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23 /
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2008 /
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staad
Sap
Safe
Etabs
Robot
Tekla
LAND

mobile : 20119181482
Email :
eng_ayman_kandeel@yahoo.com

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super elevation.
land desktop
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Simple circular curve.
Compound curve.
Reversed curve.
Transitional curve.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Elements of simple circular curve

stations
Station(pc)=st(pi)-T
Station(pt)=st(pc)+lc

)Degree of curve (D

100 ft
( 100)

R
D

R.D.(3.14)/180=100

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(R) calculation
In (ft) :
R=5730/D
In (m) :
R=1746/D

Compound curve
V X=x1+x2

T2

t2

pcc

T1

t1
pt

R2

pc

x2

R1
x1

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RULES

LC1=R1.X1.(3.14/180)
LC2=R2.X2.(3.14/180)
X=X1+X2
t1=R1.TAN(X1/2(
t2=R2.TAN(X2/2(
HV=(t1+t2)(sin x2)/(sin x)
VG=(t1+t2)(sin x1)/(sin x)
T1=t1+HV
T2=t2+VG

Reasons of widening
.1
.2


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.3
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)1. Mechanical widening (Wm
)Wm=(n.l2/2R) (m
R=radius
N=no of lanes
L
L= wheel base
Wm

2-psychological widening
W ps=V/(9.5*SQRT(R)

V= speed of vehicle (km/hr)

We= Wm + W ps (M)

/

)Case of (no transitional curve

we

w
we

30-60 m

30-60 m

Case of (transitional curve)

We/2
We/2

We/2

w
Ls

We/2

Ls
Transitional
curve

Sight distance on horizontal

curve

Case (1) SD LC
SD=sight
distance

SD
m\

m\= set back

distance

m\=R(1-cos(x/2)

/

x/2 x/2

Case (1) SD LC
SD

m\=m1+m2

LC

)m1=R(1-COS(X/2

m1
m2

X/2

X/2

)m2= SD-lLC)/2*SIN(X/2

Super elevation
)Super elevation (e): (4 -10%

1. Horizontal curve without s.e
2. Horizontal curve with s.e

/

Horizontal curve without s.e

P=w.v2/(g.R)
W=weight of vehicle (kg)
V=speed (m/s)
R=radius of curve (m)
G=acceleration due
To gravity (9.81 m/sec2)
h=height of c.g to ground s
b=width of wheel base

/

c.g

p
h

b
A

)p/w=(v2/gR
P/W=centrifugal ratio

There is two effects for

(p) on vehicle
1.

Over turning at point (B) outer wheel :

OVER TURNING MOMENT = P.h

RESISTANCE MOMENT = W.b/2
Equilibrium condition : ph=wb/2

p/w=b/2h

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2-sliding the vehicle outwards :

F=side friction (0.1-0.16)
Ra=Rb=w/2
P=Fa+Fb=F(Ra+Rb)=F.w

c.g

p/w=F

Fa

/

Fb
Ra

Rb

conditions
If (b/2h)<F
The vehicle would overturn on
the outer side before sliding
(skidding)
If (b/2h)>F
The vehicle would sliding
(skidding) before overrun

/

Horizontal curve with s.e

center fugal force


super
side elevation
friction

/

Fs=side friction
(0.1-0.16)
e=rate of super
elevation =Tan x

wv2.cosx/(gR)

x
Fs.w

x
wcosx

Fs.w.cosx

P=wv2/gR

 W.sin (x)+ fs.w.cos

(x)=wv2.cos(x)/g.R
Sin x + fs . cos x = v2.cos(x)/g.R
Tan x +fs =v2/g.R
e + fs =v2/g.R
V2
R min=
15(E+Fs)
R=minimum radius of curve (ft)
V= speed (mph)

/

V2
= R min
)127(E+Fs
)R=minimum radius of curve (m
)V= speed (km/h

/

TRANSITIONAL CURVES

Spiral curve

Cubic parabolic

leminscate