Moadelat Difransiel

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Collage.miyaneh@yahoo.com
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{
http://www.ieiso.blogfa.com
B_Akrami58@yahoo.com
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- x y
- n
- -
:
-
-
-
-

f ( x, y ) = 0
ax + by + c = 0
.
f (x ) = 0 .
ax
+
b
=0

2
ax + bx + c = 0
ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0

3
2
ax + bx + cx + d = 0

:
) (x0 , y0
- x0 f(x)=0
f ( x, y ) = 0

f ( x, y ) = 0

- f(x)=0
.

:
(1
( ) (
0 = ) f ( x, y
: ) x ( y
) (
) = 0
) (n
f x, y, y , y ,..., y .
x y
( f ( x, y ) = 0
dy
d2y
dny
y = , y = 2 = y (2 ) , ... , y (n ) = n
dx
dx
dx
:
.
:
3
4
5
(
)
y
+
y
=
x
.
y = e2x

y 5 y + 6 y = 0
) (2
) (3
4
( y + y = y
.
( .
:
) f (x
= y
)g(y
.
, y,
)y
= 0
x( f
) ( .
)
( .

.
) f ( x, y
= y
) = F ( x, y
) g ( x, y
M ( x )dx + N ( y )dy = 0
.
( ) (
d3y d2y
( = x
+

dx 3 dx 2
x2 + x
:
y2 y
= y
dy x 2 + x
=
dx y 2 y
+ x dx + y y 2 dy = 0
:
M ( x )dx + N ( y )dy = 0
+ x dx + y y 2 dy = 0
(x
(x
1 3 1 2 1 2 1 3
x + x + y y =c
3
2
2
3
)( .
:

:

.
:
: ) Q(t t :
( y + 1) (x 2 + 1)dx + (x + 1) (y 2 + 1)dy = 0
dQ
dQ
dQ
Q
= kQ
= kdt
dt
dt
Q
dQ
Q = kdt ln Q = kt + c

x2 + 1
y2 +1
)(x + 1)( y + 1
dx +
dy =:
0
y +1
x +1
Q (0) = 100 e c = 100

Q (t ) = e c .e kt
Q (1) = 98 k = 0.02
1 2
1
x x + 2 ln ( x + 1) + y 2 y + 2 ln ( y + 1) = c
2
2
0.02t
Q (t ) = 100e
.
:
:
:
( x 2 + y 2 )( xdy + ydx) 3 xy ( xdx + ydy ) = 0
1) x 1 y dx 1 x 2 dy = 0
y (0) = 2
1
udt 3t ( du ) = 0
2
2) 2x ( y + 1)dx ydy = 0
dy
x
=
)3
dx
y
x 2 + y 2 = u 2( xdx + ydy ) = du
xy = t xdy + ydx = dt
dt 3 du
dt
3 du
(= ) = 0
(
)
2 u
t
t
2 u
3
t
(ln t = ln u + c ln
)=c
2
u3 2
4) x cos y dx + 1 + x sin y dy = 0

x2+y2
x2+y
2) y = 2
,
xy
y +x

.
= 1) y
) f ( x, y
) g ( x, y
= y
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
) z = g ( x, y ) , z = f ( x, y
.
.
) f ( x, y
) g ( x, y
: ) z = f ( x, y
= y
) f (tx, ty ) = t n f ( x, y
2
2
f ( x, y ) = x + xy + y
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
M N
.
x
.
+ y 2 dx + xydy = 0
(x
+ v 2 x 2 dx + xvx (vdx + xdv ) = 0

+ v 2 x 2 + v 2 x 2 dx + x 3 vdv = 0
(x
(x
) f (1,v
(1 + 2v )dx + xvdv = 0
2
v x
x 1 + 2v 2
dx
v
x + 1 + 2v 2 dv = 0 :
f ( x, y ) = xe + y sin

) f (1,v
dv
dv
dx
=
v
) v = f (v
=
= x
) g (1,v
dx
) g (1,v
f (v ) x
x 2 1 + 2v 2 dx + x 3 vdv = 0
y
x
:
) f ( x, y
= y .

) g ( x, y
v = y x
y = vx y = x + v OR dy = vdx + xdv
y = vxdy = vdx + xdv

2
n :
f g
.
v = y x
.
) dy (x y
=
dx
x 4y
)1
dy
=
dx
)2
x2y2 +y
x
1
ln x + ln(1 + 2v 2 ) = ln c
4
: c ln c
.
x 4 (1 + 2v 2 ) = c
ln x (1 + 2v 2 ) 4 = ln c
2y 2
) =c
x2
x 4 (1 +
.
:
:
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0
1) ( x + y 1) dx + ( x y ) dy = 0
2) (2 x + 2 y 1) dx + ( x + y ) dy = 0
.
:
: ) (h,k
x= X+h y=Y+k
.
:
a1x + b1y=z

.
:

.

.
c
f ( x, y , c ) = 0
.
f ( x, y , y ) = 0

f ( x, y , c ) = 0

1
y =
1
y
f x, y, = 0 g ( x, y, c) = 0
y
:
:
x 2 + y 2 = c 2 2 x + 2 yy = 0 x + yy = 0
1
y
1
y
x + y = 0 x = xy = y
y
y
dy
dy
dx
x
= y
=
ln y = ln x + ln c
dx
y x
ln y = ln cx y = cx
:
x 2 + y 2 = 2cx

rd
= tan
) ( .

r = 2c cos:
dr
= 2c sin :
d
dr

rd

dr
dr
.
rd
c:
dr r
rd cos
=
=
sin
d cos
dr
sin
dr
rd

rd
dr
dr
cos
dr
cos
r = sin d
sin
rd
ln r = ln sin + ln 2c
ln r = ln 2c sin
:
r = 2c sin .
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
) z = f ( x, y
) z = f ( x, y
f
f
) = N ( x, y
) = M ( x, y
y
x

df
f
f
dx + dy
x
y
= df

x y ) M = M ( x, y
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
) N = N (x, y .

N M
.
f
f
) = N ( x, y
) = M ( x, y
y
x
x y:
f N
f M
=
,
=
x y x y x
y
2 f
2 f
=
:
xy yx
M N
=
:
y x
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
:
M N
=
x
y
) (.
:

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0
: .
(2 x + y ) dx + (x + 3 y 2 )dy = 0

) z = f ( x, y :
f
f
) = M ( x, y
) = N ( x, y
x
y
(
+ y dx + 3x 2 y 2 + 3 y 2 + x dy = 0

M
N
= = 6 xy 2 + 1
= 6 xy 2 + 1
y
x
df = 0
f = c .
f
f
y
) x f = x 2 + yx + ( y
) = x + ( y
= 2 x + y
x
y
f = x + 3 y 2 x + ( y ) = x + 3 y 2 ( y ) = 3 y 2
y

)(y
f
= c

ydx (x 2 + x )dy = 0
M
N
=1
= 2 x 1,
y
x
1
u = 2 :
x
y
1
dx 1 + dy = 0
x2
x
.
.
(x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0

M
N 1 M
1
= ,
=
x x 2 y x 2
uMdx + uNdy = 0
) ( y

f
.
u = u ( x
) , y
f
)
= N (x, y
y
=0
( y ) = y 3 f = x 2 + yx + y 3 df
x 2 + yx + y 3 = c
M N
xy
f
y
) x f = M ( x, y ) dx + ( y
(
)
M
x
,
y
=
x
f
) m( x, y ) dx + ( y
=
y y
(2 xy
f
.
f
) = N ( x, y
(2 x + y )dx + (x + 3 y 2 )dy = 0
M
N
==1
=1
y
x
( x
) u = u (x
u du
u
=
,
=0
x dx
y

M
u
N
u
+M
=u
+N
y
y
x
x
:
M
u
N
u
+M
=u
+N
y
y
x
x
p ( x )dx
1 M N
u = e
N y x
u
.
= ) p(x
u = u
) ( y
.
:
M N
= x 2x = x
y
x
M :
M
u
N
u
+M
=u
+N
x
y
y
x
q ( y )dy
M N
u = e
y
x
= e ln y = y
u du
u
=
,
=0
y dy
x
1 M N
1
1
= ) q (y
= ) ( x
=
M y
x xy
y
y dy
( y
= xy dx + 1 + x 2 dy
0
:
u=e
:

:
1
M
= ) q( y
:
u ( x , y ) = x y
m
n m
M ( x )dx = N ( y )dy
)) M ( x )dx = d (v( x, y
d (u ( x, y )) = N ( y )dy
)) d (u ( x, y )) = d (v( x, y
u ( x , y ) = x y
m

.
+ y )dx xdy = 0(y
x
ydx xdy
= ) ( 2) d
y
y2
ydx + xdy
y
= ) ( 3) d
x
x2
ydx + xdy
y
= ) 4) d (tan 1
x
x2+y2
x
ydx xdy
= ) 5) d (ln
xy
y
ydx + xdy
1
= )) 6) d (tan (xy
1+ x 2 y 2
2
xdx + ydy
7) d (ln( x 2 + y )) = 2 2
x +y2
.
:
+ y dx xdy = 0 ydx xdy = y 2 dx
(y
x
ydx xdy
= dx d = dx
y2
y

x
x
= = x + c y
y
cx
d (xy ) = ydx + xdy
)1
:
1) y dx + (x + y 2 ) dy = 0
-
x
.
3) ( y 2 + y )dx x dy = 0
ydx xdy
+ y 2dy = 0
)4
y2
- .

t.
dy
ey
= y
dx
xe + 2 y
)2
5) xy dx + (1 + x 2 )dy = 0
6) (x 2 + xy 2 ) y 3xy + 2 y 3 = 0
) 7) x dy y dx = (4x 2 + 9 y 2 )(4x dx + 9 ydy
f1
) (

f ( x, y, y ) = 0
y , y
) ax + by = c
) y + p( x ) y = q( x
1
y = x3
x
1
2) y + y = e x
x
2
3) y 2 xy = e x
1) y +
x y
(

) f1 ( x ) y + f 2 ( x ) y = f 3 ( x
1
x
3
: y + y = x .
1
x
= ) p(x
q( x ) = x 3
.x 3 dx + c
x dx
) y + p (x ) y = q (x
p ( x )dx
u = e
[ e
x dx
y=e
1
c
1
y = x 1 x 5 + c y = x 4 +
5
x
5
e p ( x )dx .q ( x ) dx + c

n = 1
n 0,1
dx

dy
p ( y )dy
p ( y )dy
x=e
[ e
].q ( y )dy + c
(1 n ) p ( x ) dx
(1 n ) p ( x ) dx
z = y1n = e
[ e
.(1 n)q( x)dx + c
)(Clairaut
) y = xy + f ( y
1 n = 3
)(Clairaut .
)y = cx + f (c
y = c
n =4
.
1
x
= ) p (x
] = x [ 3dx + c
3
) y 3 = x 3 (3x + c
q (x ) = x 3
] y 3 = x 3[ x 3 .(3x 3 )dx + c
y +
( 3) dx
( 3) dx
] y 3 = e x [ e x .(3)x 3dx + c
= c
y
1
: y = x 3 y 4
x
f ( y
)
y + x= y
= x
x .
dx
) + p ( y )x = q( y
dy
y=e
n
z = y1

p ( x )dx
n = 0
y + p ( x) y = q( x) y n
]y = e ln x [ e ln x. .x 3 dx + c] y = e ln x [ x.x 3 dx + c
= 3x + cx
4
y = xy + ( y ) 2 :
y = c :
(Riccati)
y = f ( x) + g ( x) y + h( x) y 2
h( x )0
y = cx + c 2
y = y1 ( x) .
u
y = y1 2
u
y = y1 +
1
.
u

u + [ g ( x) + 2h( x) y1 ] u = h( x)
.
1
dx + c ]
x
2
2 1
u = e 2ln x e x [ e 2ln x .e x
dx + c ]
x
2
2 1
u = x 2e x [ x 2 .e x
dx + c ]
x
u = e (2ln x + x ) [ e 2ln x + x
2
y1 =) x
2
1
y = x + y y 2 :
x
x
:
3
1
2
h( x) =
x
x
2
1
1
2
1
2
u + [ + 2( ).( x )]u = u + ( + 2 x)u =
x
x
x
x
x
2
1
p( x) = + 2 x
q( x) =
x
x
2
2 1
u = e ( 2 ln x + x ) [ e 2 ln x + x dx + c ]
x
f ( x) = x 3
g ( x) =
u = x 2e x [ xe x dx + c ]
2
u=
2
1 2
1
c
e x + 2c
+ 2 x2 =
x + cx 2e x =
2
2
2
2x
2x 2e x
x e
y = x +
2x 2e x
e x + 2c
:
x2
1) y 2xy = e
x
2) y + xy = 3 y 0
y
3) y = y x + ( y ) 2
f (x , y , y ) = 0
y = p

f ( x, y , y , y ) = 0
.

.
:
dp
y= p
= y
dx
dp
f (x , y , y ) = 0 f (x , p , ) = 0
dx
:x f ( y , y , y ) = 0
2
yy
y =.
0
= ( y ) y +
:y f ( x, y , y ) = 0
2
xy = y xy y = 3.x
xy = y
dp dp dy
dp
=
=p
= y = p y
dx dy dx
dy
dp
f ( y , y , y ) = 0 f ( y , p , p
)=0
dy
y p
.
dp
dp dx
dp
dx
=p
=

=
dx
p
x
p x
ln p = ln x + ln c1 ln p = ln c1x p = c1x
x
dy
1
= c1x dy = c1xdx y = c1x 2 + c 2
dx
2
= y = p y
f ( y , y , y ) = 0
y = p

dp
dx
:

.
yy = ( y )2
dp dp dy
dp
=
=p
dx dy dx
dy
= y = p y
dp
= p 2 ydp = pdy
dy
dp
dy
=
ln p = ln y + ln c1 p = c1 y
p y
dy
dy
= c1 y
= c1dx ln y = c1x + c 2
dx
y
yp
1) y + y = 0
2) y + y = x
y = e c1x +c 2 = e c1x .e c 2 y = ce c1x

f2 f1 f3
)f1 ( x) y + f 2 ( x) y + f 3 ( x) y = f 4 ( x
a1 y + a2 y + a3 y = 0
f4(x)=0
yg
y + ay + by = 0
. f4(x)0
yp .

) . (
y = yg + yp
( ) m1 (m2
d
=D
dx
y g = c1e m1x + c 2e m 2 x
dy
d dy
= = Dy , y
( ) = D 2y
dx
dx dx
( ) (m
=y
y g = c1e mx + c 2 xe mx
y + ay + by = 0 (D 2 + aD + b ) y = 0
( ) (m1,m2=aib
:
) y g = e (c1 cos bx + c 2 sin bx
ax
D 2 5D + 6 = 0 D = 2, 3 y g = c1e 2 x + c 2e 3x
= ) w (f , g
2) y 4 y + 4 y = 0
D 2 4D + 4 = 0 D = 2 y g = c1e 2 x + c 2 xe 2 x
3) y y + y = 0
1
3
i
2 2
1
x
3
3
y g = e 2 (c1 cos
x + c 2 sin
)x
2
2
= D 2 D +1 = 0 D

.
1) y 5 y + 6 y = 0
) (Wronskian f g
) g (x
) = f ( x ) g (x ) g ( x )f ( x
) g ( x
: :
: ) f(x ) g(x
) f (x
) f (x
)(D + aD + b = 0
) (
.
:

)y + ay + by = f (x

y = y g + y p :
:
y + ay + by = 0
) y g (x ) = c1 y 1 (x ) + c 2 y 2 (x
)y + ay + by = f ( x
y p = v 1 (x ) y 1 + v 2 (x ) y 2
v 1y 1 + v 2 y 2 = 0
) v 1y 1 + v 2 y 2 = f (x
) y 1 f (x
dx
) w ( y 1, y 2
= , v2
) y 2 f (x
dx
) w ( y 1, y 2

): y + ay + by = f ( x

= v1
:
x
(D 3D + 2) y = e
2
y g = c1e x + c 2e 2 x y p = v 1e x + v 2e 2 x
2x
3x
v 1y 1 + v 2 y 2 = 0
v e + v e = 0
1 2x 2
3x
x
v 1(2e ) + v 2 (3e ) = 3e
) v 1 y 1 + v 2 y 2 = f (x
3
v 1 = 3e x , v 2 = e 2 x
2
3
3
3
y p = 3e x .e 2 x e 2 x .e 3x = 3e x e x = e x
2
2
2
3 x
2x
3x
y = y g + y p = c1e + c 2e + e
2
v 1e x + v 2e 2 x = 0
v 1 = x
x
x
x
2x
v 2 = e
v 1e + 2v 2e = e
y p = xe x e x e 2 x = (1 + x )e x
y = y p + y g = c1e x + c 2e 2 x (1 + x )e x
y 5 y + 6 y = 3e x
D1 = 2
2
y g = c1e 2 x + c 2e 3x
y 5 y + 6 y = 0 D 5D + 6 = 0
D1 = 3
y p = v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2
(D 1)(D 2) y = e x
: :
y
1) y 5 y + 6 y = 1 + x
2) y 5 y + 6 y
(D n + a1D n 1 + ... + an 1D + an ) y = 0
3) y y 6 y = e x
(D n + a1D n 1 + ... + an 1D + an ) = 0
) 4) y 3 y + 2 y = sin(e x
:
+ a1 y ( n 1) + ... + an 1 y + an y = 0
) (n
( D m1 )(D m 2 )(D m 3 )...(D m n ) = 0

:
- aib
- mk
) e ax (c1 cos bx + c 2 sin bx
mk x
ck e
- aib r
- mk r

r 1 m k x
e (c1 cos bx + c 2 sin bx ) + xe (c 3 cos bx + c 4 sin bx ) + ... +

ax
ax
) x r 1e ax (c 2 r 1 cos bx + c 2 r sin bx
+ ... + c r x
mk x
+ c 2 xe
mk x
c1e
.
1) ( D 1) ( D 2 )( D + 2 ) y = 0
2
D ( D 1)( D 2 ) y = 0
2
2) ( D 2) ( D + 1)( D + 3 ) y = 0
4) ( D 2) 2 ( D + 2 ) y = 0
D = 0,1
3) ( D 3 3D 2 + 3D 1) y = 0
D = 2

5) (D 2 + 9) 2 D 2 4 y = 0
=
6) (D 2D + 5) y = 0
2
2x
+ c 4 xe
2x
+ c 2e + c 3e
x
0x
y g = c1e
c1 + c 2e x + c 3e 2 x + c 4 xe 2 x
n n
:

) y ( n ) + a1 y ( n 1) + ... + an 1 y + an y = f (x
v 1u1 + v 2u 2 + ... + v n u n = 0
v 1u1 + v 2u 2 + ... + v n u n = 0
M
v u ( n 2) + v u ( n 2) + ... + v u ( n 2) = 0
2 2
n n
1 1
) v 1u1( n 1) + v 2u 2( n 1) + ... + v nu n( n 1) = f (x
y g = c1u1 + c 2u 2 + ... + c nu n

y p = v 1u1 + v 2u 2 + ... + v nu n
+ ax
x y
0
= y + by
2
a b - .
(D 1)(D + 2)(D + 1) y = xe 2 x
x
+ v 3e
2 x
y p = v 1e + v 2e
x
2 x
+ c 3 xe
2 x
y g = c1e + c 2e
x
v 1e + v 2e + v 3e = 0
x
2 x
x
v 1e 2v 2e v 3e = 0
x
2 x
x
2 x
v 1e + 4v 2e + v 3e = xe
?= yp
x
.
( x y + xy y = 0
( x y 4 xy + 6 y = 0
2
(D 3 + 3D 2 4) y = xe 2 x
2 x
?= y = yp + yg
:
x y 4xy + 6 y = 0
2
x=et
x = e t t = ln x
D = 2
d 2 y
dy
2
dt 2 5 dt + 6 y = 0 D 5D + 6D = 0 D = 3
dt
d 2t
& = e t
= e t
dx
dx 2
x 2 y + axy + by = 0
) (x = e t , dx = e t dt
D (D 1) y + aDy + b ) y = 0
d 2y
dy
)+ (a 1
+ by = 0
2
dt
dt
y g = c1e 2t + c 2e 3t = c1e 2ln x + c 2e 3ln x = c1x 2 + c 2 x 3

.
:

.
:
.
:
=0
x 2 y + xy y = 2 x 2 e x
x 3 y + ax 2 y + bxy + cy = 0
[ D (D 1)(D 2) + aD (D 1) + bD + c ] y
x y + 4x y 8xy + 8 y = 0
2
t
x = e t = ln x
[ D (D 1)(D 2) + 4D (D 1) 8D + 8] y = 0 D = 1, 2, 4
y = c1e t + c 2e 2t + c 3e 4t = c1x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 4
( f(x)=Aeax a
yp Beax
) (
)y + ay + by = f ( x
) f(x yp .
B .
( f(x)=Aeax a
r yp
3
y p = ex
2
f (x ) = 3e
Bxreax
B .
) f(x .
n
( f ( x) = A0 + A1 x + ... + An x
y 4 y + 4 y = 3e 2 x
D 2 4D + 4 = 0 ( D 2) 2 = 0 D = 2, 2
y g = c1e 2 x + c 2 xe 2 x
r
xr .
) y p = x r (B 0 + B1x + ... + B n x n
y p = 2Bxe 2 x + 2Bx 2e 2 x
y p = Bx 2e 2 x
2x
2x
2x
2 2x
y p = 2Be + 4Bxe + 4Bxe + 4Bx e
) 2Be 2 x + 8Bxe 2 x + 4Bx 2e 2 x 4(2Bxe 2 x + 2Bx 2e 2 x
+4Bx 2e 2 x = 3e 2 x
3
3
y p = x 2e 2 x
2
2
= 2Be 2 x = 3e 2 x B
3
+ x 2e 2 x
2
( f ( x) = A1 sin x + A2 cosx
y y = 1 + x
)D 2 D = 0 ( D = 0,1
x
D=i
= c1 + c 2e
1 x
+ c 2e
0 x
y g = c1e
) y p = x ( B 0 + B 1x + B 2 x 2
r xj
2 B 1 5B 0 = 1
1
3
= 6B 2 2B 1 = 0 B 2 = , B 1 = 1, B 0
3
5
3B = 1
2
3
1
yp = x x 2 x 3
5
3
3
1
x
y = c1 + c 2e x x 2 x 3
5
3
.:
) y p = x j (B1 sin x + B 2 cos x
y = c1e 2 x + c 2 xe 2 x
:
:
:
:
)f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) + ... + f n ( x
i=1, 2, , n )yi(x

)y + ay + by = f i (x
)y p = y1 ( x) + y 2 ( x) + ... + y n ( x
y p = B 0 sin x + B 1 cos x
B 0 sin x B 1 cos x B 0 sin x B 1 cos x = 3sin x
3
2B 0 = 3 B 0 2 , 2B 1 = 0 B 1 = 0
3
y p = sin x
2
3
y = c1x x + c 2e x sin x
2
y y = 3sin x
a=0 D 2 1 = 0 D = 1
y g = c1 + c 2e x
:
y 3 y + 2 y = 2x 2 + 4e 3x
D 2 3D + 2 = 0 D = 1, 2
=0 =3
y p = B 0e 3x + B 1 + B 2 x + B 3 x 2
7
3x
y p = 2e 3x + + 3x + x 2
y p = 3B 0e + B 2 + 2B 3 x
2
3x
y p = 9B 0e + 2B 3
dx
dt = 2xt x
dy = 2 yt + x
dt
dx
dt = 2x
dy
= 3x + 2t
dt
dz
dt = x + 4 y + t
dx
dt = 3x + y
dy = 3 y + x
dt

.
:
.

:
dx d 2 x
d nx
:
dy
dx
2 dt x + dt + 4 y = 1
dx dy = t 1
dt dt
)=0
,...,
dt
dt
d 2y
dmy
, 2 ,..., m ) = 0
dt
dt
f (t , x ,
dt
dy
g (t , y ,
dt
.

dy
dx
2 dt x + dt + 4 y = 1
2Dx x + Dy + 4 y = 1
d
=D
dt
dx dy
Dx Dy = t 1

= t 1
dt dt
(2D 1)x + (D + 4) y = 1
Dx Dy = t 1

D .
d
= D

dt

. .
D D+4 :
)D (2D 1)x + (D + 4)Dx = D (1) + (D + 4)(t 1

(2D 2 D + D 2 + 4D )x = 0 + D (t ) + 4t D (1) 4
(3D 2 + 3D )x = 4t 3
(3D 2 + 3D )x = 4t 3
dx dy
dy dx
= t 1
=
t +1
dt dt
dt dt
4
7
1
4
dy
dy
= c 2e t + t t + 1
= c 2e t + t
3
3
3 3
dt
dt
1
4
1 2 4
t
t
dy = ( c 2e + 3 t 3 )dt y = c 2e + 6 t 3 t + c3
3D + 3D = 0 3D (D + 1) = 0 D = 0, 1
2
x p = 2A o
t
x g = c1 + c 2e
) x p = t (A ot + A1
x p = A ot 2 + A1t x p = 2A ot + A1
3x p + 3x p = 4t 3
2 2 7
t
x = c1 + c 2e + 3 t 3 t
y = c e t + 1 t 2 4 t + c
2
3
6
3
7
3
A1 =
2
3
= 6A o + 6A ot + 3A1 = 4t 3 A o
2
7
xp = t2 t
3
3
2
7
x = c1 + c 2e t + t 2 t
3
3
: D

) f 1 (D )x + g 1 (D ) y = h1 (t
) f (D )x + g (D ) y = h (t
2
2
2

...
.
) f 1 (D
) h1 (t
) g 1 (D
) h1 (t
) f 2 (D
) h2 (t
) g 2 (D
) h2 (t
) g 1 (D
) f 1 (D
) g 1 (D
) f 1 (D
) f 2 (D ) g 2 (D
= ,y
= x
) f 2 (D ) g 2 (D
dx
dt = 2xt x
dy = 2 yt + x
dt
2
2tdt
2tdt
c1e t t dt + c 2
y =e
e

y = e t c1 e t e t t dt + c 2
EQ :2
t +c
= et
e c x = c1e t
: :
dx
3x = 2c1e 2t + 4c 2e 4t 3c1e 2t 3c 2e 4t
dt
y = c1e 2t + c 2e 4t
y =
:

.
t2
x 1 = + c1
t2
x 1 = + c
2
&
&...
2
2
x = 5c
x = t t + c
2
2
2 2 2
x = c1e 2t + c 2e 4t
x = c1e 2t + c 2e 4t
2t
4t
y = c1e + c 2e
d 2x
dx dy
d 2x
dx
dif from EQ1
from EQ 2
=3
+
2 =3
+ 3y + x
2
dt
dt dt
dt
dt
2
2
d x
dx
dx
d x
dx
from EQ1
2 =3
+ 3( 3x ) + x 2 6
+ 8x = 0
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
Dx 1 Dx 2 = t
4Dx 1 4Dx 2 = 4t
x 6x + 8x = 0 D 2 6D + 8 = 0 D = 2, 4
2
2
dy
dy
= 2 yt + c1e t t
2ty = c1e t t
dt
dt
:
dx
dt = 3x + y
dy = 3 y + x
dt
y = e t c1 e t dt + c 2 y = e t c1e t + c 2
t
t
x = c1e
2
t 2 t
+ c 2e t
y = c1e

dx
dx
= x (2t 1)
= (2t 1)dt
dt
x
ln x = t 2 t + c x = e t
:
dx
dt = 2x
dy
1)
= 3x + 2t
dt
dz
dt = x + 4 y + t
dx dy
+
+ x 6 = et
dt dt
2) 2
2
d x + d y + dx dy + x + y = t
dt 2 dt 2 dt dt
dx dy
t
2 dt + dt 4x y = e
3)
dx + 3x + y = 0
dt
:
.
. t=0

t

.

.
) 1) D (f ( x )) = F ( x
2) f (x )dx = F ( x ) + c
s R : L [ f ( x ) ] = F (s ) = e sx f ( x )dx
n sx n 1
e x dx
s o
f (x ) = 1
f (x ) = x n
x n e sx
s
f ) [0,
f :
= L (1) = F (s ) = e sx dx = lim e sx dx = lim e sx

b
b
s
o
o
o
1
1
1
= lim( e sb + e o ) = s > 0
b
s
s
s
L (x n ) = e sx x n dx =
o
n
n n 1
n n 1 1
= )L (x n 2 ) = L
( = ) = L ( x n 1
)L L (1
s
s s
s s
s
!n
n
L (x ) = n +1 s > 0
s
f (x ) = x
= L ( x ) = F (s ) = e sx xdx = lim xe sx dx
o
1
1
1
= lim xe sx bo + e sx dx = lim xe sx 2 e sx
b +
b +
s
s
o
s
o
s
1 o 1
1 sb 1 sb 1
= lim be 2 e + xe + 2 e = 2 s > 0
b +
s
s
s
s
s
:
L (x n ) =
L (e ax ) =
1
s a
L (sin ax ) =
a
a2 + s 2
L (sinh ax ) =
a
s 2 a2
L (cos ax ) =
s
s 2 + a2
L (cosh ax ) =
s
s 2 a2
L(
L(
n!
s n +1
sin kt
k
) = tg 1 ( )
t
s
L(

1) L [c f ( x ) + c f ( x ) + ...] = c L [ f ( x ) ] + c L [ f ( x ) ] + ... .
2sinh kt
s +k
) = ln(
)
t
s k
4)L [ f (ax ) ] =
L e bx cos ax =
s b
5!
, L (e 2 x x 5 ) =
(s b ) 2 + a 2
(s + 2) 6
dn
L (f ( x ))
ds n
d
2s
1
2s
=
L (x sin x ) = ( 2 ) = 2
ds s + 1
(s + 1) 2 (s 2 + 1) 2
3)L ( x n f ( x )) = ( 1) n
L ( x 2 sin x ) = (1) 2
2)L e ax f 1 ( x ) = F (s a )
1 e t
1
) = ln(1 + )
t
s
L cosh 3x 2 sin 4x e 2 x = L [ cosh 3x ] 2 L [sin 4x ] L e 2 x = ...
d2
d2
1
6s 2 2
L (f ( x )) = 2 ( 2 ) = 2
2
ds
ds s + 1 (s + 1)3
1 s
F( )
a a
1 e at
1 s
1
1
1
a
) = F ( ) = ln(1 +
) = ln(1 + )
L(
at
a a
a
s /a a
s
5) L ( y ( n ) ) = s n L ( y ) s n 1 y (0) s n 2 y (0) L sy ( n 2) (0) y ( n 1) (0)
L ( y ) = sL ( y ) y (0)
L ( y ) = s 2 L ( y ) sy (0) y (0)
1) L (5x 2 + 12)
2)L (3e 2 x + 3x )
3)L (e i x )
4)L (sin x )
5)L (cos x )
6) L (sinh x )
7)L (cosh x )
8)L (e 7 x sin 5x )
9)L (e 3x cos 4x )
10)L (e 2 x x 5 )
11)L (x cos x )
L (sin 2 x ) :
f (x ) = sin 2 x f ( x ) = 2sin x cos x = sin 2x
2
L [ f (x ) ] = sL (sin 2 x ) sin 2 (0) 2
= sL (sin 2 x )
s +4
2
L (sin 2 x ) =
s (s 2 + 4)
2!
1 10 12
+ 12 = 3 +
s3
s s
s
1
1
3
3
2x
2x
+ 3 2 =
+
2)L (3e + 3x ) = 3L (e ) + 3L (x ) = 3
s 2
s
s 2 s2
1
1
s + i s + i
s
=
=
=
+i 2
3, 4,5)L (e i x ) =
s i s i s + i s 2 + 2 s 2 + 2
s +2
L (e i x ) = L (cos x + i sin x ) = L (cos x ) + iL (sin x )
s
, L (cos x ) = 2
L (sin x ) = 2
s + 2
s + 2
e x e x
1
1 1
1
6)L (sinh x ) = L (
) = L (e x ) L (e x ) = (
)
2
2
2 s s +
1 s + s +
= (
)= 2
s 2 2
s 2
2
1)L (5x 2 + 12) = 5L (x 2 ) + 12L (1) = 5
e x e x
1 1
1
) = (L (e ) + L (e x )) = (
+
)
2
2 s s +
1 s + + s
s
= (
)= 2
2
s 2 2
s 2
5
s 3
8)L (e 7 x sin 5x ) =
9)L (e 3x cos 4x ) =
(s 7) 2 + 25
(s 3) 2 + 16
5!
10)L (e 2 x x 5 ) =
(s + 2)6
7)L (cosh x ) = L (
11)L (x cos x ) =
d
s
s 2 + 1 2s 2
s 2 1
= 2
(
)=
ds s 2 + 1
(s 2 + 1) 2
(s + 1) 2

) f(x .
) F(s
])F(s)= L[f(x
.
) F(s . ) f(x
F(s)= L[f(x)] :
:
-1
))f(x)=L (F(s
) f(x ) F(s.
1)L (c1F1 (s ) + c 2 F2 (s ) + ...) = c1L (F1 (s )) + c 2 L1 (F2 (s )) + ...

5
1
L1 ( ) = 5L1 ( ) = 5 1 = 5
s
s
4
6
!2
2
L 1 ( 3 + 2
) = 2L1 ( 3 ) + 3L1 ( 2
) = 2x 2 3sin 2x
s
s +4
s
s +4
2
1
1
) = ? L 1 ( 2
) = ? L1 ( 4
?=)
( L 1
s +3
s +s
s +s2
) 2) L 1 (F (s a )) = e a x f (x
1
1
) = e 2 x sin x
( ) = L1
(s 2) 2 + 12
s 2 + 4s + 5
s +3
6
12
( L 1
( ) = ? L 1
) = ? L 1 ( 2
?=)
s + 2s + 5
(s + 2) + 9
(s + 3) 4
( L 1
2
1
( ) = 2 L 1
) = 2e 3x
s +3
)s ( 3
1
1
1 1
1
1
( ) = L1
) = L 1 ( +
( ) = L1 ( ) L1
) = 1 e x
s2 +s
)s (s + 1
s s +1
s
)s ( 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) = L1 ( 2 2
) = L1 ( 2 + 2 ) = L1 ( 2 ) L1 ( 2
)
s4 +s2
)s (s + 1
s
s +1
s
)s + 1
= x sin x
( 1)L1
( 2)L1
( 3) L1
6
3
) = 2e 2 x sin 3x
( ) = 2 L 1
(s + 2) + 9
(s + 2) 2 + 32
( 4)L1
12
!3
( ) = 2 L 1
) = 2e 3x x 3
(s + 3) 4
(s + 3) 4
( 5)L1
2
s +3
s +1+ 2
s +1
( ) = L1
( ) = L1
( ) + L1
=)
(s 1) 2 + 22
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2
(s + 1) 2 + 22
s 2 + 2s + 5
( 6)L1
: :
1
)
s2 +s
6
)
(s + 2) + 9
( 2) L1
( 4) L1
s +3
6) L1 ( 2
)
s + 2s + 5
2
)
s +3
1
)
s4 +s2
( 1)L1
( 3)L1
12
( 5)L 1
)
(s + 3) 4
= e x cos 2x + e x sin 2x
:
y (0) = 1
y + y =ex
) L ( y + y ) = L (e x ) L ( y ) + L ( y ) = L (e x
1
s 1
1
1 + s 1
s
s
= ) (s + 1)L ( y
= +1
=
= ) L (y
s 1
s 1
s 1
)(s 1)(s + 1
1
1
s
1
1
2
( )=L
( y =L
) + 2
)(s 1)(s + 1
s 1 s +1
1
1
1
1
1
1
( ) + L 1
) y = e x + e x = cosh x
( y = L1
2
2
s 1 2
s +1
2
= ) sL ( y ) y (0) + L ( y ) = L (e x ) sL ( y ) 1 + L ( y

.

.
:
:
y + 4 y = 4x y (0) = 1, y (0) = 5
L ( y + 4 y ) = L (4x ) L ( y ) + 4L ( y ) = 4L (x )
s 2 L ( y ) sy (0) y (0) + 4L ( y ) =
s2
1) y + 2 y = e x y (0) = 2
4
4
(s 2 + 4)L ( y ) = s + 5 + 2
2
s
s
5
1
1
s
L (y ) = 2
+
+
s +4 s2 +4 s2 s2 +4
4
1
s
) = cos 2x + 2sin 2x + x
y = L 1 ( 2
+
+
s +4 s2 +4 s2
s 2 L ( y ) s 5 + 4L ( y ) =
L ( y + 2 y ) = L (e x ) L ( y ) + 2L ( y ) = L (e x )
L (y ) =
1
2s + 3
+2=
) (s + 2)L ( y ) =
s +1
s +1
2s + 3
2s + 3
y = L1 (
)
(s + 1)(s + 2)
(s + 1)(s + 2)
1
1
1
1
+
y =L (
) y = L1 (
) + L1 (
) y = e x + e 2 x
s +1 s + 2
s +1
s +2
1
3) y + 2 y + y = 3xe x y (0) = 4 , y (0) = 2
L ( y ) + 2L ( y ) + 5L ( y ) = 3L (e x sin x )
s 2 L ( y ) sy (0) y (0) + 2 [sL ( y ) y (0) ] + 5L ( y )
=
3(s 2 + 2s + 3)
((1 + s ) 2 + 1) + ((1 + s ) 2 + 4)
1
2
L (y ) =
+
= e x sin x + 2e x sin 2x
((1 + s )2 + 1) ((1 + s )2 + 4)
G(s)=L[g(x)] F(s)=L[f(x)] :
s>0
H(x)= F(s)G(s)= L[h(x)]
(1 + s ) 2
h (x ) = f (x u ) g (u )du
s L ( y ) 4s 2 + 2sL ( y ) 8 + L ( y ) =
(1 + s ) 2
3
3
+ 4s + 10 (1 + s ) 2 L ( y ) =
+ 4s + 10
(1 + 2s + 1)L ( y ) =
(1 + s ) 2
(1 + s ) 2
3
4s + 10
3
4(1 + s ) + 6
L (y ) =
+
=
+
(1 + s )4 (1 + s )2 (1 + s ) 4
(1 + s ) 2
3
4
6
1
=
+
+
y = x 3e x + 6xe x + 4e x
(1 + s ) 4 (1 + s ) (1 + s ) 2
2
(1 + s ) 2 + 1
L (y ) =
= 3L (e x sin x )
s 2 L ( y ) sy (0) y (0) + 2 [sL ( y ) y (0)] + L ( y ) =
(1 + s ) 2 + 1
( s 2 + 2s + 5)L ( y ) 3 =
L ( y + 2 y + 5 y ) = L (3xe x ) L ( y ) + 2L ( y ) + 5L ( y )
L ( y + 2 y + 5 y ) = L (3e x sin x )
3) y + 2 y + y = 3xe x y (0) = 4 , y (0) = 2
2) y + 2 y + 5 y = 3e x sin x y (0) = 0 , y (0) = 3
1) y + 2 y = e x y (0) = 2
sL ( y ) y (0) + 2L ( y ) = L (e
2) y + 2 y + 5 y = 3e x sin x y (0) = 0 , y (0) = 3
g f h
. h=f * g
:
h=f * g = g * f
: :
(n ) = x n 1e x dx
a
H (s ) = 2 2
) s (s + a 2
a
1
H = F G
F (s ) = 2 G (s ) = 2
s
s + a2
a
1
L (x ) = 2 , L (sin ax ) = 2
s
s + a2
n>0.
:
(n + 1) = n ! ; n = 0,1, 2,...
) (n + 1) = n (n
1
( ) =
2
(1) = 1
)(n + 1
s n +1
h (x ) = f g (x ) = ( x u ) sin audu
0
ax sin ax
a2
= ) L (t n
= ) h (x
)(3/ 2) 1 (1/ 2
1
= = 3/ 2 = 3/ 2
2 s
2s
2s
s 3/ 2
= ) L (t 1/ 2
??)L (t 4 2t 3/ 2 + 6

.
)(
.
.

.
a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + a 2 ( x x0 ) 2 + ... + a n ( x x0 ) n + ...
an ( x x0 ) n x0 , a0 , a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ,...
n=0
x
x0.

:
- x = x0 .
- x x 0
x x0 < R x x0 > R
R .
- x .
x
)( .
: x = x0 R

x0 R x x0 + R
an
an +1

=R
R = lim
:
.
:
.
2 n ( x 1) n
!n
n =0
2n
n +1
R = lim nn+!1 = lim
= +
n
2
2
n
!)(n + 1
n! x
n =0
!n
1
= lim
=0
n
n +1
!)(n + 1
R = lim
n
x = 0 .
x x0 < R R
:

) f (x
x .
:
.
.
:
.
n
( x 2) n
n
+1
n =1
n
)n ( n + 2
n
=1
R = lim + 1 = lim
n n + 1
(
)+ 1)(n + 1
n
n
n+2
x 2 < 1
.
: :
g ( x ) = bn ( x x0 ) n
: ) f (x

x x < R
f ( x) = a ( x x ) n
n =0
) f ( x ) = a n ( x x0
n =0
f ( x) = na n ( x x 0 ) n 1
n =0
f ( x ) + g ( x ) = ( a n + bn )( x x 0 ) n
n =1
n =0
(
:
f ( x).g ( x) = c n ( x x0 ) n
n =0
k =0
k =0
) a , b ( x 0 R, x 0 + R
cn = a0 bn + a1bn 1 + ... + a n b0 = a K bn K = a n k bk
( x x0 ) n
an
( x x0 ) n+1
n =0 n + 1
= f ( x)dx
n =0
) = a n + k ( x x0
n =0
nk
( x x0 ) n = a n z n
n =0
:
)( n
) ( x0
( x x0 ) n
!n

a
n =0
n=0
= )f ( x
n =0
) f (x x0
f ( n ) (0) n
)( x
!n
x0
n=k
:
) f ( n ) ( x0
( x x0 ) n
!n
) ( x0 R, x0 + R ) f (x
k n
.
- :
x0
z = x x0 . :
= an
) a n ( x x0
: :
x x0 < R R > 0 ) f (x

) f ( n ) ( x0
= an
, n = 0,1,2,...
!n
x0 = 0
)f ( n ) (0
, n = 0,1,2,...
!n
n =0
cf ( x) = can ( x x0 ) n
(
= )f ( x
n =0
) f (x .
1
= x n
1 x n =0
: :
x 2 n+1
(
!)n =0 ( 2n + 1
<1
= sinh x
< x
x 2n
cosh
x
=
(
!)n =0 ( 2n
< x
) f i (x ) g (x x0 .
) (
.
y = nan x n 1 = a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nan x n 1 + ...
g , f n1 ,..., f1 , f 0
.
x0 I .
n =1
x n 1 = a n x n
x0
) y (x x0 n
y ( x0 ) = a0 , y ( x0 ) = a1 ,..., y ( n1) ( x0 ) = an 1
n =0
R > 0, x < R
: x0 )(
n
)(n
)( n 1
y + f n 1 ( x ) y
) + ... + f1 ( x ) y + f 0 ( x ) y = g ( x
(
: y = y
.
:
y = a x n = a + a x + ... + a x n + ....
n
y = y :
< x
:
x ( x 1) y + x( x + 1) y + ( x 1) y = 0
.
3
2
: ) x ( x 1
:
1
1
y + 2
y + 3
y=0
)x ( x 1
)x ( x + 1

x = 0 x = 1 x = 1 .
.
n =0
(1) n x 2 n
= cos x
!)(2n
n =0
(1) n x 2 n+1
= sin x < x
(
!)n =0 ( 2n + 1
< x
xn
= ex
!n = n
na
n =1
y = a n x n
n =0
a0 n
xn
x = a0
!n =0 n
!n =0 n
=y
a 0

.
y = a0 e x
a0
a
a
, a3 = 0 ,..., an = 0 ,...
!2
!3
!n
an
= an +1
= a1 = a0 , a2
n +1

a1 = a 0
2a = a
1
2
3 a 3 = a 2
4a 4 = a3
M
( n + 1) a n +1 = a n

< t < +
< x < + .

n
2
y = a0 + a1t + a 2 t + ... + a n t + ... = a n t n
a0
!n
= an
:
y + ( x 1) 2 y 4( x 1) y = 0
x = 1 .
: t = x 1
x = 1 t = 0 :
dy dy dt dy
=
=
dx dt dx dt
2
d y d dy
d dy dt d 2 y
= ( )= ( ) = 2
dt dt dx dt
dx 2 dx dt
n =0
.:
dy
= a1 + 2a 2 t + ... + na n t n1 + ... = na n t n 1
dt 2
n =1
d y
= 2a2 + ... + n(n 1)an t n2 + ... = n(n 1)a n t n2
dt 2
n=2
d 2 y 2 dy
+t
4ty = 0
dt
dt 2

4a
3a1
, a3 = 0
43
3 2
= a2 = 0 , a4
4a0
6 5 3 2
2 4a 0
= a8 = 0 , a10 = 0 , a9
9 8 6 5 3 2
= a11 = 0 , a13 = 0 , a12

a 0 :
n =0
n =1
+ na n t n +1 4 a n t n +1 = 0
= a5 = 0 , a 7 = 0 , a 6
5 4 2a0
12 11 9 8 6 5 3 2
n 2
n(n 1)a t
n
n=2
2 a 2 = 0
3 2a 4a = 0
3
0
4 3a 4 + a1 4a1 = 0
5 4a5 + 2a2 4a 2 = 0
6 5a6 + 3a3 4a3 = 0

7 6a + 4a 4a = 0
7
4
4
n(n 1) an + ( n 3) an 3 4an3 = 0
M
4
3
4
a0t 3 +
a1t 4 + 0t 5 +
a0t 6
3 2
43
6 5 3 2
2 4
+ 0t 7 + 0t 8 +
a0t 9 + 0t 10 + 0t 11 +
9 8 6 5 3 2
2 5 4
a0t 11 + ...
12 11 9 8 6 5 3 2
y = a0 + a1t + 0t 2 +
(3n 3 4)
(3n 7)
a 3 n 3 =
a 3 n 3
3n(3n 1)
3n(3n 1)
a3=
a3n =
(3n 7)(3n 10)... 8 5 2 (1) n 4

a0
3n(3n 3)...(3) (3n 1)(3n 4)... 2
1
2
4
y = a1 (t + t 4 ) + a0 (1 + t 3 +
t6 +
4
3
6 5 3 2
2 4
2 5 4
t9 +
t 12 + ...
9 8 6 5 3 2
12 11 9 8 6 5 3 2
(1) n .4
t 3n + ...
+ n
3 .n !(3n 4)(3n 1)
2 5 8 ... (3n 10)(3n 7) (1) n 4

a3n = n
3 (n (n 1)(n 2).... (2 1)2 5 ... (3n 4) (3n 1)
(1) n 4
3 .n ! (3n 4)(3n 1)
a3n =
1
(1) n 4
y = a1 (t + t 4 ) + a0 (1 + n
t 3n )
4
n =1 3 .n!(3n 4)(3n 1)
:

. "

(1 x 2 ) y 2xy + p ( p + 1) y = 0
p
x0 = 0 .
:
: t = x 1
( 1) n 4
1
y ( x) = a1 (( x 1) ( x 1) 4 ) + a0 (1 + n
( x 1) 3n )
4
n =1 3 .n!(3n 4)(3n 1)
x
.
y = an x n1
n=1
. | x |< 1
n=2
n=1
n=0
(1 x2 )n(n 1)an xn2 2xnan xn1 + p( p +1)an x n = 0
an + 2 =
(1 x2 )n(n 1)an xn2 2xnan xn1 + p( p + 1)an x n = 0
n=2
n=1
n=0
(n +1)(n + 2)a
n=0
n+2
n=0
n=0
n=0
n 2 n + 2n p 2 p
an
(n + 2)( n + 1)
n2 p2 + n p
an
(n + 2)( n + 1)
( p n )(n + p + 1)
an
=
(n + 2)(n + 1)
xn n(n 1)an xn 2xan xn + p( p +1)an xn = 0
[(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 n(n 1)a n 2nan + p( p + 1)an ]x n = 0

n =0
n ( n 1) + 2n p ( p + 1)
an
( n + 2)(n 1)
, n 0
p( p +1) 2 ( p 1)( p + 2) 3 p( p 2)( p +1)( p + 3) 4

y = a0 + a1 x +
a0 x +
a1 x +
a0 x + L
!2
!3
!4
p( p +1) 2 p( p 2)( p +1)( p + 3) 4 p( p 2)( p 4)( p +1)( p + 3)( p + 5) 6
x +L
y = a0 1
x +
x
!2
!4
!6
( p 1)( p + 2) 3 ( p 1)( p 3)( p + 2)( p + 4) 5 ( p 1)( p 3)( p 5)( p + 2)( p + 4)( p + 6) 7
x +
x
x +L
+ a1 x
!2
!5
!7
)p ( p 1)( p + 1)( p + 3
a0
!4
) ( p 1)( p 3)( p + 2 )( p + 4
a1
=
!5
) p ( p 2 )( p 4 )( p + 1)( p + 3)( p + 5
a0
=
!6
) ( p 1)( p 3)( p 5 )( p + 2 )( p + 4 )( p + 6
a1
=
!7
=
| x |< 1 p

.
.
p .
:
1
y 2 y = 0
x
.
( x 1) y +
a5
a6
a7
y + f1 ( x) y + f 0 ( x) y = 0
( x x 0 ) 2 y + ( x x 0 ) p ( x ) y + q ( x) y = 0
:

2
x :
x = 1, x = 0
2
2x 2
1
= ), p ( x
x 1
x 1
a4
)x( x 1
1
2x
y=0
y
x 1
x 1
a3

x0

: x 1
1
2
y +
y
y=0
x 1
)p ( p + 1
a0
!2
) ( p 1)( p + 2
a1
=
!3
)( p 2 )( p + 3
a2
=
3 4
) ( p 3)( p + 4
a3
=
45
) ( p 4 )( p + 5
a4
=
5 6
) ( p 5 )( p + 6
a5
=
67
a2 =
) q ( x ), p ( x x0
) q ( x ), p ( x
.
x 2 y + x
= )q ( x
x = 0 . x = 0
. ( x 1) 2
:
x 1
)2( x 1
y
y=0
( x 1) 2 y +
x
1
(1 x 2 ) y 2 xy + p( p + 1) y = 0
.
2x
)p ( p + 1
y=0
y
y +
2
1 x
1 x2
x = 1 x = 1
( x 1) 2 :
)2 x( x 1
)p( p + 1)( x 1
( x 1) 2 y +
y
y=0
)( x + 1
x +1
1

x

x = 1 .
= ) q ( x) = 2( x 1), p( x x = 1
:
x 2 y + xy + ( x 2 p 2 ) y = 0
) (Bessel p
p
x 2 p 2
1
y=0
x2
y +
)2 x( x 1
)( x + 1
x = 1 .
( x + 1) 2 :
)2 x( x + 1
)p( p + 1)( x + 1
y
y=0
)( x 1
x 1
y +
x = 0
p( x) = 1, q ( x) = x 2 p 2
x = 0 x = 0
.
)2 x( x + 1
n =0
a 0 0.
n =0
n=0
n=0
n=0
n=0
n=0
+ 2(n + s 1)an1 x
n=0
x0 = 0

2(n + s)(n + s 1)an x
n=0
n=1
n=1
2(s)(s 1)a0 x s + 2(n + s)(n + s 1)an1 x n+s + 2(n + s 1)an1 x n+s + sa0 x s
n=1 n
n=1
n=0
y = x s an x n = an x n+s
y = (n + s)(n + s 1)an xn+s2
n=0
n+s1
n=0
y = (n + s)an x
n=0
+ (n + s)an xn+s a0 xs a xn+s = 0
2 x 2 y + x(2 x + 1) y y = 0
n+s
) (frobenius .
2(n + s)(n + s 1)an xn+s + 2(n + s)an xn+s+1 + (n + s)an xn+s an xn+s = 0
n=0
) y = (x x 0
+ (n + s)an xn+s an xn+s = 0
= an (x x 0 ) n + s
an (x x 0 )n

n+s1
= )q ( x
) p ( p + 1)( x + 1
x 1
) p( x) = ( x 1
( x + 1) 2 y +
x = 1 x = 1
.
: x = x0
= )p ( x
) p ( p + 1)( x 1
x +1
= ) q( x x = 1
n=0
n=0
n=0
2x2 )n + s)(n + s 1)an xn+s2 + x(2x +1)(n + s)an xn+s1 an xn+s = 0
s a n
:
= 2( n + s 1) a n 1
n 1
n 1
(2(n + s)(n + s 1) + n + s 1)a n
) 2(n + s 1
a n 1
2(n + s )(n + s 1) + n + s 1
2s 2s + s 1 = 0
2
2s 2 s 1 = 0

.
1
s = ,s =1
2

1
(
2
2
2
1
= a n 1
= a n 1
a n 1
1
2n
n
2 n + 2( ) + 1
2
1
= a1
a0 = a0
1
1
)(1)(1
= a 2 = a1
a0
2
2
1
)(1)(1)(1
= a3 = a 2
a0
3
23
M
2
a n 1 , n 1
2n + 3
2
= a1
a0
5
2
)(2)(2
= a2
= a1
a0
7
5 7
2
)(2)(2)(2
= a3
= a2
a0
9
5 79
M
= an
= an
1
(1) n
= a n = a n 1
a0
n
!n
( s = 1 :
s = :
n1
a0 0
2 s ( s 1) + s 1 = 0
= an
) 2(n + s 1
2
= a n 1
a n 1
)(n + s 1)(2n + 2 s + 1
2n + 2 s + 1
:
(2s(s 1) + s 1)a0xs +[2(n+ s)(n+ s 1) +(n+ s) 1] an +2(n+ s 1)an1xn+s = 0
(2) n
a0
)5 7 9 L (2n + 3
= an
.
:
x = 0.
x 2 y + xp( x) y + q ( x) y = 0
) q ( x ), p ( x x = 0
.
t = x x 0
x 0
.
2 (2)2 2 (2)3 3
(2)n
y1 = x1 +
x+
x +
x + L+
xn + L
5
5 7
5 7 9
)5 7 L (2n + 3
(1) 2 2 (1) 3 3
(1) n n
y 2 = x 2 1 x +
x +
x +L+
x + L
2
!
3
!
n
!
1
y 2 , y1 x 2
:
) (0 , +
1
n
) (1
(2)n
y = c1x
xn + c2 x 2
xn
) n=0 57L(2n + 3
! n=0 n
.
n =0
n =0
y ( x) = x s a n x n = a n x n + s
x 2 y + xp( x) y + q( x) y = 0
y ( x) = a n (n + s ) x n + s 1
n =0
. x = 0
) q ( x ), p ( x
x < R:
y ( x) = a n (n + s )(n + s 1) x n + s 2
n
k =0
n =0
n =0
n =0
xp ( x) y ( x) = x s ( (n + s )a n x n )( p n x n ) = ( ( k + s )a k p n k ) x n + s
n
n=0
n=0
n =0
k =0
y :

:
( s1 s 2 .
( s1 s 2 .
( s1 s 2 .
(
n =0 k =0
+ q n k ]a k }x n + s = 0
k =0
n =0
(n + s)(n + s 1)a
n =0
nk
{(n + s)(n + s 1)a + [(k + s) p

k =0
n =0
(n = 0), x:
s( s 1)a 0 + ( sp 0 + q 0 )a 0 = 0
a0 0
f ( s) = s ( s 1) sp0 + q0
2
f ( s ) = s + ( p 0 1) s + q 0

.
s
n
y1 ( x) = x 1 a n x y 2 ( x) = x bn x
n =0
x n + s + ( ( k + s ) a k p n k ) x n + s + ( a k q n k ) x n + s = 0
s2
n =0
n=0
p ( x) = p n x n
q( x) = q n x n
q ( x ) y ( x ) = x s ( a n x n )( q n x n ) = ( a k q n k ) x n + s
n =0
n =0
. .
1
t
= x
y1 ( x) = x s1 a n x n
n =0

y 2 = Ay1 ( x) log x + x s2 c n x n
( (
:
x 2 y + xp( x) y + q( x) y = 0
n =0

c n A
A ) y 2 ( x
.
t x

t = 0
.
t = 0
.

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Q (0) = 100 e c = 100

+ v 2 x 2 dx + xvx (vdx + xdv ) = 0

y = vxdy = vdx + xdv

(x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0

+ y )dx xdy = 0(y

+ y dx xdy = 0 ydx xdy = y 2 dx

d (xy ) = ydx + xdy

y = e c1x +c 2 = e c1x .e c 2 y = ce c1x

( D m1 )(D m 2 )(D m 3 )...(D m n ) = 0

) e ax (c1 cos bx + c 2 sin bx

e (c1 cos bx + c 2 sin bx ) + xe (c 3 cos bx + c 4 sin bx ) + ... +

y g = c1e 2t + c 2e 3t = c1e 2ln x + c 2e 3ln x = c1x 2 + c 2 x 3

) y p = x j (B1 sin x + B 2 cos x

)D (2D 1)x + (D + 4)Dx = D (1) + (D + 4)(t 1

= L (1) = F (s ) = e sx dx = lim e sx dx = lim e sx

L cosh 3x 2 sin 4x e 2 x = L [ cosh 3x ] 2 L [sin 4x ] L e 2 x = ...

1)L (5x 2 + 12) = 5L (x 2 ) + 12L (1) = 5

1)L (c1F1 (s ) + c 2 F2 (s ) + ...) = c1L (F1 (s )) + c 2 L1 (F2 (s )) + ...

3) y + 2 y + y = 3xe x y (0) = 4 , y (0) = 2

3) y + 2 y + y = 3xe x y (0) = 4 , y (0) = 2

2) y + 2 y + 5 y = 3e x sin x y (0) = 0 , y (0) = 3

2) y + 2 y + 5 y = 3e x sin x y (0) = 0 , y (0) = 3

y = nan x n 1 = a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nan x n 1 + ...

6 5a6 + 3a3 4a3 = 0

(3n 7)(3n 10)... 8 5 2 (1) n 4

2 5 8 ... (3n 10)(3n 7) (1) n 4

(1 x2 )n(n 1)an xn2 2xnan xn1 + p( p +1)an x n = 0

(1 x2 )n(n 1)an xn2 2xnan xn1 + p( p + 1)an x n = 0

xn n(n 1)an xn 2xan xn + p( p +1)an xn = 0

[(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 n(n 1)a n 2nan + p( p + 1)an ]x n = 0

p( p +1) 2 ( p 1)( p + 2) 3 p( p 2)( p +1)( p + 3) 4

p( p +1) 2 p( p 2)( p +1)( p + 3) 4 p( p 2)( p 4)( p +1)( p + 3)( p + 5) 6

( p 1)( p + 2) 3 ( p 1)( p 3)( p + 2)( p + 4) 5 ( p 1)( p 3)( p 5)( p + 2)( p + 4)( p + 6) 7

2(n + s)(n + s 1)an x

y = (n + s)(n + s 1)an xn+s2

+ (n + s)an xn+s a0 xs a xn+s = 0

+ (n + s)an xn+s an xn+s = 0

2x2 )n + s)(n + s 1)an xn+s2 + x(2x +1)(n + s)an xn+s1 an xn+s = 0

(2(n + s)(n + s 1) + n + s 1)a n

{(n + s)(n + s 1)a + [(k + s) p

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