EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
BIOEXPERIMENTS

DESIGN AND STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC
EXPERIMENTS
:
Email:
falnakhlawi@kau.edu.sa ( or) dr_nakhlawy@hotmail.com
www.kau.edu.sa\falnakhlawi
Tel. Office :64159
Mobile :0504453978


OBSERVATION

TESTED HYPOTHESIS

STATISTICAL INFERANCE

PREDICTION WITH NEW PROBLEMS

.
() .
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( ).
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: Experimental Unit
.
: Treatment
.
: Replication
.
: Experimental Error

: Efficiency of experiment
Efficiency of Experiment = 1\Error Variance .



:
-1 .Replication
-2 .Randomization
-3 .Local Control

 -1

REPLICATION

:
-1 .
- 2
:
= S2x-
/ .
S2x- = S2\r
-3
.
-4
.

 -2 Randomization

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.

 -3
Local Control
:
-1 Optimum
Sample size
-2 Optimum no.
of Replicates .
-3
.
-4 .

 Experimental Error
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4 .

 Experimental Error

-1 .
-2

.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .


-1 :
.

-2 :

(.) c.v.
-3 :


.
-4 :

.
-5 :
0.05 0.01


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
-1 .CRD
-2 .GROUP EXPS.
-1-2 .COMPLETE B.D.
-1-1-2 .R.C.B.D.
-2-1-2 .LATIN SQUARE
-3-1-2 .GREECO L.S.

.INCOMPLETE -2-2
.FACTORIAL EXPS. -1-2-2
.SPLIT PLOT DESIGN -1-1-2-2
.SPLIT BLOCK DESIGN -2-1-2-2
.BOXS DESIGN -3-1-2-2
.CONFOUNDING EXPS. -4-1-2-2
.PSEUDO FACTORIAL -2- 2-2
.LATTICE DESIGNS -1-2-2-2
.YOUDEN SQUARE DESIGNS -2-2-2-2
. POLY EXPERIMENTS -3-2-2-2


:
-1 :
....
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 ( ) .

 :
SIMPLE EXPERIMENT DESIGNS
:

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o :
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.

.

.


DESIGNS USED IN THE SIMPLE
EXPERIMENTS
:

)Completely Randomized Design (CRD
Randomized
) Complete Block Design ( RCBD
Lattin Square design


COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED
)DESIGN(CRD


.
:
-
-
-
:

 CRD
:CRD
-1 .t
-2 .n
-3 .r
-4 .n
-5 T1 .Tt
-6 .
-7 ( )Layout.

 Example
: 3
.
3 : .)t=3( .A ,B &C :
15 : .
(.)n=15
.r=15/3=5
:
: .CRD

 : CRD

(.)15-1
:
. 15 -5-8-10-1- 6-12 - 9 - 4 -7-11-13-3-2-14
: 1 3 :
. 2
:
C .11-13-3-2-14:
A . 6-12-9-4-7:
B . 15 -5-8-10-1:

 CRD

11

A 12 A

C 13 B

C 14 A

B 15 B 10 B

( )
Layout of the
Experiment.

 Statistical Analysis
:
. Analysis Of Variance
:
-1 .
Additively Of The Main Effects
-2 .
Independence Of Errors
-3 .
Homogeneity Of Errors
-4 .
Normality Of Errors

TRANSFORMATION OF DATA

TRANSFORMATION OF DATA
1- LOG TRANSFORMATION.
(SDs of samples are roughly proportional to the
means and the evidence of multiplicative rather
than additive main effects).
2- SQUARE ROOT TRANSFORMATION .
(Rare events, the data follow a Poisson
distribution).
3- ARCSINE TRANSFORMATION.
(Data based on counts expressed as percentages
or proportions of the total sample and followed
the Binomial Distribution :variances are related
to the means).


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
:
:
)Correction Factor (C.F.
C.F.=(X)2/n
Total S.S.
Total S.S. = X2-C.F.
Treatments S.S.
Treat's S.S.=[(T1)2+(T2)2++(Tt)2]/r-C.F.
Error S.S.
Error S.S.=Total S.S. Treatments S.S.

ANOVA
S.O.V.

df

S.S.

Treats

t-1

Error

n-t

Treat
Treat Treat F(df;p
S.S. SS/t-1 M.S./
Error
M.S.
Error
Error
S.S. SS/n-t

Total

n-1

M.S.

F
Calc.

F
Tab.


Test of Significance

F F
F F
.
F> F
.


Randomized Complete block Design
)(RCBD
.
.
:
.1
.
.2
.
:
8


.


RCBD

() ): Blocks (Replicates
:
.
:
..... .
.
: Panel Tests
.
: .
:
( ) .
:

.

 RCBD
:
-1 . t
-2 . n
-3 ( ) . r
-4
.
: ( )
Layout Of Experiment.


) ) RCBD

: 6
:
A,B,C,D,E & F
24 .

10 5
.
RCBD :
t = 6
A, B, C, D, E & F
n=24
() r=24/6=4


RCBD

:
6
(
=.)4

:
2-5-1-6-4-3 : R1
3-6-4-1-2-5 : R2
5-4-6-3-2-1 : R3
4-1-5-2-3-6 : R4
:

R1
R2

R3

R4


RCBD

:
:

Total S.S. = X2 -CF

BlockSS=](R1)2+(R2)2++(Rr)2[/t -CF
TreatSS=](T1)2+(T2)2++(Tt)2 / r-CF
Error S.S.=Total S.S.-Block S.S.-Treat S.S

. ANOVA


ANOVA
S.O.V.

df

S.S. M.S.

F
Calc.

F
Tab.
F(p,df:
r-1,Error
df

Blocks r-1

B.S.S.

BSS/r-1

B.MS./
Error MS

Treat. t-1

T.S.S.

TreatSS/
t-1

TreatMS/ F(p,df:
ErrorMS t-1,Error
df

Error
Total

(r-1)x Error
(t-1) S.S.
rt-1

Errorss/
r-1)(t-1)

F F
F :
F
:
.

 ANOVA
Table I. Analysis of variance of (character or characters) as
affected by (treatments).
_________________________________________________
Source of
df
Mean Squares
variation
ch1
ch2
ch3
_________________________________________________
Replicates
3
NS
NS
NS
Treatments
5
114.23** 25.56 NS 12.32*
Error
15
8.34
14.65
3.10
_________________________________________________
df: degrees of freedom.
NS: not significant at 0.05 level of probability.
*,**: significant differences at 0.05 and0.01 levels of
probability, respectively.


Means comparison

:
) Least Significant Difference (LSD
LSD=t (p,Error df)2MSError/r
LSD

. LSD
LSD

.


Table 2 :Means of TDS(ppm),Na+ (ppm),and
Cl-(ppm) for four healthy water sources
,2005.
__________________________________
Water source
TDS
Na+
Cl-

_____________________________________________
Source I
150 c*
20 bc
37 b
Source II
147 c
18 c
39 ab
Source III
160 b
22 ab
41 a
Source IV
186 a
24 a
30 c
______________________________________________
*Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly
different according to LSD test at 0.05 level of probability
.


FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS
.
:
-1 Main Effect
.
-2 . Interaction
:
CRD . RCBD
= ) (P)(q)(c 3 )(P)(q
p : .
q .
c .
4 .

A : . B
2 = A a1 , a2 :
3 = B b1,b2,b3 :
RCBD . r=4
t=p x q
t=2x3=6
): (n
n=r x t=4 x6=24

Total S.S=X2-CF
Rep.S.S.= [R12+ +Rr2]/t - CF .
Treat S.S.= [T12+ +Tt2]/r - CF .
A S.S.= [a12+a22]/rq - CF.
B S.S.= [b12+b22+ b32]/rp - CF.
AB S.S.=Treat S.S.-A S.S.- B.S.S.
Error SS=Total SS- Rep SS- Treat SS


ANOVA
S.O.V.
Rep.

df

S.S

MS

F(calc)

r-1

Treat. t-1

p-1

AMS\E MS

q-1

BMS\E MS

AB

p-1x q-1

Error

r-1 x t-1

ABMS\E MS

F
(T)

F
ANOVA :
NS
.
* **

.

 LSD
2-Factor Experiments
-1 : A
LSD= t (P,Error df) 2MS Error/rq
-2 : B
LSD= t (P,Error df) 2MS Error/rp
-3 : AB
LSD= t (P,Error df) 2MS Error/r


ANOVA Of 3-Factor Experiments

S.O.V.

df

Rep.

r-1

P-1

q-1

c-1

AB

(P-1)x (q1)

AC

(P-1)x (c1)

BC

(q-1)x (c1)

ABC

(P-1)x (q1)x
(c-1)

Error

(r-1)x
(pqc-1

S.S.

M.S.

(Calc)

(Tab)


SPLIT PLOT DESIGN
:
-1
. :

.
.
.
.
.

.
.


-2
.
-3
-4
.

 Split Plot design

:
-1 ( ).
Main Plot Treatments (A).
-2 = p
-3 .
Sub-plot Treatments (B) .
-4 = q
-5 = r
-6 =
n=p x q x r

 Split plot Design

-7 ( )A:
a1, a2 , a3ai
.
-8 ( )B :
b1, b2, b3 , b4bj
A .
: ( )

 Split Plot Design

:
: A
: B

p =3 :a1 ,a2 ,a3

q= 4 :b1,b2,b3,b4
r=3
n=3x4x3=36 experimental units
= 12 .


Split Plot Design
:
a1-a3-a2 : R1
a2-a3-a1 : R2
a3-a1-a2 : R3


Split Plot Design
:
b2-b1-b4-b3 : a1: R1
b1-b4-b3-b2 : a3: R1
b3-b1-b4-b2 : a2: R1
b3-b2-b4-b1 : a2: R2
b4-b3-b1-b2 : a3: R2
b2-b4-b1-b3 : a1: R2
b2-b4-b1-b3 : a3: R3
b1-b3-b2-b4 : a1: R3
b4-b3-b2-b1 : a2: R3

R1
a1b2

a3b1

a2b3

a1b1

a3b4

a2b1

a1b4

a3b3

a2b4

a1b3

a3b2

a2b2

Split Plot Design

Analysis of Variance
1- Total S.S.=X2- CF
2- Main(Whole) Plot S.S.=
[W112+ W122 ++ Wwr2] /q CF
3- Rep.SS=[R12++ Rr2 ]/pq- CF
4- A SS.=[a12++ ap2 ]/rq CF
5- Error a SS=Main SS-Rep SS-A SS
6- B SS.= [b12++ bq2 ]/rp CF
7- AB SS.= [a1b12++ apbq2 ]/rCF-A SS-B SS
8- Error b SS.=Total SS-Main SS-B SS-AB SS

 ANOVA
Split Plot
S.O.V.

df

S.S

MS

F(calc(

MAIN:

Rep.
A

r-1
P-1

Errora

(r-1)
x(p-1)
q-1
(P-1)
x(q-1
(r-1)
x(pq-q)
n-1

B
AB
Errorb

TOTAL

A MS\MSEa

B MS\MSEb
AB MS\MSEb

FT

LSD IN SPLIT PLOT DESIGN

LSD
:Standard Errors
Means Compared
Standard Error
A1-A2
Ea/rb
B1-B2
Eb/ra
b1A1-B2A1
Eb/r
b1A1-B1A2
(b-1)Eb+Ea/rb
b1A1-B2A2
(b-1)Eb+Ea/rb


Coefficient of Variation
)(CV :
CV %10
.
CV %20
.
CV :
CV=[MSError/Mean]x100
:
CRD, RCBD & FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS


SPLIT PLOT :
:
CV= [MSError a/Mean]x100
( (B ): (AB
CV= [MSError b/Mean]x100