‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫وﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫* اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫* اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ‬

‫‪، KBr‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫‪، NaCl‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫‪، CuSO4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫‪، HCl ، HF‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز ‪C12H22O11‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪C6H12O6‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪HI ، HBr‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪CH3OH‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪C2H5OH‬‬ ‫‪C6H6‬‬
‫ﻣﺬﯾﺐ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وھﻲ ﻻﺗﺬوب‬
‫وﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ أﯾﻮﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪ H2O‬ﻣﺬﯾﺐ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫وﻟﺬا ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن أي أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت‬ ‫وﻟﺬا ھﻲ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫وﻟﺬا ھﻲ ﻻإﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬
 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫* اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﻠﻮري ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺠﺬب اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫* اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ذرات ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺮواﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫* وﻋﻨﺪ ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫أوﻻً ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻧﻔﺼﺎل اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺪى ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ : 1‬ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ‪ 1mol‬ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫)‪NaCl(S‬‬ ‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫)‪Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq‬‬
‫‪Na+ 1 mol , Cl- 1 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 2 mol‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ : 1‬ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ‪ 2mol‬ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫‪H2O‬‬
‫)‪CaCl2(S‬‬ ‫)‪Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq‬‬
‫‪Ca2+ 2 mol , Cl- 4 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 6 mol‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫س‪ /‬اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻜﻞﱟ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪﱢد ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ أﯾﻮن ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫أ ‪ 1 mol -‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ‪:‬‬
‫)‪H4Cl(S‬‬ ‫)‪NH4+(aq) + Cl- (aq‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪NH4+‬‬ ‫‪1 mol , Cl- 1 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 2 mol‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫ب ‪ 1 mol -‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Na2S(S‬‬ ‫)‪2Na+(aq) + S2- (aq‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Na+ 2 mol , S2- 1 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 3 mol‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫ج ‪ 0.5 mol -‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Ba(NO3)2(S‬‬ ‫)‪Ba2+(aq) + NO3- (aq‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ba2+ 1 mol , NO3- 0.5 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 1.5 mol‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫د ‪ 2 mol -‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Al2(SO4)3(S‬‬ ‫)‪2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42- (aq‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Al3+ 4 mol , SO42- 6 mol‬‬ ‫‪= 10 mol‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫☻ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪،‬‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪ -‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻗﻊ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء أم ﻻ ؟‬
‫‪ -‬وﻛﺬا ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻜﻮن راﺳﺐ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم واﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم “ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ “ 1‬واﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮات واﻷﺳﯿﺘﺎت واﻟﻜﻠﻮرات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪا ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ I‬واﻟﺮﺻﺎص ‪ “ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺮﺻﺎص‪ II‬ﯾﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ”‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪا ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم واﻟﺴﺘﺮﻧﺸﯿﻮم واﻟﺮﺻﺎص واﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم واﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت واﻟﺴﻠﯿﻜﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم واﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم واﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪات ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪا ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم واﻟﺴﺘﺮاﻧﺸﯿﻮم واﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم واﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم واﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﻣﺰج ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات اﻟﺮﺻﺎص وﯾﻮدﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫* اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت واﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ أي ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ وﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬
‫* ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﺻﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺬف اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪2KI (aq)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq) " 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻎ‬
‫)‪2K+(aq)+ 2I-(aq)+ Pb2+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) " 2K+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq) + PbI2(s‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫)‪Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫)‪PbI2(s‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫‪K+ , NO3-‬‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬
 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫س‪ /1‬اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﻞ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫راﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰج ﻛﻞٍ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪ -،‬اﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ؟‬
‫أ ‪ -‬ﻣﺰج ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم وﻧﯿﺘﺮات اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم ؟‬
‫أ ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن راﺳﺐ‬
‫)‪K2SO4(aq)+ Ba(NO3)2(aq) " 2KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s‬‬
‫)‪2K+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)+ Ba2+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) " 2K+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq) + BaSO4(s‬‬
‫" )‪Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq‬‬ ‫)‪BaSO4(s‬‬

‫ب‪ -‬ﻣﺰج ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻰ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم وﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﯿﻮم ؟‬

‫ب ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪ :‬ﻻﯾﺘﻜﻮن راﺳﺐ‬
‫)‪MgSO4(aq)+ 2KNO3(aq) " Mg(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq‬‬
‫)‪Mg2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)+ 2K+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) " Mg2+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + SO42-(aq‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
Samy Abu elela

‫ ﻣﺰج ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم وﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ؟‬- ‫ج‬

Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

‫ ﻧﻌﻢ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن راﺳﺐ‬: ‫ اﻟﺠﻮاب‬-
Na2SO4(aq)+ BaCl2(aq) " 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
2Na+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)+ Ba2+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) " 2Na+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) " BaSO4(s)

‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ وﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﻮم ؟‬- ‫د‬

‫ ﻧﻌﻢ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن راﺳﺐ‬: ‫ اﻟﺠﻮاب‬-

(NH4)2S(aq)+ Zn(NO3)2(aq) " 2NH4NO3(aq) + ZnS(s)
2NH4+(aq)+ S2-(aq)+ Zn2+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) " 2NH4+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq) + ZnS(s)
Zn2+(aq) + S2-(aq) " ZnS(s)

Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
Samy Abu elela
Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

: ‫ اﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻛﻞٍ ﻣﻦ‬/ 2 ‫س‬
: II‫ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﻜﻞ‬-1

Cd2+(aq) + S2-(aq) " CdS(s)

: ‫ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم‬-2

3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) " Ca3(PO4)2(s)

: ‫ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم‬-3

Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) " BaCO3(s)

Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺄﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاب “ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ “ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺬوب ﻣﺮﻛﺐ أﯾﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة أﺻﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺬوب ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﻲ “ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻋﺎدة “ ﻧﺠﺪه ﯾﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ وﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة أﺻﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺬاﺋﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﯾﻦ ﻣﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاب وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاب واﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫س ‪ /‬ﻓﺴﺮ ﺗﺄﯾﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ؟‬

‫ﻷن ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ راﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ ذات ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻷن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰئ ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ وﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺰئ اﻟﻤﺬاب ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺮ راﺑﻄﺔ ‪ HCl‬وﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻧﯿﻮم‬
‫وأﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫)‪HCl(g‬‬ ‫)‪H3O+(aq) + Cl- (aq‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫‪E‬أﯾﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻧﯿﻮم ‪H3O+‬‬
‫أﯾﻮن ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺄﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج أﯾﻮن ‪ H+‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫وﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮن ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺊ “ أﯾﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻧﯿﻮم ” وﯾﻨﺘﺞ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﺬاب ﺟﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﯾﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﮫ ﻛﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺮوﺗﻮن ‪ H+‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰئ ‪HCl‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰئ ﻣﺎء ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎً ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ذرة اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ‪H3O+‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪HCl(g)+ H2O(l) " H3O+(aq) + Cl- (aq) :‬‬
‫وﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺄﯾﻨﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻮاد ﻻإﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز‬ ‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪HF‬‬ ‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪NaCl‬‬
‫‪ C12H22O11‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺘﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن أي‬ ‫ﻛﺄﯾﻮﻧﺎت وﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﯾﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻲ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻌﻼ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ –اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Samy Abu elela‬‬
‫☻ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﻀﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬
‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬاﺋﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت أي ﯾﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ وﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺘﯿﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت وﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺬاب ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺟﯿﺪة ‪.‬‬
‫أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أو ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت أي ﯾﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫وﯾﻌﻄﻲ وﻓﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫أي” ﺗﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %100‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ”‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫)‪HF(aq)+ H2O(l) D H3O+(aq) + F - (aq‬‬ ‫)‪HCl(g)+ H2O(l) " H3O+(aq) + Cl - (aq‬‬

‫ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﺑﺮوﻣﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﯾﻮدﯾﺪ‬

‫وﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﺳﯿﺘﯿﻚ “ اﻟﺨﻞ” ‪CH3COOH‬‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﺣﻤﺎض ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫وأﯾﻀﺎً ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ NaCl‬وﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪.....KCl‬‬

‫‪Al jazira Football Academy - Mr Samy Abu elela‬‬