Stabilization of silt and clay soils

for selected sites in Hilla city by

(cement , hydrated lime)
A Thesis
Submitted to the Council of the College of Science,
University of Baghdad in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Geology Engineering Geology

By

Abdul-kareem H. Abud Jumber Alrobaiee

Supervised By
Ass. Prof.
Dr. Saad N. Al-Saadi

1429

Ass. Prof.
Dr. Amer A. Al-Kaldiy

2008

abstract
Most of subgrades of Hilla city are clayey silt soils, these soils are
weak because of lack in its cohesion.
This investigation is conducted to study the effects of adding
(traditional stabilizers) (cement or hydrated lime) on stabilization and
bearing of the soil in some sites of Hilla city .
Three types of soils were selected from different sites , of Hilla city
from surface(Shallow depths) were used in this study.
Different ratios of cement were added (5%, 8%, 13% and 15% by
weight of dry soils)., and different ratios of (HL) were used (3% ,5%, 7%,
and 9 % by weight of dry soils).
All soil specimens were exposed to same curing conditions
(curing temperature 28-30c), different curing times (3, 7, 14, and 28 days)
and mellowing time (0) min.
All natural soil specimens were tested by physical, engineering,
and mineral tests before and after adding the traditional stabilizers.
The tests included (Atterberg limits, compaction test, unconfined
compression test), the effect of mellowing time, curing time and the
soaking were used to investigate the unconfined compressive strength.
The experimental results illustrate that , plasticity index and liquid
limit are decreased and plastic limit is increased for soil of (Chamber of
Commerce road shrine of the prophet Ayoob and soil of Hilla-Baghdad
road) when the stabilizer materials (cement or lime) were added, whereas
the soil of street 80 became non- plastic soil with any percentage of
stabilizers .
The results revealed that the maximum dry density is decreased
and the optimum moisture content is increased , when the hydrated Lime
is added but the maximum dry density decreased with cement addition up
to 8%, and it increases very little again with increasing cement content to
B

(13%) or more whereas the optimum moisture content increases at any

percentage of cement in Hilla-Baghdad road, increases up to 8% in street
80 then decreases and increases up to 13% in the chamber of commerce
raod then decreases.
The results showed that the effect of curing time of soil on the
unconfined compressive strength value in late ages with the stabilizer of
(HL) was lower than that of soil specimens with the stabilizer of
(cement), and the results showed that the unconfined compressive
strength increases with Increasing of (sand percentage) in soil specimens
when traditional stabilizers (cement or hydrated Lime)are added .
Based on the results obtained , it can be concluded that the increase
of cement content leads to clear increase in the unconfined compressive
strength which is higher than that for specimens when the H.L is used,
except that with hydrated Lime (9%) for (street 80) soil, with soil HillaBaghdad road, whereas for chamber of commerce

raod soil the

unconfined compressive strength decreased at (7%) using hydrated lime

for 28 days Curing time
It was observed that the soaking with water decreases the
unconfined compressive strength but this reduction is less in later curing
time for the three soils treated with (cement or hydrated lime).
The economical benefit study showed that the traditional stabilizer
(cement) is better than hydrated lime , specially with 8% (cement ) due
to getting better unconfined compressive strength, acceptable and
reasonable costs ,compared with the costs of the other percentages of
cement .

:
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I
V
VII
VIII
XI
-
1
2
5
5
5
7
10
10
11
11
11
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
16
17
-
18
18

-- )(
:
:
:
--
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
:
-
- -
- -
-
:
-
-
: ) (
:
-
--
--
--
--
-
:
-
-

II

19
20
24
24
25
25
26
26
28
30
31
33
36
36
36
37

40
40
42
43
-
44
44
44
45
47
48
50
50
50

-
-
-
-
-
:
:
:
: -
-
-
-
-
-

-
:
-
--
-- )(
-- -

50
51
51
56
57
57
61
64
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
-
67
67
68
68

68

71

- ) -(

72

--

72

--

73

74

--

74

--

82

III

90

--
--

90
92

---

92

---

--

98

---

---

-
--
--

103
103
106
111
111
112
-
114

-
-

115
-
A
B-C

IV

-
-

) (

. Limestone

-
-
-
-

)
.

)- - (

)( .

)(
.

% % .

)( % % .

% % .

)(.

)( .

.

)(.

.


). (

-
-

VI

) (-

-
-

) ( .

AASHTO). (ASTM,1993

-
-
-
-
-

) (
.
.

) (
.

%
% . -

- .

)%(
) (, .

VII

- .

)%(
) (,
.

- .

- .

- ) (
.

) ( .

American Association of State

AASHTO
Highway and Transportation Officials
American Society for Testing and
ASTM

VIII

materials

Cohesion

Curing Time

C.T

California Bearing Ratio

CBR

Specific Gravity

Gs

/ =

Kilopascal =kN/m2

kPa

Liquid Limit

L.L

Maximum Dry Density

M.D.D

Mellowing Time

M.T

National Center for Construction

NCCLR

Laboratories and Research

Non-plastic

NP

Organic Matter

O.M

Optimum Moisture Content

O.M.C

Plasticity Index

P.I

Plastic Limit

P.L

Unconfined Compressive Strength

qu

Total Soluble Salts

T.S.S

Unified Soil Classification System

USCS

Water Content

W.C

Water Table

W.T

IX

Clayey silt soils

Subgrade )(soft
.

: hydro-
consolidation cracks swelling
) ( Fatigue


).(



.



) (traditional stabilizers

 - Site of the Study Area

) (
) ( ). (-

) ( ) (-
( )( )

) ( ) ( ) (
. ). (-

) : (-
) ( 1978

 ) : ( 2-1
) ( 1978

 ) : (3-1
) (2003

 - The aim of study

:

:

.

--
(Saco , 1965) -

:


Durability
.

(Abdul-Kareem , 1978) -
)(CL,ML

Hydrated

lime

) (

Curing Temperature Curing Time

.

 ) (%-
) (%-. )(-

(Ahmad , 1985) -
).
(%. .
%95
Lime
Hydrated
.

) Cohesion
( .
2005) -

(Al-Tai

:
Resol - a
Resol Resorcinol Network -b
Resol Resins -c
:
. )
(shear



) (% .

--

 (Eskioglou and Efthmiou ,2000) -

) (Aridea, Drame ,Grevena , Xanthi
) : (
) (NaCl -) - - (

.
% 8-6 :

17 /.

) (Fly ash 17/

- (NaCl
.

(Andromalos,et al., 2002) -

-
)
( )(%35-20

) (%23

) Lakeland

(Florida

) . (%12
Slope stability applications

) (Factor of safety
) (Static Load


.
al.,2003) -

et

(Wang, Parish

) (Winn Rock Soil ) (CaSO4

) ( Louisiana )
(
) (BFS)(Granulated Blast furnace Slag
(CFA) (Class C Fly ash) C ) (SF) (Silica Fume
) (AS)(Amorphous Silica :

. Expansion
BFS
CFA .
C:CFA:AS C: BFS:AS

) (SF) (AS ) (AS

.
(Geiman , 2005) -
) :
Staunton ( Lynchburg
:
) ( .
:

stabilizer

cementitious

Proprietary

) ( Low Dosage Ratio

.

) ( Water-Cement Ratio


) / (

( Plasticity Index/Water-lime Ratio

.
(Reyes and Pando , 2007 ) - )(CFBC
Hormigueros Puerto Rico
4.2m : )) (CFBC
( Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion

C
.

- %5

) (

%12.57
CFBC

Plasticity ) (CFBC
.

. (Buady, 1980) (Mesopotamian Plain

Quaternary

deposits

flood

plain deposits ) depression

(fill deposits
). (Parsons , 1957

) (
) . (

: .
)(
)

.(

) ( ). (-

- .





)
. (
/
) (NCCLR
) (. . ).(-

) (
) (


) (- ) . (

- .
--

) . (

) (-
)(-

) . (


)(
). (Abdul- Kareem, 1978
) (-
) (- ).(
%

10.55

6.26

48.44

7.47

92.96
123.82

)(

20.90

75.65

13.73

64.71

12.58

15.46

57.61

16.82

8.01

14.5

49.39

23.13

8.84

177.26

1.74

37.99

29.23

10.14

269.5

0.1

32.89

32.91

11.36

317.53

0.0

32.05

34.82

11.90

348.68

0.0

34.38

34.41

11.46

311.2

0.12

39.47

30.97

10.1

238.02

3.62

49.35

25.13

8.69

156.4

12.63

62.91

17.43

7.13

73.82

18.63

74.38

12.53

6.16

51.48

)(

-- Temperature


) (.
) (.
.
--

Rain Fall

) (- )(-
).(
.


). (Al-Tawel , 1983
-- Relative Humidity

) (
)(

. (
) (-

) (%.

)(%.

) (.

). (.

-- Sun Shine
) (
)./( ) ./(

 ) (-
) . (
-- Evaporation

:


)( Mzaor,1990

.

) ( ) (-
) (- ) . (
) .(

) (
.

- Methods of Research
--

: Cracks

.

\
. NCCLR

 --
:

) ( -

) ( ) () . (-
) (-
.

) (- 80

--

Laboratory work

.
. Water Content
Gravity

Specific Limits

Atterberg

 Analysis

Size

Grain

) .(Soil Classification
. Sulphates Content %

Gypsum% Chloride%

) Total Soluble Salt % (T.S.S
Organic Matter % Carbonates%
pH .
.

). (X-ray diffraction
- ) (

-
) (
) : (
Maximum Dry Density
Optimum Moisture Content .

)(

) ( . -

: Time

Time

Curing

Mellowing

Unconfined Compressive Strength .

 - ) (
.

Office work

)(Microsoft Exeel, Harvard Graphics
.



-- Soil Stabilization
--

.


: ) (
) (

Johnsonville

South

Carolina) . (1935
) ( 1945- 1939
). (Das, 2004 ) (Woods , 1960

.


) : ) (Strength
(Permeability ) :
( ) )(Durability (


Ingles

). ( and Matcalf, 1972


)(Bowles, 1984
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

): ( 1991
. ) Mechanical stabilization(Compaction
. Cement stabilization
. Lime stabilization
. Bitumen stabilization
. Chemical stabilization
.
.
.
--
Mechanical stabilization or compaction


:





:
. .
. .
. )( Lambe, 1951

) ( Cohesion ) (
: )1962
. (Lambe ,
) ( .
-: Laboratory compaction



. ) (Lubrication

). (Lambe ,1951


) (R.R. Proctor 1933
698

D-

ASTM

. (Lambe ,1951) AASHTO T- 99

.
)AASHTO T-180 ASTM D-1557 (Modified Proctor Test
).(Lambe and Whitman ,1979
) (-

Density

Moisture Content
)(Peck, et al.,1974

Dry
Optimum

Maximum
)(-

Modified Proctor test

Standard Procter test

Water content, percent of dry weight

) : (-
) (

)( Peck, et al.,1974

 ) :(-
ASTM-D698 )( Peck, et al.,1974

-: Field compaction


) (O.M.C) (Optimum Moisture Content

) (% -

.
-1 .Smooth wheel rollers
-2 .Rubber tired rollers
-3 .Sheep foot rollers
)
. (

Maximum Dry Density

) ( M.D.D
.

= %

(-)........

- Vibratory Compaction


) ( :
- Vibroflotation

) (Granular Soils
.


) (Silt
) (Gravel ). (Brown , 1977
- )(Pounding



) ( ) (

). (Lakas , 1980
-- Chemical stabilization

:
- Lime stabilization


) ( Ingles and Matcalf , 1972 :
. )strength

(Shear

). (Bearing capacity
. . p.I
. .
. Workability
.

 . .

A2-

) (7,A2-6) (A7,A6,A5,A4 )(AASHTO

) (GC , GM , CL-ML , SC , SM , CH , CL , MH , ML
)System
)(Epps, et al.,1971

Classification

Soil

(Unified

- :
:
) (QL) Quick Lime (CaO Hydrated Lime Ca(OH)2
) (HL ) .(Lime slurry ) (HL
)(QL

) (
) . ( Ingles and Matcalf, 1972
-

Limestone

:
. .
. .
. ) ( AL-Rawi , 1973
). (-

 ) (- ) .(

- Soil- Lime Reaction

-1

Ion exchange and flocculation-agglomeration

plasticity
workability ). (Little , 1995

(Lyotropic
) (Na+< K+<<Mg+2<Ca+2) series

) (Littile , 1999
)(Cation exchange
adsorbed
(Diffused water

) Layer

) (Clumping .

:
. . . . )(Mallela, et al., 2004) (Littile , 1999-2 Pozzolanic Reaction
pH
)) (12.4 (


) . ( Eades and Grim , 1960
) ( Mallela et al, 2004

) ....................(2 - 2

-1

) Ca (OH )2 Ca +2 + 2(OH

)Ca +2 + OH -1 + SiO2 (So lub le clay Silica ) Calcium - silicate - Hydrate(CSH ) ......(3 - 2

)Ca +2 + OH -1 + Al2O3 (So lub le clay Alu min ) Calcium - Alu min ates - Hydrate(CAH )....(4 - 2

) (345kPa 28
) (
. (Thompson, 1966

) (Lees, et al., 1982

kaolinite
Montimorillonite

.
-3 Lime carbonation

) (

) (CO2 (
) CaCO3

). (Arman and Munfakh , 1970


.
- .

Factors Affecting soil- Lime stabilization

:
-1 pH
pH ) (7.0

) .(Thompson, 1966
-2
) - (

). (Lees, et al., 1982
-3 Organic Matter Content
) (%-

). (Sabbagh , 1973
-4 Curing

:
). (Anday, 1963
-

Workability .


) (Diamond and Knitter , 1965 .
-1 Plastic properties

Limit

Shrinkage

Plasticity Index Liquid Limit Plastic Limit

) ( Das, 2004
).(-

): (-
)(Das , 2004

-2 )( Volume change

). (Diamond and Knitter, 1965
-3


Flocculation
). (Eades and Grim ,1960
-4 Compaction properties

Density

Dry

Maximum

Optimum Moisture Content

O.M.C
M.D.D )
( ).(Al-Rawi, 1972)(Diamond and Knitter, 1965
-5 Swelling



) . (Lambe, 1962
-6 Freezing and Thawing

) (%) (Meteous,1964

Dolomite

Monohydrate Lime

28
25 Expansion 350psi

-7 Wetting and drying

)(Meteous , 1964

 -8 ) ( Strength

)(Meteous , 1964

.
-9 Compaction Effort
) (%250 - %50 7 28

). ( Meteous,1964
-
Mixture Design and Strength Characteristics

.
-1

Thompson procedure and Eades and Grim procedure

Optimum Lime Content

pH

pH . 12.4 .

pH
Illinois

).(Thompson, 1966

 -2 Louisiana procedure

50psi
) 100psi (subbase

) . (base

) (6in ) ( 8in
).( Thompson, 1966
-3 Illinois procedure

.
) - ( l00psi Subbase

150psi )(2in
) (4in ).(Thompson, 1966
-4 Texas procedure

) (P.I ) (40 ) (Chart

) (5-2
:
P.I

%100

.

) (Chou,1987
). (Geiman,2005

P. I. Wet Method

Percent Soil Binder - Wet Method

Increase This % an Amount Anticipated
form Construction Operations

.%

Percent Hydrated Lime

Based on dry weight of soil
Enter P.I. at top
Read amount for 100% soil binder
from curves
Follow curved line down to 100% soil
binder to be anticipated
Agg Soils

At intersection of this line read

% lime from curves modified for
aggregate at top
Example : for P. I. 39
& 55% - No. 40

Excluded Binder Area

Soil Section, Materials & Test Division, Tx DOt

P. I. Wet Method

: (-)
.( Geiman , 2005) ( Chou , 1987)

Cement Stabilization -

 ) (High unit weight

).(Woods,1960
Portland Cement
) : ( .

)(Herzog , 1963
- Soil Cement Reaction
:
)Tri-calcium silicate ( C3S

)(3CaO.SiO2

)di-calcium silicate (C2S

)(2CaO.SiO2
)( 3CaO.Al2O3

)Tri-calcium aluminate (C3A

)(4CaO.Al2O3-Fe2O3) Tetra Calcium alumino - ferrite (C4AF

) (Stocker , 1963
) ( AL- Naqshabandi, 1990
O
3CaO.SiO2 H
) ..............(5 - 2

2CaO.SiO2 . XH 2O + Ca (OH )2
) Moderate (Microcrystalline
O
2CaO.SiO2 H

) 2CaO.SiO2 . XH 2O ................ (6 - 2
) Slow (Microcrystalline
2

2O

) 3CaO. Al 2 O3 .6 H 2 O ................ (7 - 2
3CaO. Al 2 O3 H

Crystalline

Im mediate

4 + H 2O
3CaO. Al2O3 CaSO

) 2CaO. Al2O3 .3CaSO4 .3H 2O ................. (8 - 2

Crystalline

Moderate

2O
4CaO. Al2O3 .Fe2O3 H

3CaO. Al2O3 .6 H 2O + undetermined

) .......(9 - 2
Slow
compound
Amorphous

Crystallin
e

Cement

Hydration
.
). (Herzog , 1963



CaSO4.2H2O ). (O' Flaharty , 1983) (C3A

pH

Ca(OH)2
Calcium Ions
.


). (Croft, 1967) (Herzog , 1963
- .
) (
)(Ca+2
Double-

) (Diffused Layer


) (


)
(

). ( Herzog,1963)( -

 ) :(-
)(Croft , 1967

-
-

Moisture-Density Relationship

.D. D O.M.C :
) (Saco ,1965

.D .D ) (%12
O.M.C .
1967) -

al.,

(Al-Rawi,et

) ( ) (Soil-cement

.

 ) (1991

.
- Atterberg Limits

) (
.
(Croft, 1967)

Liquid Limit Plasticity Index
plastic Limit L.L
40
. (Woods, 1960) 40
- Unconfined Compressive Strength

) (

time

setting

hardening

of

Rates

).(Woods,1960


excessive drying
).( Ingles and Matcalf,1972

) Silty

(Clay Soil ) (%18-10

:

 ( 400 800 psi ) , ( 2760 5520 ) kN / m2 7

(650-1050) psi ,( 4480-7240)kN/m2 28 ).(Woods,1960
-

Bituminous stabilization

) (Waterproofing ability

). (Punmia,et al., 1994
-

Types of Bituminous Materials

CS2
.CCl4
- Natural Asphalt

Rocks

Lakes

veins

- Manufactured Asphalt
.
)(Young, et al., 1998
- Asphalt cement



.
Cutback Asphalt

). (Young, et al., 1998
Emulsified Asphalt ) (Emulsifying agent

) 2(


.

:
- Cationic Emulsion

.
- Anionic Emulsion

) ( -

 ) : (-
)(Young, et al. , 1998

-
Mechanism of Bituminous Stabilization


) . (Ingles and Matcalf , 1972
:
- Water proofing action

Flow channels
) ( Plug Theory )
.( Membrance Theory

- Cementing Action

(O' Flaherty ,1983) .

 - ) ( ) (Grouting

)

( .
).(Benzekri and Marchand, 1978

) . (2004



Materials Used In Soil Stabilization and Laboratory Tests

.
- Materials of study
-- Soil

Sandy silt soil
AASHTO ). (A4
) (ML
)(

(CL )
Silty Clay Soil
AASHTO ) . (A6 -
Clayey Silt
) (ML AASHTO ) (A4
)( ). (-
-- Lime
(Hydrated lime) Ca (OH)2

) (-

/
) (IOS , No 807 .

 ) : (-

) (

) (

Activity

CO2%

Mg% + CaO%

MgO%

Fe2O3%

Al2O3%

SiO2%

SO3%

)(L.O.I

)%(90

Ca (OH)2 %

-- Cement

Portland

Ordinary

cement )-
( .
/
). (IOS , No 5

. : (-)

CaO%
SiO2 %
Al2O3 %
Fe2O3 %
MgO %
K2O %
Na2O %
SO3 %

Test
.Result

Limits According to
IOS

62.10
20.46
5.80
3.72
3.10

2.61

Loss On Ignition %

1.71

TOTAL
Free Lime %
Insoluble Residue %

99.50
1.29
0.92

L.S.F. Lime Saturation Factor

M.S. Modulus Silica
M.A . Modulus Alumina

0.88
2.15
1.56

C3S %
C2S %
C3A %
C4AF %

< = 5%

< = 2.5% if C3A < 5%

< = 2.8% if C3A > 5%
< =4%
< =1.5%
0.66-1.02

40.33
28.23
9.07
11.32

Setting Time , min , Initial

Final
Fineness (Blaine) in m2 / kg
Compressive Strength MN / m2 , at
3 days
7 days
Soundness (Auto Clave) . %

115
200
302

> = 45 min
< = 600 min
> = 230

17. 0
26.0
0.40

> = 15
> = 23
< = 0.8

Water --


Distilled Water
) ( ) (-
.
): (-

pH

7.2

N.T.U 6.1
Nephelometic Turbidity Unit

Mg/L 128

Mg/L 220

Ca

Mg/L 51.5

Mg

Mg/L 17.3

SO4

Mg/L 220

PO4

Mg/L 0.28

Na

Mg/L 88

Mg/L 4.3

NO3

Mg/L 2.1

) (ASTM

) (-
). (Geiman,2005

 .
- .
. Mixing of soil and stabilizer

) (

)( ASTM
) (Geiman,2005
.
- . Mixing procedure

) % (9753

) %( 13 8 5

) (Das,2004
( -)

) (O.M.C

)-
( .
- Amount of stabilizer

:
=

)(-

)(-

 - Mellowing Time


) (

15 .

)-

( .
:
) (
%5% 3
) (Sealed Container

)15( )120(

) ) (- (

.
- . Specimen Molding Procedures

Unconfined compressive strength test
) (5.04 cm (10.1cm)
)(20.3cm
) ( 0.80 kg
) (15

) (- .

) ( )(
ASTM D2166-82
). (-

) :(- ) (
).( Sabbagh,1973

 ) : (- )(

) (- )(

.
) .(
* * *
=

(3-3) ....

) : (-


2.5 kg

5.5Ib

0.8kg

1.8 Ib

30.5cm

12 in

20.3cm

8 in

5.0cm

2 in

2.5cm

1 in

10.13cm

4.4 in

5.0cm

2 in

11.7cm

4.6 in

10.1cm

4 in

25

15

)(- ) (-




). (Sabbagh, 1973
) : (-
.

1.745

1.774

1.790

1.767

1.757

1.733

1.762

1.778

1.755

1.745

14

15.5

16.3

17.1

17.5

14

15.5

16.3

17.1

17.5

1.627

1.640

1.650

1.643

1.616

1.611

1.624

1.634

1.627

1.60

18.2

19

20.5

21

22.5

18.2

19

20.5

21

22.5

1.566

1.638

1.658

1.648

1.603

1.553

1.625

1.645

1.635

1.590

16.1

18.2

19.3

20.5

22.5

16.1

18.2

19.3

20.5

22.5

/

80

)(

/
/

/
/

(
$

1.79

(
$

(
( $
$

1.76

(
$

)(

1.7

1.67

!
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%
! %
&
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!'
&

'

1.64

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%
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1.58

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22

21

20

18

19

17

16

1.55
15

14

) : (- ) (

Curing

) /(

80 (
80 $
%
'
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&

1.73


Aluminum foil


). (-

) : (- .

- Curing Temperature

)-

( .
- Curing Time

) ( .

- Laboratory Tests

/ :
- Soil Index Tests
- Moisture content

(ASTM- D2216-80 )

)(

24 )

( :
w.c . %

W2 - W3
100
W3 - W1

)----------- (3-4

= W .C

- W1 gm
-W2 +
-W3 +
- Atterberg limits
) (

ASTM -

) (D4318 - 84
) ( 475) (40

) ( ) ( Flow curve
. 3.25mm

= )Plasticity Index (P.I
)Liquid Limit L.L Plastic Limit (P.L

- Specific gravity

) (ASTM - D854-83
) (Pycnometer

).(Lambe ,1951
)------(3-5

W2-W1
G.s = ------------------------* G.T
W2 - W1 + W4 - W3

: GS
: W1
: W2
: W3 T
: W4 T
: G.T T

- Grain size analysis

).(ASTM D422 84
) (200 ) (200
) (200 sieve analysis

200 50

 ) Hydrometer
( .
- Classification

2487-85

ASTM

) Unified soil classification system ( USCS

( ). (-
) (
AASHTO

). (-

- )(
-

3
1

) (-
) (3 , 2 , 1 ). (ASTM-D 2487-85

 - Chemical Tests

/ NCCLR ) (-
.
) : (- .

pH

)(

- Sulphate content SO3

() B.S

Test- Number -9-

HCl %10 BaCl2
%10 :
- .
= SO3%

(-) .......

 - Gypsum content
. :
= Gypsum %.
- Total soluble salts Test

Earth manual ASTM

) (
) (
) ( :
P = C D / 10000
:
P
C Salt Content

D Dilution
- Chlorides
B.S 1733-1975
. Vogel test 200
) (
) (2k2Cr2O3 indicator ) ( AgNO3
) (

.
= % ) ( 0.135.5
0.1

35.5

 - Organic matter content

1377-1975

B.S

.
20ml
10ml H2SO4
200ml

Indicator

.
V2
- 1 10.5 0.67
V1

= O.M %

:
V2
V1
10.5
-

B.S 1377-1975

2 50ml 100ml HCl

) 100ml (2N 50ml

) (.
0.4
-50 = %
- ) pH-value (

pH

). (Eades and Grim,1966

 Minerology analysis

) X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD
) (peak
:
)230( ) (45

) (%15



) . (1980
) ( Grim,1968 .
- )Samples

( Untreated

.
- ) (550
( XRD) .

-

.

 -
-

) (

).( ASTM -D4318-84

-
) (

)D698-78

(ASTM-

) (102mm117mm .
-
- Mellowing Time

(

) (-
.
-

.

) . (ASTM - D2166-82

 = 1mm\min
)(-

) :(- .

) (

.
.

) (

.


- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

) (- :
- )( .
:

) (
)( Atterberg Limits Compaction Test
.
-

--
) (Sandy Silt Soil
) (

) (USCS) (ML )(AASHTO

) . (A4
)Density

Dry

.) (maximum/ (

). (%.) (Optimum Moisture Content

) (% ) .(
.

 -- - )(
Silty Clay Soil
) (USCS )(CL
) (AASHTO ) . (A6
).) ( maximum Dry Density/ (

) (%.)(Optimum Moisture Content

)(% ) (.
.
-- )(
Clayey Silt Soil
) (USCS ) (ML )(AASHTO
) . (A4
) .) (maximum Dry Density/ (

) . (%.)( Optimum Moisture Content

) (% ) (.
.
-

AASHTO ASTM ) (
). (-

 ) :(- .
1

80

2

-

)(
.

Moisture

.
.

L.L%

Atterberg
Limits

P.L%

P.I%

Sand%

Grain
Size Of Soils

Silt%

27.4

Clay%

USCS

ML

CL

ML

AASHTO

A4

A6

A4

%O.M.C

Sulphate%

Gypsum %

Chloride %

Carbonate %

Total
Soluble Salts %
Organic Matter%

pH

.
.
.

%Content
Specific Gravity

M.D.D
/

 ) (-
) (Sieve Analysis ) (Hydrometer
.

0.0001
0.001
0.01
Size(D) mm
0.1
1
10
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Gravel

100

) (-

Clay
Silt
Sand

- )(
80

Percent finer by weight

Mineralogical analysis

-- X.R.D

)(
) ( Grim,1968

.
) (Lees, et al., 1982


.
)(-

.A ) ( .

) :(-

Clay Minerals %

Non-clay Minerals%

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

80
-
)(
-

* = < 10 %

** = 10-20 %

***= 20-40 %

**

***

***

***

 - ) (

) (
ASTM - D4318
) (- 84 :
--

) (-

) (
:


) (Agglomeration ) (80
.

) : (-
.

0
3
5
7
9

80

)(

L.L%

P.L%

P.I%

L.L%

P.L%

P.I%

L.L%

P.L%

P.I%

27
-

24
NP
NP
NP
NP

3
NP
NP
NP
NP

39
38
37
36
36

25
26
27
27
28

14
12
10
9
8

37
35
34
34
33

27
28
28
29
29

10
7
6
5
4

NP
L.L
P.L
P.I

 --
) (-
) (
:

) (80
.
.
) :(- .

80

)(
P.I% P.L% L.L% P.I% P.L% L.L%
14
25
39
3
24
27

-
P.I% P.L% L.L%
10
27
37

NP

NP

38

28

10

37

30

NP

NP

38

29

36

30

13

NP

NP

37

29

36

31

15

NP

NP

37

30

35

31

NP
L.L

P.L

P.I

 -
--

) (-)(- ) (-) (-) (-

) %( 80
-
) (
)(O.M.C
)(M.D.D


) (Flocculation

).(Said,1974)(Diamond and Knitter ,1965

) : (- ) (
.

%0

80

/
1.720
1.745
1.778 M.D.D
1.725
1.685
1.60
1.622
1.654 M.D.D
1.621
1.546
1.568
1.613
1.653 M.D.D
1.625
1.575
1.57
1.620
1.652 M.D.D
1.625
1.575
1.575
1.625
1.651 M.D.D
1.625
1.575

%
14.2
15.49
16.3 O.M.C
17.1
19.2
16
16.8
18.07 O.M.C
19.0
21.0
15.5
17
18.6 O.M.C
19.5
20.5
16.5
17.5
19.1 O.M.C
20
21.2
17.2
18.6
19.75 O.M.C
20.5
21.6

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5

)(

/
1.611

18.2

1.624

19.5

1.634 M.D.D

20.5 O.M.C

1.627

21.0

1.60

22.5

1.495

18.0

1.514

20.5

1.523 M.D.D

22.0 O.M.C

1.513

23.49

1.496

25.60

1.491

19

1.504

21

1.514 M.D.D

22.4 O.M.C

1.509

23.0

1.492

25.0

1.485

19.5

1.497

21.5

1.503 M.D.D

22.8 O.M.C

1.494

24

1.480

25.5

1.475

19

1.484

21

1.492 M.D.D

23.01 O.M.C

1.481

24.40

1.470

25.20

/
1.553

16.1

1.625

18.2

1.645 M.D.D

19.3 O.M.C

1.635

20.5

1.590

22.5

1.46

19.6

1.505

20.5

1.539 M.D.D

22.1 O.M.C

1.501

24.65

1.461

26

1.41

19.31

1.45

20.32

1.525 M.D.D

22.61 O.M.C

1.50

24

1.47

25.4

1.41

20.2

1.45

21.22

1.495 M.D.D

23.07 O.M.C

1.476

24.5

1.44

25.7

1.403

21.9

1.43

22.5

1.466 M.D.D

23.72 O.M.C

1.441

25

1.415

26

) : (-
.

M.D.D gm/cm3

O.M.C %

1.778

16.3

1.654

18.07

1.653

18.6

1.652

19.1

1.651

19.75

1.634

20.5

1.523

22.0

1.514

22.4

)(

1.503

22.8

1.492

23.3

1.645

19.3

1.539

22.1

80

1.525

22.6

1.495

23.07

1.466

23.72

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%

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20

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) : (- 80
.

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(
1.6

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25

24

23

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22

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19

18

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1.61

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1.67

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) : ( - ) (
.

80

13

15

/
1.733

14

1.762

15.5

1.778 M.D.D

16.3 O.M.C

1.755

17.1

1.745

17.5

1.735

15

1.74

15.6

1.76 M.D.D

16.7 O.M.C

1.75

17.2

1.728

18.1

1.701

16.9

1.711

17.4

1.72 M.D.D

17.6 O.M.C

1.708

18.5

1.695

19

1.71

16.4

1.73

17

1.745 M.D.D

17.5 O.M.C

1.731

18.6

1.70

19.6

1.72

15.6

1.743

16.5

1.755 M.D.D

17.1 O.M.C

1.74

18.1

1.72

19

)(

13

15

/
1.611

18.2

1.624

19.5

1.634 M.D.D

20.5 O.M.C

1.627

21.0

1.60

22.5

1.550

19

1.562

20

1.575 M.D.D

20.7 O.M.C

1.560

21.8

1.539

23.1

1.530

20.4

1.542

21

1.558 M.D.D

21.8 O.M.C

1.545

22.6

1.53

23.4

1.530

20.8

1.545

21.99

1.569 M.D.D

22.9 O.M.C

1.544

24

1.531

25.3

1.550

19

1.569

20.8

1.577 M.D.D

22.65 O.M.C

1.560

24

1.543

25.3

13

15

1.553

16.1

1.625

18.2

1.645 M.D.D

19.3 O.M.C

1.635

20.5

1.59

22.5

1.54

16

1.582

18. 4

1.601 M.D.D

20 O.M.C

1.591

21.3

1.568

22.7

1.5

18.3

1.543

20.5

1.553 M.D.D

21.4 O.M.C

1.531

23

1.492

24

1.531

19

1.553

21.4

1.561 M.D.D

22.7 O.M.C

1.55

23.5

1.51

25.1

1.535

17.8

1.559

19.5

1.591 M.D.D

23.2 O.M.C

1.578

24

1.537

25.5

 ): (-
.

80

M.D.D gm/cm3

O.M.C %

1.778

16.3

1.760

16.7

1.720

17.6

13

1.745

17.5

15

1.755

17.1

1.634

20.5

1.575

20.7

1.558

21.8

)(

13

1.569

22.9

15

1.577

22.65

1.645

19.3

1.601

20

1.553

21.4

13

1.561

22.7

15

1591

23. 2

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1.7

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Unconfined Compressive Strength Testing
--
Effect Of Mellowing Time On Unconfined Compressive Strength

.
) (- ) (-) (-) (-
.


)(15
-
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) ( .

) : (-
%5 %3 7 30-28

15

15.6

14

16.3

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11.5

8.7

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6.8

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8.78

7.98

9.87

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6.54

6.57

6.72

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6.48

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6.95

6.67

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kg/cm2

kg/cm2

kg/cm2

)(

15.5

15.8

12.7

15.8

10.2

7.9

9.4

7.5

9.03

10.2

8.6

8.7

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8.8

18

% 3

14
12
10

16

): (- 80
(.
) ( ) 30-28

12

8
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)/(2

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105 120

90

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60

45

30

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.

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35

19

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46

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142.1

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39

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58

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146.8

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1.67

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44.2

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207.2

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216.6

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8.79

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13

211.9

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13

17.63

25.32

40.5

15

211.5

23.2

) (-
)( .

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) % (15,13,8,5 ) (

%
5
8
13
15
5
8
13
15
5
8
13
15

80

%

900
1353
1900
2500
451
666
803
888
383
508
770
826

1094
1959
2606
3312
455
845
1212
1311
626
1007
1581
1692

- 80
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) (

) %(1513850



28 3
.

qu 28 - qu3
100
qu3

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qu % - qu %0
100
qu %0

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= Increasing%

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qu%
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70
60
50

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40
%

30
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20
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12 15 18 21 24 27 30

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). (1-4
) (-) (-

) %0 (

)( 2-
) ( 4 )%(13111212845455
) % (151385 :
30

20

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30.7

16.3

18.07

.
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1.3

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1.6

1.7

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10.41

12.8

15.2

192.3

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266.6

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95.9

23.3

1.71

1.9

2.01

2.26

32.16

19.3

3.56

5.8

7.32

10.01

181.1

22.1

3.25

5.47

7.79

12.5

284.6

22.6

3.12

5.54

8.69

14.9

377.5

23.07

3.32

5.14

7.98

14

321.6

23.72

) (-
) ( .

 ) : (-
( )

%
3
5
7
9
3

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594
649
724
593
253

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794
1106
1288
1194
380

)(

5
7
9
3

283
247
265
208

420
385
375
343

188

453

7
9

191
170

559
519

80

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Effect of Soaking on Unconfined Compressive Strength
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11.5
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1.75
19.8
34
46.6
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0
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44
56.8

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25.8
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1.67

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100

8.37

4.11

10.61

5.4

51

49.1

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6.9

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46

45.4

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17.01

11.32

28.5

18.9

33.5

33.6

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5
8
13
15

1.9
9.18
11.55
16.54
17.83

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4.18
5.8
11
12.8

2.26
16.42
25.02
38
40.5

0
12
19
29.5
32

100
54.4
49.78
33.49
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100
26.9
24
22.3
20.9

28
100
17.6
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5.5
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40

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3
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7
9
0
3
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7
9
0
3
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7
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1.5
10.1
11.23
12.37
10.4
1.67
5.9
6.4
5.8
6.1
1.9
5.86
5.47
5.54
5.14

0
7
8.4
10.3
7.8
0
3.5
4.1
3.3
3.4
0
3.1
2.7
2.8
2.5

1.75
19.5
21.5
23.6
22.3
2.02
9.7
10.5
9.8
9.6
2.26
10.01
12.5
14.9
14

0
16.8
19.3
21.6
20.4
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6.9
8.2
7.5
7.4
0
6.8
7.8
10
8.6

7
100
30.69
25.2
16.73
25
100
40.67
35.93
43.10
44.26
100
48.5
50.63
49.45
51.36

28

100
13.84
10.23
8.47
8.52
100
28.8
21.9
23.46
22.9
100
32.06
37.6
32.8
38.5

- 80
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15

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28

10
5

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9 10 11 12

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7
7
28
28

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10

0
10 11 12

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)(.

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16

12

10

28
28

6
4

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14

0
9 10 11 12

)(%

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 - Economical analysis



.

) (




) . (
) . ( :
--
) (-

)(

%
.

 ) : (-
.

80

+ /

) (

1760

88

21.120

20.3

1720

137.6

33.024

35

13

1745

226.85

54.444

46

15

1755

263.25

63.180

58

1575

78.75

18.900

10.6

1558

124.64

29.913

19.1

13

1569

203.32

48.796

25.5

15

1577

236.55

56.772

28.5

1601

80.05

19.212

16.42

1553

124.24

29.817

25.02

13

1561

202.93

48.703

38

15

1591

238.65

57.276

40.5

--

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80 )(
%
.

 ) :( - ) (

80

+ /

3
5
7
9
3
5
7
9
3
5
7
9

1654
1653
1652
1651
1523
1514
1503
1492
1539
1525
1495
1466

) (

49.62
82.65
115.64
148.59
45.69
75.7
105.21
134.28
46.17
76.25
104.65
131.94

6.202
10.331
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

15.2
20.5
23.6
22
9.7
10.5
9.8
9.6
10.01
12.5
14.9
14

. Subgrades
) Strength Stiffness (Durability
.


.



Conclusions and Recommendations
- Conclusions

:
- ) (P.I )Plasticity Index, Liquid Limit (L.L
) (
) Plastic Limit (P.L
) (
.
-

% %
.
- Mellowing Time

.
- Curing Time
.

-
.

 - % %
%
% .

-

.
- ) (
.
- Recommendations For Future Works

)(

) % 8 :

(
)( .
-:
- Non- traditional stabilizers

) ( .
.
) ( .

) (
.
) (1980 .139
) (2002
.179
) (2003
.
) (1988

.
1985
-
. 208

.(1999)
) (1986

.
) (1997

.
) (1991
. 576

 2000
) (
/ /5/ /5/
. 599-593
1991

. 105
) (1978
. 111
) (1967
. 174
) (2003

190
) (NCCLR
) 8 (2007-2004 .
) (2004
. 591
) (2006
.
) (1978
) (2000-1977 .

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Subgrades

Clayey Silt Soils

) (soft .
) (
) (traditional stabilizers :
.

: cement
) %(151385
%(3) Hydrated Lime .
)
(30-28) Curing Temperature (Curing Time
) (28,14,7,3 () Mellowing Time.

)
(

.
P.I L.L
P. L
)( )
( 80
.
)(maximum dry density
) (optimum moisture content


% 8 %13

%
% .
Time

Curing

)(
) (

) (%9 80
) (%7 28.

.

) ( ) (%

)( .