/

Fire fighting design



  

:
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. ) (
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:

combustible material .
Oxygen .
Ignition temperature .

:
: Arch - fire safety
: Elec - fire Alarm
:Mech - fire fighting
.
:
:NFPA - .
:FOC - .
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
.
:
- + + + + + + + + + +
++ .++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
.
- .
- + + +
.
- .

Fire fighting sys classification
1- Water sys
2-Gas sys

Fire fighting design

:
Sprinkler sys - .
Hazel sys - .
Fire hydrant sys - .
:
Fire Extinguisher - .
FM-200, CO2, FE-13 - .


. .
:Automatic sprinkler sys
:
- ....... Glass bulb type + + + +
+ + + + + + +
.

- + + + + + ....... Fusible link type+ + + +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
.
+ +
. + + + + + + + + + + +
+ ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++
+ + + + + +
.

: ". 1/2" or 3/4

Fire fighting design

:
:Up right sprinkler - + + + + + + + + + + + +
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
.
:Side wall sprinkler -+ + + + + + + + + + +
.

: Pendant type sprinkler -
. :
: pendant upright .
: Recessed sprinkler
: Concealed sprinkler + + + + +

: Intermediate level ( Rack) sprinkler + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + .+ + + + upright+ + + +

+
.
Rack

: Decorative sprinkler +
.

Fire fighting design

:
: Corrosion resistant sprinkler - + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
.
: Quick response sprinkler - .
+ + )+ + +( + +
.
:
+ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

1- Light Hazard : ............. .
+ + +
- ............... .
2- Ordinary Hazard :
1- Group (1) : + + + + + + + +
.
2- Group (2):++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
.
3- Extra Hazard:
1- Group (1):+ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
. .......... .
2- Group (2): .
Protection Area Limitations per Sprinkler: + + + + + + +
. .

Fire fighting design

.
Protection Area Limitations per Sprinkler
Hazard
Area
Distance between
2
) (m
)sprinkler (m
Light Hazard
.
.
Ordinary Hazard
.
.
Extra Hazard
.
.

: .
+ + + + + + + + + +
) (Head .

Protection Area Limitations per Sprinkler

Hazard
Area
Distance between
)(m2
)sprinkler (m
Light Hazard

.
Ordinary Hazard
. -
.
Extra Hazard

-:
-
-
-
-

++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
.
.
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
.
+ + + + + +
.

Sprinkler Operation Area: + + + + + + .+ +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
. .
)Area (m2

Hazard
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard
Extra Hazard

Fire fighting design

-:
.

.
.

1- Main line:
2- Cross Main:
3- Branch line:

Sprinkler
Operation
area per
sprinkler

Operation area

Fire fighting design

Hydraulic Calculations
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
.
limit .
+ +
.
) - operation area (:
# in room = Room area / Area coverage per Sprinkler from table of hazard
# in operation area = Operation area / Area coverage per Sprinkler from table of hazard
# in worst area
operation area
= # in cross branch
1.2 * A operation
Distance between sprinklers across branch
:
. .
. ) (.
. ) (.
. . Distance
. . GPM
Head ..
. . Water tank
. Size of pipe

200

) (Elite .
:
- Ordinary hazard group 1
= 200 ft x 130 ft
Solution
===== From ordinary hazard group 1
operation area = 1500 ft2 ,operation area per sp. = 130 ft2
Calculate no. Of sprinkler
= 1- in Room
Room area / Area coverage per Sprinkler from table of hazard
= 200 x 130 / 130 =200 sprinkler

= 2- in operation area
Operation area / Area coverage per Sprinkler from table of hazard
= 1500 / 130 = 11.54 ===== 12 sprinkler
130

Fire fighting design

200 ft

10 ft
13 ft

130 ft

Elbow
1 ft
5 ft

Alarm Valve
15 ft

50 ft

Elbow

to the system

T connection

Gate Valve

= 10 ft = 13 ft
15 ft
1500 ft2
:
1.2 * A operation

= 3-in branch of worst area

Distance between sprinklers across branch

0.5

) = 1.2 x ( 1500
/ 13 = 3.57 ==== 4 sp.

Fire fighting design

Q gpm = 29.83 C d (P psi) 1/2
Where:
d: Sprinkler Diameter in inch.
Psi = Ft (head) X 0.433
C: material of Sprinkler.
We have (C, d) are constant for sprinkler
So we get:
Q gpm = K (P psi) 1/2
K: constant for sprinkler
2

Nominal orifice
)Size (in

Percent of
Orifice type
K Factor
"nominal 1/2
Discharge
1/4
Small
1.3 1.5
25
5/16
Small
1.8 2.0
33.3
3/8
Small
2.6 2.9
50
7/16
Small
4.0 4.4
75
1/2
Standard
5.3 5.8
100
17/32
Large
7.4 8.2
140
k .
+ + +
K = 5.65
K
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
7.5 psi
Q=AX
Where:Q: minimum flow required
A: area of coverage
: required density

.

Fire fighting design

k
Q gpm = K P psi
.

Pipe Schedule
pipe schedule +
pump
+ + + + +
.Extra Hazard
. + +

Light hazard pipe schedule

steel
Copper
1
2 Sprinkler
1
2 Sprinkler
1
3 Sprinkler
1
3 Sprinkler
1
5 Sprinkler
1
5 Sprinkler
2
10 Sprinkler
2
12 Sprinkler
2
30 Sprinkler
2
40 Sprinkler
3
60 Sprinkler
3
65 Sprinkler
3
100 Sprinkler
3
115 Sprinkler
4
4
For SI Unite 1 in.= 25.4mm
52000 Ft2 ) (4831m2 + + + + 100
.Ordinary Hazard

Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

2 Sprinkler
3 Sprinkler
5 Sprinkler
12 Sprinkler
25 Sprinkler
45 Sprinkler
75 Sprinkler
115 Sprinkler
180 Sprinkler
300 Sprinkler

Copper
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6

steel
1
2 Sprinkler
1
3 Sprinkler
1
5 Sprinkler
2
10 Sprinkler
2
20 Sprinkler
3
40 Sprinkler
3
65 Sprinkler
4
100 Sprinkler
5
160 Sprinkler
6
275 Sprinkler
For SI Unite 1 in.= 25.4mm

Fire fighting design

Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule:steel

Copper
1
1 Sprinkler
1
1 Sprinkler
1
2 Sprinkler
1
2 Sprinkler
1
5 Sprinkler
1
5 Sprinkler
2
8 Sprinkler
2
8 Sprinkler
2
20 Sprinkler
2
15 Sprinkler
3
27 Sprinkler
3
30 Sprinkler
3
45 Sprinkler
3
40 Sprinkler
4
55 Sprinkler
4
65 Sprinkler
5
90 Sprinkler
5
100 Sprinkler
6
150 Sprinkler
6
170 Sprinkler
For SI Unite 1 in.= 25.4mm
25000 Ft2 )(2323 m2
1
2

"1

"1

"1.25

"1.25
"1.5
7

5
6

"2

"2.5

Pipe schedule + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
" 2 .

- 1 q
)(Residual pressure
-++ ++ ++ ++ pipe schedule++ closed system++ ++
friction loss 1-2 . hydraulic chart

Q diameter
pump pump limit
1- 4 m

Fire fighting design

Water

+ + +
.
++ ++ ++ chart++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ .dimensionless++ charts++
)100ft( )ft /( psi
p = 20 ft/100ft
) x (0.434 x 20
Psi
Pfriction
100
Online
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hazen-williams-water-d_797.html
friction loss in pipe + + + + + + + + + + +
) ( closed or open system
- Pfriction 1&2
- 2 Q1-2 =q1+q2
qgpm = K P psi
Q1-2 -
-
Chart of friction -
.
q Q2-3 = Q1-2 +q3 -
Chart of friction -

q Q3-4 = Q2-3 +q4 -

Fire fighting design

-
fitting 2T
"13
q
Fitting
fitting
"6.5

-

13 + 6.5 + 1 = 20.5 ft

4
T

- q&p

k GPM
Sprinkler system

"1
T

-:
fitting .
-:
- ) : (
- ) : ( ) (Bl-1 .
- ) : ( q Q .
Q = q in Sp No 1 + q in Sp No 2
- ) : ( + + +
.
- ) : ( .
- ) : ( .
- ) : ( .
- ) : ( Pt + + +
Pe Pf .
- ) : (
0.5
)q = K X (P

Fire fighting design

Step No

For Ordinary Hazard, Group (1), 1500 Ft2

Nozzle
Location
Bl-1

Flow
in
gpm

Bl-1

DN

.
"

Q =85.4

Cm
to
F.F Q
=260.4

UG
Cro
wn
pipe

Q
=260.4

Pt = 11.9
Pe =

T =13
L = 13
F=0

0.124

Pf= 1.6
Pt = 13.5
Pe =
Pf= 1.6
Pt = 15.1
Pe =

T =13

Pf= 1.7

L = 20.5
F = 16

Pt = 16.8
Pe =
0.237

T =36.5

Pf= 8.6

L = 10

Pt = 25.4

F=

2"

0.07

Pe =

T =10

Pf= 0.7

L = 10
F=

Pt = 26.1
Pe =

2.5"

0.
T =10
L = 70
F=

q
=88.4

Bl-3
to
Q
cm =260.4

C120

1.5"

q = 86.6

Bl-2
to Q =172
Bl-3

L = 13
F=0

0.132

Cm
to
Bl-2

Pressure
summary

1.5"

q=23.2
Q=85.4

Friction
losses psi

T =13
L = 13
F=0

2T
RN

Equiv.
pipe
length

0.125

q=22
Q=62.2

"

q=20.7
Q=40.2

Pipe
Fitting

q=
Q=19.5

Bl-1

Pipe
size

2.5"

Pf= 1.1
Pt =27.2
Pe =
0.233

E
AV

T =70
L = 119
F = 21

3"

Pf= 16.3
Pt =43.5
Pe = 6.5
0.081

GV

T =140

E
GV

L = 50
F =32.2

C150

Pt =61.3
Pe =

Pf= 5
P t = 66.3

D=0.15
gpm
K=5.65
q=AX =
130X0.15
=19.5
p=11.9
q=
5.65X
13.50.5=20
.7
q=
5.65X
15.10.5=22

q=
5.65X
16.80.5=23
.2
K = 85.4 /
25.40.5 =
16.95

q=
1.95X
26.10.5 =
86.6
q=
1.95X
27.20.5 =
88.4

Pe = 15 X
0.433 =
6.5

Pf= 11.3

0.061
T =82.2

Normal
pressure

Copper=
21X 1.51
= 32.2

Fire fighting design

= .
= L F
. = T
q =A X = + +
. gpm/ft2
q = 130 X 0.15 = 19.5 gpm.
q = K X (P) 0.5
P = [19.5 / 5.65] 2 = 11.9 psi.
+ + +
psi
/ 100 X 0.433 = 0.124 psi / Ft
0.124 X 13 = 1.6 psi
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++

Pt2 = 1.6 + 11.9 = 13.5 psi
q , Q
q = 5.65 X (13.5)0.5 = 20.7 gpm.
Q = 20.7 + 19.5 = 40.2 gpm.
.
+ + + +
+ + + + + + T+ + 2 T
. T = 8 Ft

fitting black steel

black steel .
:
Fitting = 90 long turn elbow 2 in. diameter ( copper
) c =150
Equivalent length = 3 x 1.51 = 4.53 ft.

Fire fighting design

+ + + + + + + + q = 85.4
+ + p = 25.4+ + + + + + + + + + + +
P,q + + + + + + + + k

0.5
0.5
K = 85.4 / (25.4) = 16.95 g /psi
+ + + + + k+ = .+ +

p q Q +
k ". 2.5
Branch 3
Dia.= 2.5 in
70 ft

.
" 3 + + + +
+ + + + Pe+ +
.

1 ft

194 ft

50 ft copper pipe

5 ft

Pump

Q = 260.4 gpm, P = 66.3 psi

Fire fighting design

Fire Hose
-:
Hose Reel: - Rubber .
:Hose Rack - +
.
1 or 1 + + + + + + 100 gpm+
4.5 bar 2 250 gpm . 4.5 bar
:
:Exposed - .
:Semi predated - .
:Recessed - .

: Hose Cabinet
-
-
-
-
-

.
.
+ + + + Travel Distance+ + + + + + + +
.
.
.

+ Fire Hydrant+
2.5 4.5 bar . 250 gpm
Dry Riser + + + + 4+
+ check Valve + Riser+ + Siemens Connection+ + + Landing Valve
+ + Siemees Connection+ + + +

:
.
.
.
(zone control valve) ZV :
:Gate Valve + OS&Y Gate Valve with Temp. Switch+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Fire fighting design

:Pressure Gage .
:Water flow Switch .
: Glass Valve Test
:Glass Tube .
:Drain Valve .

+ + + Drain & Test Valve+ + Valve+ + + + + +

.

Pump Selection
250 gpm +
4.5 bar
riser+ + + + 250 gpm+ + + + 1250 gpm+ +
.1250 gpm
.
header
Electrical pump -
Diesel pump -
Jucking pump -
+ + + + + +

+ + gpm : + + +

psi psi
. psi
centefigual+ gpm head = 30 ft+ +
.
Split case pump
Head & gpm
-:
- Q H .
- .
- Q % H % .
Shut down pressure - ) % .( no flow
- FM & UL
- Net positive suction head .psi
- . gpm

Fire fighting design

+ + +

Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2 = D1 / D2
H1 / H2 = N1 / N2 = D1 / D2
Bph 1 / bph 2 = N1 / N2 = D1 / D2
1450 rpm

+ 2900 rpm+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ )(prv
pressure reducing valve + + + + + +
prv .psi
- :
-
-
-

-
-

header cavitations
.
:
: Check Valve -
: Gate Valve -
:Flexible Connection -
: Strainer -
:Flow Meter - gpm.
++ ++ ++ Insulator++ ++ ++ Rubber ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

" 2

-:
test pump 13.6 bar 1.5
+ + + + + + + + + + +
% .
.
expansion joint .

Fire fighting design

Water Tank

Hazard
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard
Extra Hazard

Time
30 : 60 min
90 : 120 min
120 min

-:
750 gpm + Ordinary Hazard

= V = 750 gpm X 90 min X 3.785 / 1000
Say tank volume equal to = 100 m3
-:
-
-
- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- + + + + + + +
pressure drop cavitations anti vortex plate
plate 2.5 D
- paddle flange + + + + + + + +

- .
- " 4 Over Flow alarm
- drain pipe 50
cm X 50 cm 10 cm .
make up pipe - + + + + + +

Vent pipe ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ wire mesh++ ++

- Flow Valve
- branch + + + + + + +
.

Fire fighting design

Fire Extinguishers



Definitions: Class A Fire:
Class B Fire:
Class C Fire:
Class D Fire:
Classification of Hazard:Light: Class A & little of Class B
Ordinary: Class A & B
Extra: Class A & B but with large quantity.
Selection of Extinguishers:
Class A Fire: Water or Dry Chemical
Class B Fire: Foam, FFFP, AFFF, CO2, Dry Chemical.
Class C Fire: Co2, Dry Chemical.
Class D Fire: According to Material & its chap bars or not
References :-Ahmed Mohamed Samy report.
-NFPA 13