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"[S]tandards in Europe range from 4 m in Albania to 12 m in Switzerland. ...
In South America, Chile specifies 6 m, which includes a single bed, a shower, a
washbasin, a desk and a shelf. In Guatemala, there are three types of cells: individual
cells measure 11.52 m, cells for three measure 20.68 m with an average of 6.98 m per
person, and collective cells for 37 prisoners measure 276.35 m with an average of 7.46
m per person.
In Africa, dormitory accommodation is the norm. In Kenya, the minimum space
requirement is 40 sq ft (3.7 m) per prisoner. In Senegal, no minimum space is specified
but an internal study showed that the average floor space is 3.55 m per person, the cubic
capacity being 5 m. In Mauritius, the per capita space requirement is 8.75 m in a single
cell, 4.08 m in dormitories for 20 people and 5.58 m in a hospital ward."
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat
in
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http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4083.pdf
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84. ,
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,
) Cox V. C., Paulus P. B. and McCain G.,"Prison
crowding research: the relevance for prison housing standards and a general
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:
Haney Craig, "The Wages of Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Psychological Consequences and
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Temperature with Misconduct in a Prison Community," American Journal of Community
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85. " " ,2006 " ,

2003
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Jess M. "Do Harsher Prison Conditions Reduce Recidivism? A Discontinuity-based
).(Approach," American Law and Economics Review, vol. 9 (2007
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(Drago F, Galbiati R & Vertova P., "Prison Conditions and

).(Recidivism," American Law and Economics Review, vol. 13(1), 103-130 (2011
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1.
148.

.
.
149. ,
10 ,1966
" .1991 (1)10 ,:
"All persons deprived of their liberties shall be treated with humanity and with respect for
the inherent dignity of the human person.".
150. , "to any hardship or constraint other :
than that resulting from the deprivation of liberty; respect for the dignity of such
"persons must be guaranteed under the same conditions as for that of free persons.
(HRC, General Comment No. 21, Humane treatment of persons deprived of their
liberty, par. 3 (1992)).
33

 151." (Standard
) ,Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
. 1955 "
, "
1957 .1977- " "
) ,' .(539
.152 . 10:
"All accommodation provided for the use of prisoners and in
particular, all sleeping accommodation shall meet all
requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic
conditions and particularly to cubic content of air,
minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation".
.153 " ,
, "
, , ,
( Womah Mukong v . Cameroon , .
par.9.3, Communication No. 458/1991, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991
))(1994
154. European ,
, Prison Rules ) 1987 , (2006

) .( 18.1
"18.1The accommodation provided for prisoners, and in particular
all sleeping accommodation, shall respect human dignity and,
as far as possible, privacy, and meet the requirements of health
and hygiene, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and
especially to floor space, cubic content of air, lighting, heating
) ("and ventilation.
155. ,
,
.
156.
: , ,
' . ,
: , '.

34

 157. ,
.
158. , , )(CCPCJ
" (Standard Minimum Rules for the
) Treatment of Prisoners , 10
,
Commission on Crime Prevention and ) .
Criminal Justice, Notes and comments on the Standard Minimum Rules for the
22.2.2012.

Prisoners,

of

.(Treatment

http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ_session21/ECN152012_CR
P1eV1251074.pdf
159. ,
, 3.1" ,
- .

, , .

2. ,
160. ,
, , " .

, " ,
, . : ,
"
"
. " ,
) "." 4128/02 ' ," )(3
.((16.3.04) 518 ,503
161. 7 "cruel,
" .inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment ,4
. 16
, ) 1987-
" "( , 1991 5

35

 .1948
.
162.
4" .
,
, , 4.5 -" )
( .
163. " ,
,
4" . , , ,
4" :
"The Committee is concerned by information suggesting that conditions in
some prisons and police arrest houses do not meet international standards,
including with regard to infrastructure, hygiene and sanitary conditions,
hot water, heating, windows, ventilation, lighting, furniture and living
space
The State party should:.
(b) Take steps to ensure minimum international standards of at least
";four square meters of living space for each detainee
UN Committee Against Torture (CAT), Concluding observations on the 5th periodic report of
) ( )Estonia: Committee Against Torture, par. 17. CAT/C/EST/CO/5 (17 June 2013
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/co/CAT.C.EST.CO.5-AUV_en.doc

164. "international law held that it was :

" .vital that any inmate had a minimum of four square metres in the cell.
UN Committee Against Torture (CAT), Committee against Torture concludes consideration of
) ( )report of Kyrgyzstan (13 November 2013
http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13985&LangID=E

165.

, 4"

.
166.

, ,European Committee ) CPT -

(on the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
, 9 10-" , , 4
" 6-" ) (.

36

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Custodial and Non-Custodial Measures, The Prison
System, Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit, p.11 2006. http://www.unodc.org/documents/justiceand-prison-reform/cjat_eng/1_Prison_%20System.pdf

, , ,
167.
3.5-" ) (,
. , 4"
6" , , ,
.
Rapport au Gouvernement de la Moldova relatif la visite effectue en Moldova par le Comit
europen pour la prvention de la torture et des peines ou traitements inhumains ou dgradants
)(CPT) du 1er au 10 juin 2011, par. 57 (12.1.2012
)(http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/mda/2012-03-inf-fra.htm

.168 , 4 -" ) (
: , ;10.1.2012 ,38
, ;31.1.2010 ,45 , ) 15.2.2008 ,28
.(http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/visits.htm

169. , 11% 4.5

" . ,
, ".
170. , 90% -
. ,
,
.
171.
4" ,
.
3 -" )
( 3
,
:
"Whereas the provision of four square metres remains the desirable
standard of multi-occupancy accommodation, the Court has found that
where the applicants have at their disposal less than three square metres
of floor surface, the overcrowding must be considered to be so severe as
to justify in itself a finding of a violation of Article 3" (Tunis v. Estonia,
) ()no. 429/12, par. 44 (19.12.2013
http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/webservices/content/pdf/001-139498).
37

 , 3 -"
3 :
Ananyev & Others v. Russia, no. 42525/07, par. 145, 10 January 2012; Orchowski v.
Poland, no. 17885/04, 22.10.2009; Lind v. Russia, no. 25664/05, par. 59, 6 December
2007; Kantyrev v. Russia, no. 37213/02, par. 50-51, 21 June 2007; Andrey Frolov
v. Russia, no. 205/02, par. 47-49, 29 March 2007; Kadikis v. Latvia, no. 62393/00, par. 55,
4 May 2006; Labzov v. Russia, no. 62208/00, par. 44, 16 June 2005.

172. 2009 - Sulejmanovic v.

,Italy , 3 -"
3 , ,
5.04" ,
Sulejmanovic c. Italie, no. 22635/03 (6.11.2009) ) .
.(http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-93563
173.

3" 4-" ,

3 ,
:
"[E]ven in cases where a larger prison cell was at issue measuring in the
range of three to four square metres per inmate the Court found a
violation of Article 3 since the space factor was coupled with the
established lack of ventilation and lighting" (Ananyev & Others v. Russia,
)no. 42525/07, par. 149, 10 January 2012
:
Badila v. Romania, no. 31725/04, art.73, 4 October 2011; Vlasov v. Russia, no. 78146/01,
;art. 84, 12 June 2008; Babushkin v. Russia, no. 67253/01, art. 44, 18 October 2007
Trepashkin v. Russia, no. 36898/03, art. 94, 19 July 2007; Ostrovar v. Moldova, no.
35207/03, art. 89, 13 September 2005; Peers v. Greece, no. 28524/95, art. 70-72, 19 April
2001.
174. , ,

, (Arefiev v.
Russia, no. 29464/03, par. 60, 4 November 2010; Mamedova v. Russia, no.7064/05,
).par. 63, 1 June 2006

38

 175.
,
. 26 - 2008 ,
, -
3" , ,
, .
176. "It is difficult to imagine [that a person could be :
afforded] humane treatment in a cell, in which the space per person is less than 3
") m2 Orchowski v.
,Poland ,85 .(22.10.2009

"

.(http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/fra/pages/search.aspx?i=001-95314
177. ) (ICRC
. 3.4 -"
5.4 -" . )-
1.6"( .
,
.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in
Prisons
Supplementary
Guidance,
p.
32-33,
2012.

http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4083.pdf

178. , 60% - 3 -" )

( . ,
4" . ) 3"
(
,
.

3.
179. ,
.
,

39


.
180. 2009 -
, , 45
137.5%
. 40,000 - 150,000 -.
" ,23.5.2011 ,
137.5%
"This extensive and ongoing constitutional violation requires a remedy, :
)."and a remedy will not be achieved without a reduction in overcrowding. (p.48
563 U.S Brown v. Plata, (23.5.2011) http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/091233.pdf
181. "
, , ,
:
"Expansion of good-time credits would allow the State to give early
release to only those prisoners who pose the least risk of reoffending.
Diverting low-risk offenders to community programs such as drug
treatment, day reporting centers, and electronic monitoring would likewise
)lower the prison population without releasing violent convicts." (p. 40
182.
, 175 , 18
, 15,000 - .
183. 2013
3" ) 3 9"(
3 . ,

:
"The Court concluded that the Government must put in place, within one
year from the date on which the present judgment became final, an
effective domestic remedy or a combination of such remedies capable of
affording, in accordance with Convention principles, adequate and
"sufficient redress in cases of overcrowding in prison.
)(8.1.2013

4351/09

no.

Italy,

v.

others

and

Torreggiani

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-115860 .

40


184.
,
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185.
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.

11 2014

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41