Introduction

:Surveying
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)(object and uses of surveying

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:
-1
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-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
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-6
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(Marine and hydrographic survey) -7
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(Military survey) -8 )
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(Mine survey) -9 .

-10

) (geological survey

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-11

) (Archeological survey .

-12

) (Astronomical survey

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)(Primary divisions in surveying
) (12756.75km
) (12713.80Km . ) :
8.79Km( ) (1
A .
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) ( .
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B . A

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)( Plane survey
) (Geodetic survey .
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)(Fundamental principle of surveying
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-1 Work from whole to Part
-2 Take extra care in fixing new control points

 :
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)(Classification of surveying
:
-1 Nature of the survey field
-2
-3

Object of survey
Instruments used and

-4 The methods employed

)(Classification based on nature of the field
) (Land survey ) (Marine survey
) (Hydraulic survey ) (Astronomical survey
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: Land survey .
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: :Topographic survey

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: :Cadastral survey
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: :City survey .
Marine or Hydrographic Survey
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Sounding .
:Astronomical Survey

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 )(Classification based on object survey

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: :Engineering survey
data
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:Reconnaissance Survey )( .
:Preliminary Survey .
:Location survey .
: : Military Survey .
: :Mines Survey )( .
: :Geological Survey .
: :Archeological Survey .
) ( Classification based on instruments used
:
-1 Chain Survey
-2 Compass Survey
-3 Plane table survey
-4 ) ( theodolite survey
-5 Tachometric survey
-6
Modern survey using electronic distance meters and total station
-7 Photographic and Aerial Survey :

 Classification based on methods employed

traversing and triangulation
: Triangulation
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: Traversing
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Plans and Maps :

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Scale
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: Types of Graphical Scale
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Plain Scale
Diagonal Scale
:Plain Scale
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) (
Linear Measurement and chain Surveying
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-1 Methods of Linear Measurement :
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-1 Approximate
-2 )( Using chain or tape
-3 By optical means and
-4 Using electromagnetic distance measurements
instruments .
-1.1 : Approximate Methods of Linear Measurements
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-

Pacing
Using passometer
Using Pedometer
Using Odometer
Using Speedometer

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Pacing -1 : .
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. )(0.75 ) (0.8 .

 :Using Passometer -2
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:Using Pedometer -3 Passometer .
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:Odometer -4
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:Speedometer -5
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-1.2 :Measurement with chain or tape
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. -1 -2 -3 .
-1 :chain 100 4
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:Steel Band 2 16
0.3 0.6 .
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m25 m 20 m 30 .
:
0.2m . .
0.2 . :Tapes :
Cloth or linen tape Metallic tape steel tape and - invar tape

 12 :Cloth or linen Tape 15

. . m30m2025m10m .
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Metallic Tape
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mm 100 102030
50 . .
:Steel Tape 6 10
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5 ......... 10203050 .
:Invar Tape 36 . .
. 6 3050100
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-1.3 :Measurement by optical means

......
-1.4
Linear Measurement with Electromagnetic Distance Measurement Instruments
) (EDM .
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 -2 Instrument used in Chaining

:
Arrows Pegs Ranging rods and ranging poles Offset rods Laths Whites Plumb bobs and line ranger - 2.1:Arrows

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. 400 .
-2.2 : Pegs .
25mm25mm 150 ........
-2.3 Ranging rods and ranging poles
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3 2.7 .
30 200
. 200
. 200
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. 4 8 60
100 . 0.5
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 -2.4 : Offset rods

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-2.5 : Plumb bob

2.9 .
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-3 Chain Survey
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Area to be surveyed is comparatively Ground is fairly level Area is open Details to be filled up are and less .

. ) (3 .
30
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60 .
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-3.1 Technical Terms
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 : Station .
:Main station )(
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: Subsidiary or tie Stations
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a,b,c.1,2,3..
Base line
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:Detail lines

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:Check lines .
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-3.2 : Selection of Stations :
. . ) 30 (. . . . . . -3.3 :Field work .

 title of the survey work the date of survey the name of the members of the party :
-1 Reconnaissance survey
-2 Marking stations, drawing reference sketches
-3 line by surveying
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. ) (3 .
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Fixing ranging poles Driving pegs Marking a cross if ground is hard Digging and fixing a stone .
: :
Corner of a building posts of gates Corners of compound walls Electric poles A tree . :
: Vertical Line .
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 : Horizontal Line .
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: Horizontal Plane .
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: Vertical Plane .
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: Level surface .
: Horizontal distance .

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: Elevation
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: Difference in Elevation .
: Horizontal Angle .
: Vertical Angle
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