Spaced Learning Teacher Instructions

Spaced Learning is a technique based on the brains biology and designed to maximise the potential for memory lay-down. Use the following slides as outlined below:
1. Move through the content slides. Students should sit passively, not make notes or ask questions. Explain to them what you are planning to do before beginning. Allow students a 5 minutes break (I usually time them) during which they must do something creative and or physical (jog, conger around the room, draw, use mini whiteboards, Rubiks cubes etc). They are not permitted to discuss or think about the content recently covered.

2.

3.
4. 5.

Repeat the slides as before.

Break as before. Finally, repeat the slides except this time open the floor for questions, interaction and discussion the final slides have gaps to allow for this, you may wish to get students to write or call out.

Spaced Learning Student Instructions

You are going to revise today using cutting edge Neuroscience to maximise your memory You will be shown a series of slides containing lots of information. You only need to sit and listen no writing, no questions (there will be time for this later). When your teacher has finished they will ask you to spend 5 minutes doing something completely different something physical or creative to give your brain time to make memories of the content covered. You will be shown the same slides two more times. The final time you will be allowed to ask and answer questions.

Session 4

Respiration, Digestion and Homeostasis

Respiration
A chemical reaction vital to life Happens in the mitochondria inside all cells

Controlled by enzymes
Energy produced is used for movement, homeostasis of temperature, building of molecules, chemical reactions Can happen with or without oxygen...

Respiration
Aerobic Requires oxygen Happens under normal circumstances Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen Happens during explosive exercise or when nearing exhaustion Some microbes use this form of respiration as normal Poor efficiency produces only 2 units of energy Results in lactic acid or ethanol by products C6H1206 = 2C3H603 + 2CO2

Highly efficient produces 36 units of energy

6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Effect of Exercise
Increase in heart rate Increased blood flow to muscles Deeper, quicker respiratory rate All to increase the amount of oxygen reaching the muscles and the removal of carbon dioxide Conversion of glycogen to glucose

Effect of Exercise
When oxygen demand cannot be met:
Cells carry out anaerobic respiration This results in the build up of lactic acid in the muscles This then causes fatigue Lactic acid must be removed via pay back of the Oxygen Debt

Anaerobic Respiration in Microbes

Some microorganisms can respire anaerobically Some only use this form of respiration

This results in the build up of ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products

Digestion
The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food substances into small molecules

These molecules can be absorbed into the blood stream through the intestinal wall
Indigestible substances are removed from the body as faeces

Digestive enzymes
Amylase made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine Protease enzymes made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

Lipase enzymes made in the pancreas and small intestines

Digestive juices
Hydrochloric acid
Made in the stomach Ensures correct enzyme pH Kills microbes

Bile
Made in the liver Stored / secreted from the gall bladder Neutralises stomach acid in the small intestine Emulsifies fats

digestion

homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment Responding to change

Used to control:
Blood sugar Body temperature Water levels Ion content

Responding to change
Stimulus, receptors, coordination centre (brain), effectors Receptors include:
Eyes light Ears sound Tongue / nose chemicals Skin pressure, heat, pain Brain blood pressure and water concentration Pancreas sensitive to blood sugar

Water and ion control

Liver
Excess amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia which is converted to urea Poisonous substances detoxified Old blood cells broken down Iron recycled

Kidneys
Filter the blood Reabsorb glucose Reabsorb ions Control water levels (ADH from the pituitary) Excrete urea, water and excess salts as urine

Temperature control
Body temperature monitored by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain When body temp is too high:
Vasodilation Sweating

When body temp is too low:

Vasoconstriction Shivering

Blood sugar control

Blood sugar is monitored by the pancreas Excess glucose stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver High blood glucose insulin is released Low blood glucose glucagon is released Poor blood glucose control = Diabetes
Type I Insulin dependent Type II Insulin resistent

Session 4 Take 2!

Respiration, Digestion and Homeostasis

Respiration
A chemical reaction vital to life Happens in the mitochondria inside all cells

Controlled by enzymes
Energy produced is used for movement, homeostasis of temperature, building of molecules, chemical reactions Can happen with or without oxygen...

Respiration
Aerobic Requires oxygen Happens under normal circumstances Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen Happens during explosive exercise or when nearing exhaustion Some microbes use this form of respiration as normal Poor efficiency produces only 2 units of energy Results in lactic acid or ethanol by products C6H1206 = 2C3H603 + 2CO2

Highly efficient produces 36 units of energy

6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Effect of Exercise
Increase in heart rate Increased blood flow to muscles Deeper, quicker respiratory rate All to increase the amount of oxygen reaching the muscles and the removal of carbon dioxide Conversion of glycogen to glucose

Effect of Exercise
When oxygen demand cannot be met:
Cells carry out anaerobic respiration This results in the build up of lactic acid in the muscles This then causes fatigue Lactic acid must be removed via pay back of the Oxygen Debt

Anaerobic Respiration in Microbes

Some microorganisms can respire anaerobically Some only use this form of respiration

This results in the build up of ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products

Digestion
The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food substances into small molecules

These molecules can be absorbed into the blood stream through the intestinal wall
Indigestible substances are removed from the body as faeces

Digestive enzymes
Amylase made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine Protease enzymes made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

Lipase enzymes made in the pancreas and small intestines

Digestive juices
Hydrochloric acid
Made in the stomach Ensures correct enzyme pH Kills microbes

Bile
Made in the liver Stored / secreted from the gall bladder Neutralises stomach acid in the small intestine Emulsifies fats

digestion

homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment Responding to change

Used to control:
Blood sugar Body temperature Water levels Ion content

Responding to change
Stimulus, receptors, coordination centre (brain), effectors Receptors include:
Eyes light Ears sound Tongue / nose chemicals Skin pressure, heat, pain Brain blood pressure and water concentration Pancreas sensitive to blood sugar

Water and ion control

Liver
Excess amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia which is converted to urea Poisonous substances detoxified Old blood cells broken down Iron recycled

Kidneys
Filter the blood Reabsorb glucose Reabsorb ions Control water levels (ADH from the pituitary) Excrete urea, water and excess salts as urine

Temperature control
Body temperature monitored by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain When body temp is too high:
Vasodilation Sweating

When body temp is too low:

Vasoconstriction Shivering

Blood sugar control

Blood sugar is monitored by the pancreas Excess glucose stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver High blood glucose insulin is released Low blood glucose glucagon is released Poor blood glucose control = Diabetes
Type I Insulin dependent Type II Insulin resistent

Session 4 Take 3!
Respiration, Digestion and Homeostasis
Ask questions, Discuss, Fill in the gaps!

Respiration
A chemical reaction vital to life Happens in the ? Controlled by ? Energy produced is used for ? Can happen with or without ?...

Respiration
Aerobic Requires ? Happens when? Highly efficient produces ? units of energy Equation? Anaerobic
Does not require ? Happens during ? Some microbes use this form of respiration as normal Poor efficiency produces only ? units of energy Results in what by products? Equation ?

Effect of Exercise
Increase in ? Increased blood flow to ? Deeper, quicker ? rate All to increase the amount of ? reaching the muscles and the removal of ? Conversion of ? to glucose

Effect of Exercise
When oxygen demand cannot be met:
Cells carry out ? respiration This results in the build up of ? in the ? This then causes ? Lactic acid must be removed via pay back of the ??

Anaerobic Respiration in Microbes

Some microorganisms can respire ? Some only use this form of respiration

This results in the build up of ? And ? as waste products

Digestion
The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food substances into ? molecules

These molecules can be absorbed into the ?? through the intestinal wall
Indigestible substances are removed from the body as ?

Digestive enzymes
? made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine ? enzymes made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

? enzymes made in the pancreas and small intestines

Digestive juices
Hydrochloric acid
Made in the ? Ensures correct enzyme ? Kills ?

Bile
Made in the ? Stored / secreted from the ? Neutralises ? in the ? Emulsifies ?

digestion

homeostasis
Maintaining a??? Responding to change Used to control?

Responding to change
Stimulus, receptors, coordination centre (brain), effectors Receptors include:
Eyes ? ? sound Tongue / nose ? Skin pressure, ?, pain ? blood pressure and water concentration ? sensitive to blood sugar

Water and ion control

Liver
Excess ? are deaminated to form ? which is converted to ? Poisonous substances detoxified Old ? cells broken down ? recycled

Kidneys
Filter the ? Reabsorb ? Reabsorb ? Control ? (ADH from the pituitary) Excrete urea, water and excess salts as ?

Temperature control
Body temperature monitored by the ? in the ?

When body temp is too high:

?

When body temp is too low:

?

Blood sugar control

Blood sugar is monitored by the pancreas Excess glucose stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver High blood glucose ? is released Low blood glucose ? is released Poor blood glucose control = Diabetes
Type I Insulin ? Type II Insulin ?