16

16.1 .

: , ,
.
16.2.
16.2.1. - .
(. 16.1),
. .

,
,

ri , i ri
mi
2
Ki 12 mi ( ri ) .
, ,
:

1
2

mi 2 ri2 12 2

m r

i i

(16.1)

. (16.1)
. T
IA,
I A mi ri 2

(16.2)

.
,
151

K 12 I A 2

(16.3)

. (16.3) K 12 m 2 ,
,
,
.

(. , 2). mi dm ,
. (16.2)
I

(16.4)

dm

,
.

1
12

ML2

1
3

ML2

o ,
R

MR 2

1
2

MR 2

1
2

MR 2

1
4

MR 2

2
5

MR 2

1
2

MR 2

MR 2

16.2.2.
,
, .
,
(),
(. 16.2). F,
, L
, , .

152

FL
D

(16.5)

D , .
, F ,
,
N F FL

(16.6)

,
, N N F ,
N D

(16.7)

Hooke .
. (16.5)
F

(16.8)

0,

W 12 D 02

(16.9)

( 12 kx2 ).
16.3.
.
,
(. . 16.3).
,
, .
,

153

2
, U 12 D

K 12 I 2 .

E 12 I 2 12 D 2
(16.10)
, .
:
dE
0
dt

d 1 2
d
( 2 I ) ( 12 D 2) 0
dt
dt

d
d
D
0
dt
dt

(16.11)

. (16.11)

d
I
D 0
dt

d
dt

(16.12)

d 2
I 2 D 0
dt

d 2
k 2 0
2
dt

D
I

(16.13)

(t ) 0 cos (k t )

(16.14)

0 ( ) (
), . ,
k ( , rad/s). 0
.
= 2/k,
T 2

I
D

(16.15)

T 2D
4 2

(16.16)

16.4.
,
.

. ,

154

 . , ,
.

, . 16.3.

16.3

. .
, , D,
( ), (- )
6,00 0,03 cm.

.
.

.

1. .. , , : - (, 1953), .
5, 7, 10.
2. Berkeley, 1 (C. Kittel ..), (
..., 1998). . 8.
3. , , , , ,
( 2010).

155

16.5.
16.5.1.
1. ,
, .
2. ,
. .
3. ,
, 45 . ( Newton, ).
4. 3 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 360
.

()

F ()

16.5.2.
1. .
.
2. 45
. 20 , 6 .
3. ,
, .
4. .

20 , 20 (s)

1
2
3
.

156

T20
T

s
s

T20
T

s
s

T20 s

T20

s
s

16.6.
16.6.1.
1. , F
( ), ( , rad).
2. F = f () . (16.8), , ,
D/L, (. .7)
D, D.
16.6.2.
1. T T20 / 20 , ,
D . (16.16),
: , , ,
, V.
2. ,

V.
3. / = ( )/,

V. ; ,
; ;

()
(kg/m2)
()
(kg/m2)
/
(%)

157