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Schematic Diagram of COPD

Precipitating Factors: Smoker/ cigarette smoking Second hand smoker Exposure to air pollution IV drug use (methadone/ cocaine HIV infection Recurrent respiratory infection

Predisposing Factors: Aging Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (hereditary) Allergies

Chronic irritation to the airflows of the lungs

Infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the mucosal areas

The elastin and fiber network of the alveoli are broken

Vasodilation, congestion, and edema of the bronchial mucosa

As a compensatory mechanism, the alveoli enlarge but the walls are damaged

Thickening due to excessive mucus plug formation and rigidity of bronchi

Consistent destruction of the alveoli and alveolar walls

Narrowing of air passages

Enlargement of acini

Reduction in the alveolar diffusing space and some tissue changes

Chronic Bronchitis

Pulmonary Emphysema

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

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