Minul prost as - Past tense

Minul prost as je zkladn ze soustavy minulch as#. Pouv se pro vyjd&en d(je, kter se odehrl i skon il v minulosti. U v(tiny anglickch sloves se tvo& pravideln(, p&idnm koncovky -ed resp. d. Tento tvar je ve vech osobch jednotnho i mnonho sla stejn a je shodn s minulm p& estm.
stay cook he stayed he cooked

z#stal va&il

Kon -li sloveso na koncovku -e p&idv se pouze -d.

decide live he decided he lived

rozhodl se il

Kon -li sloveso na y po souhlsce, koncov y se m(n na i, pak nsleduje koncovka

-ed. study cry carry he studied he cried he carried

studoval plakal nesl

Ale kon -li sloveso na y po samohlsce, ke zm(n( nedochz.

play he played

hrl

Kon -li sloveso na souhlsku po p&zvu n samohlsce, koncov souhlska se zdvojuje.

stop skip travel he stopped he skipped he travelled

zastavil sko il cestoval

Dle se zdvojuje koncov r, je-li p&zvu n.

prefer he preferred

preferoval

Vslovnost koncovky minulho asu zvis na p&edchoz hlsce.

[-d ] po zn(l souhlsce:

he closed he remembered he played

[-t ] po nezn(l souhlsce: he helped he asked he liked

zav&el vzpomnn(l si hrl

pomohl ptal se lbilo se mu

[-id] po t nebo d:
he waited he needed he wanted

ekal pot&eboval cht(l

Krtk odpov(* na minul otzky typu ano, ne:

Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

Zpor podm(t + did not (didn't) + infinitiv vznamovho slovesa

You didn't call me. You didn't do much work last week.

Nezavolal jsi mi. Minul tden jsi neud(lal moc prce.

Minul as sloves TO BE
TO BE
I was you were he, she, it was we were you were they were

TO HAVE

CAN

P&klad:
I was lucky.

M(l jsem t(st.

He was a great player. They were thirsty.

Byl skv(l hr . M(li ze+.

Otzka slovesa to be se tvo& p&evedenm slovesa to be do slovosledu otzky.

Were you at home yesterday?

Byl jsi v era doma?

Zpor slovesa to be se tvo& stejn( jako v p&tomnm ase, tj. p&idnm stice not za sloveso.
You were not (weren't) at home on Monday. I was not (wasn't) hungry.

V pond(l jsi nebyl doma. Nem(l jsem hlad.

Krtk odpov(*:
Yes, I was. No, they weren't.

TO HAVE Minul tvar had je pro vechny osoby shodn.

I had a map. They had breakfast earlier today. I had to call you.

M(l jsem mapu. Dnes sndali d&ve. Musel jsem ti zavolat.

Otzka slovesa to have se m#e tvo&it dv(ma, tzn. pomoc slovesa did nebo p&evrcenm slovosledu. Oba zp#soby jsou ekvivalentn.
Did they have a car? Had they a car?

M(li auto? M(li auto?

V domc britsk angli tin( se stle uv tvar have got v otzce je got a za zjmenem i pod.j.:
Had they got a car?

M(li auto? (je to vlastn( tvar p&edp&tomnho asu).

Minul otzka slovesa to have ve vznamu opisu modlnho slovesa muset have to, se tvo& zsadn( pomoc did.
Did you have to go there?

Musel jsi tam chodit?

Zpor minulho asu slovesa to have se tvo& bu*to pomoc didn't, nebo p&idnm stice not 3

za sloveso.
I didn't have a car. They had not (hadn't) a car.

Nem(l jsem auto. Oni nem(li auto.

CAN Minul as slovesa can m ve vech osobch stejn tvar, could. Tento tvar m zrove+ vznam p&tomnho podmi+ovacho zp#sobu.
You could buy it. He could understand it.

Mohl jsi to koupit. / Mohl bys to koupit. Mohl to pochopit. / Mohl by to pochopit.

Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu.

Could it be there?

Mohlo to tam bt? / Mohlo by to tam bt?

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not.

I could not pay for it. I couldn't pay for it.

Nemohl jsem to zaplatit. Nemohl bych to zaplatit.

Minul pr#b&hov as

Past tense continuous

Minul pr#b(hov as m podobn vznam jako p&tomn pr#b(hov as. Vyjad&uje tedy d(j, kter se odehrval po ur itou dobu v minulosti a je eln zd#raznit prv( tento pr#b(h. Tvo& se pomoc minulho asu slovesa to be (was, were) a p& est p&tomnho. Zkladn tvar:
I was going.

Byl jsem jdouc. (doslovn( p&eloeno)

Otzka se tvo& p&ehozenm podm(tu a slovesa to be.

Were you intending to see us? Who were you waiting for?

M(l jsi v myslu ns navtvit? Na koho jsi ekal?

Do zporn v(ty se klade za sloveso stice not.

You were not looking at it.

Nedval jsi se na to.

Typy uit: a) Vyjad&uje se jm d(j, kter po ur itou dobu trval, tj. hodlme zd#raznit pr#b(h nebo trvn d(je.
It was snowing all day. He was watching television. She was reading for some time.

Cel den sn(ilo. Dval se na televizi. N(jakou dobu si etla.

b) D(je, kter probhaly sou asn( a chceme zd#raznit probhn d(je.

I was talking to her for a long time but she was not listening. We were going to go to our cottage but it was raining.

Mluvil jsem s n dlouho, ale ona neposlouchala. Chystali jsme se jet na chalupu, ale prelo.

c) D(j, kter tvo& pozad pro n(jak dal jednorzov d(j, kter se vyjd& prostm minulm asem.
She was going to work when I saw her. It happened while we were playing tennis.

la do prce, kdy jsem ji uvid(l. Stalo se to, zatmco jsme hrli tenis.

d) Pro vyjd&en rozmrzelosti nad n(jakm v minulosti se opakujcm d(jem.

She was always making troubles. He was always making fun of me.

Ona vdycky d(lala problmy. Vdycky si ze mne d(lal legraci.

P(tomn prost as
Present tense

P(tomnm prostm asem vyjad(ujeme d&je vce i mn& pravideln& se opakujc. Zsadn& s p(tomnm asem nevyjad(ujeme d&je prv& probhajc ani d&je, u kterch se nep(edpokld opakovn v budoucnu !!! U p(tomnho prostho asu jsou uvny tyto frekven n p(slovce:
usually often rarely always seldom never

Obvykle -asto Z&dka Vdy Mlokdy Nikdy

a vrazy typu every day, every night apod.

Zkladn tvar
Slovesa v tomto ase maj tvar infinitivu bez stice to. Pouze v 3. os. j. . p(ibraj koncovku s, po sykavkch -es. Jej vslovnost se (d stejnmi pravidly, jako vslovnost koncovky mn. . podstatnch jmen. He works every day. He loves her. Pracuje kad den. Miluje ji.

Frekven n p(slovce se vkldaj p(ed vznamov sloveso. I often see her. We usually have dinner late. He never comes late. -asto ji vdm. Obvykle ve e&me pozd(. Nikdy nep&ichz pozd(.

Pomocn slovesa TO HAVE a TO BE se asuj nepravideln(. sloveso TO HAVE jednotn slo 1. I have got 2. you have got ( staen tvary) ( I've got) ( you've got) mnon slo 1. we have got 2. you have got 3. they have got (staen tvary) (we've got) (you've got) (they've got)

3. he, she, it has got ( he's got)

a sloveso TO BE se asuje nsledovn&: jednotn slo 1. I am 2.you are 3.he, she, it is P(klad: He is at home. He is selfish. It is my thing. Je doma. Je sobeck. Je to m v(c. (staen tvary) (Im) (you're) (he's) mnon slo we are you are they are (staen tvary) (we're) (you're) (they're)

V p(pad& slovesa to be se frekven n p(slovce vkldaj a za n&j. I am always at home. Jsem vdy doma.

Modln slovesa CAN um(t, moci MAY moci MUST muset

nem&n tvar v dn osob&, tj. ani nep(ibraj koncovku -s (-es) pro 3 os. j. .. Zpor v p(tomnm prostm ase je u vech anglickch vznamovch sloves tvo&en pomoc slovesa to do ve tvarech do not (don't), v 3. os. j. . does not (doesn't). To se vztahuje i na slovesa to have, tj. nepouv se tvar I haven't. I don't play. I don't know your friends. I usually don't have got a big lunch. He doesn't know your friends. Nehraji. Neznm tv p&tele. Obvykle nemvm velk ob(d. On nezn tv p&tele.

Zpor slovesa to be se tvo& p&idnm stice not za p&slun tvar. : No, I'm not a pupil. He is not here. Ne, nejsem k. Nen tu.

Otzka v p(tomnm prostm ase se tvo& odlin( pro sloveso to be a pro ostatn slovesa. U slovesa to be tvo&me otzku zm(nou slovosledu podm(tu a p&sudku. Are you from Bohemia? Is it warmer today? Jsi z -ech? Je dnes tepleji?

U ostatnch sloves se tvo&, v etn( slovesa to have, pomoc slovesa to do. Vznamov sloveso se ne asuje, tj. nem(n tvar ani ve 3. os. j. ., ale tuto zm(nu na sebe p&ebr pomocn sloveso ve tvaru does. Do you speak French? Does he understand? What do you study? Mluv francouzsky? Rozum? Co studuje?

Zporn otzka se tvo& p&idnm stice not k pomocnmu slovesu a m spe vy tav smysl. P&ekld se pomoc slova copak. Do not (don't) you speak French? Does not (doesn't) he understand? Copak nemluv francouzsky? Copak on nerozum?

P(tomn pr#b&hov as - Present tense continuous

Tento as se v angli tin( pouv ast(ji ne prost p&tomn as. Vyjad&uje se jm prv( probhajc d(j. Tvo& se z p&tomnho asu slovesa to be + p&tomn p& est zp#sobovho slovesa. P(tomn p( est se tvo& z infinitivu (bez to) p&ipojenm p&pony -ing.
read + ing wait + ing Reading Waiting

Slovesa zakon en na -e tuto koncovku vypout.

decide come live Deciding Dominy Libiny

U jednoslabi nch sloves dochz ke zdvojen koncov souhlsky, pokud nsleduje po samohlsce.
sit get Sitting Getting

ale
help ask Helping Asking

Zkladn tvar:
I'm writing my homework. The bell is ringing.

Pi sv#j kol. Zvonek zvon.

Zpor se v p&tomnm pr#b(hovm ase tvo& p&evedenm pomocnho slovesa to be do zpornho tvaru.
They aren't waiting for us. He isn't sitting where he usually sits.

Ne ekaj na ns. Nesed tam, kde obvykle sedv.

Otzka se v p&tomnm pr#b(hovm ase tvo& p&evedenm pomocnho slovesa to be do slovosledu otzky.
Is he sleeping? Are you listening to me?

Sp? Poslouch m(?

P&tomn pr#b(hov as se pouv tak k vyjd&en plnovan nebo p&edpokldan budoucnosti.

She is getting married next week.

Bude se vdvat p&t tden.

Pouit pr#b(hovho p&tomnho asu s frekven nm p&slovcem always, never apod. vyjad&uje nelibost nad opakujcm se d(jem. -ast(j je uit prostho p&tomnho asu, i pr#b(hov as je vak mon.
He is always forgeting his homework.

Vdycky zapomn koly.

Slovesa netvo(c pr#b&hov as N(kter slovesa pr#b(hov tvary nemaj, a to v dnm typu pr#b(hovch as# (p&edp&tomn pr#b(hov as aj.) nebo tvo& pr#b(hov as pouze v n(kterm ze svch vznam#. Tato slovesa je nutn se nau it zpam(ti. Slovesa pasivnho vnmn:
see hear

vid(t (nikoli ve vznamu setkat se) slyet

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taste smell

chutnat (nikoli jako ochutnat) von(t, pchnout (nikoli jako p&ivon(t, p&i ichnout) poznat, rozpoznat

recognize

Slovesa vyjad&ujc duevn pochody:

think forget know understand believe admit remember mean decide

myslet (nikoli jako p&emlet) zapomenout v(d(t rozum(t v(&it p&ipustit pamatovat si mnit, znamenat rozhodnout se

Slovesa cht(n:
want need

chtt pot&ebovat

Ostatn slovesa:
like seem love hate matter hope appear refuse prepare promise surprise

mt rd zdt se milovat nemt rd vadit (Does it matter? Vad to?) doufat zdt se (nikoli jako objevovat se) odmtnout p&ipravit slbit p&ekvapit

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Budouc as a dal zp#soby vyjad(ovn budoucnosti Future tense

Zkladn typ budoucho asu se tvo& pomoc slovesa will a vznamovho slovesa bez to, jeliko will je modln sloveso.
Will

asto implikuje v#li i mysl &e nka.

We will do it. (We'll) You will do it. You'll) They will do it. (They'll)

I will do it. (I'll) You will do it. (You'll) He, She will do it. (He'll, She'll)

Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu, tj. prohozenm slova will a podm(tu. -asto m vznam zdvo&il dosti.
Will you write to me soon? Will you excuse me please? Will you pick up the phone?

Nape mi brzy? Omluvte m( prosm. Zvedl bys prosm ten telefon?

Krtk odpov(di na otzky se tvo& pomoc slova will.

Yes, I will. No, I will not. (I won't)

V 1. os. se zvlt( ve spisovnm jazyce uv sloveso shall stejnm zp#sobem. V hovorov &e i odpovd jeho vznam eskmu mm.
Shall we go there now? Shall we try again? Shall I invite all of them?

Mme tam jt nyn? Mme to zkusit znovu? Mm je pozvat vechny?

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not za sloveso will ve vech osobch stejnm zp#sobem. Zkrcen tvar je won't.
Jane will not pass the exam. He won't believe it.

Jane tu zkouku neud(l. Nebude tomu v(&it.

Pokud jsou v souv(t dva d(je, kter se neodehrvaj sou asn(, ale kad v jinou dobu, jde o nsledn d(je a angli tina se &d tzv. asovou souslednost, kdy se budoc as vyjad&uje jinm zp#sobem.

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Dal zp#soby vyjd&en budoucnosti a) P&tomnm pr#b(hovm asem se budoucnost vyjad&uje pokud se d(j odehrv v blzk budoucnosti nebo je jist, e se d(j odehraje (m#e se odehrvat i ve vzdlen(j budoucnosti).
I'm going for a trip on Sunday. She's getting married next week. I'm arriving tomorrow.

V ned(li jedu na vlet. Ona se v ned(li vdv. P&ijedu ztra.

b) Vazba to be going to + zp#sobov sloveso se uv pro budouc d(j, kter vykonavatel plnuje. -asto se p&ekld slovy hodlat, chystat se. T se pouv pro vyjd&en konkrtnho bodu v budoucnosti nebo pro vyjd&en pocitu, e se n(co ur it( stane.
She's going to be surprised. We're going to move. She's going to have a baby.

Bude p&ekvapen. Budeme se st(hovat. Bude mt dt(.

Vraz going to se v mluvenm jazyce zkracuje na [gonna]. V psemnm projevu je velmi nespisovn. Otzka a zpor se tvo& jako u slovesa to be.
When is she going to bring it? What are you going to buy? He isn't going to tell her about it.

Kdy to hodl p&inst? Co chce kupovat? On j o tom ne&ekne.

c) Vyjd&en neur it budoucnosti pomoc modlnho slovesa may, pop&. might.

They may come later. She may not come. She might refuse. He might be at home tomorrow.

Mon p&ijdou pozd(ji. Ona mon nep&ijde. Mon odmtne. Ztra by mohl bt doma.

Budouc as pr#b&hov Tohoto tvaru budoucho asu se uv pro d(je, kter budou trvat po ur itou dobu. O v#li &e nka tento as nic nevypovd.
She will be cooking all day long.

Bude va&it cel den.

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Otzka pr#b(hovho budoucho asu se uv k dotazu na budouc skute nou innost, jeliko otzka prostho budoucho asu se uv pro zdvo&ilou dost.
Will you be passing a shop? Will you be going to school?

P#jde okolo obchodu? Bude chodit do koly?

Budouc as s asovmi spojkami V asovch v(tch se po asovch spojkch k vyjd&en budoucnosti pouv zsadn( as p&tomn. *asov spojky
when after while as soon as as long as before till (=untill) by the time once next time

a a (potom) zatmco jakmile pokud (tak dlouho) ne (d&ve ne) dokud ne, a (=do t doby, a) a (v tu dobu, kdy ) jakmile, jednou p&t(, a

P&klady:
It's going to begin when everybody's here. After they leave I'll tell you something. While you are at school I'll go shopping. As soon as I arrive I'll call you. We will ski as long as there is some snow. They will call me before they leave London. I will wait till they come.

Za ne to, a tu budou vichni. A odejdou, n(co ti &eknu. Zatmco bude ve kole, p#jdu nakupovat. Jakmile p&ijedu, zavolm ti. Budeme lyovat, dokud bude n(jak snh. Zavolaj mi, ne odjedou z Londna. Po km, dokud nep&ijdou.

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By the time we finish this work they will be at home. Once she understands it she will remember it. Next time you do it I will help you.

A dokon me tuto prci, oni u budou doma. Jakmile to jednou pochop, zapamatuje si to. A to bude d(lat p&t(, pom#u ti.

Vim(te si, e till znamen dokud ne, proto je sloveso ve vedlej v(t( vdy kladn.
She will repeat it till you understand. I will keep the money till you need it.

Bude to opakovat, dokud to nepochop. Nechm si ty penze, dokud je nebude pot&ebovat.

Chceme-li vyjd&it ukon enost jednoho d(je p&ed d(j(m dalm, pouijeme msto p&tomnho asu as p&edp&tomn.
When they have listened to it, they will understand it. When I have cooked it, I will go out.

A si to poslechnou, porozum tomu. A to dova&m, p#jdu ven.

Vznam n(kterch sloves a spojek, event. situa n kontext v(ty, ukon enost d(j( vyjad&uj. V t(chto p&padech nen uit p&edp&tomnho asu t&eba.
I must take a note of it before I forget it. What will they do after you leave?

Musm si to poznamenat, ne to zapomenu. Co budou d(lat, a odejde?

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P(edminul prost as

Past perfect tense

Tvo& se z minulho tvaru pomocnho slovesa to have a p& est trpnho. Zkladn tvar
I had worked.

Pracoval jsem.

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not.

I had not worked. I hadn't cooked.

Nepracoval jsem. Neva&il jsem.

Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu.

Had you done it?

Ud(lal jsi to?

Uit p&edminulho asu a) D(j, kter skon il p&ed n(jakm ur itm okamikem v minulosti. Vyjad&uje d#raz na ukon enost slovesnho d(je.
By ten o'clock everybody had left.

Do deseti hodin byli vichni pry .

srovnej:
At ten o'clock everybody left.

V deset hodin vichni odeli.

b) D(j, kter prob(hl p&ed jinm minulm d(jem, vyjad&uje tedy p&ed asnost k jinmu minulmu d(ji.
Before I met him, I had heard a lot about him. I found I had made a mistake. I heard you had given up smoking. She had already left when we got there.

Ne jsem se s nm setkal, hodn( jsem o n(m slyel. Zjistil jsem, e jsem ud(lal chybu. Slyel jsem, es p&estal kou&it. Kdy jsme se tam dostali, byla u pry .

srovnej:
She left when we got there. She was afraid, because she had had an accident.

Odela, kdy jsme tam p&ili. M(la strach, protoe m(la nehodu.

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Pokud je p&ed asnost vyjd&ena spojkou nebo p&slove nm ur enm, pop&pad( vyplv ze souvislost, nen nutn pout as p&edminul, ale lze ho nahradit prostm minulm asem.
After they (had) left, I went to bed. When I (had) finished my work, I went home. He was (had been) sick before he left.

Kdy odeli, el jsem si lehnout. Kdy jsem dokon il svou prci, el jsem dom#. Byl nemocn u p&ed tm, ne odjel.

c) P&edminul as u sloves vyjad&ujcch mysl, o ekvn nebo p&edpoklad ozna uje nespln(nost tohoto o ekvn i p&edpokladu.
I had hoped to meet you. We had expect him to come.

Doufal jsem, e se s tebou setkm. O ekvali jsme, e p&ijde.

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P(edminul pr#b&hov as
Past perfect continuous tense
Pr#b(hov p&edminul as vyjad&uje d(j, kter za al p&ed jinm minulm d(jem nebo okamikem, a v dob(, kdy nastal onen druh d(j nebo okamik, stle trval. Doba trvn bv v(tinou vyjd&ena. Tvo& se minulm tvarem pomocnho slovesa
have, tj. had + been + p& est p& tomnho vznamovho slovesa, tj. tvar s koncovkou ing.

Zkladn tvar
I had been working.

Pracoval jsem

D(j vyjd&en p&edminulm pr#b(hovm asem m#e a nemus bt skon en nstupem d(je udanho minulm asem . (na rozdl od p&edminulho asu).
I left because they had been making fun of me. It had been going on for years before it was over. I had already been sleeping for two hours when she came back.

Odeel jsem, protoe si ze mne d(lali legraci. Trvalo to roky, ne to skon ilo. Spal jsem u dv( hodiny, kdy se vrtila.

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P(edp(tomn prost as- present perfect tense

Je dalm anglickm minulm asem, kter je na rozdl od minulho (pr#b(hovho) asu zvisl na p&tomnosti a vce uvan v r#znch situacch. Tvo& se z p&tomnho tvaru pomocnho slovesa to have a p& est trpnho danho vznamovho slovesa. Zkladn tvar
I have worked. He has worked. You have written. He has written.

Pracoval jsem. On pracoval. Napsal jsi. On napsal.

V hovorov &e i se uv p&evn( staench tvar#. (I've, they've apod.) Otzka se tvo& p&ehozenm podm(tu a pomocnho slovesa
Have they left?

U odeli?

Ve stru n odpov(di se pouije pouze pomocn sloveso to have.

Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. No, I haven't.

Vid(l jste ten film? Ano, vid(l. Ne, nevid(l.

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not k pomocnmu slovesu, jak je v angli tin( obvykl u vech sloench as# a tvar#.
I haven't met him yet.

Jet( jsem ho nepotkal.

Typick p&slove n ur en, kter signalizuj uit p&edp&tomnho asu:

never just already ever recently lately since since yesterday

nikdy prv( u, ji n(kdy, v#bec kdy (v otzce) v posledn dob( v posledn dob( od t doby od v era

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up to now so far before yet this year, this week, today apod.

dosud zatm p&ed jet( (v zporu)

P&slovce never nikdy, just - prv(, already - u, ever n(kdy (v otzce), often asto, sometimes n(kdy, seldom mlokdy, Se ve v(t( ums/uj p&ed vznamov sloveso.
He has already left. Have you ever been to England?

U odeel. Byl jsi n(kdy v Anglii?

Ostatn p&slovce jsou a na konci v(ty.

I haven't spoken to him recently. I haven't done it yet. I haven't written my homework yet.

V posledn dob( jsem s nm nemluvil. Jet( jsem to neud(lal. Jet( jsem nenapsal sv#j domc kol.

V esk v(t( je p&slovce ji jakmsi indiktorem pro pouit p&edp&tomnho asu v anglick v(t(. P&slovce already, resp. yet v zporn v(t(, nen nutno v anglick v(t( vyjd&it. Lze jej pout pro zd#razn(n.
They have left. They have already left.

Ji odeli. Ji odeli.

P&slovce since znamen od t doby, nsleduje-li po n(m dal asov ur en, p&ekld se jako p&edloka od.
I haven't met him since. I haven't met him since last year. She has studied English since she was a child.

Od t doby jsem ho nepotkal. Nepotkal jsem ho od lo+ska. Studuje angli tinu od d(tstv.

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Doba trvn se vyjad&uje p&edlokou for.

I haven't seen him for a long time. She has lived here for almost twenty years.

Nevid(l jsem ho u dlouho. ije tady ji tm(& dvacet let.

Uit asu p&edp&tomnho P&edp&tomn as se uv v t(chto p&padech: a) D(j se odehrl a skon il v ble neur en minulosti (kter ani nevyplv ze souvislosti). V(ta nesm obsahovat ur en asu, nap&. last year, a week ago, yesterday, at five apod.
I have lost the paper. I have cut my hand.

Ztratil jsem ten papr. (nen &e eno kdy) 0zl jsem se do ruky.

ale
I cut my finger two hours ago.

P&ed dv(mi hodinami jsem se &zl do prstu.

b) D(j se odehrl a skon il v minulm obdob, kter m vztah k p&tomnosti nebo p&tomnost v sob( zahrnuje.
They have just had dinner. I have never been seriously ill. He hasn't met her for a few days.

Zrovna se nave e&eli. Nikdy jsem nebyl vn( nemocn. Nepotkal j pr dn.

c) D(j ukon en, jeho d#sledky zasahuj do p&tomnosti.

The Parker's have bought a computer. The woman has left. I have burnt myself.

Parkerovi si koupili po ta . Ta ena tu nen. (=odela) Splil jsem se. (=Jsem poplen)

d) V otzce na d(j, o n(m se nev, zda se odehrl i nikoliv. Zde se uv p&slovce ever.
Have you ever been to England? Have you already written it?

Byl jsi n(kdy v Anglii? U jsi to napsal?

Vimn(te si vazby Have you ever been to... . Tato vazba je frz, pouv se vdy s p&edlokou to nikoli s p&edlokou in .

21

Tot plat i pro oznamovac v(tu.

Have you ever been to Buckingham palace? I have been to Greece for two years.

Byl jsi n(kdy v Buckinghamskm palci? V 0ecku jsem byl dva roky.

e) D(j za al v minulosti, ale stle jet( probh. P&ekld se p&tomnm asem.

She has lived here for almost twenty years. I have lived here since 1982.

Ona tu ije (ji) tm(& dvacet let. iji tady od roku 1982.

P(edp(tomn pr#b&hov as present perfect continuous tense

P&edp&tomn pr#b(hov as vyjad&uje, e d(j probh u po n(jakou dobu nebo od ur it doby a pravd(podobn( bude trvat dle. (vyjad&uje se pomoc for, since) Nepouv se, tedy, se zporem. Tvo& se z p&edp&tomnho asu slovesa to be (I have been) a z pr#b(hovho p&tomnho tvaru zp#sobovho slovesa (sloveso + -ing).
She has been living here since the end of 1985. I have been cooking for two hours.

ije tu od konce roku 1985. Dv( hodiny va&m.

Otzka se tvo& obrcenm slovosledu pomocnho slovesa to have a podm(tu.

How long have you been going there? Since when has he been working on it?

Jak dlouho tam chod? Od kdy na tom pracuje?

Do etiny se p&edp&tomn pr#b(hov as p&ekld v(tinou p&tomnm asem.

I have been thinking about it for two days. The movie has been going on since six o'clock.

P&emlm o tom u dva dny. Ten film b( u od esti hodin.

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N(kdy se p&edp&tomnm asem vyjad&uj d(je skon en (t(sn() p&ed sou asnm okamikem. Pak se v(ta p&ekld minulm asem.
He has been going fast. I have been working enough, so I'm going to have a rest now. I have been waiting for a moment.

el rychle. (Je tu brzy.) Pracoval jsem dost, te* si jdu odpo inout. -ekal jsem chvilku. /-ekm chvilku.

Pozor! Angli an nikdy ne&ekne: I've waited for a moment. N(kter slovesa netvo& pr#b(hov tvar. Pak se msto p&edp&tomnho asu pr#b(hovho uv p&edp&tomn as prost.
have

mt, vlastnit (v ostatnch vznamech pr#b(hov tvar m) Mme to u tden. znt, v(d(t Znm t( u lta.

We have had it for a week. know I have known you for years.

ale
He has been having a break for too long.

U si dv pauzu p&li dlouho.

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P(edbudouc prost as Pre-future tense

P&edbudouc as vyjad&uje, e d(j bude skon en do n(jakho budoucho okamiku nebo v n(m bude jet( probhat (p&edbudouc pr#b(hov as). Tvo& se pomoc will, pomocnho slovesa have a vznamovho slovesa ve t&etm tvaru, tj. v trpnm p& est. Zkladn tvar
I will (not) have written the answer by next week.

(Ne)Budu mt napsnu tu odpov(* do p&tho tdne.

Aby se mohl pout p&edbudouc as, je nutn n(jakm zp#sobem budouc okamik vyjd&it. Typick jsou p&edloky by a in. Nap&.
by tomorrow by eight o'clock by 8th September in three days by the time The film will have finished by half past six.

do zt&ka do osmi hodin do 8. z& za t&i dny do t doby ne Ten film skon do p#l sedm.

Budouc okamik lze tak vyjd&it vedlej v(tou. Po asovch spojkch se vak k vyjd&en budoucnosti pouije p&tomn as.
By the next time I see her, she will have already had a baby. By the time we get there, it will have been closed.

Ne ji uvidm p&t(, bude mt dt(. Ne se tam dostaneme, bude zav&eno.

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*asov souslednost
V p&edm(tnch v(tch typu: Myslm, e,..., 0ekl, e,... jsou v angli tin( slovesn asy pouvny podle pravidel o souslednosti as#. Sou asn d&je Ve v(t( hlavn i vedlej je pouit tent as.
I think, he is at school now. I told him, I didn't like it. She believed, that they liked her.

Myslm, e je te* ve kole. 0ekl jsem mu, e se mi to nelb. V(&ila, e ji maj rdi.

Nsledn d&je D(j vedlej v(ty nsleduje po d(ji v hlavn v(t( co, je vyjd&eno r#znm asem.
I think, he will be at home tomorrow. I don't believe, they will bring it.

Myslm, e ztra bude doma. Nev(&m, e to p&inesou.

Pokud je v hlavn v(t( minul as, nslednost d(je se vyjad&uje pomoc would, resp.
was going to, were going to. She thought, I would be at home in an hour. I knew, I wouldn't find it. She knew, it was going to happen.

Myslela, e budu doma do hodiny. V(d(l jsem, e to nenajdu. V(d(la, e se to stane.

V dalch p&padech nslednosti d(j# je t&eba dodret posloupnost jednotlivch d(j# a as#. Oproti etin( zde dochz k posunu mluvnickch as#.
She knows, they passed the exam. You knew, she had already left. They found out, he hadn't finished yet. You didn't say you had been to England. She would have told me, she had moved. He found out, she had been cheating on him.

V, e tu zkouku ud(lali. V(d(l jsi, e u odela. Zjistili, e jet( neskon il. Ne&ekl jsi, es byl v Anglii. Byla by mi &ekla, e se p&est(hovala. Zjistil, e ho podvd(la.

25

Pokud je souslednost as# vyjd&ena pomoc spojky nebo p&slove nho ur en, nebo vznam v(ty vyplv z kontextu, lze msto p&edminulho asu pout prost minul as, a to zejmna v hovorov angli tin(. Nicmn( se doporu uje za te nk#m dodrovat pravidla asov souslednosti, a na p&pady uveden ne. Souslednost as# se obvykle nedodruje v t(ch p&padech, kdy: a) minulost je ur ena datem
I knew he moved in 1995.

V(d(l jsem, e se p&est(hoval v roce 1995.

b) jde o obecn( platn tvrzen

I knew Prague is the capital of the Czech republic.

Vm, e Praha je hlavn m(sto -esk republiky.

c) d(j plat i v p&tomnosti

I knew she is older than me.

V(d(l jsem, e je star ne j.

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Vedlej podmnkov v&ty

Vedlej podmnkov v(ty (tzv. kondicionly) pat& u n(kterch student# angli tiny mezi no n m#ry. Postarali se o to n(kte& auto&i u ebnic, nap&. doc. Peprnk ve sv Angli tin( pro jazykov koly. Ti tuto gramatiku prezentovali na jedn strnce u ebnice a obshli ji dokonale, v etn( vech vjiimek, avak nep&ehledn( a pro mnoh nesrozumiteln(. Rd bych toto uvedl na pravou mru. V tomto lnku si rozd(lme podmnkov v(ty na n(kolik skupin a vysv(tlme si zkladn rozdl mezi nimi. U kad skupiny uvedu nej ast(j pouit a to ilustruji p&kladovmi v(tami. Kad typ kondicionlu bude jet( ble vysv(tlen v p&tch lncch na Help for English.

Nult kondicionl (zero conditional)

Nult kondicionl vyjad&uje stl pravdy. Pouvme ho, kdy chceme &ct co d(lm, kdy... (Kdy pot&ebuji penze, jdu do banky.) Vedlej v(ta podmnkov nej ast(ji pouv spojku IF, kterou zde m#eme p&eloit jako 'kdy, vdycky kdy, kdykoliv'.

if = kdy
Ob( v(ty, hlavn i vedlej, zde bvaj v p&tomnm ase (protoe se jedn o stlou pravdu). vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta If I need cash, I go to the bank. p&tomn as p&tomn as -If I'm hungry, I have something to eat. - Mm-li hlad / kdy mm hlad / vdycky kdy mm hlad, dm si n(co k jdlu. -If you want to get a good grade, you need to do some studying. - Kdy chce dobrou znmku, pot&ebuje se u it. -Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees. - Voda se va& kdy ji zah&ejete na 100 stup+#. Ve uveden p&klady popisuj obecn pravdy, stl pravdy, i v(deck fakta. V n(kterch p&padech bychom zde mohli pout i spojku WHEN, protoe linie mezi podmnkovmi a asovmi v(tami je zde velice tenk.

Prvn kondicionl (first conditional)

Prvn kondicionl pouvme pro reln, mon podmnky. Vlastn( jm &kme, co ud(lm, jestli.... (Jestli bude pret, z#staneme doma.) Vedlej v(ta podmnkov zde op(t nej ast(ji pouv spojku IF, kterou zde m#eme p&eloit jako 'jestli, jestlie'.

if = jestli
Nej ast(ji tyto v(ty mluv o budoucnosti. Hlavn v(ta tedy bude v budoucm ase. Vedlej vak msto budoucho asu pouv p&tomn. vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. p&tomn as budouc as s WILL

27

-If I miss the train, I will be late for school. - Jestli mi ujede vlak, p&ijdu pozd( do koly. (Mon p&ijdu pozd(, protoe nevm, jestli ten vlak stihnu - je to mon, je to reln.) -I'll be very happy if you help me. - Budu moc rd, jestli mi pom#e. (Nevm, jestli mi pom#e, ale mon to je, a pak budu moc rd.) -If he returns tomorrow, we will celebrate. - Jestli se ztra vrt, budeme oslavovat. (Mon se ztra vrt a pak bude oslava.) Hlavn v(ta zde vdy &k, e dan v(c nastane, bude-li spln(na podmnka. A protoe je to podmnka uskute niteln, reln, mon, je tedy mon e k innosti v hlavn v(t( skute n( dojde.

Druh kondicionl (second conditional)

Pomoc druhho kondicionlu mluvme o nerelnch v(cech, o tom, co by bylo, kdyby.... 0k, co by te* bylo, kdyby podmnka byla spln(na (ale spln(na nen a tak to tak nen). -lov(k je zvltn tvor a rd o podobnch v(cech mluv, i kdy je to zbyte n. (Kdybych m(l vce asu, u il bych se anglicky kad den.) Vedlej v(ta zde tak nej ast(ji pouv spojku IF, kterou zde m#eme p&eloit jako 'kdyby'.

if = kdyby
Tyto v(ty mluv o p&tomnosti. V hlavn v(t( najdeme podmi+ovac zp#sob (would) a ve vedlej se pouv minul as. vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta If I had more time, I would study English every day. minul as podmi+ovac zp#sob -If I was hungry, I would have something to eat. - Kdybych m(l hlad, dal bych si n(co k jdlu. (Ale hlad nemm a tak si nic k jdlu nedm) -If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house. - Kdybych m(l hodn( pen(z, koupil bych si d#m. (Ale penze nemm a tak si d#m nekoupm.) -He would do it if they paid him well. - Ud(lal by to, kdyby ho dob&e zaplatili. (On to neud(l, protoe vme, e ho dob&e nezaplat) Na t(chto p&padech vidme situace, ke kterm nedojde i nedochz, protoe nen spln(na podmnka.

T(et kondicionl (third conditional)

T&et kondicionl mluv jet( o vce nerelnch podmnkch a to o t(ch, kter jsou ji zleitost minulosti. 0k, co by bvalo bylo, kdyby bvala byla spln(na podmnka. Je ale jasn, e podmnka spln(na nebyla a tak k dan v(ci v#bec nedolo. (Kdyby se bval vc snail, byl by ten zvod vyhrl.) Je samoz&ejm, e podobn gramatick struktury v etin( tm(& nepouvme (nahrazujeme je b(nmi podmnkami), v angli tin( je vak pot&eba je pouvat sprvn(. Vedlej v(ta zde tak nej ast(ji pouv spojku IF, kterou zde m#eme p&eloit jako 'kdyby byl, kdyby bval'.

if = kdyby bval
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Tyto v(ty mluv o minulosti. V hlavn v(t( najdeme minul podmi+ovac zp#sob (would have + min. p& est) a ve vedlej se pouv p&edminul as. Z tohoto d#vodu bvaj tyto v(ty celkem obtn. vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta If he had tried harder, he would have won the race. p&edminul as minul podmi+ovac zp#sob (WOULD HAVE + min. p& est) -If I had studied more, I would have passed the test. - Kdybych se bval u il, byl bych ten test proel. (Ale neu il jsem se a tak jsem ho neproel.) -If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a house. - Kdybych bval m(l hodn( pen(z, byl bych si koupil d#m. (Ale penze jsem nem(l a d#m jsem si tedy nekoupil.) -She would have helped him if he had asked. - Byla by mu pomohla kdyby j bval &ekl. (Ale ne&ekl j, a ona mu tedy nepomohla.) Na t(chto p&kladech vidme situace ke kterm nedolo, protoe nebyla spln(na podmnka. Srovnn Poj*me se podvat na podobnou v(tu ve vech ty&ech monostech: 1. If I am thirsty, I have some beer. - Kdy mm ze+, piju pivo. (vdycky kdy, b(n(, normln() 2. If I am thirsty, I'll have some beer. - Jestli budu mt ze+, dm si pivo. (Mon si dm pivo, protoe mon budu mt ze+.) 3. If I was thirsty, I'd have some beer. - Kdybych m(l ze+, dal bych si pivo. (Ale ze+ nemm a tak si pivo nedm.) 4. If I had been thirsty, I'd have had some beer. - Kdybych bval m(l ze+, byl bych si dal pivo. (Jene j jsem ze+ nem(l, a proto jsem si pivo nedal.) Mon si na ve uvedench p&kladech vimnete toho, e se vlastn( gramatick struktura prvnho kondicionlu vdy posouv 'o jeden as zp(t'. To je dob&e vid(t na nsledujc tabulce: kondicionl vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta prvn p&tomn as WILL druh minul as WOULD t&et p&edminul as WOULD HAVE done Nyn si do tto tabulky m#eme dosadit konkrtn v(tu: kondicionl vedlej podmnkov v(ta hlavn v(ta prvn If you pay me, I will do it. druh If you paid me, I would do it. t&et If you had paid me, I would have done it.

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Druh kondicionl Second Conditional

Forma If + minul as, would + infinitiv ( bez to) If I had more money, I would buy a CD player. If she knew the answer, she would tell us. If we lived in Russia, we would soon learn Russian. If didnt have so many debts, I wouldnt have to works so hard. What would you do if you had a year off? Which countries would you go to if you travelled round the world? Poznmka: 1) Podmnka (if) m#e bt na za tku v&ty nebo na jejm konci. Id help if I had more time. If I had more time, Id help. 2) V podmnkovch v&tch se asto pouv were msto was If I were you, Id go to bed. If he were cleverer, hed know he was making a mistake. Pouit: Druh kondicionl se pouv k vyjd(en neskute n nebo nepravd&podobn podmnky a jejho pravd&podobnho vsledku v p(tomnosti nebo budoucnosti. Podmnka je neskute n, protoe je jin, ne skute nost, kterou znme. M#eme vdy (ci But If I lived in a big house, Id have a party. ( But I live in a small house.) Poznmka : Would nem#eme pout po podmnkov spojce (if). Modln sloveso might Forma: might + infinitiv ( bez to) I might go to the party. We might not go out for a meal tonight. Do you think itll rain? Pouit: Might se pouv k vyjd(en monosti v budoucnosti. ( Mohl by.) Kontrastuje s modlnm slovesem will, kter vyjad(uje dle mn&n mluv ho jistotu v budoucnosti. P(edp(tomn as prost Present Perfect Simple Forma : have/has + sloveso + -ed (p( est minul) I have worked in a factory. She has worked in a factory. Have we been to the United States? Has she been to the United States? Dva zp#soby pouit: 1) Vyjad(ujeme innost v minulosti. Zajmme se o zitky jako o st n& ho ivota Ive travelled a lot in Africa. Theyve lived all over the world. Have you eve been in a car crash? 2) Vyjad(ujeme innost nebo stav, kter za al v minulosti a pokra uje do p(tomnosti. Ive know Alice for six years. How long have you worked as a teacher. Weve lived here for two years.

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P(edp(tomn as pr#b&hov - Present Perfect Continuous Forma: has/have + been + sloveso + -ing ( p(tomn p( est) I have been working. She has been working. How long have we been working. How long has she been working. Pouit: 1) k vyjd(en innosti, kter trvale pokra uje do p(tomnosti. Weve been waiting here for hours! It s been raining for days. 2) k odvoln na innost, jej vsledek trv do p(tomnosti Im hot because Ive been running. Her shoes are muddy. Shes been digging the garden. P(edminul as Past perfect Forma Had + sloveso + -ed(minul p( est) I had arrived before 10.00. We hadnt arrived before 10.00. Had I left ? Had they left ? Pouit : P(edminul as se pouv k vyjd(en d&je v minulosti, kter se stal p(ed jinm d&jem v minulosti. When I got home, John had already cleaned the house and cooked a mael. Poznmka: When I got home, John cooked a meal. & When I got home, John had cooked a meal. Nep(m (& Reported statements Forma: Slovesa se posouvaj o jeden as zp&t. P(tomn as se m&n v minul I love you. He said he loved me. Im going out now. Ann said she going out. P(edp(tomn as se m&n v p(edminul. Weve met before. She said theyd met before. Minul as prost se m&n v p(edminul. We met in 1987. He said theyd met in 1987. Budouc as se m&n v podmi*ovac zp#sob. Ill mend it for you. She said that she would mend it for me. Can se m&n v could. I can swim. She said she could swim. Nep(m otzky Reported question Forma: Slovesa se posouvaj o jeden as zp&t. P(tomn as se m&n v minul Do you like school? He asked me if I liked school. P(edp(tomn as se m&n na p(edminul. Have you met my wife? He asked if I had met his wife. Poznmka: I was going home. He asked me were I was going. She lived in Rome. I asked her where she lived.

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Podmnkov souv&t
Nej ast(ji pouvanou spojkou v podmnkovch souv(tch je spojka if. Podmnkov souv(t d(lme na tzv. podmnkov souv(t skute n a neskute n. Skute n se dle d(l na p&tomn a budouc, neskute n se d(l na p&tomn a minul. Podmnkov souv&t skute n Podmnkov souv(t skute n vyjad&uje podmnku splnitelnou. If zde m vznam eskho jestlie, -li, pokud, kdy. V podmnkovm souv(t lze po podmnkov spojce pout jakkoliv as krom( asu budoucho. Ten je nahrazovn asem p&tomnm. (Nezam(+ovat podmnkov souv(t a v(ty p&edm(tn. Zde je mon po spojce if pout budouc as.)
I will come if I can.

P&ijdu, budu-li moci.

P(tomn podmnkov souv&t Ob( v(ty jsou v p&tomnm ase a vyjad&uj skute nost platnou za danch podmnek.
If I have enough time I write to my parents every week. Water freezes if the temperature goes below zero.

Kdy mm dost asu, pi svm rodi #m kad tden. Voda mrzne, pokud teplota klesne pod nulu.

Budouc podmnkov souv(t Budoucnost se po podmnkovch spojkch vyjad&uje p&tomnm asem. (Srovnej s asovmi spojkami)
If it is nice weather tomorrow we will go swimming. We will go alone if they don't come. I won't be done in time unless you help me.

Jestli bude ztra hezk po as, p#jdeme se koupat. P#jdeme sami, jestli nep&ijdou. Nebudu hotov v as, pokud mi nepom#e.

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Podmnkov souv&t neskute n Podmnkov souv(t neskute n vyjad&uj podmnku neskute nou, pouze p&edpokldanou. Vznam if zde odpovd eskmu kdyby, kdybych, apod. a) p&tomn Po podmnkovch spojkch se p&tomnost, kter je ovem neskute n, nepravdiv, vyjad&uje minulm asem. Minul as slovesa to be je v tomto p&pad( vdy ve tvaru were, a to i v 1. a 3. os. jedn. . (V hovorov &e i je mono pro 1. a 3. os. j. . ut i tvar was.). Po podmnkovch spojkch se ji neklade would.
If I were in your shoes I would accept their offer. If you weren't ill I would invite you to drink.

Kdybych byl v tv k#i, p&ijal bych jejich nabdku. (Vznam: Nejsem ve tv k#i.) Kdybys nebyl nemocn, pozval bych t( na skleni ku. (Vznam: Jsi nemocn, tedy t( nepozvu.) Kdybych byl tebou, neposlouchal bych ji.

If I were you, I wouldn't listen to her.

b) minul V neskute nch podmnkovch souv(tch minulch je ve v(t( hlavn kondicionl minul, ve v(t( vedlej po podmnkov spojce as p&edminul.
If I had known it I would have gone there.

Kdybych to byl v(d(l d&ve, byl bych tam el. ( Vznam: Nev(d(l jsem to, tedy jsem tam neel.) Kdybys byl piln( studoval, nebyl bys u t zkouky propadl. (Vznam: Nestudoval jsi piln(, tedy jsi propadl.) Kdybychom ho byli nepotkali, nebyl by p&iel. (Vznam: Potkali jsme ho, tedy p&iel.)

If you had studied hard you wouldn't ahve failed txe exam.

If we hadn't met him he wouldn't have come.

V n(kterch podmnkovch souv(tch je v kad v(t( jin as.

If I had known it earlier I would be ready now. If I had had breakfast I wouldnt be hungry now.

Kdybych to byl v(d(l d&ve, byl bych te* p&ipraven. Kdybych se byl nasndal, nem(l bych te* hlad.

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Podmnkov spojky:
if on condition (that) provided (= providing) in case unless if...not... whether or not

jestlie, -li, pokud pod podmnkou, e za p&edpokladu, e pro p&pad, e jestlie nejestlie ne- (ledae) a/ ji...nebo ne

Po t(chto spojkch se tedy neuv budouc as a stavba v(ty se &d ve popsanmi pravidly. Modln slovesa v podmnkovch souv&tch Msto would je mon pout tak podmi+ovac tvary modlnch sloves.
If I were a bird I could fly. If I could speak English I would study French. If I had made more money I could have gone for vacation earlier. If I try hard I might find a better job. If they had invited me I might have gone there. If they invite you, you should go there.

Kdybych byl ptkem, um(l bych ltat. Kdybych um(l anglicky, studoval bych francouztinu. Kdybych byl vyd(lal vce pen(z, byl bych mohl jet na dovolenou d&ve. Kdy se budu hodn( snait, mohl bych najt lep prci. Kdyby m( pozvali, mon bych tam byl el. Jestli t( pozvou, m(l bys tam jt.

34

Podmi,ovac zp#sob Kondicionl

Podmi,ovac zp#sob p(tomn M stejn vznam jako v etin( a tvo& se pomocnm slovesem would a infinitivem vznamovho slovesa bez stice to.
I would come. He would do it.

P&iel bych. Ud(lal by to.

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not za pomocn sloveso would.

We would not work. It wouldn't help.

Nepracovali bychom. Nepomohlo by to.

Otzka se tvo& obrcenm slovosledu.

Would you do it for me?

Ud(lal bys to pro mne?

Modln slovesa maj pro kondicionl zvltn tvar.

can may shall ought to he could he might he should he ought to

mohl by sm(l by, mon by m(l by m(l by

Podmi,ovac zp#sob minul Minul kondicionl vyjad&uje, e se n(co udlo opa n(, ne je &e eno. Tvo& se pomocnm slovesem would a minulm infinitivem vznamovho slovesa.
We would have helped you. They wouldn't have seen it. What would you have done in my shoes?

Byli bychom ti pomohli. Byli by to nevid(li. / Nebyli by to vid(li. Co bys byl ud(lal na mm mst(?

35

Minul kondicionl modlnch sloves

I could have done it. He might have gone.

Byl bych to mohl ud(lat. Byl by sm(l odejt. / Byl by mon odeel. Byl to m(l ud(lat. / M(l to ud(lat. (Ale neud(lal) M(l odejt. (Ale neodeel.)

He should have done it.

He ought to have left.

P(ac v&ty
I WISH

-eskmu p&l bych si, k by, koda, e ne... apod, odpovd anglick I wish. Vyjad&uje p&n, aby n(co bylo jinak, ne je. P&n do budoucnosti vyjad&ujeme pomoc would. P&n, aby byla jin p&tomnost, tj. p&n toho, co nen, vyjad&ujeme asem minulm. Sloveso to be v minulm ase je v tomto p&pad( vdy ve tvaru were. P&n nespln(n minulosti se vyjad&uje asem p&edminulm, pop&. minulm kondicionlem.
I wish you would stop smoking.

P&l bych si, abys p&estal kou&it. (v budoucnosti) P&l bych si, aby mohl p&ijt. (Vznam: Nem#e p&ijt.) K bych ho znal. K by neprelo. K bych ti mohl pomoci. K by byl p&iel. K by byl p&iel. (hovorov() K bych mu byl mohl pomoci.

I wish he could come.

I wish I knew him. I wish it weren't raining. I wish I could help you. I wish he had come. I wish he would have come. I wish I could have helped him.

Vrazy I would rather (I'd rather) a If only maj podobn vznam jako I wish a stejn gramatick pouit. Tyto dv( v(ty jsou identick.
I wish I knew him. If only I knew him.

36

Tzac dov&tky
Chceme-li aby druh strana na na v(tu reagovala pouijeme tyto krati k v(ty jejich ekvivalent v etin( je e ano, vi*te, nen-li pravda. Tvorba dov(tk# se &d nasledujcmi pravidly: a) Je-li hlavn v#ta kladn, je dov#tek zporn a naopak. Zporn dov#tek se vdy pe ve staenm tvaru. b) Je-li v hlavn v#t# vznamov sloveso, utvo%me dov#tek pomocnm slovesem p%slunho asu. c) V dov#tku je nutn zachovat as, kter je v hlavn v#t#.
He plays the guitar, doesn't he? He doesn't like computers, does he?

Hraje na kytaru, e (vi*te)? Nem rd po ta e, e (vi*te)?

Je-li v hlavn v(t( sloveso be, have, can, may, must, tvo& se dov(tek zm(nou slovosledu.
You haven't many books, have you? You are busy,aren't you? He can't drive, can he?

Nem mnoho knih, e? Jsi zaneprzdn(n, e? Neum &dit, e ne?

POZOR! U slovesa to be se "kombinuje" 1. a 2. osoba jednotnho sla.

I'm late, aren't I?

Jdu pozd(, e?

Pozor na zachovn asu v tzacm dov(tku.

It will not be easy, will it? He has just come, hasn't he? It won't last too long, will it?

Nebude to jednoduch, e? Prv( p&iel, e? Nebude to moc dlouho trvat, e?

Podm(t v hlavn v(t( se nahrazuje osobnm zjmenem.

John can come, can't he? Marc will do it, won't he?

Jan m#e p&ijt, e? Marc to ud(l, e?

37

Trpn rod - Passive voice

Trpn p( est U pravidelnch sloves se tvo& stejnm zp#sobem jako minul as, tj. p&idnm koncovky -ed . infinitiv
start return

minul as
started returned

trpn p# est
started returned

U nepravidelnch sloves je nutno se tvary nau it nazpam(/. Trpn rod Trpn rod je v angli tin( mnohem vce vyuvn ne v etin( nejen proto, e je to tradice, ale tak tam, kde je vykonavatel neznm. -asto se uv v anglicky psanch novinch. Tvo& se podobn( jako v etin( pomoc slovesa to be a trpnho p& est vznamovho slovesa (shodn s minulm p& estm). Zkladn tvar
to be decided

bt rozhodnut

-asuje se pomocn sloveso to be.

He was seen there. The women were paid little.

Byl tam vid(n. eny byly mlo placeny.

Otzka a zpor se tvo& pomoc slovesa to be. Otzka se tvo& p&evrcenm slovosledu a zpor p&idnm stice not.
Where were you born? I'm not often invited to the cinema.

Kde jsi se narodil? Nejsem asto zvn do kina.

Do etiny se trpn rod v(tinou p&ekld innm rodem. (V lekci 21 je pro nzornost p&ekldn doslovn()
He is loved by everybody. He was seen there.

Vichni ho miluj. (Je vemi milovn.) Vid(li ho tam. (Byl tam vid(n.)

V trpnm rod( se v(tinou vykonavatel d(je neuvd, protoe mluv hodl zd#raznit spe vlastn d(j. Pokud chce mluv initele vyjd&it, n tak pomoc p&edloek by,
with.

38

a) Vykonavatele, initele nebo p& inu vyjad&ujeme pomoc p&edloky by.

He has been killed by accident.

Byl zabit nhodou.

She has been shot by a policeman. Byla zast&elena policistou.

b) Prost&edek, nstroj nebo stav se vyjad&uje p&edlokou with.

The lecture has been listened to with an unusual interest.

P&ednka byla poslouchna s neobvyklm zjmem.

He has been shot with a revolver. Byl zast&elen revolverem.

-asto se nerozliuje uit p&edloky, co se lze nau it jen prax. Je-li podm(t neur it nebo neznm, vykonavatel se nedopl+uje, a je lep ut trpn rod ne inn.
They have to send for a doctor. A doctor has to be sent for.

Museli poslat pro lka&e. Muselo bt poslno pro lka&e.

V angli tin( je druh v(ta b(n(j a sprvn(j. Dle se trpn rod p&ekld pomoc zvratnho se.
The car is going to be sold. It will be worked on.

To auto se prod. Bude se na tom pracovat.

P&eveden innho rodu do trpnho V(ta za ne p&edm(tem v(ty inn, kter se stane podm(tem v(ty trpn, nsleduje trpn tvar slovesa a pot vykonavatel.
Mr. Parker writes the letter. The letter is written by Mr. Parker.

Pan Parker pe ten dopis. ( inn rod) Pan Parker pe ten dopis.(Dopis je psn panem Parkerem.)

V trpnm rod( se samoz&ejm( vyskytuj vechny anglick asy. Jakkoli as se tvo& p&evedenm slovesa to be do p&slunho asu. O tom, kter as bude pouit v trpnm rod( rozhoduje to, kter as by se pouil v rod( innm.
This method is often used. You will be expected. It was done at seven.

Tato metoda je asto pouvna. Bude o ekvn. Bylo to hotovo v sedm.

39

This table has been already booked.

Tento st#l byl ji zamluven.

It had been done before he needed Bylo to hotov d&ve, ne to pot&eboval. it.

Pr#b(hov tvary trpnho rodu jsou pouvn pouze v p&tomnm a minulm ase. Pr#b(hovm tvarem se vyjad&uje, e d(j po ur itou dobu trv nebo trval.
The letter is being written by Mr. Parker. The letter was being written by Mr. Parker.

Ten dopis je prv( psn panem Parkerem. Ten dopis byl prv( psn panem Parkerem.

Osobn pasivum U n(kterch anglickch sloves lze trpn rod utvo&it dv(ma zp#soby, klasickkm zp#sobem popsanm ve nebo tzv. osobnm pasivem. inn rod trpn rod trpn rod v osobnm pasivu
He give me a book. A book is given to him. He is given a book.

Dal mi knihu. Jemu je dna kniha. Jemu je dna kniha.

Protoe se m#e tvorba trpnho rodu v n(kterch asech a souvislostech zdt komplikovan, uvedeme zde seznam vech zkladnch tvar# trpnho rodu. Pozor na to, e p&eklady vytren z kontextu mohou bt zkreslujc.
It is done. It will be done. It was done. It has been done. It had been done.

Je to ud(lno. Bude to ud(lno. Bylo to ud(lno. Bylo to ud(lno. (existuje vztah k p&tomnosti) Bylo to ud(lno. (existuje vztah k minulosti i as. souslednosti)

p&tomn as budouc as minul as p&edp&tomn as p&edminul as

Je d#leit upozornit na fakt, e je t&eba konkrtn as p&izp#sobit danm gramatickm souvislostem, nap&. asov souslednosti, pouit modlnch sloves, vznamu jednotlivch mluvnickch as#. To znamen, e p&i tvorb( v(ty je nutno si nejprve rozmyslet mluvnick as, kter je vhodn, a pot jej p&evst do trpnho rodu.

40

Trpn rod v podmnkovch v&tch. p&tomn podmnkov v(ty

I would be invited.

Mohl jsem bt pozvn. (ve smyslu podmnky) M(l bych bt pozvn. Mohl jsem bt pozvn. (ve smyslu povolen) Mohl jsem bt pozvn. (ve smyslu monosti)

I should be invited. I might be invited.

I could be invited.

minul podmnkov v(ty (skute nost je opa n)

I would have been invited. I should have been invited. I might have been invited.

Byl bych pozvn. M(l jsem bt pozvn. Mohl jsem bt pozvn. (ve smyslu povolen) Mohl jsem bt pozvn. (ve smyslu monosti)

I could have been invited.

41

Vazba THERE IS
Angli tina m ustlen po&dek slov ve v(t(. V(ta obvykle za n podm(tem, nsleduje p&sudek, p&edm(t, p&slove n ur en. Ur en asu bv pln( na konci nebo na za tku v(ty. N(kter tzv. frekven n p&slovce se vkldaj p&ed vznamov sloveso (p&tomn as, p&edp&tomn as) Chceme-li vyjd&it, e n(kde n(co je, existuje, vyskytuje se, resp. nen, neexistuje, a v odpovdajc esk v(t( je p&ed podm(tem ur it tvar slovesa bt, pouijeme v angli tin( vazbu there is, resp. there are pro mn. . P&i p&ekladu do etiny pak obvykle za nme p&slove nm ur enm msta, vlastn vazba there is se nep&ekld
There is nobobody at home. There is a book on the desk. There is snow in the mountains.

Doma nikdo nen. Na stole je n(jak kniha. Na horch je snh.

Tato vazba se vyskytuje ve vech asech

There is going to be a lot of work there There were no classes last week.

Bude tam hodn( prce. Minul tden nebylo dn vyu ovn.

P&slove n ur en nemus bt nutn( vyjd&eno. Vazba pak vyjad&uje existenci, pop&. neexistenci. V etin( stoj podm(t zpravidla za slovesem
There is nothing to say to it. There's no way to do it. There's nobody who would do it better.

Nen k tomu co &ci. Nen dn zp#sob, jak to ud(lat. Nen nikdo, kdo by to ud(lal lpe.

Zpor se tvo& jako p&i asovn slovesa to be, tj. p&idnm zporn stice not.
There isn't much beer in that glass. There weren't many friends of mine at that party.

V t sklenici nen moc piva. Na tom ve rku nabylo mnoho mch p&tel.

Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu.

Is there anybody in the bathroom? Is there more coffee in the pot?

Je v koupeln( n(kdo? Je v konvici jet( kva?

42

Vazba TO BE TO + INFINITIV
Tato zvltn vazba se pouv pro vyjd&en d(je nutnho nebo monho. Do etiny se p&ekld jako muset, mt povinnost apod.
I am to think about it.

Mm o tom p&emlet.

Pro t(te si tyto t&i v(ty:

I must work on this project.

Musm pracovat na tomto projektu. (J osobn( to ctm za svoji povinnost.)

I have to work on this project.

Musm pracovat na tomto projektu. (Jsem nucen objektivnmi okolnostmi.)

I am to work on this project.

Mm pracovat na tomto projektu. (O ekv se to ode mne, je to naplnovno.)

Otzka
Are you to go there? How is he to do it?

M tam jt? Jak to m ud(lat?

Zpor tto vazby m vznam nesmm. Proto se n(kdy uv jako opis k slovesu must v minulm ase.
I must not come late. I am not to come late.

Nesmm p&ijt pozd(. Nesmm p&ijt pozd(.

V minulm ase:
I wasn't to come late.

Nesm(l jsem p&ijt pozd(.

Vazba TO BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV

I am about to leave. It is about to fall down.

Chystm se odejt. Je to na spadnut.

43

Modln slovesa Modal verbs

Modln (zp#sobov) slovesa tvo& zvltn skupinu nepravidelnch sloves. Nemaj vechny tvary. Vyskytuj se pouze v p&tomnm ase a nemaj pr#b(hov tvar. N(kter maj i tvar minulho asu a podmi+ovacho zp#sobu. Infinitiv a ostatn (sloen) asy se tvo& pomoc tzv. opis#, kter budou uvedeny dle i s p&klady pouit. Tyto opisy je mon pout i v p&tomnosti. Seznam modlnch sloves
I can I may I must I needn't shall will ought to

mohu, umm smm musm nemusm pomocn sloveso budoucho asu pomocn sloveso budoucho asu mt povinnost

*asovn a uit jednotlivch modlnch sloves Modln slovesa maj ve vech osobch p&tomnho asu stejn tvar v etn( 3. os. j. ..
I can he can

mohu, umm m#e, um

Nsleduje po nich, s vjimkou jejich opisnch tvar# a slovesa ought, infinitiv bez stice to.
I must go to work. He may leave.

Musm jt do prce. Sm odejt.

ale:
You ought to go to work.

M(l bys (Mus) jt pracovat.

44

CAN Vyjad&uje schopnost, monost, dovolen, v zporu tak nepravd(podobnost. Opis: TO BE ABLE TO - bt schopen, moci, um(t.
He can sing. He is able to sing. I can wait for you.

Um zpvat. Je schopen zpvat. Mohu na tebe po kat.

Otzka
Can he come? Can I speak to Peter?

M#e p&ijt? Mohu mluvit s Petrem?

Zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not (lze i ve zkrcenm tvaru). U opisu se tvo& p&evedenm slovesa to be do zpornho tvaru.
I cannot buy a car. I'm not able to buy a car. It can't be true!

Nemohu si koupit auto. Nejsem schopen si koupit auto. To nem#e bt pravda!

Minul as a podmnky
I could I could

mohl jsem, um(l jsem mohl bych, um(l bych

Tvar could se pro vyjd&en minulosti uv jen tehdy, je-li to ze situace jasn prv( pro shodnost s tvarem podmi+ovacho zp#sobu. Jinak se pro minulost pouije opisnho tvaru. Zpor se tvo& op(t p&idnm stice not a m tak vznam podmi+ovacho zp#sobu.
I could not, I couldn't I could not, I couldn't

nemohl jsem, neum(l jsem nemohl bych, neum(l bych

Tento tvar je minulm asem a zrove+ podmi+ovacm zp#sobem p&tomnm.

We could do it for him.

Mohli jsme to pro n(j ud(lat. (minulost) Mohli bychom to pro n(j ud(lat.

45

(p&tomnost)
I could not pay for it.

Nemohl jsem to zaplatit. (minulost) Nemohl bych to zaplatit. (p&tomnost)

Tvar can + minul infinitiv (tj. pomocn sloveso to have + p& est trpn) se pouv v(tinou v zporu. Vyjad&uje p&esv(d en mluv ho o nemonosti nebo nepravd(podobnosti d(je.
He can't have done it!

To (p&ece) nemohl ud(lat! Ur it( to neud(lal! To (p&ece) nemohla bt pravda. To ur it( nebyla pravda!

That can't have been true.

Tvar could + minul infinitiv vyjad&uje, e se n(co mohlo stt, ale nestalo. V zporu pak nemonost uskute n(n.
I couldn't have bought more tickets. We could have invited him to the party.

Nemohl jsem koupit vce lstk#. Mohli jsme ho pozvat na ten ve rek. Byli bychom ho mohli pozvat na ten ve rek.

MAY Toto sloveso vyjad&uje dva vznamy tj. sm(t, mt dovoleno nebo v p&enesenm vznamu vyjad&uje nejistotu, p&edpoklad, pravd(podobnost, p&ekldme jako snad, mon. Opis: TO BE ALLOWED TO - sm(t, mt dovoleno (zde nen vznam mon).
I may leave earlier.

Smm odejt d&ve. Mon odejdu d&ve. Mon je (bude) v knihovn(.

He may be at the library.

Otzka se tvo& obrcenm slovosledu podm(tu a p&sudku.

May I smoke here?

Smm tady kou&it?

Zpor rozliuje vznam sm(t a p&enesen vznam. POZOR! U vznamu sm(t se tvo& pomoc slovesa must. U p&enesenho vznamu, tj. ve vznamu mon, se jako obvykle tvo& p&idnm stice not.
I must not (I mustn't) I may not

nesmm mon (, e) ne

46

I mustn't come late. I may not come.

Nesmm p&ijt pozd(. Mon (, e) nep&ijdu.

Existuje tvar might, kter m stejn vznam jako may, a zrove+ je tak podmi+ovacm zp#sobem i budoucm asem.
I might

sm(l bych, mohl bych, mon bych Mon pojedu do Itlie. Mon, e je ve kole. Mohl by bt ve kole. Mon bude ve kole. Mon na t sch#zi nebude.

I might go to Italy. He might be at school.

She might not be at that meeting.

May + minul infinitiv, might + minul infinitiv, vyjad&uj d(j,o kterm p&edpokldme,

e se stal nebo mohl stt.

He might have been at the library.

Mon byl v knihovn(. Mohl bt v knihovn(. Mon byl v knihovn(. Mohl bt v knihovn(.

He may have been at the library.

MUST Toto modln sloveso vyjad&uje "objektivn" povinnost (p&ekld se jako muset) nebo v p&enesenm vznamu "subjektivn" p&esv(d en nebo velkou pravd(podobnost (p&ekld se slovem ur it(). I toto sloveso m sv#j opis ve tvaru TO HAVE TO.
I must go to work. It must be nice.

Musm jt do prce. To mus bt hezk.

Otzka se tvo& pomocnm slovesem to do a slovesem v opisnm tvaru. Nikdy slovesem v zkladnm tvaru.
Do you have to work today? When does it have to be done?

Mus dnes pracovat? Kdy to mus bt hotov?

POZOR! Otzka zm(nou slovosledu m vy tav vznam tj. &e nkovi dan innost vad.

47

Must you do it? Must you smoke here?

Mus to d(lat? Mus tady kou&it?

Zpor se tvo& slovesem needn't (NE need not; to m vznam nepot&ebovat), protoe zkladnm tvarem se tvo& zpor slovesa may.
I needn't I need't go to work.

nemusm Nemusm jt do prce.

Minul a budouc as se tvo& opisem tj. do p&slunho asu se p&evd sloveso to

have. I didn't have to go to the shop. He will have to read it. Did you have to leave?

Nemusel jsem jt do obchodu. Bude to muset st. Musel jsi odejt?

Tvar needn't + minul infinitiv vyjad&uje, e se n(co stalo, a koliv toho nebylo t&eba.
I needn't have done it.

Nemusel jsem to d(lat. (Vznam: Ud(lal jsem to, i kdy jsem nemusel.)

Zpor minulho asu tedy lze vytvo&it dv(ma r#znmi zp#soby, kter vak maj rozdln vznam.
I didn't have to do it.

Nemusel jsem to d(lat. (Vznam: Nebylo to t&eba, tud jsem to, patrn(, neud(lal) Nemusel jsem to d(lat. (Vznam: Ud(lal jsem to, p&estoe jsem nemusel.)

I needn't have done it.

Tvar must + minul infinitiv Vyjad&uje minul d(j, o kterm p&edpokldme, e se ur it( odehrl.
That must have been terrible.

To muselo bt hrozn.

SHALL pomocn sloveso budoucho asu Jako pomocn sloveso se d&ve pouvalo k vytvo&en budoucho asu 1. os. . j. i mn. Dnes se takto uv pouze ve formlnm projevu.
I shall see him today.

Dnes ho uvidm.

48

P#vodn vznam mt povinnost Jako sloveso modln odpovd eskmu mm. Pouv se tm(& vhradn( v 1. os., velice z&dka ve 3. os.
Shall I switch on the light? Shall he do it? Shall I open the window?

Mm rozsvtit? M to ud(lat? Mm otev&t okno?

SHOULD Vyjad&uje povinnost, zvazek, nutnost, event. p&edpoklad. Odpovd eskmu m(l bych.
I should help him. He should pass the exam.

M(l bych mu pomoci. M(l by tu zkouku ud(lat.

Otzka
Should I go there?

M(l bych tam jt?

Zpor
It shouldn't be difficult.

Nem(lo by to bt sloit.

Should + minul infinitiv vyjad&uje nespln(nou povinnost v minulosti nebo politovn

nad n( m, co se stalo nebo nestalo.

She should have finished in time. I should have done it better. You shouldnt have drunk so much. You shouldn't have made fun of him.

M(la skon it v as. M(l jsem to ud(lat lpe. Nem(l jsi tolik pt. Nem(l sis z n(ho d(lat legraci.

WILL pomocn sloveso budoucho asu Vyjad&uje ochotu, nabdku, zdvo&ilou dost a pouv se k tvo&en budoucho asu ve vech osobch. Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu. Zpor je will not, won't

49

I will (I'll) do it for you. Will you sit down, please? Will you pass me the sugar, please? They will (they'll) arrive on Monday. I won't probably come today.

Ud(lm to pro tebe. (Jsem ochoten...) Posa*te se, prosm. Podej mi, prosm, cukr. P&ijedou v pond(l. Dnes asi nep&ijdu.

WOULD pomocn sloveso podmi+ovacho zp#sobu Odpovd eskmu bych. Otzka se tvo& zm(nou slovosledu, zpor se tvo& p&idnm stice not, tj. would not, wouldn't.
It would be nice. Would you open the window? Would you mind my smoking? Would you mind if I smoked? Would you mind helping me? I wouldnt listen to it.

To by bylo hezk. Otev&el byste okno? Vadilo by vm, kdybych kou&il? Vadilo by vm, kdybych kou&il? Pomohl byste mi? J bych to neposlouchal.

OUGHT TO Znamen m(l bych, mm (povinnost). Je d#razn(j ne should. Nsleduje po n(m infinitiv s stic to. S p&tomnm infinitivem vyjad&uje povinnost v p&tomnosti, s minulm infinitivem povinnost v minulosti.
You ought to go to work harder. I ought not to smoke so much. They ought to have finished earlier. We ought not to.have go there.

M(l bys (Mus) pracovat piln(ji. Nem(l bych tolik kou&it. M(li skon it d&ve. (Ale neskon ili.) Nem(li jsme tam chodit. (Ale li jsme.)

OPISY modlnch sloves a jejich uit v minulm a budoucm ase. Opisy se tvo& vdy (mimo slovesa must) ze slovesa TO BE a dalho slovesa. P&i asovn se p&evd do p&slunho asu vdy pouze sloveso TO BE. Analogicky se tvo& otzka (nap&. are you), zpor (nap&. I'm not), budouc (nap&. we will be), minul as (nap&. they were), tzn. pravou tvaru slovesa to be. Seznam opis#:

50

can may must shall will

to be able to (schopen) to be allowed to (povolen) to have to to be supposed to (p&edpokld se) to be going to (voln p&eklad hodlat.)

P&klady uit: can

He may not be able to buy it. I will be able to lend you a pen. Were you able to leave?

Mon, e si to nebude moci koupit. Budu ti moci p#j it pero. Mohl jsi odejt?

may
We will be allowed to stay here all week. Was he allowed to use his parents' flat? We aren't allowed to fly to London.

Smme zde z#stat cel tden. Sm(l pouvat byt svch rodi #? Nen nm dovoleno (nesmme) let(t do Londna.

must
I have to wear this suit. I will have to wear this suit. I don't have to go there on Mondays. Did you have to leave? I had to write with a pencil.

Musm nosit tento oblek. Budu muset nosit tento oblek. Nemusm tam v pond(l chodit. Musel jsi odejt? Musel jsem pst tukou.

Vznamov rozdl mezi must a jeho opisem spo v v tom, e must indikuje vlastn postoj (subjektivn pohled), kdeto jeho opis konstatuje fakt (objektivn p& inu). shall
You are supposed to go with me.

P&edpokld se (m(l bys), e p#jde se mnou. O ekvlo se, e to opravm.

I was supposed to repair it.

51

P&enesen vznamy a) may (not)

I may not have time. It might not be true.

mon (ne) Mon, e nebudu mt as. Mon to nebude pravda. ur it( (subjektivn dojem)

b) must

Rozeznn tohoto vznamu je sloit(j, protoe zle na vznamovm slovese. Cit pro rozeznn se d zskat pouze prax.
I must go to work.

Musm jt do prce.

ale
He must know it.

Ur it( (pravd(podobn() to v.

Pokud je za slovesem must sloveso to be nebo pr#b(hov as, zna to vznam ur it(.
He must sleep. He must be sleeping.

Mus spt. Ur it( sp.

nebo
It must be interesting.

Ur it( je to zajmav. ur it( ne (subjektivn dojem) Ur it( (pravd(podobn() to nen zajmav.

c) can't
It can't be interesting.

52

Neur it zjmena SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY

SOME se p&ekld jako n(jak, n(kter, n(kolik, trochu a vyskytuje se zpravidla v kladnch oznamovacch v(tch
We will buy some stamps. I need some money.

Koupme n(jak znmky. Pot&ebuji n(jak penze.

V tzacch v(tch se vyskytuje pouze, o ekvme-li kladnou odpov(*. V takovch otzkch je pouit zjmena any povaovno za nezdvo&il
Would you like something to drink? Can I get some more tea?

Dal by sis si n(co k pit? Mohu dostat jet( trochu aje?

ANY m v kladn oznamovac v(t( vznam jakkoliv, kterkoliv. V otzce dostv vznam n(jak (prot(jek k some). V zporn v(t( nabv vznam dn
He would do anything for her. Do you have any money? I don't have any money.

Ud(lal by pro ni cokoliv. M n(jak penze? Nemm dn penze.

NO se p&ekld jako dn. Protoe se v anglick v(t( nesm(j vyskytovat dva zpory, z#stane p&i pouit zjmena no, sloveso v kladnm tvaru
She has no time. I can do nothing for them.

Nem as. Nemohu pro n( nic ud(lat.

Sloeniny neur itch zjmen a p&slovc Angli tina asto tato zjmena pouv ve sloench tvarech pro konkrtn(j vyjd&en msta, asu, osoby nebo v(ci. Nap&. Angli an ne&ekne some man, ale somebody
somebody (someone) somewhere sometimes something nobody (no one)

n(kdo n(kde n(kdy n(co nikdo

anybody (anyone) kdokoli, n(kdo anywhere anytime anything

kdekoliv, n(kde kdykoliv, n(kdy cokoliv, n(co

53

nowhere never nothing

nikde nikdy nic

EVERY se p&ekld jako kad (bez vjimky) a tvo& tak sloen zjmena, ale pouze pro v(c nebo osobu
everybody (everyone) everything

kad (podstatn jmno) vechno (vechny v(ci; podstatn jmno)

srovnej
all I work every day. Everybody knows it. I have already done it all.

Pracuji kad den. Kad to v. U jsem to vechno d(lal. vechno (v souhrnu), cel

ALL cel, vechen, vechno

I was cooking all day. I want it all. I want all of it.

Va&il jsem cel den. Chci to vechno. Chci to vechno.

EACH kad (z danho po tu)

each of you each of us

kad z vs (samostatn() kad z ns (samostatn()

54

P(davn jmna a k nim siln p(davn jmna tired (unaven) exhausted (totln( vy erpan) terrified (zd(en)

frightened (vystraen) good (dobr) tasty (chtn) bad (patn) -

great,wonderful,fantastic,super (asn,fantastick,vborn) delicious (moc dobr) horrible,awful,terrible,disgusting (nechutn( odporn) beatiful,gorgeous (chvytn)

prrety,attractive (atraktivn) hungry (hladov) angry (rozloben) dirty (pinav) -

starving furious (rozzu&en) filtry (pln( zasran) astonished,amazed

surprised (p&ekvapen) happy (/astn) funny (zbavn) -

hilarious (pln( rozja&en) thriller,delighted

4. *slovky
Zkladn 0adov Nsobn Zlomky Matematick vrazy

4.1. -slovky zkladn

Nula 0 [ou]

zero

[zrou] ( jako matematick veli ina

nought [ nt] , v hlskovn o

55

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

one two tree four five six seven eight nine ten

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

eleven twelve thirteen fourten fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 21 101

thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred twenty-one one hudnred and one

1000 - thousand

1 000 000 - milion

1 000 000 000 - miliard

Stovky, tisce, miliony atd. pokud p&edchz ur it slovka, jsou v jednotnm sle
five hudred worker three thousand crowns

500 d(lnk# 3000 korun

Stoj-li samostatn( bez konkrtn slice, uvd(j se v mnonm sle

hudreds of books thousands of years

stovky knih tisce let

4.2. -slovky &adov tvo& se p&idnm p&pony -th vyjma prvn, druh a t&et
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth

1 st , 1 st 2nd, 2nd 3rd, 3 rd 4th, 4 th 5 th 5 th 6th 7th 8th 9th

prvn druh t&et tvrt pt est sedm osm devt

56

tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentyth thirtierh fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eighntieth ninetieth hundreth thousandth twenty-first thirty-second fourty-third fifty-fourth two hundred and sixty-third five hundred and fourtysecond

10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 1000th 21st 32nd 43rd 54th 263rd 542nd

dest jedenct dvanct t&inct trnct patnct estnct sedmnct osmnct devatenct dvact t&ict ty&ict padest edest sedmdest osmdest devadest st tisc dvactprv t&ictdruh ty&ictt&et padest tvrt dv(st(edestt&et p(tist ty&ictdruh

U vcemstnch sel je &adovu pouze posledn slovka, ostatn jsou zkladn 263 - two hudred and sixty-third 0adov slovky maj v(tinou len ur it the
he is the first je prvn the second edition druh vydn

Letopo et se te rozloen( jako devatenct atd.

neneteen ninety-one fourteen fifty-two

1991 1452

57

4.3. -slovky nsobn tvo& se p&idnm sl#vka Once Twice three times four times five times many times how many times? 4.4. Zlomky daj v itateli se te jako slovka zkladn, jmenovatel jako &adov vyjma jedn poloviny a jedn tvrtiny I uit over 1/2 1/4 1/3 1/5 4/6 25/87 one halff one quarter third one fifth four sixths twenty-five over eighty-seven
twenty-five over eighty-seven - dvacetp(t nad osmdestisedmi times

( obdoba eskho krt) vyjma 1x, 2x Jednou Dvakrt T&ikrt -ty&ikrt P(tkrt Mnohokrt kolikrt?

over - nad n( m

4.5. Matematick vrazy + x : = 22 33 4

4

plus [plas], and minus [maines] times divided by [divaidid bai] is, equals [ikwelz] two squared[skwe:d] three cubed [kju:bd] four to the fourth the square root of four the cube root of four the fourth root of four the n-th root of four

(4) (34) (44) (n .4)

58

P(slovce

Tvo& se zpravidla z p&davnch jmen p&idnm p&pony - ly.

exact slow

p&esn pomal

exactly slowly

p&esn( pomalu

kon -li na -l p&pona -ly se zdvojuje na -lly

usual obvykl real usually really

obvykle skute n(

skute n

kon -li na -y m(n se -y na -i

easy happy

snadn /astn

easily happily

snadno /astn(

Nepravideln tvorba p(slovc

good near high early only

dobr blzk vysok asn jedin, pouh

well dob&e near blzko high vysoko early asn( only pouze

N&kter p(slovce maj tvar p(andho jmna i koncovku vznamem.

-ly

,ale s odlinm

59

direct hadr low near

prm, p&mo tvrd, tvrd( nzk, nzko blzk, blzko

directly hardly lowly nearly

hned st(, sotva skromn tm(&, skoro

Stup,ovn Podobn( jako u p&davnch jmen se stup+uj p&slovce p&ponami -er a -est opisem a p&idnm sl#vek more a most P&ponami se stup+uj pouze jednoslabi n p&slovce nebo

fast near soon

1. stupe, rychle blzko brzy

faster nearer sooner

2.stupe, rychleji ble d&ve

3.stupe, fastest nejrychleji

nearest soonest

nejble nejd&ve

ostatn p&slovce se stup+uj opisem s p&idnm more i most 1. stupe,

quickly slowly easily

2.stupe,
more quickly more slowly more easily

3.stupe,
most quickly most slowly most easily

rychle pomalu snadno

rychleji pomaleji snadn(ji

nejrychleji nejpomaleji nejsnadn(ji

Nepravdilen stup,ovn 1.stupe, dob&e patn( mlo mnoho 2.stupe, lpe h#&e mn( vce 3. stupe, nejlpe nejh#&e nejmn( nejvce

well badly little

better worse less more

best worst least most

much, many

Jsou dny i vyjmky u p&slovc msta, zp#sobu a pod. Tyto je nutn nastudovat samostatn(. 60

Spojky
according as after and as as soon as because

podle toho, jak pot a jak jakmile protoe d#v, ne i kdyby i kdyby vak jestlie tak ne nicmn nebo ne take jestlie ne kdy, a

according as we decide after he left star and stripes ay you can see as soon as possible I must go home, because I am hugry I'll be ready before you come I must go with you, even if I don't want I must go with you, event though don't want However , you can't go without money if it is true if you don't go, neither shall I You don't believe it. Nevertheless it's true take it or leave it I know him better than you I heard him, so that he is at home it's enough, unless you have not more ask him when you see him

podle toho, jak rozhodneme pot, co odeel hv%zdy a pruhy jak m'ete vid%t jakmile bude mono musm dom', protoe mm hlad budu hotov, ne p#ijde musm jt s vmi, i kdybych necht%l musm jt s vmi i kdybych necht%l Bez pen% vak jt nem'e jestli je to pravda kdy nep'jde ty, j tak nep'jdu Nev%#m tomu. P#esto, e je to pravda. vezmi si to nebo to nechej znm ho lpe ne vy slyel jsem ho, take je doma to sta , pokud nemte vce zeptej se ho, a ho uvid

before

event if

event though

however if neither

nevertheless

or than so that

unless

when

61

Citoslovce
O , Oh fie

ach fuj halo,nazdar pt ahoj skv%l! bje n!

[fai]

hallo, hullo hush hi ! wow

FRZE
take up sth - za t s n( m come up with - p&ijt na n(co be handed down form father to son - d(dit z otce na syna cut off from - odd(len, od&znut end up smw - skon it n(kde come across sth - narazit na n(co carry on - pokra ovat give up - skon it s take off- odloit, dt pry run out of - dojt, vyb(hnout has the photocopier run out of paper put up with - snet, sm&it se come up with - p&ijt s n( m, npadem look out of the window- dvat se z okna look out - dvej pozor look up - vyhledat get on with, get along with - vychzet s n( m hand down sth from smb to smb have extenstion - klapka can i speak to phone back later putting you through - p&epjm vc at her desk - u sebe take a message lines busy im afraid would you like to hold - chcete pockat im phoning about well get back to you - ozvem se

62

3.
Zjmena Tzac a vztan -as Little Osobn zjmena Uit tzacch zjmen Mnostv

Zjmena
P&ivlast+ovac zjmena Zd#raz+ovac a zvratn Uit vztanch zjmen Any Some Zjmena neur it Much Both

Ostatn, jin , dal

3.1. Osobn, p&ivlast+ovac, zd#raz+ovac a zvratn zjmena.

Osobn
podm&tov

Osobn
p(edm&tov

P(ivlast,ovac
nesamostatn

P(ivlast,ovac
samostatn

Zd#raz,ovac a zvratn myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

I you he she it we you they

me you him her it us you them

my your his her its our your their

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

3.1.1. Osobn zjmena Osobn zjmena se vyskytuj: v 1. pd( v podm(tovm tvaru ( ve spojen se slovesem ve funkci podm(tu) ve 4. pd( v p&edm(tovm tvaru ( vdy za slovesem, p&p. I za p&edlokou)
you must fo with me I will buy them

mus jt se mnou koupm si je

1. osoba jedn. . j - I se pe vdy velkm psemenem. Pro ty a vy je jedno zjmeno you (nerozliuje se tykn a vykn. Nepe se velkm psmem ani v dopisech.)

63

3.1.2. P&ivlast+ovac zjmena jsou nesamostatn, kter stoj p&ed podstatnm jmnem a samostatn, kter se pouvaj msto podstatnho jmna.
my book = the book of mine This is my brother. Where is yours?

- m kniha - Toto je m#j bratr. Kde je v?

Angli tina nezn zjmeno sv#j, pouv vdy osobnho zjmena p&ivlast+ujc osoby.
I have my boks, she has her bookrs , they have their books

( mm, m, maj

sv knihy) Pouvaj se mnohem ast(ji ne v etin(, zvlt( mluv-li se o stech t(la, od(vu a osobnch vcech.
He has a book in his hand I don't put milk in my tea

m v ruce knihu. nedvm si do aje mlko.

Takto lze p&ivalast+ovac zjmeno pout jako zvrtn si ve 3.pd(.. 3.1.3. Zd#raz+ovac a zvratn zjmena Zd#raz+ovac a vztan zjmena se pouvaj ke zd#razn(n podm(tu , osoby a jako zvratn ve vazb( na konkrtn osobu nebo sebe
I myself didn't know it you will try yourself have you hurt yourself? I must execuse myself

j smjsem to nev(d(l zkus to sm zranil jste se? musm se omluvit.

3.1.4. Ukazovac zjmena jsou shodn pro vechny rody, d(l se vak na bli a vzdlen(j a maj r#zn tvary pro jednotn a mnon slo.

slo jednotn this ( dis) that (daet)

tento, tato, toto tamten,onen

slo mnon these (dz) those (douz)

tito,tyto,tato tamti, oni

64

This young man is my brother. Who is that?

Tento mladk je m#j bratr. Kdo je

tamten?
These streets are clean, those are not.

Tyto ulice jsou ist, tamty ne.

Aby se nemusel opakovat ve v(t( vcekrt podm(t, pouv se zastupujcho zjmena One [wan] Ones [wanz]
this book and that one

tato kniha a tamta tyto domy a tamty

these houses nad those ones

3.2. Zjmena tzac a vztan se li u ivotnho a neivotnho rodu a v n(kterch pdech. P(ehled tvar# pro osoby: tzac vztan
who who

[h]

kdo

whose [ hz]

jeho

who [ hm] whom [ hm]

koho?(komu) jemu

[h] kter,jen whose

[ hz]

tvar podm&tov

tvar p(ivlast,ovac

tvar p(edm&tov

P(ehled tvar# jen pro v&ci a zv(ata: tzac vztan

what ?

[wot]
which

co?
of which

what?

co? jeho(jemu)

[wi ] kter

jeho

which

tvar podm&tov

tvar p(ivlast,ovac

tvar p(edm&tov

P(ehled tvar# zjmen z ur itho po tu osob a v&c: tvar podm&tov tzac

which (of)

tvar p(edm&tov kter (z), co ( z), co (ze)?

which (of)

koho (z) , co(ze)

Pro ivotn a neivotn tvar podm&tov vztan

that

tvar p(edm&tov kter, jen

that

kterho, kterou, kter

65

3.3.

Uit tzacch zjmen Kdo je to? - je to kniha? Koho vid? Co je to? Jakou barvu mrd?

Who is it? Whose book is it? Who can you see? What is it? What colour do you like?

Which of the boys is younger? Kter z t(ch hoch# je mlad? Which colour do you prefer?

Kter barv( dva p&ednost? ( u vb(ruz ur itho po tu)

3.4.

Uit vztanch zjmen Hoch, kter ije v Brn(. Hoch jeho jmno je Mike. Dvka, se kterou se oenil. Kniha, kter le na stole. Materil , s nm pracujeme. Materil s nm pracujeme

The boy, who lives in Brno. The boy, whose name is Mike. The girl, whom he married. The book, which is on the table. The material, with which we work. The material, which we work with.

V ur ujcch v(tch se jak pro ivotn, tak I neivotn pouv I vztanho zjmena that, nesm vak p&ed nm bt ani p&edloka ani rka.
Who is the man that is speaking. The best friend (that) I have.

Kdo je ten pn, kter mluv. Nejlep p&tel, kterho mm.

That se uv hlavn( po 3. stupni po &adovch slovkch a neur itch zjmenech. Ve 4.

pd( je lze vynechat:

the only case (that) I remember

jedin p&pad, kter si pamatuji.

66

Pokud se that poj s p&edlokou, je nutno ji p&esunout na konec v(ty.Obdobn( se chovj

whom a which.

the boy about whom your are talking the boy whoum your are taling about the boy that you are taling about the boy that you are taling about the boy you are talking about

hoch o k term hovo& hoch o kterm hovo& hoch o kterm hovo& hoch o kterm hovo& hoch o kterm hovo&

3.5. Zjmena neur it

s podstatn jmnem
any

bez podstatno jmna

osoby
anybody, anyone

bez podstatno jmna

v%ci
anything

bez podstatno jmna

msto
anywhere

v kladn v%t% jakkoliv v otzce n(jak v zporn v%t% dn

some

kdokoliv n(kdo nikdo

somebody,someone

cokoliv n(co nic

something

kdekoliv,kamkoliv n(kde, n(kam nikde, nikam

somewhere

v kladn v%t% n(kter,n(jak

no none (bez p.jm.)

n(kdo
nobody,no one

n(co
nothing

n(kde, n(kam
nowhere

dn
every

nikdo
everybody,everyone

nic
everything

nikde,nikam
everywhere

kad

kad

vechno

vude

3.6. -as
sometimes always at any time every time never

n(kdy vdy kdykoliv pokad nikdy

67

3.7.

Mnostv mnostv mnoho mlo s jednotnm slem

much little

s mnonm slem
many few

each each of all other another

kad kad ze vichni jin jin, dal

any se uv v kladn v(t( jako kterkoliv, jakkoliv v otzce jako

n#jak a v zporu

jako

dn

come any day any child can tell you have you any problems if there are any questions we do not need any books he has not any experience

p&ij* kterkoliv den kad dt( vm &ekne mte n(jak pote jsou-li n(jak otzky nepot&ebujeme dn knihy nem dn zkuenosti v mnonm n#jak nebo n#kolik

some v jednotnm sle znamen trochu

some students some tea some days

n(kte& studenti trochu aje pr dn

Some se uv pouze v kladnch oznamovacch v(tch, resp. ve zvo&ilostnch otzkch

Will you have some more coffe? p&ejete si jet( trochu kvy:

68

every everybody each

odpovd eskmu kad ( veobecn() ve funkci p&davnho jmna kad ve funkci podstatnho jmna znamen kad z ur itho po tu kad si mus koupit tuto knihu kad s vs si mus koupit tuto knihu

everybody must buy this book wach of you must buy this book

no, nobody se uv jakozd#razn(n, m siln(j vznam ne any. there is no hope nobody can help you

nen dn nad(je nikdo vm nem#e pomoci

Much a many znamenaj mnoho li se podle sla podstatnho jmna jeho mnostv ur uj. Much se pouv p&ed jednotnm slem a nepo itatelnmi vrazy Many se pouv p&ed mnonm slem a mnonm slem po itatelnch v(c

much work much time many people many books

mnoho prce mnoho asu mnoho lid mnoho knih

Little se pouv p&ed jednotnm slem a nepo itatelnmi vrazy little work little time

mlo prce mlo asu

Few se pouv p&ed mnonm slem a mnonm slem po itatelnch v(c few people few books

mlo lid mlo knih trochu, n#kolik

S neur itm lenem a little , a few se vznam m(n na

a few days a little care

pr dn trochu p e

69

Ostatn, dal a jin se vyjad&uje r#zn( dle sla podstatnho jmna V jednotnm sle jen s podstatnm jmnem another , resp. the other
another book the other book

jin,dal kniha ta druh kniha

other (the other)

V mnonm sle s podstatnm jmnem

other boys the other boys ti

jin hclapci ostatn chlapci

V mnonm sle bez podstatnho jmna others (the others)

others were paying the others left

ostatn hrli ostatn (zbvajc) odeli.

Ve vazb( each other a one another p&edstavuj vzjemnostn zjmena jako esky navzjem
we know each other good we are dependent on one another both-oba

znme se dob&e (navzjem) jsme na sob( navzjem zvisl i.. i , jak ... tak

ve vazb(

both..and znamen

I saw them both He speeks both English and Russian either -ten ve vazb( either method can be used either you are my friend or enemy either...or

vid(l jsem oba mluv jak anglicky , tak rusky bu'....anebo, u zporu kadou z obou metod lze pout bu* to jste m#j p&tel nebo nep&tel ani...ani

neither -dn ( ze dvou) ve vazb( neither...nor - ani...ani neither of the two boys is old

ani jeden z obou hoch# neni star

he doesn't know neither Englisch nor Russian neum ani anglicky, ani rusky

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P(edloky jednoduch
Odkazy jednotlivch p&edloek jsou aktivn. about before but from near round to above below by in next around under after beside down inside of since up About okolo o asi, kolem revolution about the sun speak about work at about six above nad nad above zero above the table after po ( asov( ) za , po (prostorov( ) after the war one after another along podl along the street at u , v ( mstn( ) v ( asov( ) at the office at five before p&ed ( asov( ) p&ed ( mtn( ) before the war problems before us p&ed vlkou problmy p&ed nmi v kancel&i v p(t podl ulice po vlce jeden za druhm nad nulou nad stolem ot en kolem slunce mluvit o prci asi v est along besides during into on through with at between for like over till,untill without

71

below pod below zero beside krom(, mimo besides me besides krom( , mimo besides me between mezi (dvojic) mezi (dvojic) between us between 2 and 3 o'clock but krom(, mimo by u vedle kolem , mimo od ( autora ) v ( asov( ) jakm zp#sobem jakm zp#sobem jakm zp#sobem by the sea by the door to walk by the house play by Shaw by day by plane answer by phone by the way down dol# down the hill during b(h(m during my holiday for pro po , na ( asov( ) letter for you for two months dopis pro vs na dva m(sce b(hem m dovolen dol# z kopce u mo&e u dve& ( vedle dve&) jt kolem domu hra od Shawa ve dne letadlem odpolv(* telefonem mimochodem all but me vichni krom( m( mezi nmi mezi 2 a 3 hodinou krom( m( krom( m( pod nulou

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po, na ( asov( ) na

for a week for example from

na tden nap&klad

od, z od, z

far from here from experience in

daleko odtud ze zkuenosti

v ( na otzku kde? ) v ( na otzku kdy? ) v ( na otzku kdy? ) na za ( asov( )

in the room in the evening in summer in the street in an hour inside

v pokoji ve er v lt( na ulici za hodinu

unit&, dovnit&

inside the house into

v dom(

dovnit& na ( mstn( ) do ( asob( )

go into the house go into the garden into the night like

b( do domu jt na zahrdu do noci

jako

like she near

jako ona

blzko

near Brno next

u Brna, blzko Brna

pobl

next to the house

hned u domu

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of ( koho, eho ) z od od o a lot of books each of us south of Prague It's kind of you to speak of on na ( mstn( ) na ( mstn( ) o v ( asov( ) ( jakm zp#sobem ) ( jakm zp#sobem ) on the floor on the way home a book on photography on Monday on the whole on foot over nad nad p&es p&es po za over the door over my head over fifty over the wall all over the world over the ocean round okolo round the table around okolo around the table since ( asov() od ( a dosud ) since last week od minulho tdne okolo stolu okolo stolu nad dve&mi nad mou hlavou p&es padest p&es ze* po celm sv(t( za ocenem na podlaze cestou dom# knha o fotografii v pon(dl vcelku p(ky mnoho knih kad z ns jin( od Prahy to je o vs hezk mluvit o

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through skrz through the window till, untill a do ( asov( ) a do ( asov( ) till tomorrow from ... till to k , do k , do to the cinema to school under pod pod under the window he is under sixty up vzh#ru nahoru pick up the phone up the hill with s s ( jakm zp#sobem ) ( jakm zp#sobem ) with pleasure go with me with a pen with the left hand without bez without money bez pen(z s radost poj* se mnou perem levou rukou zv(dnout telefon do kopce pod oknem nen mu jet( edest do kina do koly do zt&ka od ... do oknem

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NEPRAVIDELN SLOVESA
V angli tin( je asi 200 nepravidelnch sloves, kter tvo& minul as a dal tvary nepravideln(.. Je proto nutno znt krom( infinitivu t tvar asu minulho a minul p& est. Ta jsou u vech v vahu p&ichzejcch nepravidelnch sloves v nsledujc tabulce. Jsou-li vedle sebe uvedeny dva tvary, je b&n&j tvar, kter je uveden jako prvn . V n(kterch p&padech je u slovesa mon i pravideln tvar tedy tvorba s pomoc -ed.( V textu ozna eny hv(zdi kou *) Nepravideln slovesa v tabulce, za pomoci psmen abecedy je mono se dostat k prvnmu slovesu za najcm danm psmenem. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W p(eklad z#stat vzniknout probudit (se) bt nst rodit bt, tlouct stt se postihnout za t spat&it ohnout oloupit zap&sahat szet nabdnout cenu vzat kousat krvcet
abode arose awoke *

infinitiv abide arise awake be bear bear beat become befall begin behold bend bereave beseech bet bid bind bite bleed

prtium

p( est minul
abode arisen awoke been borne born beaten become befallen begun beheld bent bereft besought bet bid bound bitten bled *

was, were bore bore beat became befell began beheld bent bereft besought bet bid bound bit bled

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blend blow break breed bring build burn burst buy can catch choose cling come cosr creep crow cut dare deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fling

msit foukat lmat plodit p&inst stav(t ho&et, plit prasknout kupovat moci ,um(t chytit vybrat si lp(t p&ijt mt cenu playit se kokrhat &ezat odvit se jednat kopat d(lat thnout snt pt hnt jst padnout krmit ctit bojovat nalzt mrtit

*,blent blew broke bred brought built burtn, * burst bought could caught chose clung came cost crept *, crew cut *,durst dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flung

*, blent blown broken bred brought built burnt,* burst bought could caught chosen clung come cost crept crowed cut dared dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flung

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fly fly forbit forget forgive forsake freeze get gild gird give go grind grow hang hang have hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lean leap learn leave lend let

prchat let(t zakzat zapomenout odpustit opustit mrznout dostat pozlatit opsat dt jt mlt r#st pov(sit ob(sit mt slyet zvednout sekat skrvat ude&it dret ubit dret pokleknout plst znt poloit op&t (se) skkat u it se opustit puj it nechat

fled flew forbade forgot forgave forsook froze got gilded *,girt gave went ground grew hung * had heard *,hove hewed hid hit held hurt kept knelt,* *,knit knew laid *,leant leapt learnt ,* left lent let

fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got *, gilt *,girt given gone ground grown hung * had heard *,hove hewen hidden hit held hurt kept knelt,* *,knit known laid *, leant leapt learnt ,* left lent let

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lie light lose make may mean meet mow pay put read rend ride ring rise rive run saw say, he says see seek seethe sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink

leet zaplit ztratit d(lat sm(t mnit potkat nout platit poloit st roztrhnout jet zvonit vstvat roztpnout b(et &ezat pilou &kat vid(t hledat v&t pordvat poslat umstit t t&st holit (se) st&hat shodit svtit obout,okovat st&let ukazovat srazit (se)

lit,* lit,* lost made might meant met mowed paid put read rent rode rang rose rived ran sawed said saw sought *,sod sold sent set sewed shook shaved *,shore shed shone shod shot showed shrank

lit,* lit,* lost made meant met mown paid put read rent ridden rung risen riven run sawn said seen sought *, sodden sould sent set sewn shaken *,shaven *,shorn shed shone shod shot shown,* shrunk

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shut sing sink sit sleep slide sling slink slit smelll sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive swear sweep swell

zav&t zpvat klesnout sed(t spt klouzat mrtit plit se rozprat ichat st mluvit sp(chat hlskovat strvit rozlt p&inst plivat roztpnout zkazit rozprost&t skkat stt krst lepit pchnout pchnout posypat kr et ude&it napnout usilovat p&sahat mst ndout

shut sang sank sat splet slid slung slunk slit smelt,* sowed spoke sped spelt,* spent spilt,* spun,span spat split spoilt,* spread sprung stood stole stuck stung stank ,stunk strewed strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled

shut sung sunk sat slept slid slung slunk slit smitten sown spoken sped spent spent spilt,* spun spat split spoilt,* spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn,* stridden , strid struck strung striven sworn swept swollen,*

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swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand wake wear weave weep win wind withdraw withholde work wring write

plavat mvat brt vyu ovat trhat &ci myslit da&it se hzet vrazit lapat rozum(t vzbudit nosit ( na sob() tkt plakat zskat to it odejt odep&t pracovat dmat pst

swam swang took taught tore told thought throve threw thrust trod understood woke wore wove wept won wound withdrew withheld *, wrought wrung wrote

swum swung taken taught torn told thought thriven thrown thrust trodden understood *, woken worn woven wept won wound withdrawn withheld *, wrought wrung written

Alec and Marie are French.-Alec a Marie jsou Francouzi. They come from Paris.-Ono p ijedou z Pa e. Lisa can not come to the phone.-Lisa nemohla p ijt k telefonu She is having dinner now.-Ona byla ne ve#e i I think that all politicans tell lies.-Myslm,e vichni politici lou. I am thinks about my girlfriend at the moment.-P/rv% myslm na mou dvku. She is in australia.-Ona je v Austrlii. We do not this party at all.-My ned%lme tutuo spole#nost ve vech. They music is too loud.-Hudba je p li hlasit. We do not enjoy big parties.-Net% ns velk ve#rky. Be quit!Bt opustit. I am watching my favourite programe.-Sleduju m'j oblben program. I always watch it on Thursday evenings.-Vdycky to sleduji kad #tvrtek ve#er. Joe is not here.-Joe tady nen. He is see the doctor at the moment.-Je na nvt%v% u doktor. I see your problem,but I can not help you.-chpu v problm,ale nem 'u pomoci. I am sorry.-Omlouvm se. This room is usually used for big meeting.-Tato mstnost je obvykle uvna pro velk setkn. But today it si being used for a party.Ale dnes to bude uvan pro spole#nost. Like-md rd know-v d t enjoy-t it se think-myslet

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If I were rich, Id travel around the world. I dont like Hollywood. I wouldnt live there if I were a film star. I would go to work if I didnt feel so ill, but I feel awful. What would you do if your baby fell into the water ? If I had more free time, I wouldnt waste it. Id learn another language. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences If I had a car, I would give you a lift. They might call the new baby Victoria, but they arent sure yet. My sister would visit us more often if she didnt live so far away. I might play tennis tomorrow, but Im not sure. If I was younger, I would learn to play the piano, but Im too old now. Put on your hat. Its cold today. I dont feel well. Im going to lie down for a minute. I fell down the stairs and broke my leg. The children stood up when the teacher arrived. Dont throw away that bottle. We can use it again. I would take off my jacket if I felt hot. I must remember to take the book back to the library. Im going to take the dog out for a walk. I heard someone running behind me. I turned round and saw a girl in a track suit. Choose the correct verb form. How long has Angela been living in Paris? She has found a good job. Alan has gone to South America. Angela bought her flat a few months ago. How long has she known Jean-Pierre? Tom has been working as a postmen for a month. He has visited ten museums today. Hes tired because he has been travelling around London all day. My fathers very active even though hes seventy. Ive always wanted to work in the theatre, but acting isnt a very secure profession. Hopefully, well soon find a solution to the problem. Look carefully left and right before crossing the road. It was very careless of you to lose my watch. I take two daily newspapers and three Sunday papers. Youve broken my camera! Look at it ! Its useless! Thanks for the advice. It was really useful. I have some very noisy neighbours. She became famous as a result of her invention. Marsha read Felixs letter and then she walked slowly into the kitchen. She had bought his favourite food for dinner. She threw it in the rubbish bin. Why had he done this to her? She remembered how happy they hat been in the beginning. They had laughed a lot then. Marsha feet desperate. One hour later the phone rang in the flat. It was Marshas parents, but she didnt answer the phone. She commit suicide.

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a) Goodbye everyone! Im going on holiday. Where are you going? To Australia. Im taking my family to visit the Great Barrier Reef. Have a good time! When you come back, bring me a T-shirt. b) Remember to bring your dictionary to class tomorrow, and prepare the dialogues. Were going to the language laboratory at 10.00. c) What time did you come home last night ? I didnt hear you. It was after midnight. Mike brought me home in his car. d) You must come and see my new flat. Its beautiful. And bring Jane, too. Shell love it. e) When I go home to Switzerland, Im going to take a jumper for my mother and some whisky for my father. f) Im going to London in a few days, so tonight were having a little party at home. Some friends are coming round, and well have something to eat. Theyre bringing some things that they want me to take to London, because they have friends there and want to give them a present. a) We were having a lovely walk, but then it started do rain and we got wet. b) Jenny and Bob are in love. They are getting married next spring. I hope theyll be very happy. c) What happened to Tom and Barbara? Are they still together? No, they got divorced. d) I get very angry when my children break their toys and expect me to buy new ones. e) The traffic in town is awful. Its getting more and more difficult to drive anywhere, and its impossible to park. f) Come on! Wed better go. Its getting late. g) How long does it take you to get ready in the morning? h) Make sure you phone me regularly. I get worried when I dont hear from you. i) Sorry were late. We got lost on the way here.
amazing asn analyse provst rozbor, behaviour chovn belief vra bloc of flats panelk bring up vychovat budgie andulka burglar lupi chauffeur ofr confident d#v&(iv contents obsah cosmopolitan kosmopolitn costume kostm cottage chalupa crown koruna death smrt edge okraj, hrana experience zkuenost fail propadnout fantasy fantazie fear bt se get on with vychzet s goldfish zlat rybka governess vychovatelka hurry up sp&chat image zobrazen analyzovat

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interpretation interpretace lack nedostatek lie down poloit se look for hledat look forward t&it se na look up vyhledat management veden memorable pamtn mix sm&s mixed smen narrow zk nervous nervzn optimistic optimistick pass sloit peacock pv personality osobnost pessimistic pesimistick pool t#*, hlubina positive kladn prepare p(ipravit put on oblci si put out odloit relative p(buzn religion nboenstv romantic romantick ruin zruinovat shape tvar, forma stand up vstt sweater svetr switch off vypnout take off svlknout take off odstartovat throw away zahodit track suit teplky traditional tradi n turn down zeslabit turn off zhasnout valuable cenn wave vlna weather forecast p(edpov&, po as wedding svatba accommodate ubytovat active aktivn advertise inzerovat approach p(iblit se archeology archeologie argument argument arrival p(jezd burn split careless nedbal celebration oslava comfort pohodl commute dojd&t computerize provd&t na compu crew posdka crime zlo in daily denn departure odjezd deserted pust determination ur en development vvoj, pokrok disappear zmizet discovery objev discuss diskutovat dishonest nepoctiv drown utopit se existence existence favour laskavost

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flight let generosity velkomyslnost get engaged zasnoubit se govern vldnout growth r#st hire najmout si honeymoon lbnky hopefully nad&jn& invent vynalzt jam zcpa leather k#e lipstick rt&nka lose weight zhubnout message vzkaz mist mlha operate fungovat order objednat reception recepce reliability spolehlivost route cesta stopover zastvka na cest& takeaway jdlo p(es ulici technology technologie term termn useless zbyte n value ocenit wake up probudit se wellington boot gumov holnka alone sm barn stodola bring p(inst desperate zoufal detective story detektivka downpour lijk except krom& fall in love zamilovat se football pools szen forever navdy get better zlepit se get cold ochladit se get ready p(ipravit se immoral nemorln last trvat moral ponau en pack balit parable podobenstv passionately vniv& power sla pretend p(edstrat react reagovat regret litovat regularly pravideln& resist odolot rubbish bin popelnice seek hledat shelter ukrt se suspect podez(vat suspicious podez(el temptation pokuen

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Made by T.V.

:O)

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