiotus, -a,
p.p.
as
answer
knoicn,
well
known, familiar,
tions, ivhether.
famed.
noster.
-tra,
-trum
f.,
[nos],
our,
nilmen, -inis [nuo], n., nod, dirine will, purpose, power, influence,
aid, help, favor, ot perrnissio)i
divinity, deity ; power, might presence of a god or goddess.
mark, sign,
note,
noto
[iiota], 1,
mark,
ob-
numerus,
crowd ;
-i, ni.,
nurnher, throng,
notus, Notus,
{lale,
-a,
-i,
ivind,
ody.
Xumida,
Numitor,
adv.,
Numidian.
a king of
-oris,
lie
m.,
^ba
was
fatlier
^itvia,
the mother of
Khea Romulus
of
adv.,
[novus],
1,
f.,
newre-
and Hemus.
numquam
[novus],
-a,
;
[ne
-f-
umquam],
time.
novo
make
;
neio.,
never.
huild.
novus,
recent
la.st.
-um,
adj.,
strange,
superl.,
novissimus,
f.,
-um,
report, declare.
nnntius,
night, darkness
nox, noctis,
sleep.
sage, tidings,
command.
adv.,
recently,
nuper
f.,
[novus],
-iis,
crime, guilt,
lately.
nurus,
nosquam
nowhere
totter.
;
nnbes,
cloud.
niito [nuo],
nubilus, cloudy ;
-a,
-um
-orum,
n.,
nudo
[nudus],
-a,
;
nurse.
nudus,
open
-um.
adj.,
5,
naked, hare,
871.
unhuried,
nymph. Nysa. -ae, f., a city or mountain where Bacchus was said to have
-ae [w/i^??],
Nympha.
88
been born.
it
obstruo
-i
Traditions assigned
oblTvium,
obloquor,
loquor],
[obliviscor],
n.,
forgelfulness.
O
! ah ! oh ! 0. interjection, ob, prep. w. acc, on accouut of, owing to, for. for the sake of. obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
response to. obluctor [ob + luctor], 1, strive, struggle, press against, hrace
against.
obmutesco,
-ere,
-mutui [ob
-f
draio
toward,
over, or
hefore^
njutus], hecome
less ; he silent,
dumh
or speech-
overspread.
obeo. -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, rjo toward or to, meet ; pass Over,
travei-se,
hushed, mute. obnitor, -i, -insus or-nixus [ob -f nitor],press against, struggle
against,
sist.
visit;
encircle,
in,
sur-
struggle,
strive,
re-
round;
in.
take
part
engage
-|-
oborior,
well
put
;
hefore,
offer,
obruo, -ere,
ruo],
present, expose
oppose.
1,
obiecto [ohicio],
1.
throw against
[obicio],
hefore,
or toward, expose.
obscenus,
foid,
-um,
adj.,
filthy,
vile
obiectus,
part.
-a,
-u!n
dirty,
loathsome,
dreadful,
3,
ill-omened,
307.
project-
-um,
adj.,
murky ;
dark, ohscure,
obiectus, rus
tion, sheUer.
[obicioj,
m.,
U})known, unseen ; uncertain. observo, 1, note. ohserve, 7vatch. obsidco, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [ob
-fsedeo], hesiege, hlock, occupy,
liold.
obitus, -us [obeo], m., a going to, a meeting (death orfate) death,
;
destruction, ruin.
f.,
siege,
obliquo [obliquus],
hend, turn,
hlockade.
obliquus,
sideways,
across.
-a,
-um,
adj.,
;
slanting
-I,
obstipesco, -ere, -stipui [ob -f stupeo], hecome (or he) stupenmazed, or turned astonished, Jied, lying horror-stricken ; stand aghast. obsto -are, -stiti, -status [ob -f
sto], ivithstand, oppose, hinder,
oblTviscor,
oblTtus, forget, he forgetful <f; oblitus, -a, -um, hacing forgotten, forgetful.
obtego
[ob+stmo],
stop.
89
uj),
olim
hasten) to meet, meet
intervene.
;
close
block up,
appear.,
obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [ob Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. + tego], cove)' up or over, pro- ocior, -ius, comp. adj., swifter,
[ob
more fleet. obtorqiieo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus ocius, comp, adv., more swiftly, more speedily, more quickly. + torqueo], turn, ticist. obtrunco [ob + trunco], 1, lop oculus, -i, m,, eye. {or ciU) off, cut down, siay, Jcill, odi, odisse, def,, to hate.
tect, hide, coiiceal.
slanghter.
odiiim,
-i
obtusus, -a,-um [obtundo], part., bluntcd, dnlj, unfeeUng. obtutus, -us [obtueor], m. look,
,
enmity.
gaze.
odor, -oris, m. odor, scent, smell fragrancf, perfume ; stench. odoratus, -a, -um [odoro], adj.,
,
obiincus, -a, -um [ob + uncus], adj., hooked, curved, bent. obverto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ob + verto], turn toward or to,
turn.
adj.,
Oenotrius
and
Oenotrus,
-a,
-um
-a,
obvius,
-um
[ob
via], adj.,
exposed to, open to, S, 499. occasus, -us [occido], m,, a going
ofFa, -ae,
[ob
+
lie
offer,
present
-i
one''^ self,
offlcium,
duty, kindness.
OTleus, -ei, -i, or -eos, m., a king of the Locri and father of the Ajax who insulted Cassandra.
occulto [occulo],
secrete.
1,
hide, conceal,
occupo [ob +
capio],
1,
take pos;
oleum,
-i,
cover
t-cursus
oliva
oliva,
-ae,
f.,
90
tree^
oraculum
-a,
olive
olive
opimus,
fertilc,
-um
oil.,
oil.
form for
sumptiious spolia opima, arms taken by a commander on the battlelield in single combat with the comfruitful,
Olympus,
m., a mountain in northeastern Thessaly, regarded as the home of the greater gods
-i,
;
mander
opperior,
of the
-iri,
enemy,
G, 855.
-pertus or -peri-ii,
Olympus, heaven.
-petitiis
omeu,
si(/n,
-iuis,
n.,
,'
token,
rites.,
~[ob
peto],
meet,
OG.
encounter;
die,
solemn
adv.,
omnino
[omnis],
wholly^
altogether, entirely.
[omnis + pario], adj., all-producing, parent (or mother) of all, parent. [omnis + omnipotens -entis
omniparens,
-entis
potens],
adj.,
all-poiverful,
al-
mighty, omnipotent.
omnis,
every.
-e,
adj.,
aU.,
the
whole,
stow,
adj.,
-positus [ob + pono], place (or put) hefore, against, in front of or opposite ; expose ; oppositus, -a, -um, opposing, 2, 383. opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [ob + premo], press dovan, weigh down, overwhelm, crush, overpower, oppyress. oppugno [ob + pugno], 1, attack, assaidt, storm, hesiege. ops, opis, f. (nom. and dat. sing. not in use), power, aid, help, assistance ; pl., opes, opum,
-ere,
oppono,
-posui,
power, dominion
ance.
aid,
assist-
opto,
opulontus,
1.
-a,
-um
n..
[ops], adj.,
rich, icealthy.
opus,
toil,
-eris,
icork.
lahor
operor [opus],
1,
be engaged in,
2.
opus, indecl.,
region.
be employed. opertus, -a, -um [operio], jiart., hiddcn, secret ; subst., operta,
ora, -ae,
oraculum, (oraclum),
n., oracle,
[oro],
-orum,
or secret regions^
orbis
orbis,
coil.
-is,
91
orb, clisk
Pacliynum
-ei
m.,
circJe,
Orpheus,
and
-eos,
m.,
fold ; -witli raruin, the earth, the loorld. Orcus, -L m,, the Lower World, Hades; god of the Lower
ortus, -a, -ura. part. of orior. 2. ortus, -us, [orior], m.,risnif/. Ortygia, -ae \_6pTv^, quail^, f., World, Pluto, Dis. the aucient name of Delos also ordior, -iri, orsus, hegin, hegin an island in the harbor of to speak.
;
ordo.
-inis, m.,
Syracuse.
os,
oris, n., moiith, face, visage, voice, countcnance, features ;
class
bank) of oars.
speech, language
trance, door
;
opening, en-
os
summum,
the
lijjs, 1, 737. Orestes, -ae or -is, m., son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; os, ossis, n,, bone. he slew his mother for her be- osculuni, -I [os], u., ??>s, kiss. -entus -endi, -ere. trayal of his father, and for this ostendo, out to or hold [obs -I- tendo] crime was pursued by the Furies. before, shou-, point out, reveal, orgia, -oruni lopyia^, n., orgies,
,
rites of
Bacchus.
disclose.
ostento [ostendo],
521.
-i
1,
present to
display, 6, en-
origin,
birth,
de- ostium,
n., .mouth,
trance, door ; harbor, port. ostrum. -i, n., purple dye, purple,
purple
cloth.
orior,
born.
Othryades, -ae, m.,son of Othrys, Panth us. otium, -i, w, leisure, idleness,
quiet, peace, repose. ornatus. -ns [orno], m., attire, ovis, -is, f., sheep. adornment, ornament. rejoice, shout, ornus, -i, f., mountain-ash, ash- ovo. 1,
tree.
exult,
triumph.
1,
oro
speak, beg, phad, beseech, implore, ask entreat, argne. or plead, as a lawyer.
[os],
6, 849.
P
pabulum.
-i
[pasco],
n.,
u., food.,
Pachynum,
-i,
Pachynns
or
paciscor
paciscor,
harter
; -i,
92
it
Pantaffias
was carried
off
pactus,
by Ulysses and
Pallas
paco
[pax],
make
peaceful,
calm, or quiet; suhdue. pactus, -a, -uin,p.p. of paciscor, agreed upon, stipulated.
Paean,
-anis,
origiiially
god of healing, pallidus, -a, -um [palleo], probably referring to j^ale, pallid, wan.
in.,
;
hymn
in
honor
of
Apollo or some otlier deity, paean, song of thanksgiving or triumph. paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it repents, w. acc. of tlie one feeling the emotion I repent., or
,
palma, -ae, f., palm of the hand, hand ; hranch (or wreath) of
palm, prize,
victor, 5, 339.
reward,
victory,
palmosus,
j)almy.
-a,
-um
[palma], adj.,
f.,
regret,
you repent,
etc.
palmula, -ae
hlade, oar.
[palriia],
oar
Palaemon,
ground;
pl.,
ivrestling,
wrest-
ling contests.
Palamecles,
plius,
-is,
m., son of
;
toith vi7ies, vine-clad. king of Euboea Pandarus, -I, m. a Mysian ally of put to death by the Gree]<;s at Troy who broke the truce beTroy as a result of tlie malicious tween tlie Greeks and Trojans plotting of Ulysses. by wounding Menelaus with au palans, -antis, part., see palor. avrow. Palinurus, -i, m., pilotof Aeneas also a promontory of Lucania pando, -ere, pandi, pansus or passus, spread (or stretch), out, named after him. palla, -ae, f., rohe, mnntle. extc.nd; open, th7'ow open ; ex, ;
Nauhe was
palor, l,v)ander,flee; hescattered. palus, -ndis, f., marsh, pool, marshy lake, swampy water. pampineus, -a, -um [panipius]. covered with vines, wreathed
Palladius
-a,
-um
-i,
[Pallas], adj.,
subst.,'
pose,
reveal,
disclose ;
relate,
of Pallas, or Minerva;
explain.
Palladium,
statue
of
fallen
n.,
Tallas,
a small believed to
;
Paaopea,
from heaven this Panopes, -is, m., a young Sicilian ('oiiipaiiiou of Achates. was supposed to insure tho safety.of Troy so long as it Pantayisls, -ae, m., a small river of eastern Sicily. was preserved within the city
have
Pantlius
Panthns,
Othrys
-i,
93
paro,
1,
passus
prepare, get ready.
make
ready,
and
of
ApoUo,
papaver. -eris, n. poppy. Paphos, -i, f., a city of western pars, partis,
Cypriis, sacred to Venus.
Paros, -i, f., one of the Cyclades famous for its marble.
f.,
part,
portion,
sharp
par. paris, adj., equal, Uke, alike even, well halanced. paratus, -a, -uiii [paro], part., readij. prepared. Parcae, -arum, f., Fates, Parcae, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.
-iri, -itus,
share, separate,
p.p. of pario.
divide, distribute.
partus,
offspring.
-a,
-um,
2.
parum
using
bear.
or
injuring
little
parens. -entis [pario], c.parent; parvvilus, -a. -um [parvus], adj., father, sire ; mother; ancestor. very small, little, small. pareo, -ere, -ui, -itus, appear parvus, -a. -um, adj. (comp., obey, cornply with. minor; superl., mininius), paries, -etis, m., loall of a buildsmall, little ; subst., minores,
ing, either external or partition.
pario, -ere, peperi, partus, pasco, pavi, -ere, pastus, bring forth, bear ; procure, obpasture, feed, nourish, support, tain, win, secure; procxire, bring rear ; pass. as dep. or w. middle topass, cause, accomplish. sense, feed on, eat, graze, Paris.-idis, m., son of Priam and pasture ; of fire, freely play Hecuba he awarded the apple of abgut, 2, 684. discord to Venus, brought about Pasiphae. -es, f., daughter of Sol the Trojan war by carrying off (Helios), wife of Minos the Helen f rom Sparta, and was slain king of Crete, and mother by Philoctetes. of the Minotaur, as well as [par], adr., pariter equally, in of Androgeos, Phaedra, and the same VKiy, in like manner, Ariadne. on equal terms ; together, in even passim [pando], adv., here and
;
line.
there, everyichere.
1.
Parius, -a, -um [Paros], adj., Parian, of Paros. parina, -ae, f., shield, buckler a small round shield.
passus,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
of
pando,
ing
2.
;
outstretched, outspread.
passus,
-um,
p.p. of patior.
passus
3.
94
Pelasffi
passus, -iis [pando], m., step. patruus, -i [pater], m., paternal pastor, -oris [pasco], m., shepuncle, uncle. herd^ herdsman. paueus, -a, -um, adj. small, little ; Patavium, -i, n., an ancient town pl., fero, afew. of northern Italy, founded by paulatim [paulum], adv., little by Antenor, now Padua. little, gradually. patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus paulisper [paulum], adv. for a
,
[pateo
-}-
facio],
open.,
lay
(or
little
while.
throw) open.
paulum
part.,
[paulus],
adv., a
little,
patens,
-entis
a while.
pauper,
humhle.
pateo, -ere, -ui, he open^ lie open^ pauperies,-ei [pauper],f.,po?76' >'??/. stand open ; extend, stretch ; be pavidus, -a, -um [paveo], adj.,
evident, clear, or manifest.
trembling,
sire
affrighted,
fearful,
pater,
patris,
m., father,
timid, anxious.
ancestor,
forefather ;
f.,
pL,
hotjol,
pavito [paveo],
1,
tremble, shaJce
in
alarm ; anxiety,
peace
;
ex-
citement,
[pater], adj., o/
5, 138.
f.,
paternus,
nal.
-um
pax, pacis,
pecten, -inis [pecto], m., comb quill, plectrum, an instrument patesco, -ere, patui [pateo], bewith whicli the strings of the (jin to open, or become clear lyre were struck. rnanifest, open to view, be dispectus, -oris, n., breast, heart, clo.sed., lie open. patiens, -entis [patior], part. bosom ; mind, soul, thought, enduring, submitting to, subfeeling. missive, patient. 1. pecus, -oris, n. flock, herd, patior, -i, passus, suffor, endure, drove, throng ; cattle. siihmit to ; perinlt, allow. 2. pecus, -udis, i., animal, beast patria, -ae [patrius], f., fathershecp ; victim for sacrifices. land, native land, native coun- pedes, -itis [pes], m., foot-soldior ;
.
(collectively), infantry, soldiery. country, land. patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of pelaftus, -i, n.. sea, flood. a fathcr or ancestor ; paternal, Pelas<>i, -orum, m., Pclasgians,
try
ancestral
native.
of
one^s
country,
Patron, -onis,
Aeneas.
ni.,
a follower of
supposcd original inliabitaiits of Grceco and of otlicr Mcditerrancan countries and ishmds
tlic
Qreeks.
Pelasgus
Pelasgus,
r/ian,
95
Pelas-
percurro
icithin, deep,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
far avmy
deeply,
entirely, thoroughly, utterly. Grecian, Greek. Penthesilea, -ae, f., queen of the Pelias, -ae, m., a Trojan. Amazons, slain at Troy by Peli<les, -ae, m., son of Peleus, " Achilles. Achilles, 2, 648; grandson of Peieus, Neoptolemus, or Pyr- Pentheus, -ei or eos, m., king of Thebes, torn in pieces by his rhhs, 2, 263.
pellax, -acis
ivil'j,
[pellicio],
crafty,
deceitful, artful.
-is, f.,
pellis,
skin, hide.
mother, Agave, and her revelling companions because he had mocked at the rites of B9,cchus.
pello, -ere, pepiili, pulsus, drive, drive out or away, expel, banish.
Pelopeus,
-a,
-um
[Pelops], adj.,
penus, -iis or -i, m. and f., also penus, -oris, n., stores, provisions, viands.
of Pelops., Pelopian, Grecian. Pelorus, -i, m., and Pelorum, -i, n., the nortbeast promontory of
Sicily.
peplum,
shavjl;
-i,
n.,
robe,
mantle,
pelta, -ae, shield, small and crescent shaped. [penus], m., -ium Penates,
the peplos or mantle used to drape the statue of Minerva on festal occasions.
per, prep. w. acc, through, of space, time, agent, instrument, manner, and cause along, over, Penates, gods of the household, among ; throughout, during ; by of the home, of the hearth, of means o/, by ; because of, on thefireside ; gods of the state as a accountof;,m oaths, adjurations, hearth, flrecollective family
;
side, horne.
-f-
through,
can-y
pendo,
pependi, pensus, iveigh out, pay, suffer. Peneleus, -ei or -eos, m., a Greek
-ere,
^varrior.
penetralis, -e [penetro], adj.. inner; subst,, penetralia, -ium, n., interior of a house, inmost (or inner) apartments ; sanctuary, shrine.
or
smite
vehemently
penetro
[cf.
penitus],
1,
penetrate,
;
make
one''^
way to
or into, enter
reach.
down, overthrovi. percurro, -ei-e, -cucurri or -curri, run [per -1- curro], cursus through or over, relate (or narstrike
penitus,
adv.,
inwardly ;
far
percussus
peroussus,
cutio.
-a,
96
per-
pernix
-i, n.,
-um,
p.p. of
Pergamum,
-orum, Troy ;
built
n.,
and Pergama,
Troy,
tlie
citadel of
percutio,
[per
-J-
-ere,
-cussi,
-cussus
336.
perditus,
lost,
-um,
p.p. of perdo,
pergo, -ere, perrexi, perr^ctus [per -f rego], go on, proceed, advance, continue.
hopeless.
perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, ruin, perhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [per -f undo, destroy, kill ; lose. habeo], maintain, assert, nport, peredo, -ere, -edi, -esus [per -}say. edo], eat'up, consume. periculum, -i [perlclum], n., danperemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of peger,2)eril, risk, hazard, jeopardy rimo, destroyed, rui)ied, slain. perimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus, depereo,
-ire,
-ii,
-itus,
be
lost,
Periphas, -antis, m., a Greek pererro [per + erro], 1, ivander companion of Pyrrhus. through or over, survey. periurium, -i [periurus], n., perperish, die, be undone.
perifirus,
-f-
ius],
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per adj., perjured, faJse. 4-fero], bear through, bear, perlabor, -T, -lapsus [per -Jcarry, convey ; report, announce ; lal)or], glide through or over. bear, endure, suffer ; w. reflex., perlego, -ere, -legl, -lectus [per betake one^^sself, go. scan, examine, survey. -f- lego],
perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [per
-ffacio],
permetior,
-iri,
-mensus
[per
do
(or
make)
thor-
or-mixtus [per
-|-
-f
misceo], mix,
perfidus,
-a,
-um
[per
fides],
mingle.
permitto,
[per
-f
;
-ere,
-misi,
-missus
allow,
treacherous.
mitto],
permit,
perflo [per
-f flo], 1, bloio
through
suffer
commit,consign, intrust,
-a,
give over.
perfundo,
permixtus,
nisceo.
-um,
p.p. of
per-
wet, drench,
dip, dye,
permulceo,
or
-ere, -mulsi,
-mulsus
mulceo],
miilctus
[per
-f
Perjrnnicus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[Pergainn.s],
caJm, soothe.
of I'erganius, Fergamian,
pernix,
'frojan.
nimble, swift^
perodi
perodT,
-odisse,
97
[per
-f-
Phlesryas
-osus
vjhole,
entire, continuous,
Petelia, -ae, f., rn ancient town of Bruttium. peto, -ere, -ivT or -ii, -itus, seek, attack, pursue, as an enemy; seek, steerfor ; aim, aim at; ask,
beg.
all
perpetual.
4-
perrumpo,
[per
-ere, -rupi, -ruptus Phaeaces, -um, m., Phaeacians, the Horaeric rumpo], burst (or break) name for the through. inhabitants of Corcyra (now persentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus Corfu). [per -I- sentio] feel deeply, see Phaedra, -ae, f., daughter of
,
persolv^o,
-ere,
-solvi,
-solutus
[per
-I-
return.
persono, -are, -ui, -itus [per sono], sound through, cause (or make) resound; j)lay.
-f-
Minos, king of Crete, and wife of Theseus, king of Athens. Phaethon, -ontis, m., son of Helias and Clyraene the sun. phalanx, -angis [^(pd.Xay^'],^., pha;
to
fleet, 2,
f.,
254.
trappings,
persto, -stare, -stitT, -status [per rernain fixed -I- sto], stand fast,
or unaltered, persist.
for a horse.
est, im-
I am
iceaivj,
pertempto
test;
fill,
[per
-f
tempto]
1, try,
pervenio,
pervius,
-a,
a quiver. Phegeus, -ei or -eos, m., a Trojan companion of Aeneas. Philoctetes, -ae, m., son of Poeas, king of Meliboea in Thessaly he was a companion of Hercules from whom he inherited the bow and poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken with these he slew Paris. Af ter the war he
-ae,
f.,
; ;
pharetra,
-um
[per
-|-
via], adj.,
passable,
free,
unobstructed,
adj.,
common.
pes, pedis
rope
sail,
at
sheet
facere pedem,
the
to
of Phineus, a Tliracian king who was struck blind by the gods and torraented by the Harpies for puttiug out the eyes of
his sons.
work
pestis,
(or
manage)
sheets,
tack^ 5, 830.
-is, ;
Phlegethon.
taint,
-ontis
[^(pXeyidoji',
blazing'], m.,
a river of
fire in
lence
tion
;
infection,
poUu-
Tartarus.
Phlegyas,
-ae, m.,
a son of Mars,
Plioebeiis
98
pius
men, hence, goodness, righteousness,
virtue,
piety
affection,
;
Phoebeus,
adj., (if
-a,
-iim
[Phoebus],
patriot-
Fhoehus, of the sun. ism, justice ; mercy, pity, comPhoebus, -i, m., Phoebus, Apollo. jjassion. Phoenices, -um, ni., Phoenicians. piget, -ere, piguit, inipers., it disPhoenissus, -a, -um, adj., Fhoepleases, w. acc. of the one feeling nician ; subst., PhoenTssa, -ae, tlie emotion / am displeased, f., Phoenician ivoman, Dido. annoyed, vexed, Iregret ; you are Phoenix, -icis, m., a Greek chief, displeasod, etc. teacher and companion of pignus, -oris, n., pledge, token. Achilles. pineus, -a, -um [pinus], adj., of Pholoe, -er, f., a Cretan slavepine, pine. woman, pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint, Phorbas, -antis, m., a son of color, embroider, tattoo ; pictus, Friam, killed at the siege of -a, -um, emhroidered, tattooed, Troy. mnny colored, hright xjlumaged, Phorcus, -i, m., a son of Neptune of gay phimage, 4, 525. and fatlier of the Gorgons pinguis, -e, adj., fat, rich, fertile. changed at his death into a sea pinifer, -era, -erum [pinus -f-fero], god. adj., pine bearing, pine clad. Phryges, -um, ra., Phrygians^ pinna (penna), -ae, f., feather^
; ;
Trojans.
Phrygius,
Phthia,
-a,
-um,
adj., Phrij-
gian, Trojan.
-ae,
f.,
vH)ig, pinion. piuus, -iis or -i [cf. pix], pine tree ; met., ship.
f.,
pine^
a Thessalian
city,
pio,
1,
expiate,
atonefor; appease.
piaculum,
-i
Pirithous, -i, m., son of Ixion, king of the Lapitliae, conipanion of Theseus, with whose aid he attempted to carry avvay Proser-
picea, -ae
pine.
[pix],
f.,
pitch-pine.,
of Pluto
for.
this he vvas chained in Hades. piscosus, -a, -um [piscis], adj., of pitch, pitchy, pitch-hlack. ahnunding in fish, about lohich pictura, -ae [^'n\go'],i., painting, pJay thefish, 4, 255.
plceus, -a,
-um
[pix],
adj.,
picture.
f.,
sea-
picturatus,
-um
[pictura],
monster.
pius, -a, -um, adj., pious, devout,
devoted,
sacred,
loyal,
adj., painted,
embroidered.
pictus, -a, -um, p.p. of pingo. [pius], pietas, -atis f., duty tovvard the gods and duty toward
dutiful
holy,
just^
righteous^
good;
pure, blessed.
placeo
99
of
Pompa
multus, most, very mnch.
;
placeo, -ere, -ui, pliicitus, please, be pleasing; placet, impers., it ptleases, it is ordained, decreed,
or right; w. dat. of the person, it jyleases me, you, etc, I resolve, or decree, yoii resolve, or decree,
etc.
;
pl.,
vcry
abundant.
plus, pluris, adj., co np. of
tus, more.
mul-
placitus, -a,
-xxva.,
pleasing
cahnly,
pluvius,-a,-um [ph:o],adi.,min^,
causing rain, rair.-bringing. poculum, -i, n., drinking-cup,
goblct, cup.
.
agreeabie.
punishment, penpain oengeance. tranquil, serene, placid, friendly, Poeni. -orum, m.,Carthaginians. propitious, kindly, compassion- Polites, -ae, m., a son of Priam, killed by Pyrrlius. ate.
-ae,
^'
poena,
alty,
placo,
j)ease
1.
1,
;
plaga, -ae,
zone, district.
region,
tract,
wrong, desecrate,
outrage.
net,
2.
son of Jupiter and Leda, brother of Castor plangor, -oris [plangor], m., a when Castor had been slain, beating of the breast in token of Pollux shared his immortality grief; met., lamentation, vmilwith him on alternate days. ing. planta, -ae, f., sole of the foot, polus, -i, m., pole, north pole,
plaga, -ae,
f.,
hunting
net.
PoIIiix, -ucis,
ra.,
foot.
heavens.
-ere,
plaudo.
beat
;
plausi,
;
plausus,
Polyboetes,
j)riest of
-ae,
m.,
a Trojan
flap, Jlutter
beat time.
Ceres.
plausus, -us [plaudo], m., ap- Polydorus, -i, m., a son of Priam, treacherously slain by jylause, clapping of the hands
beating flapping
. ,
5, 215.
Plemyrium,
a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. plenus, -a, -uin [cf. obs. pleo in compleo, etc.], adj., full, over-i,
n.,
been
his
floioing.
pluma.
-ae,
f., -i,
feather, plume.
n., lead.
plumbum,
plarimus,
pompa,
superl.
-a,
-um,
adj.,
pondus
pondus,
mass.
100
Portiinus,
-i
potis
[portus],
of harbors.
m.,
the
Roman god
portus, -as,
haven.
bnild, erect,
pone, pcuo,
adv., behind.
-ere, posui, positus, put,
latj ;
m,,
port,
harbor,
found,
l<iy
make;
assign,
apimint ;
down.,
lay aside,
dismiss, put away^ banish place before one, serve up. pontus, -T, m., sp^, deep ; wave.
poposci, demand, ask, request; ask for, beg for, pray for ; entreat, supplicate. possum, posse, potui [potis + sum], be able, can, have power or injluence, avail ; potens,
-ere,
posco,
-e
[,,
'>ulus],
adj.,
-entis,
ful,
-a,
-um
[populus],
'of
of the poplar
tree,
poplar.
populus,
porricio,
-i,
m.,people,
;
tribe,
na-
tion, race
multitnde, throng.
-reci,
-ere,
-rectus,
posterus, -a, -um [post], adj., next, following, succeeding. postliabeo, -ere, -ul, -itus [post after, hold in -f- habeo], place less esteem or affection.
postis,
door.
-is,
cast forth as
an
offering to the
m., post,
door-post,
gods, offer.
porrigo,
-rexi, -rectus [pro -}- rego], stretch forth or out, hold forth, extend.
-ere,
postquam,
ivhen.
postremus
-um,
last,
est,
or
postumus,
-a,
porro,
adv.,
forward, far
off,
; aftenvards, later, in course oftime. porta, -ae, f., gate, door^ portal,
afar, at a distance
below,
outlet.
might. [pro -I- tendo], /orefeZZ, portend, potestas, -atis [potis], f., power, presage. abiJity, opportunity. porticus, -us [porta], f., portico, 1. potior, -iri, -itus [potis], get gaUcry, colonnade, hall. (or iake) possession of, get, gain, portitor, -oris [portus, froni por, obtain, secure. become master of. root of polto], ni., toll-gathercr 2. potior, -lus, see potis. at a port, warder, inspector, 6, potis, adj., -e, able; comp., 208 ferryman, boatman. potior, -ius, better, preferable porto, 1, 6ear, carry, bring. adv., potius, rather, preferably.
;
portendo,
-ere,
-tendi, -tentus
poto
poto, 1, drink. prae, prep. w, abl., hefore. praecelsus, -a, -iim [prae
sus], adj., veri/
101
praesaepe
-I
praedictum,
[praedico], n.,pre-ivl
diction, prophecy.
+ cel-
praeeo,
[prae
5,
-ire,
-h
or
-il,
-itus
lead,
liigli, lofty.
-\-
eo],
go
hefore,
caput],
186.
-tull,
liead-foremost,
headlong
praefero, -ferre,
prefer,
-latus,
hefore,
put
(or place)
-feci,
set
rank
[prae
hefore.
-ere,
ficio],
ceps,
icards.
-cipitis,
;
n.,
precvpice,
praeficio,
-1-
-fectus
verge, edge
in praeceps, down-i
over,
put in
-flxus
charge
[praecipio],
n.,
of,
praeceptum,
injunction,
riile,
praefigo,
-fixl,
order,
command
precept; ivarning, advice. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae -|- capio], take hoforehand or in advance, anticipate. dread. praecipito [praeceps], 1, trans.,' -ere, -misi, -missus, praemitto, cast (or throw) headlong, hurl send hefore, ahead, forward, or headlong, urge on, impel, tncite
[prae 4- figo] fix on (or end) of, tip, point ; praef ixus, -a, -um, tixtped, pointed, praemetuo, -ere [prae + metuo], fear in advance or heforehand,
the front
fall
in advance.
praemium,
praecipue
praecipuus,
adj.,
[praecipuus],
-a,
adv.,
[prae + emo], n., prize, reward, recompense, gift. praenato [prae + nato], 1, glide
-i
especially, chiefly.
-um
[praecipio],
distin-
(root) pet
especial,
peculiar,
flying, swift,
guished.
fleet.
praeclarus,
clarus],
-a, adj.,
-um
[prae
praepinguis,
adj.,
tile.
-e [prae
pinguis],
illustrious,
fa-
very
fat,
rich,
or
fer-
mous, distinyuished, glorious. praeco, -onis [for praevico, from prae + voco], m., herald. praecordia, -orum [prae + cor],
n., hreast, heart.
praeda,
-ae,
f.,
der, prey,
game.
-ere,
praeruptus,
-dixl,
-um,
praedico,
[prae
-}-
-dictus
predict,
praerumpo,
tous, steep.
hroken,
p.p. of precipi-
dico]
foretell,
prophesy ; forewarn,
charge,
3, 436.
admonish,
praesaepe,
n.,
-is [cf.
;
saepes, hedgel^
enclosure
hive, 1, 435.
praescius
102
Priamides
[prae -f- iexo~\, fringe, line, borpraescius, -a, -iiin [prae + scio], adj., foreknowing, prescient. der ; conceal, cover, hide, cloak. praesens, -entis [praesiiin], adj., praeverto, -cre, -verti, -versus, preoccnpy ; pres. pass. as middle present., at hand^ present in peror dep., outstrip. son or hefore one\s eyes ; immepraevidco, -ere, -vidi, -visus dinte^ instant ; p^rompt^ ready. [prae -|- video], foresee. praesentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensiis [prae+sentio], perceive {ovfeel) pratum, -i, n., meadovj. pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked, beforehand, divine. wrong, false ; sub.st., pravum, praesideo, -ere, -sedi [prae +
sedeo], preside over, proteet.
-i,
n., evil,
1,
falsehood,
-i,
188.
praestans, -antis,
excellent,
p.
of praesto,
distin-
precor,
pray ; pray
to,
invoke
surpassing,
guished, preeminent.
pray for.
-status ov
it
prchendo [prendo],
-ere, -hendi,
impers.,
it is
better,
was
better, etc.
-hensus, lay hold of,seize, catch, grasp ; overtake, reach. prehensus, -a, -uin, p.p. of pre-
praetendo,
[prae
-f-
-ere, -tendi,
-tentus
forth,
tendo],
stretch
pressi,
pressus,
after,
hold out before; p.p., stretched out before, lying in front of,
3, 092.
tread upon
ptursue closely
praeter, adv,, and prep. w. acc, by, beyond, before, besides, ex,c,ept.
conceal
oppress,
restrain,
praeterea
besides,
[praeter
-f
ea],
adv.,
keep
down
moreover ;
hereafter,
rule, r.ontrol.
praetereo,
[praeter
outstrip.
-ii,
eo],
j9ass
by,
prendo, -erc, prendi, prensus, see prchcndo. -itus prenso [prendo], 1, grasp. seize. pa.s.s, prcsso [premo], 1, press ; milk.
praeterlabor,
-lapsus [praeter prctiuin, -T, n., price, prize, reward, brihe. (or flow) by or -I- labor], glide (prcx. prccis), f., nom. and gen. along hy, sail by or past. siiii:;. obsolete, prayor, entreaty, praeterveho, -ere, -vexi, -vcc.^nppJiration. rarry [practer 4- velio], tus along hy ; pass. as niiddle or Priameius, -a, -um [Priamus], adj., of Priam. dep., be Jxtrne past, go by, sail Prianiides, -ae [rriamus], m.. hy or pa.st. son of Priam. practcxo, -ere -texui, -tcxtus
-i,
Priamus
Priamus,
-i,
103
pubesco
Priam, son of proavuf., -1 [pro+ fcivorahle, great-grandfather, a/iUS ; prosLaoinedoii and king of Troy [probus], l,appri ^^m0f slain at the Fall of Troy by probo Alba^^^^ Pyrrhus. 2, Son of Polites and Procas, -ae. m., an /<>*father of Numitor and Amu grandson of King Priam, 5, 564. boisteron; pridem, adv., longago, long since. procax, -acis, adj.,
m.,
1,
;
violent.
primum, adv.
^rsi
w. ut or cum,
as soon as. priinus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of prior, first, foremost, first part of; front, fore-, 5, 566; in primis, especially ; subst., chief
leader, nohJe.
f.,
gale,
storm.
procer, -eris, m., sing. obsolete except acc, usually pl., chief,
nohle, prince.
-f
capio],
proclamo [pro -f- clamo], 1, cry foremost out. subst., m., chief leader, com-is (and idis), f., daughProcris, mander, prince; founder. ter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, priucipium, -i [princeps], n., heand wife of Cephalus, king of ginning ; abl. as adv., principio,
chief,
in
the
heginning, in
the first
place, first.
prior,
-us,
comp.
adj.,
former,
Phocis, whoshother accidentally while hunting. procul, adv., /r off, far, at a distance, afar, far aicay.
first; subst.,
ancestors; prius, adv., hefore, sooner. priscus, -a, -um, adj., old, ancient;
procumbo,
-ere, -cubui,
-cubi-
battle, fall (or sink) in ruins. Prisci Latini, the Old or -cucurri procurro, -ere, (or Early) Latins, 5, 598. -curri, -cursus [pro + curro], pristinus, -a, -um, adj., old, forpit out, run out, project. mer, ancient, pristine. adj., windPristis, -is, f., name of a ship of procurvus, -a, -um,
Aeneas.
prius, see prior. priusquam, or prius
1.
.
quam, prodeo,
[pro
;
-\-
-ire,
-ivi
eo],
move
n.,
for,
icard. advance.
prodigium,
proditio,
-i,
omen, prodigy.
-onis
[prodo],
f^
pro, interjec,
0! Ah! Alas !
praescius
praescins,
-a. -
;
104
treason,
propinqiius
-i,
prolabor,
proles,
praesens, h
present re, -didi, -ditus [pro
-|-
fall in rnins.
-is, f.,
son rjiv^ up, give over, abandon, hetray ; hand doivn, ^isert^
rvdaco,
^^)ro
-}-
-ere,
du.co'],
-duxi,
-ductus
proIongT protract.
battle,Jight.
p.ielium, proranus,
adj.,
-i, n.,
-a,
-um[pro f fanum],
-lutus [pro -|luo], wet^ drench, wash; Jill. proluvies, -ei [proluo], f., flow., discharge, excrement. promereor, -eri, -itus [pro -fmereor], deserve, merit.
proluo, -ere,
profane, unholy, uninitiated. profero, -ere, -tuli, -latus [pro 4- fero], carry forward or forth,
extend.
promissum,
promise.
-i
[promitto],
-misi,
n.,
promitto,
[pro
-1-
-ere,
-missus
proficlscor,
-i,
profectus,
set
voio.
promo,
forth,
tus [pro
put forth ; w.
cnme
f.,
profugus,
-a,
-um
exiled,
[profugio],
forth, emerge.
adj., fleeing,
banished
adj.,
pronuba, -ae
a
title
especially applied to
Juno
4,
profundus, profound;
beget^,
f.,
-a,
-um,
-f
deep,
iofty, high.
root gen.,
\m.
pronus, -a, -um [cf. pro], adj., bending (or leaning) forward, downward, sloping, shorewardsioping, 5, 212.
lineage,
race;
off-
progigno,
propago,
-inis,
f.,
stock,
off-
progredior
-gressus
[pro
-f-
gradior], go
advance, proceed.
prohibeo,
liabeo],
prep., near.
off, avert, prevent, forbid. proioio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [pro throw (or cast) forth, -I- iacio], down, or away, fling down or
propero, 1, hasten, make haste. propin<iuo [propin^puis], approach, come near, draw near. propiii<]iius, -a, -um [prope], a<lj., n<'(ir, nrighboring, ncar at hand ; kindred, related.
]).]i.
of
pro-
propior
105
[pro
-I-
pubesco
spes],
adj.,
propior, -us [prope], comp. adj., marer. propius [prope], comp. adv.,
favorable,
;
auspicious,
propitious
pros-
closely
more
favorably or propitiously. j9B^ ward, or out, gaze out upon; -ere, -posui, -positus see, descry. [pro -H pouo], place before^ disprosum, prodesse, profui [pro P^ny-i offer, propose. -|- sum], avail, projit, he of asproprius, -a, -um, adj., one''^ sistance or use. own, lasting, permanent, ahidof protectus, -a, -um, p.p. ing. protego. propter, prep. w. acc, on account protego, -ere, -texl, -tectus [pro of.
propono,
propugnaculum,
n., huluxirk,
-i
[i^ropugno],
-1-
defence.
prora. -ae [cf. pro], f.., prow. proripio, -ere, -ripiii, -reptus [pro -H rapio], snatch (or drag) forth or aioay ; hurry away,
hasten av'ay.
on
straightway,
irnmediately,
prorumpo,
[pro
-f-
-ere, -rupi,
-ruptus
forthvnth.
-ere, -traxi, -tractus
traho],
draw
(or drag)
of
riishing,
prosequor,
forth or forward. proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [pro -)- veho], bear (or carry) forvjard ; pass., he horne onivard, sail ; proceed, speak on,
3,
481.
-a,
adj.,
proceed, continue,
2,
107.
proximus,
-um
[superl.
of
propior], Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, wife of Pluto, prudentia, -ae [prudens], f., forethought, foresight, wisdom, by wliom she was carried away sagacity. and made queen of the Lower pruna, -ae, f., live coal. World. prosilio, -ire, -uT, -ivi, or -ii pubens, -entis, adj., full of life or vigor, juicy ; downy. [pro -1- salio], leap forth, spring pubes, -is, f., groin, middle forth, dart forth or forvxtrd.. youth, young men ; brood, offprospectus, -us [prospicio], m,,
nearest, next.
spring.
pubesco,
-ere,
-pubui [pubes],
pudeo
he
100
to
quaesitor
pure, clean,
cJear
man-
or clear
w. se,
hood.
pudeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, he ashamed ; purpura, -ae, f., purple. impers., pudet, etc, w. acc. of purpureus, -a, -um [purpura],
the person wlio experiences the feelini(, it sha.mes me, i.e. / am
adj.,
purple,
scarlet;
lustrous,
ruddy,
hrigJit
rosy, glowing,
ashamed,
etc.
colored.
pudor,
-oris, m.,
shame^ modesty,
purus,
-a,
-um,
adj.,p?<re, clear
Jieadless, 6, 700.
puto [putus,
orclear;
hoy
clearl,
puer,
tJiink,
make
ofa
or hoys, youtJiful. pugiia, -ae, f., fight, hattle, comhat. struggle, contest, conjlict.
consider, ponder, reflect iipon. Pygmalion. -onis, m., son of Belus, brother of Dido, and
king ot: rhoenicia. pug-no [puL;iia], 1, fight, contend pyra, -ae. f., funeral-pile, pyre. in hattle, fight (or struggle) Pyrgo, -us, f., a Trojan nurse of rriam*s children. against, resist, oppose. pugnus. -i, m., fist, hand. Pyrrhus, -i, m., son of Achilles and neidamia, king of a pait of puloher, -ohra, -chrum, adj., Epirus. slain by Orestes he was fair, heautiful, lovcly, comely also called Neoptolemus. nohle, illustrious, glorious, excellent, famous.
;
pulso
Q
qua
[qui and quis], interrog.,
indef. adv.,
1,
tremhle,
rel.
and
"2,,
wliere? liow?
loliat
2.
pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. pulsus, -ils [[)ello], iii., heating, tramn, tra)np/ing.
-a,
in wJiat
vuy? hy
means?
pulverulentus,
adj., dasty.
-um
[pnlvis],
8, in any way, anywJwrc, hy any means. quadrijjfae, -aruiu [quattuor -}iunuiii], f., four-horse chariot,
wJiere, Jiow;
pulvis
(-is,
fZ?<si.
cJiarioi.
piiuiex, -ieis,
pumice-stone,
quadrupes,
pcs],
\\\].,
-edis
[(juattuor
;
-f-
four-foot<'d
subst.,
-ii,
puppis,
-is,
f.,
stern
ship, ves-
814.
quaesTtor,
-oris
[(luacro],
m.,
pOr^o
[purus
ago],
1,
makc
judje.
quaeso
quaeso
seek^
seech.
[cf.
107
defective,
[
quippe
quaero].
he<j,
ask,
entreat,
be-
-ii,
qui
quercus, -us, f., oak, crown oj qualis, -e, oak leaves, lohat sort? of ichat appearance or nature? what? 2, rel., such querela, -ae [queror], f., comadj., 1, interrog., of
as, as
much
[qui],
as, as.
pilaint.
1,
quam
hoio?
adv.,
interrog.,
queror,
lament,
-T,
questus,
complain,
2, rel., as,
as
much
as ; w.
.
hev:(iil.
moan.
as possihle.
conj., quaniquam, and yet. thou<jh ; quamvis [quam + vis
although,
(see volo)],
questus, -us [queror], m., complaint, lamentation, lament. qui, quae. qiiocl. pron., 1. interrog.,
rel.,
icho?
ichich?
icJiat?
2,
adv.
and
1,
conj., Jiowever
much,
time,
hoicever, although.
quianam,
any
interrog.
adv.,
ichy?
quando,
cause.
adv.,
at
pray ?
ever, ichen ;
quantus,
-a,
-um,
adj., interrog.,
rel.,
ichoever, ichatever,
whoso-
how
how much?
ever, v:hatsoever.
at
tum,
adv., hoio
quies, -etis, f., rest, repose, sleep, quiet, pause, lull. quare [abl. of qui -f- abl. of res], adv., 1, interrog., on account of quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, rest, he quiet, repose, he still, cease. what thing? why? wherefore? 2, rel., on account of lohich quietiis, -a, -um [quiesco], adj.,
greatly.
'
thing,
ftjr
which reason,
on
adj.,
quin
not,
[qui
ne],
1,
conj.,
that
quasso
dish
;
[quatio],
sh<itter.
1,
shake, hranadv.,
quater
times.
[quattuor],
four
hut that, from ; 2, adv., lohy not ? nay, nay hut, nay even, moreover. quini, -ae, -a [quinque], five
each, five.
quatio, -ere, no perf., quassus, quinquaginta, adj., fifty. shake, beat, flap ; agitate, make qiiippe, adv. and conj., surely, indeed, forsooth, verily ; inasmuch tremhle, thrill ; torment.
quattuor,
adj.,
four.
as, since,
because indeed.
Quirinus
Qiiirinus, -i, m., a name of ulus after lie was deified,
1.
108
Rom- quomodo
or
rapio
2.
quo modo, adv., l^ interrog., in ivltat way? in what quid, interrog. manner? how? 2, rel., in the quis, quae, same manner as, just as. pron., luho? ichich? ivhat? quis or qui, qua or quae, quid quonam, interrog. adv., whither
pray?
ivhither?
or quod, indef. pron., adj., and subst., any, some, any one, some one, anyhody, anything, something
;
where
pra?/^
wheref
quondam,
formerly
hereafter,
{quis
quibus,
1,
9o;
sometimes, at times
5, oil).
sometime
ever,
6,
conj., since
now, since,
and adj., who inasmuch as. quoque, conj., also, too. pray? ichatpray? qulsquam, quaequam, quid- quot, indecl. adj., how many? as
terrog.
pron.
quam
pron.
or
quicquam,
indef.,
many
as.
-|-
quotannis [quot
annus], adv.,
anything.
yearly, annually.
quisque,
(substantive)
quidque
or quic-
as often as.
que, indef. i)ron., each, every, each one, every one, everything. quisquis, quaequae, quidquid
or quicquid, indef. pron., ivhoever, whosoevtr, whatever,
quousque,
lony?
adv.,
hoio far?
how
R
-a,
rabidus,
savage,
zied,
-um,
adj.,
raving,
whatadv.,
raging,
furious, fren-
soever.
1.
quo
[qui],
1,
interrog.
whither? toivhatjilace? ivhere? frenzy, fury. wherefore? 2, rel. adv., to which radius, -i, m., rod, spoke ; ray, place, ivhither, where. heam. 2. quo [qui], conj., in orcler that, radix, -icis, f., root. so that, that. rado, -ere, rasi, rasus, graze, quocirca, adv., wherefore, for skim along or over, coast (or which reason. sail) along or near. quocumque, adv., to whatsoever ramus, -i, m., branch, bough
place, whithcrsoever, wherever.
irrcath.
quod
rapidus,
suming,
-a,
-um
[rapio],
;
adj.,
bnt,
violent, con-
hoioever,
moreover,
;
th<'refore,
wherefore however.
quod
si,
hut
if,
if
rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, seize, s)iatch ; snatch away, cari^ away
raplo
01-
109
snatch
iip to
;
rediiiio
-si,
o/, snatch
up
recludo, -ere,
-sus
[re-
heaven, translate, exalt, 1, 28 rescue; pillage, }->hinder, ravish, steal; scour, hasten on, hurnj on, speed, turn swiftly. rapto [rapioj, 1, drag (or hurry)
along.
recolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [re- + colo], think over, consider, contemplate, reflect upon. recondo. -ere, -didi,-ditus [re- + condo], conceal, hide ; bury.
recordor
[re-
cor],
1,
call
to
ravening.
mind, remember,
recollect,
re-
caU. raresco, -ere [rarus], begin to rector, -oris [rego], m., ruler, open, open out, 3, 411. guide, pilot, helmsman. rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, with scattered, here rectum, -i [rego], n., right. meshes, 4, 131 and there, at intervals ; few, rectus, -a, -um [regol, p.p. of
;
rego as adj.. straight, right. recubo, -are [re- + cubo], lie back f., calculation, or down, recUne. purpose, plan ; luay, manner. ratis, -is, f., raft, ship, hoat, bark, recurso [recurro], 1, riin back,
vessel.
ratus, -a, -um, p.p. of reor. raueus, -a, -um, adj., hoarse,
roaring, ringing, resounding.
rebellis,
-e
return, recur. recursus, -us [recurro], m., a running back, retreat, return.
recuso
[re-
causa],
1,
refuse, de-
cUne, object to, be reluctant. recussus, -a, -um, p.p. of recutio. rebeUious, insurgent. recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go recutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussus cause to resouiid, [^i-e- + quatio] back, recede, retire, withdraw, shake violently, shake ; p.p., retreat, stand back or apart; derecussus, -a, -um, resouncUng, part, vanish, disappear.
[re-+bellumj,
adj.,
recens, -entis,
recent, pure.
adj.,
neiv,
fresh,
reverberating.
[re-
recenseo, -ere,
review, survey.
-us or -itus,
[recido], adj.,
do], give back, return, restore, give up, deUver ; answer, reply ;
give, render,
recidlvus,
-a,
-um
pay, make.
returning, rising again, restored -cinctus o, -ere, -cinxi, recmgo. unloose. ungird, ciiigo], [re- +
redeo,
go
rediinio,
-ire,
-ii,
-itus,
bind
recipio,-ere, -cepi, -ceptus [re- + capio], take back, get back, retake, rescue ; recover, gain,
receive, admit.
round, crown, encircle, ivreathe. redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [re- + emo], buy back, redeem,
ransom.
reditus
110
refiisus, -a,
relinquo
-um,
p.p. of
reditus, -us [redeo], iii., return. redoleS, -ere, -ui, be redolent of, smell of, he fragrant with. rediico, -ere, -duxi, -duetus [re- -f ducoj, Jead (or hring)
back,
refundo,
regificus, -a,
did.
-um
[rex
-|-
facio],
reduetus, reduco,
cluded
,'
of
se-
remote,
1,
f.,
queen, prinf.,
receding,
-iicis
161.
adj.,
redux,
[reduco],
-felli [re-1-
direction,
;
dis-
refnte, disprove.
refero,
[re-I-
-ferre,
rettuli,
relatus
regius, -a, -um [rexj, adj., royal, kingly, queenly. regnator, -orls [regno], m.,
ruler, sovereign.
bring {ov carrg) hack ; hear (or away or off, convey, waft; restore, revive, renew, rex>roduce; repeat, recall, resemhle
carrij)
regno [regnum],
regnum,
speak, utter ;
w.
me,
se,
etc,
dominion,
sway ;
kingdom,
go hack, return.
refiso, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [re- -}tigo], loosen, take unfasten,
down
-1-
turn (or bend) back w. aniuium, think of, recoUect. r<'frini>o, -ere, -fregi, -fractus rc- -f- fraiigo], break off. refugio, -ere, -fiigi [re- -t- fugio], Jiee back or away, fly ; recede, standhack; recoil ; shun, avoid, fl,ee from. refulged, -ere, -fulsi [re- -f fulgeo], flash hack, shine forth, shine, glitter, gleam, glisten,
flecto],
[
realm, domain ; seat of government. rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, rule, govern, control ; direct, guide. reicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [re- -f iacio], throw back or off. relego, -ere, -legi, -lectus [re- -|legoj,
sail
past
again,
coast
<(Iong again. religio (always e in Virgil), -onis, f., reverence, religious veneration,
religious
;
scruple,
piety,
devotion
rites,
religion,
religious
cere-
religious
offering,
monial,
worship.
religiosus,
religious
ohservance,
[religio],
be refulgent.
-fii<Ii,
-a,
-um
rcfuiKlo, -ere,
-f
adj.,
religioxis,
holy, sacred.
fiuulo],
pour back,
overflow.
reliquiae
ahandon., relinqmsh
(;')!.
111
;
requies
revive
o suffer again, 2, o (or dare) again, 2, 750.
;
spare, 2,
risk
reliquiae, -aruin [reliiiquo], f. remains, rcnnnant, relics, surSee note on 1, 30. vivors. relueeo, -ere, -luxi [re- -|- luceo], shine back, glow, yleam, shine,
Jfash.
disdain,
. .
scorn, 4, 214,
1,
remeo,
return.
-iri,
rependo,
[re- -f [re- -f
reiiietior,
-mensus
metior], measure af/ain or back\ retrace, traverse again, observe again. remex, -igis [renius -f- ago], m.,
return or
r/uite,
requital,
repay,
re-
return.
ruwer, oarsman
bancl of oars-
find (by .searching), jind'out, [remex], n., a di.scover. detect. roioing, rowing movement, oar- repeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus age ; oarsmen, creio. [re- -j- peto], seek again, return remitto, -ere. -misi, -inissus [reto ; recaJl, remember, recoUect; -|- mitto], send back ; repay, repedt, renevj ; retrace. retnrn; release, give up, relin- repleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [re- -|crcv'.
men,
remigium,
-i
qni.^h,
resign.
pleo].
Jill
again,
lill
up, fll.
reuiordeo. -ere, -mordi, -morsus [re- -(- mordeo], bite again, vex.
torrnent, distress, disturb.
repono,
[re- -f
removeo.
[re-j-
-ere,
-movi,
-motus
take
moveo],
remove,
avay ;
avny. reporto [re- -|- porto] 1 carry (or remfigio, -ire [re- -f mugio], belbring) back, report, relate. low back or again, reecho, reposeo, -ere [re- -|- posco], deresound. mand (in return), ask.
,
1.
remus,
-i,
m.
oar.
repositus
p.p.
2.
Remus,
m.,
ished
remnte.
killed.
renarro
1,
tell
reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [re- -I- premo], check, keep back,
restrain.
renaseor,
-natus
-}-
[re-
-j-
nas-
-\-
quies],
4,
grow again.
1,
rest,
repose,
respite,
renovo
[re-
novo],
renew,\
433.
requiesco
112
reus
around or hehind; looJc hac\ upon, look hack and see ; see, notice ; regard, carefor, he mind-
quiesco],
7'('iit.
requiro, -ere, -sivi or -sii, -situs [re- -|- quaero], search (or seek) fnl of respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponfor or out, askfor, ask, inquire sus, speak sorroiq/uUy of^ mourn, answer, reply, respond, miss, sorroio for, 1, 217. respond to ; agree with, correres, rei, f., thing, affair, circumspond ; he opposite. stance^conditifon, occurrence, in- responsum, -i [respondeo], n.,
cident, event, matter, case, issue,
side,
restinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stincson ; advantage, interest ; comtus, quencli, put out. monwealth, state, empire,power, restituo, -ere, -ui, -iitus [re- -|world; deed, exploit, achievestatuo], set up again, restore,
cause, partij ;
cause, rea-
fortune, misfortune. rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus [re- -f scindo], tear down, d;
meiit
replace, reestahlish.
resto,
-are,
restiti
[re-
-|-
sto],
remain, he left, survive. molish, raze. resulto [resilio], 1, reecho, reverreserv^o [re- -f servo], 1, keep (or herate, resound. hold) hack, reserve, save. resupinus, -a, -um, adj., fallen
reses, -idis [resideo], adj., quiet,
sliujyish, inactive,
dormant.
sit
(or settJe)
down, resisno
opeu.
settle ;
suhside,
resurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrecahate, tus [re- -f- surgo], i'ise again,
revive, return.
grow calm.
[re-)-
signo],
1,
unseal,
rete,
retego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [re-\- tego], uncover, reveal, discJose, hring to light ; iJluminate. retento [retineo], 1, hold hack^
restrain, retard.
unhind
dissolve,
disclose,
retinaculuui,
calile, rope.
-i
[retineo],
n.,
resono
reecho.
[re-
-j-
sono],
1,
resound,
care for,
rctraho, -ere,
-traxi,
-tractus
respecto [respicio],
regard.
1,
[re- 4- traho], draio back, recalt. retro, adv., hackward, hack. rctrorsus [rctro + versus], adv.,
Jiark.
respicio,
[re-1-
-ere,
-spcxi,
-spoctus
reus,
-i
[rcs],
defendant,
one
revello
liahle
;
113
mij
rot;*
w. voti,
237.
hound by
vow,
5,
revello, -ere, -velli, -volsus [re+ vello], tear (or pz<?/) off or
rima,
-ae,
f.
crack.
1,
rimor
[rima],
-a,
pry
into,
dig
aicay
away
rimosus,
-um
[rima], adj.,
-sus
[re-
verto]
re-
turn.
revincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [re- + vincio], bind back or rite, adv., icith proper religious around, bind, fasten ; loreathe, rites, properly, rightly, Jitly,
festoon.
duly, well.
revisit,
full of cracks or crevices, leaky. ripa. -ae, 1, bank. Ripheus, -ei, m., a Trojan, slain at the capture of Troy.
rivus,
-i,
m., stream.
n.
,
robur,
1,
;
-oris,
revoco [re-+voco],
sumnion) back,
(or cry) out.
restore, save, revive^
call
(or
;
Vjood, beams,
recall
retrace
vigor,
ness.
renew ;
call
rogito [rogo],
-volvi,
askoften, eagerly,
revolvo,
[re-
-ere,
volvo], roll
or earnestly.
revolve,
ponder; fall (or sink) back p.p., changed back, returned to,
6, 449.
adj.,
revomo,
vomit
-ere, -ui
[re-
of Bome, Boman. Romulus, -i, m., son vomo], Rhea Silvia, and ot iip,
Mars and
traditional
founder of Koine.
rex, regis, m., king, ruler, sov- Romulus, -a, -um [Romulus], adj., of Bomulus, Boman. ereign. Rhadaniantlius, -i. m., son of roro [ros], 1, be wet icith dew, Jupiter ancl Europa, and a drip, drop. judge in Hades. ros, roris, m., dew. Rhesus, -i, m., king of Thrace roscidus, -a, -um [ros], adj., and an ally of the Trojans. He deicy, covered with dew. was slain by Diomedes. roseus, -a, -um [rosa], adj., of
Rhoeteus, -a, -um, of Bhoeteum, roses, rose a promontory on the Trojan rostrum. -i
coast
;
[rodo],
;
n.,
beak,
Bhoetean, Trojan.
risi,
rideo,
-ere,
risus,
laugh,
orbit, revo-
lution.
ruoesco
nibesco,
-ere,
114
[mbeo],
rope
,'
saltus
[.sacer],
1,
'ubui
m.,
sacro
consecrate, ded-
rudens,
-entis,
sacrum,
sacer.
-i,
saeculum,
saepio,
-I,
n.,
generation, age.
saeptiis
or
f.,
fall,
down-
saepsi,
in
[saepes],
hedge
aboni,
surround, enclose. rnmor, -oris, ra., report, rumor. saeta, -ae, f., hristle, hair. rumpo, -ere, rfipi, ruptus, hreak, saevio, -ire, -ii, -Itiis [saevus], bur.st ; break through, down, or ragc, he ficrce, savage, angry, or furious. off; burst forth or through;
open, rend,
violate,
commotion.
sever,
tear, force
;
saeviis, -a,
-um,
betray,
utter,
destroy
shout,
give
vent
forth.
to ;
shriek
Sagaris,
dart.
-is,
ruo. -ere, rui, rutus, fall in ruin, fall (or rush) down, sink, set; rush (or hasten) up or forth; hasten,hurry ; upturn, uj^heave. rupes, -is [rumpo], f., rock, cliff,
crag.
sagitta, -ae,
sal, salis,
arrow, shaft,
n.,
bolt,
m. and
saU ;
salt
icatcr, sea.
Saliiis,
pl., fields.
Kutuli, -orum,.m., the Butulians, an ancient people of Latium, south of the Tiber.
Trojan games in Sicily. SallcntTnus, -a, -um, adj., of the ^(dlentini, a people of Calabria, southeast of Tarentum. Salmoneus, -el or-eos, m., son of Aeolus, brother of Sisyphus, having atand king of Klis
;
tempted
Sabaeus,
Arahian,
of the
Sahaean, tSabaeans, a
of
Jove,
he
was
hurled
into
Tartarus by a thunderbolt.
salsiis, -a,
sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., .si^achohj ; cred, consecrated, cursed ; .subst., sa<*ra, -oriim,
n.,
salt, briny.
saltcm,
rate.
1.
adv.,
at
any
sacred symbols,
rites,
;
sacri-
saltiis,
hoiiiKl.
-us
[.salio],
m., lcap,
mystrries.
c.,pric'st,
2.
woodhmd jiaS'
woodhind.
salum
salum,
-i
115
sceptrum
open sea, the Saturnius, -a, -um [Saturnus] adj., of or belonging to Saturn, decp^ the main, sea. Saturnian ; subst., Saturnius, salus, -utis [cf. salvus], f., safety, Saturnia, -i, son of Saturn ; iceJfare, deliverance, relief. -'A^A. ,daughter of Saturn.Juno. saluto [salus], 1, greet^ salute, Saturnus, -i, m.,'a fabled and icelcome, hail. deified king of Latiuni, identified salveo, -ere [salvus], be well by the Romans wiih the Greek usually imperative, hail^ all Cronos he was regarded as the hail, icelcome. father of Jupiter, Juno, NepSame, -es, f., an earlier name of tune, and Pluto. His reign was Cepliallenia (now Ceplialonia),
[sal], n.,
;
an island
of Greece.
off tlie
western coast
off
the
"Golden Age."
[satur],
1,
saturo
fiU,
satisfy,
Samos,
-i,
f.,
an island
the
appease, satiate.
satus, -a, -um, p.p. of sero, soio?i, planted, sprung from, son (or
sanctus,
-a,
-um
[sancio], adj.,
august.
-a,
;
sanguineus,
adj.,
-um
[sanguis],
and
bloody
blood-red, blood-
shot.
rough), rock, reef, cliff, crag. Scaea. -ae, adj., western ; Scaea
sanguis,
Porta, the Scaean or loestern gate of Troy ; the principal gate, offspring, destock, descent; facing the sea, and the Grecian scendant. camp. sanies, -ei, f bloody matter, gore. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound ; sane, scaena, -ae [o-KTyvT?], f., stage^ background, scene, view. rational.
-inis,
m., blood;
race,
Sarpedon,
ter
scalae,
-arum
[scando],
f.,
lad-
der, scaling ladder. and Europa, king of Lycia, an ally of Troy who was killed scando, -ere, climb, mount, ascend, scale. by Patroclus. -um, p.p. of -a, sceleratus, sat, see satis. scelero loicked, accursed, polsata, -orimi [sero], n., growing
;
luted, impious,
infamous.
satio [satis],
appease.
satis, sat, adj.,
1,
satisfy,
satiate,
scelero,
-are,
no
perf.,
-atus
wicked,
crinie,
andadv., enough,
sower,
siifficient, sufficiently.
evil,
sin,
wickedness.
sceptrum,
-i \_a-KTjirTpov'], n.,
scep
scilicet
tre ;
116
power,
adv.,
sedile
hanish
p.p. seclusus, -a,
rule^
dominion,
scio
-um^
soverei(jnt>j.
scilicet
[cf.
licet],
split.,
seco, -are, secui, sectus, cut, cut off or through, cleave ; en~ grave, carve ; sail, skim, speed on or along.
-ivi
or
;
ii,
scitus,
knoio, understand
know how.
secretus, -a, -um, p. p. of secerno, retired, remote, loithdrccwn, secluded, lonely, secret ; secretum, -i, n., a secluded or retired place, recess, cave.
secundo,-are [secundus],
1,
l,/avo7',
scitor [scio],
to
prosper, aid,
make
p^ropitious.
search into; as- secundus, -a, -um [sequor], adj., certain ; w. oraculum, considt, following, second ; favoring, fa2, 114. vorcd)Ie, fair, prosperous, proscopulus, -i, m., cliff, crag, rock, pitious, auspicious ; swiftJy or ledge, reef smoothly gJiding (or fl.ying').
know,
inqiiit'e,
scrOpeus,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
st07iy,
f.,
axe.
securus,
-a,
-um
[se-4-cura],
scntum
(oblong,
-i
\^<7k6tos~\,
n.,
shield
made
-i,
of
wood and
covered
from
Scylaceum,
a town on tlie coast of Bruttium. Scylla, -ae, f., 1, a dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite Charybdis, personified as a sea monster, 3, 424. 2, one of Aeneas's ships. Scyllaeus, -a, -um [Scylla], adj.,
of Scylla. Scyrius, -a, -um [Scyros], adj., Scyrian, of Scyros, an island in the Aegean, northeast of Euboea.
gardJess.
ac, in
comp., secius, otherwise, less w. haud or non, no iess, nevertheJess, just as.
sit,
he 440 ;
J)e
sedes,
-is
[sedeo],
f.,
seat
;
house,
aJ>ode, hahitation,
home
1,
paJace,
secludo,
[se-I-
-ere,
-clusT,
-clusus
up,
aff,
tempJe, shrine
foundation, bot84.
claudo],
shnt
tom
seditio
seditio, -onis [seddition^
-f-
117
eo],
f.,
Serestus
m.,
old,
sire.
se-
aged,
or
venerable
insurrection^
-ere, -duxi,
uproar,
[se-
man;
six.
tumult.
seduco,
-duetus
-1-duco],
separate.
segnis,
feel, note ;
sentis,
f.,
-is,
sloth,
septem,
adj., seven.
even once, but septemgeminus, -a, -um [seponce. tem + geminus], adj., sevenfold, applied to the Nile because of its semen, -inis [sero], n., seed, many mouths. spark, germ, element; pl., vital germs, elements. septeni, -ae, -a [septem], adj., semesus, -a, -um [semi- -f- edo], seven each, seven. adj., half-eaten. septimus, -a, -um [septem], adj., seniianlinis, -e [semi- -f- animus], seventh. adj., half-dead, dying, expiring. sepulcrum, -i [sepelio], n., tomb, seniinex, -ecis [semi- -|- nex] sepidchre, grave ; burial. sepultus, -a, -um, p.p. of sepelio, halfdead, dying. semino [semen], 1, sovj, produce, buried; overcome (as by sleep hring forth. or wine). semita, -ae, f., path, foot-path. sequax, -acis [sequor], adj., folseniivir, -viri [semi- + vir], adj., loicing, pursuing, rapid, swift. -i, seeutas, follow, pursequor, half-man, effeminate. semper, alvmys, ever. sue; seek ; fnd, attain ; resemustus, -a, -um [semi- -]- uro]. late. adj., half-burned, half-con- sereno [serenus], 1, make clear sumed. or serene ; clear up or away. senatus, -us [senex], m., senate. serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, fair, senecta. -ae [senex], f., old age. cloudless, calm, serene, placid. seneetus, -utis [senex], i.,old age. Serestus, -i, m., a follower of
semel, adv.,
once.,
senex, senis,
Aeneas.
Sergestiis
Sergestiis,
-i,
118
guard, maintain, cherish, nurse; contain, hold; imtch, ohserve. seu, see sive. severus, -a, -um, adj stern \ fatal, dreadfid ; gloomy, dismal.
,
m., a follower of
Aeneas. Sergius, -a, -um, adj., o/ Serguis, tlie name of a Roiuan gens. series, -ei [cf. sero,join together'], si, conj., (/", in case, if indeed, ij f., series^ train, row, succession. ordy ; whether. sermo, -onis [cf. sero, join tosibilus, -a, -um [sibilo], adj., gether], m., language, conversation, talk, disco^irse
;
report^
hissing.
rnmor.
1.
Sibylia, -ae,
f.,
Sihyl, proxthetess.
such)
2.
sero,
^tlant
;
-ere,
hegei.
sevi,
satus, soiw,
f
adj.,
,
of Sicily, Sicilian ; subst. Sicani, -orum, m., Sicilians. sieco [siccus], 1, dry, wipe away,
stanch.
craivl ;
sieeus, -a,
-um,
or upon.
Serranus,
of
-i
[sero], m.,
surname
who
also
sieubi [si -f ubi], adv., if anywhere, ivherever. Sieulus, -a, -um, adj., of Sicily,
Sicilian.
told of his
sidereus, -a,
starry.
-um
[sidus],
adj.,
Punic War.
sertum,
land.
-i
sido, -ere, sidi (sedi), seat one^s self, alight, perch. Sidon, -onis, f., a Phoenician
city.
late.,
tardy,
Sidonius,
[servus],
f.,
serva,
slave.
-ae
feniale
o?>-
-um [Sidon], adj., Phoenician, Sidonian, of Sidon, Tyrian. sidus, -eris, n., constellation,
-a,
sfar
season, iceather.
servitiuni,
tutle,
-T
[scrvus],
rescue,
n.,
slavery, bondage.
1,
Sigeus, -a, -um, adj., of Sigeum, a i)romontory and town about five miles northwest of Troy. servi- si<?no [signum], 1, mark, designate, indicate ; disti)igHi.sh, com-
servo,
save,
;
preserve,
keep, retain
silens
token,
Jigure,
119
clew;
socius
unlucky ; subst., sinistra manus), left hand.
(sc.
design^
stnndard, ensign.
silens, -entis [sileo]. p. as adj.,
silent^ still, noiseless.
let,
allow, snffer.
silentium,
stillness.
-i
sileo,
-ere, -ui,
be (or remain)
still.
f., flint,
silent,
calm, or
cliff.
whose craft tlie wooden horse was taken into Troy. sinuo [sinus], 1, coil, icind,
bend, curve. sinus, -us, m., fold, curve
silex, -icis,
m. and
f.,
rock,
writhe
crag,
shoi)t.
sail^
silva, -ae,
forest, icood
tree,
bosom,
gidf,
bay
winding
course, 6, 132.
-i,
Silvius,
769.
m., the
name
of several
6, 763,
descendants of Aeneas,
Sirenes, -um, f., Sirens, Iwo (or three) fabulous monsters, half maiden, half bird, inhabiting dangerous rocky islands near
the coast
of
Campania, who,
near Troy.
by
semel and simple, unmixed,
[cf.
tlie
simplex,
plico],
-pliois
adj.,
their destruction those sailingby. Sirius, -i, m., the Dog Star.
sisto, -ere, stiti, status (cf. sto),
pnre.
simul, adv., at
same time, at once, togetlier ; simul simul, at the same tinie and ; simul ac and, both (or atque), sometimes simul
.
cause to sta.id, set, put, place bring, 4. 634; stop, stay ; make firm, establish, uphold, maintain
situs,
;
remain,
-us
settle,
abide.
drought.
m.,' position,
[sino],
simulacrum,
-i
[simulo],
n.,
mould. sive or seu [si 4- ve], conj., or if, sive (seu), or; sive (seu) spectre; semblance, representaor. or, either whether tion, 5, 585. pl., simulo [similis], 1, imitate, make socer, -eri, m. father-in-Iaw ;
image, likeness, statue ; ghost, j)hantom, apparition, shade,
. .
pretend, feign, counterfeit. sin [si -f ne], con]. ,'but if, ifhowever, if on the contrary.
like,
parents-in-Iaw.
socio [socius], 1, make one a partner or associate in, share, associate, ally ; unite, join in
marriage. socius, -i, m.,
socius, -a,
-ura
ally,
associate,
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on the left side (or hand);
sol
allied,
120
confederate^
sortior
p. of
friendly,
sonans, -antis,
sono, sound'
kindred.
sol, solis, m., sun, sunlight, sun-
murmuring.
sonipes,
-pedis
adj., icith
shinf, darj.
solaciuin,
-i
[solor],
n., solace,
consolation, comfort.
solamen,
sonitus,
-iis
[sono],
m., sound^
sound, re-
sono, -are,
-ul, -itus,
solidus,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
solid,
ivhole,
sound; ring, roar, rattle, murmur. sonorus, -a, -um [sonor], adj.,
loud-sounding, roaring, noisy. sollemnis, -e [sollus, aU + obso- sons, sontis, adj., guilty. lete amnus, round ], adj., an- sonus, -I, m., sound, tone. mial, solemn, sacred, festive, sopitus, -a, -um, p.p, of sopio, religious; subst., soUemnia, lulled to sleep, slumbering,
seat, throne.
-ium,
rites,
rijices.
n.,
solemn or religions
[sojDio],
m.,
sleep,
siumher ;
deep personi-}-
sollicito
[sollicitus],
1,
agitate,
anxioiis.
fied, 0, 278.
disliirb, disquiet,
make
adj.,
soporifer, -era,
-erum
[sopor
sollicitus, -a,
-um,
anxions,
console one^^s
-i,
self for
soil,
to
aid, relieve.
soporus,
ground,
land,
sole,
-um
[sopor], adj.,
'
solum,
oarth
n.,
VMter, sea.
solus, -a,
-um,
adj., alone,
simlloic.
sorrtidus, -a,
-um
[sordes], adj.,
solvo, -ere, solvl, soliltus, loosen, unhind, release, set free, dissolve,
soror, -oris,
sors, sortis,
f., sister.
relax
unfastrn,
let
go,
;
f.,
castof;
condition,
destiny
oracle,
re-
soiiinium, -i [somnus], n., dream. somniis, -i, m., sleep, slumher, dream, night ; pers., Somniis,
-i,
m., Sleep.
prophecy, prediction allotment, portion. sortior, -Irl, -Itiis [sors], draw (or cast) lots ; allot, assign hy lot, distribute by lot, determine.
sponse,
sortitus
121
spunieus
,
ment. spurgo,
scatter^
spina, -ae, f. thorn. Spio, -iis, f., one of the Nereids. spTra, -ae. t.,fold, coil.
spirabilis, -e [spiro], adj., that may he breathed, vital.
spiritus,
-iis
-ere,
sparsi,
;
sparsus,
he-
strew
sjxrinkle,
sprinkle, stain
spread^ dissemr
inate, circiilate.
life, air,
soul, spirit.
Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta or Lace- spiro, 1, hreathe, hreathe forth, exhale ; hlow ; quiver, throb, daemon, the capital of Laconia.
palpitate.
Spartaiuis, -a, -um [Sparta], adj., of Sparta, Spartan. spatior [spatium], 1, ivalk, ^calk to and fro, proceed (in a slow.
stately, or
,
spissus,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
thick,
dense
adj.,
splendid,
briUiant,
mag-
n ifice nt, sumptuous. solemn manner). [spolium], 1, st7'ip, rob, despolio spatium, -i, n. space, room, place, spoil, pillage, plunder ; deprive, distance ; time, interval, period ;
opportunit])
;
course, race-course.
f.,
6,
224.
-i,
speeies,
aspect.
-ei
;
[specio],
look,
sifjht,
spolium,
der,
plun-
spectacle
appearance,
[specto],
n.,
trophy
spolia
opima,
spoil talten,
spectaoulum,
specto [specio],
at, eye.
sight, spectacle.
1,
of battle,
look
f.
at,
gaze
lookout,
sponda, -ae, f., couch. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, sponsus, promise, pledge.
speculor [specula], 1, ivatch, keep sponsa, -ae, f., 07ie betrothed or promised (as a bride) watch, watch to discover, look of obs. spons, of oiit ; catch sight of, descry, ob- sponte (abl. wliicli only tlie gen, and abl. serve. spelunea, -ae, f., cave, cavern, occur), f., of o;ie's own accord
grntto, retreat.
or will
voluntarily, according
sperno, -ere,
reject, slight.
sprevi,
spretus,
to
one^s
-a,
own
-um,
inclination
p.p. of
or
desire, 4, 341.
spretus,
1,
sperno,
spero
spes,
[spes],
slighted.
spuma, -ae
spray, froth.
dart,
[spuo],
f.
foam,
hope, expectation.
-i,
spiculum,
n.,
point ;
spumeus,
arrow, spear.
-um
spumo
spniiio [spuma], 1,/oam.
spriiiiusiis, -a,
122
stimulo
string-o
[stiinulus], \,prick, goad,
i)icite,
-um
[spuma],adj.,
foiil, filthy,
arouse.
foamimi.
sqiulleo, -ere, -ui, he
stimulus;
stipes,
stock.
-i,
-itis,
stipo,
store
pack
up
;
encompass, squama, -ae, f., scale (of fish or surround, attend, accompany. serpent). stirps, stirpis, f ., trunk and roots sqiiameiis, -a, -um [squama], of a tree or plant ; stock, race,
throng,
adj., scahi.
sto,
-are,
2(p,
steti,
status,
continue,
stand,
rise, he
lasting.
stand
diodl,
stand on end,
stabulo
erect ; remain,
stand
stabulum,
stable
;
[sto],
ii.,
staU,
(or
he)
abode, haunt.
1,
stagno [stagnum],
or sluggish.
he stagnant
stand
stat,
he
he
is
monred ;
sJuggish
f.
stSgnum,
pool,
-i
lake,
;
streara,
stra^es,
-is
[cf.
f.,
umter
pl.,
deep ivaters.
,
shiughter, carnage.
stfjpping (or
stratum,
stratus,
-i
[sterno]
cover,
haunt
})lace,
-um,
p.p. of sterno.
set iip,
raise, erect,
huihl
found, estabUsh.
stclla, -ae,
f.,
strepitus, -us [strepo], m., noise, di)i, uproar, stir, co)ifusion. strepo, -ere, -ui, -itus, make a
noise,
hn))i.
star, meteor.
roar,
rattle,
mur)nur,
-ere,
rustle,
stellatus, -a,
set
-um,
p.p. of stello,
strideo, -ere,
stridi,
irhistle,
and strido,
grate
; ;
iiig.
creak,
ichir
roar,
hoicl;
gurgle, hiss^- tumng,flap. stridor, -oris [strideo], m., creaking, >chistU)ig, clank, din, rattU))g. grnti))g.
over-
thrntn,
ii-iisfc,
conquer ;
;
lay
strin<o, -ere,
d)'ain tight,
strinxi. strietiis,
dcvastate
-i,
smooth, c<dm.
cliarioteer of
bind
of
a sword,
Stliciieliis,
m.,
draw ;
5, 103.
strip,
Diomedes,
Stropliades
123
sublimis
-ere, suasi, suasus, ad-
vise,
urge, persuade,
counsel
1,
of tlie Peloponnosus,
where the
invite.
subaotus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. subdflco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [sub -|- duco], drav: up, haul up, beach ; remove, withdraw, take aicay secretiy. subeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [sub -f- eo], go (or come) under or into, load, heap, 5, 54. bear, carry ; come up to, apstudium, -i [studio], n., zeal, proach, draw near. enter; foUow, desire, eagerness, eager desire, come after, succeed; come bepurpose ; pursuit, 1, 14; daep fore (or into) the mind, occur. or earnest attention ; study, in- subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [sub terest ; applause, cheers, accla-f-iacio], throvj, cast, or place mation. under ; answer, reply. stupefacio, -ere, -feoi, -factus subiectus, -a, -uni, p.p. of subi[stupeo + facioj, amaze, bev:ilcio, placed (or brought) under, der, stun, daze, stupefy, astound. bowed, bent, made subject, substupeo, -ere, -ui, be amazed, dued, conquered, vanqnished. dazed, astonished, astoundcd, subigo, -er'e, -egi, -actus [sub + bewildered, or stupefied; wonder ago], drive, propel ; compel, (or marvel) at. force ; conquer, subdue, subjustuppa, -ae, f tow, hemp, oakum gate, vanqiiish. calking of a vessel. subito [subitus], adv., suddenly, stuppeus, -a, -uni [stuppa], adj., subitus, -a, -um [subeo], adj., sudden, unexpected. of tow, hemp, or flax. Stygius, -a, -um [Styx], adj., of sublabor, -i, -lapsus, fail down, the Styx, Stygian ; infernal, of slip away, ebb away, fail, dethe Lov:er World. cline, wane. Styx, Stygis, f.. a river of the sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of tollo. Lower World which surrounds sublimis, -e, adj., aloft, on high, the fiual abode of the dead. nplifted, elevated.
.
Harpies were allowed to remain. Here Zetes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, who had driven the Harpies from the home of Phineus, permitted them to remain and turned back froni the pursuit hence the name of the isLmds from arpicpeLv, to tnrn; the islands of tnrning. struo, -ere, struxi. structus, heap up, biiild, erect, construct set in order, arrange, prepare; hring about, effect, accomplish, contrive, plan, cause ; cover,
'
'
w.
under, beneath, at the foot behind, after, of, in, within ; just behind, next after ; 2, w.
acG., under,
towards,
to,
near, after.
submerffo
124
sum
subniergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersiis succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [sub + mergo], sink, siihmer(/fi. [sub -t- cedo], go under, enter submoveo, -ere, -niovi, -motus approach; take up, undertake. -1[sub moveo], remove, drive successus, -us [succedo], m.,
off or aicaij.
success.
subiiecto, -ere,
[sub
-f iiecto],
under or
he^ieath,
he-
equip, furnish.
succipio
p.p. of
obs.
[archaic
;
form of sus-
subnixus,
-a,
-um,
cipio], 1, 175
6, 249.
subnitor, snpported hy, resting succumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cuon, seated on, defended hy. bitus [siib -f cubo], fall under suboles', -is, f., offspring. or down, yield to, succumh, suh-risi, subrldeo, -ere, smile. mit. subrigo, uncontracted form of succjirro, -ere, -curri, -cursus surgo. [sub -f curro] run to the aid subsido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [sub of, relieve, help, succor ; it oc-|-sido], sit (or settle) doivn, curs to one's mind, it seems. si)ik, siihside ; remain, stay. siido, sweat ; (or he wet 1, subsisto, -ere, -stiti [sub -fdrcnched) ivith, reek with. sisto], halt, stop, stand still, sudor, -oris [sudo], m., sweat. tarry. suesco, -ere, suevi, suetus, he~ subtemen, -inis [subtexo], n., come accustomed ; he wont or
,
vjoof, thread.
furnish, sup-
subtraho,
[sub
phj
-f
he ahle, suffice.
-fiidi, fiisus
Jill.
-f tralio],
withdraw, draw
suffundo, -ere,
[sub
fundo], suffuse,
drive close
to.
1,
subvecto
subveho,
[sub
-f-
[subvelio],
-ere,
carry
-vexi,
-vectus
;
track,
veho], carry up
hear,
carry.
sulpur, -uris,
roll
n.,
sulphur.
sum,
ist; he possihle.
summa
summa,
thing,
125
i,
,
stirgo
1,
-ae [summus],
cliiof
supero [superus],
rise ahove, overtop.
main
vhole.
summissus, summitto,
summitto,
[sub
-um,
p.p.
of
kneeling
surpass, excel
-missus
destroy
survive,
remain ;
be
exalt,
to yield
suhrnit.
triumph.
adj., superl. of
summus,
-a,
-um,
supersum,
esse,
ful
[super
superus, highest, topmost, sitmsam], be left, remain, survive. mit of, top of, highest (or upper) superus, -a, -um [super], adj., part of, surface of; iitmost, most upper, higher, ahove, on high, important, principal, supreme of the Upper World ; subst., last, latfist, final. superi, -orum, m., inhahitants silmo, -ere, siimpsi, sumptus ofthe Upper World, the living [sub + emo], take iip, take, gods above, gods. receive ; inflict, exact ; choose, supinus, -a, -um [sub], adj., adopt, select ; p>^it on, assume. lying on the hack ; of the hands, supor, 1, aclv., besides, moreover, with palms upward, extended, more than enough, remaining, suppUant. left, surviving ; 2, prep. w. acc, suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [sub -|over, ahove, beyond ; upon, on ; pleo], fill up ; supphj, furnish. 3, prep. w. abl., ahove, over, supplex, -icis [supplico], kneelupon, ahout, concerning, for, ing, suppliant, humhle, entreatfor the sake of. ing ; subst., a suppliant. superbia, -ae [superbus], f., suppliciter [supplex], adv., humpnde, haughtiness, insolence, hJy, suppJiantJy, as a suppJiant.
supplicium, -i [supplex], n., superbus, -a, -um [super], prowcZ, punishment, penaJty ; hurt, haughty, insolent, arrogant; wound. magnificent, splendid, gorgeous ; suppono, -ere, -posul, -positus
mighty.
arrogance.
[sub
pono],
put
(or pJace)
superemineo, -ere [super + under ; suhstitute. emineo], rise ahove, tower supra, prep. w. acc, ahove, over.
above,
overtop.
-ere,
-}-
supremus,
no
perf.,
-a,
-um
[superus],
;
superimpono,
positus [super
(or lay) upo7i.
adj., Jast,finaJ,
extreme
subst.,
impono], pZace
adv.,
supremum,
Jast honors,
superne [snpernus],
above, above.
from snra,
sus
[sub
rise,
126
prick up
talaris
-a,
rego],
raise,
Sychaeus,
/Sychaens.
syrtis,
,
-um,
adj.,
oj
suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [sub + capio], take up, lift up catch ; take up the new-born child, in order to acknowledge it, acknowledge, rear, nurture
;
sand-hank, shoal pl. as a proper name, the Syrtes, two great shoals on the northern
-is,
f.,
coast of Africa.
un- tabeo, melt -ere, away, be dertake, attempt, assume ; reply, drenched or dripping. answer. tabes, -is [tabeo], 1, wasting, suscito, [sub + cito], 1, stir up, decay ; repining, languishing. rekindle ; arouse, excite. tabidus, -a, -um [tabeo], adj., 1. suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of wasting. suspicio, suspected, held in tabula, -ae, board, plank.
beget
;
seJf,
suspicion,
2.
mistrusted.
tabulatum,
story.
-i
tabum
[cf.
tabes],
corrupt
suspendo,
[sub
-pensus taceo,
%ip,
qniet, or still.
consecrate.
tacitus, -a,
-um
[taceo], p.p. as
awe, inspired. suspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [sub + specio], look up at, observe, survey ; look at with wonder or admiration, admire. suspiro [sub + spiro], 1, sigh. sustuli, see tollo.
sutilis, -e [suo], adj., sewed.
lence ; concealed, hidden, secret. tactus, -us [tango], m., touch. taeda, -ae, f., pine wood, torch nuptial torch, marriage, wcdInck.
taesum
son feeling the emotion, it disgusts (or wearies) me, you, etc,
/ am
to
vjearied or disgusted,
it
you
is
irksome
suus,
his
-a,
-um,
me, you, etc own, their taenia, -ae, f., fillet, head-band,
ribhon.
taeter, -tra,
own;
suitable, app^ropriate
-trum
[taedet], adj.,
propitious.
Sychaeus,
Dido.
-i,
m., the husband of talaris, -c [tahis], adj., of or pertaining to the ankJe ; subsl..
talentum
talaria,
-iiiin,
n.,
127
tempus
dals, sandals.
winged san- tauriis, -i, m., huU. tectum, -i [tego],n., roof ; house,
huilding, dwelling. ahode, hahitation,
talentum, or sum,
talis,
-e,
n., a
home; palace ;
-a,
covert,
talent, weight.
adj.,
siic1i.i
shelter, haunt.
of
such
Tegeaeus,
-um,
adj.,
Tegean,
of Tegea, an Arcadian town. tain, adv., so, so much, to such a tegmen, and te<>iimen, -inis
natnre, kind, or
so7't.
degree.
tamen,
garment, chdhing.
tego. -ere,
texi, tectus, cover ;
defend, protect;
f.,
'
however, but yet. taiiflem, adv., at length, at last pray. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch.
reach, arrive at ; strike, hlast
shelter, shield,
hide, conceal.
warp.
encounter, experience
overtake,
great, so
tantus,
telum,
shaft
tantuin, adv., so
1,
spear, javelin
1,
weapon.
profane,
temero,
sloic; hindefile.
desecrate,
tardo [tardus],
der,
make
hamper^ delay, retard, im- temno, -ere, scorn, disdain, despise, defy.
-a,
pede.
tardus.
-um,
tempero [tempus],
quiet; restrain
;
1, allay,
slnggish.
intr.,
calm, ahstain
Tareiitum, -i, n., a city founded from. by the Greeks in Calabria. tempestas, -atis [tempus], f., Tarquinius, -a, -um, adj., of the season, weather ; storm, tempest Tarquins, Tarquinian ; the pers., Tempest, 6, 772. name of the gens to which be- templiim, -i, n,, holy or conselonged Tarquinius Priscus and crated place, temple, shnne,
Tarquinius Superbus, the fifth sanctuary. and seventli kings of Rome. tempto [teneo],
1, try, test,
exam-
Tartareus,
adj.,
-a,
-um
[Tartarus],
ine
of Tartarus, infernai.
-i,
Tartarus,
ni.,
and Tartara,
-orum,
Tartarus, the abode of the wicked in the Lower World, the Lover WorJd.
n.,
tempus,
-oris,
n.,
time, period,
;
occasion,
taurinus,
-a,
-um
[taurus], adj.,
ofa
hull,
a hulVs.
head, head.
tenax
tenax, -acis [teneo],
cious, pevsiHtent.
adj.,
12
tenateres, -ttis
testor
[tero], adj,, smooth,
-um
[ter
-f-
gemi-
tensus, stretch, stretch out, exniLs], adj., threefold, triple. tend, swell, fill, 3, 2G8 ; direct, tergum, -i, and tergns, -oris, n., airn, turn, hend, lift, make (or back. rear ; hide, skin ; hody hold) one''^ way, direct one^s a tergo, from behind, behind, steps, go, ptroceed, hasten, hurry, in the rrar. 2, 321 ; stretch one''^ tent, en- tergus, -oris, n,, see tergnm. camp ; struggle, strive ; intend, terniino [terminus], 1, bound,
design.
limit.
tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, terminus, -i, m., houndary, gloom, ohscurity, shades ; dark rnd. or gloomy ahodes. terni, -ae, -a [ter], num. tenebrosus, -a, -um [tenebrae], three earh, three, triple.
adj.,
limit,
adj.,
dark.
-i, f.,
tero,
-ere,
trivi,
tritns,
loaste)
r?</),
Tenedos,
an island in sight
tlie
(or
away,
earth, land, ground, tentus, hold, soil ; sho7'e, country, region have, keep, pos.^pss ; occnpy, inorbis terrarnm, irhole icorld hahit; hold in sioay, rule, rule w. world ; parens, 3Iothrr over; detain, hold back, retain, Earth. restrain, keep back; cling to, torrenus, -a, -um [terra], adj,, grasp, seize; reach, gain; hold rarthy, enrth-horn. possession or simy. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, terrify,. tender, adj., tener, -era, -erum, frighten, alarm, frighten away,
terra, -ae,
f.
soft,
deUcate.
-i
detrr.
tentoi-inni,
[tendo], n.,
tent.
terribilis, -e
[terreo],
ad]..
trr-
tenuis.
frehle.
-e,
lighl,
weak,
terrifieo
(ihirm.
[terrificus],
1,
trrrify,
terrilicns,
facio],
iiis))irin(/.
-a, adj.,
-uni
[terreo
-f-
alarniing.
of
fear-
to, to.
dread.
terreo],
tepidiis,
-a,
-um
[tepeo],
adj.,
territo,
-jire [freq.
warni.
tertlns. -a,
tostis, -is,
-um
terebro,
1,
hore through ov
;
ititn,
c,
loitness.
1,
hore, pierce
examine, explore.
tostor [testis],
testify,
swear,
testiido
swear
to ;
129
timor
king of Athens with Pirithous he descended into Hades in an attempt to carry away Proser;
hy, hear
to
icitness, attest
invoke^
6, 010.
piua.
tortoise ;
Thossanclriis, -i, m., a Grecian cliief at Troy. Tlietis, -idis, f., a Nereid, mother
of Achilles. a protectiou for tlieniselves with their overlapping Thoas, -antis, m., aGrecian chief shields. at Troy. Teucer, and Teucrus, -cri, m., 1, Thracius, -a, -um, adj. Thracian. first king of Troy and fatlier-in- Thrax. acis, m., a ITiracian. law of Dardanns. 2, sou of Tlireicius, -a, -um, adj., Thraciiin. Telamon and Hesione, and half he founded Threissus. -a, -uin, adj., Thrabrother of Ajax Salamis in Cyprus. cian ; subst. Threissa. -ae, t'., Teucri, -oruni, m..foIIowers (or Thracian icoman. clescendants) of Teticer, Trojans. Tliybris. -idis [aec. Thybriin], Teucria. -ao. f.. Tray. m., the river Tiher. texo, -ere, texui. textus, iceave, Thyias, -ados, f. female worsliipper of Bacchus, a Bncchante. intericeavc, intermincjle ; j'>in,
, ; , .
niade
frome, construct,
textilis, -e
icrou(/ht,
huihl.
adj.,
Thymbraeus,
icoven,
-a.
[texo],
emhroidered.
-i
[^OaXa/jLos'],
the Troad in
;
thalamus,
m., hed-
chamher, chamhcr ; marriagehcd. marriage, icedlock. Thymoetes, -ae, m., a Trojan. Tlialia, -ae, f. a sea nyniph, a thymuin. -i \_dv/j.ov'] u,, thyme. Nereid, daughter of Nereus. Tiberinus, -a, -um [Tiberis], adj.. ofthe Tiber ; subst., TiberThapsiis, -i, f., a city and penininiis. -i.m.. Tiher asarivergod. sula on tlie eastern coast of
,
Sicily.
c.
tiger, tigress.
theatre.
capital
of
Thersilochus,
ally
-i,
tlmeo, -cre, -ui, fear, be afraid m., a Paeonian of, dread; be apprehnisive or
anxious.
of
the
-i
Trojans, slain by
Idrja-avpds'],
Aclnlles.
timidus.
m.,
-a,
-um
[timeo],
adj.,
thesaurus.
trrasure, hoard.
Theseus,
-ei,
o>>...
7^^
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