Alissa Hazlett 10A Polar Graph Project: Part 1 : Investigating Two Basic Graphs A cardioid is one type of a polar

f nction! A cardiod is a special case of a li"a#on in which the a and $ val es are the sa"e! The e% ation for a cardioid is r & a ' a sin or r & a ' a cos ! (sing sine and cosine when creating a cardioid graph will res lt in differnt graphs! )hen "a*ing a graph sing sine+ it loo*s li*e an psidedown heart starting fro" the pole! The sa"e e% ation can $e entered seing cosine instead of sine! This will create a si"ilar graph that is rotated ,-0.! Three different cases will $e e/plored to deter"ine the effects of changing the a val e and $ val e in the e% ation!

0ig re 1! 1ase 1: 2ine

0ig re 3! 1ase 1: 1osine

0ig re 1 shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when a is positive! The e% ation for the graph is r & 3 4 3 sin ! The defa lt window was sed to graph this f nction! 0or this e% ation 3 was sed as the a val e! 3 is the "idpoint of the f nction on the y,a/is! This "a*es the origin 3 nits fro" the top of the f nction and 3 nits fro" the $otto" of the f nction! 0ig re 3 shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when a is positive with the e% ation r & 3 4 3 cos ! 0or this graph+ 3 is the "idpoint of the f nction on the /,a/is! This is d e to the fact that the cosine f nction is the sa"e as the sine f nction+ $ t rotated ,-0.! It does not "atter if the a val e is even or odd+ the graph loo*s the sa"e j st with a different origin! The size of the graph will also $e different!

Alissa Hazlett 10A

0ig re 5! 1ase 3: 2ine

0ig re 6! 1ase 3: 1osine

0ig re 5 shows a graph of the cardioid f nction when the a val e is negative! It is graphed in the defa lt window! The e% ation of the graph is r & 7,38 4 3 sin ! This graph appears the sa"e with a negative a val e as it does with a positive a val e! 0ig re 6 shows the cardioid f nction sing cosie when the a val e is negative! It also appears the sa"e as when the a val e is positive! The graph loo*s si"ilar if the a val e is odd+ it wo ld j st $e larger or s"aller!

0ig re 9! 1ase 5: :ational

0ig re ;! 1ase5: Irrational

0ig re 9 shows the cardioid f nction when graphed with a rational a val e! It was graphed in the defa lt window! It has an e% ation of r & 9

9 3 4 3 sin ! The graph is si"ilar to when a

is a positive whole n "$er+ it j st has a differnt "idpoint val e on the y,a/is! 0ig re ; shows the cardioid f nction when graphed with an irrational a val e! It has an e% ation of r &
9

sin ! This graph is si"ilar to that with a rational a val e j st with a different

"idpoint on the y,a/is!

Alissa Hazlett 10A

0ig re <! 1ase 1: 2ine

0ig re =! 1ase 1: 1osine

0ig re < shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when $ is positive! The e% ation for the graph is r & 3 4 3 sin ! The defa lt window was sed to graph this f nction! 2ince the a val e and $ val e are the sa"e+ this creates the sa"e graph as 0ig re 1! 0ig re = shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when $ is positive with the e% ation r & 3 4 3 cos ! Agian+ the a and $ val e are the sa"e so this createsthe sa"e graph as 0ig re 3! It does not "atter if the a val e is even or odd!

0ig re -! 1ase 3: 2ine

0ig re 10! 1ase 3: 1osine

0ig re - shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when $ is negative! The e% ation for the graph is r & 3 , 3 sin ! The defa lt window was sed to graph this f nction! 2ince the $ val e is nagative+ the cardioid "oves down the y,a/is! This is a reflection of the graph when $ is positive across the /,a/is! 0ig re 10 shows the graph of the cardioid f nction when $ is negative with the e% ation r & 3 , 3 cos ! It also shows a reflection of the graph when $ is positive across the /, a/is! It does not "atter if the a val e is even or odd+ it creates the sa"e graph!

Alissa Hazlett 10A

0ig re 11! 1ase 5: :ational

0ig re 13! 1ase 5: Irrational

0ig re 11 shows the cardioid f nction when graphed with a rational $ val e! It was graphed in the defa lt window! It has an e% ation of r & 9

9 3 4 3 sin ! The graph is si"ilar to

when $ is a negative whole n "$er+ it j st has a differnt "idpoint val e on the y,a/is! 0ig re 13 shows the cardioid f nction when graphed with an irrational $ val e! It has an e% ation of r &
9

sin ! This graph is si"ilar to that with a rational a val e j st with a different

"idpoint on the y,a/is! The cardioid f nction was developed $y >le 1hristensen :oe"er in 1;<6! He doscovered this while ta*ing part in an investigation that involved finding the $est design for gear teeth! It was na"ed $y ?e 1astillon in 1<61! It got its na"e fro" the Gree* word "eaning heart d e to the fact that it loo*s li*e a heart! A cardioid is the res lt of a trace of a piont on a circle that has rolled aro nd another fi/ed circle which is the sa"e size! The cardioid is the inverse c rve of a para$ola when the para$ola is inverted across a circle that has a center at the foc s of the para$ola!

Another polar f nction is Archi"edes spiral! This f nction has an e% ation of r & a 4 $ !

Alissa Hazlett 10A )hen graphed+ this f nction loo*s li*e a spiral! The spiral loo*s different when the a val e and $ val e change! Three different cases will $e e/plored to deter"ine the effects of changing the a val e and $ val e in the e% ation!

0ig re 15! 1ase 1 0ig re 15 shows Archi"edes spiral when the a val e is positive! The defa lt window was sed to graph this! The e% ation of the graph is r & 1 4 3 ! In this case+ the a val e is 1! This is where the spiral $egins on the /,a/is! It starts o t in the first % adrant+ then "oves to the second % adrant+ and then to the third! It does not "atter if the a val e is positive or nagative+ the graphs will $e si"ilar! The a val e is where the spiral starts on the /,a/is!

Alissa Hazlett 10A 0ig re 16! 1ase 3 0ig re 16 shows Archi"edes spiral when the a val e is negative! The defa lt window was sed to graph this! The e% ation of the graph is r & 7,18 4 3 ! In this case+ the a val e is ,1! This is where the spiral $egins on the /,a/is! It starts o t in the third % adrant+ then "oves to the first % adrant+ then to the second+ third+ and fo rth % adrants! It does not "atter if the a val e is positive or nagative+ the graphs will $e si"ilar!

0ig re 19! 1ase 5: :ational

0ig re 1;! 1ase 5: Irrational

0ig re 19 shows Archi"edes spiral when the a val e is rational! The defa lt window was sed to graph this! The e% ation of the graph is r & 6

6 5 4 3 ! In this case+ the a val e is 5 !

This is where the spiral $egins on the /,a/is! It is si"ilar to 0ig re 15 when the a val e is positive+ it j st starts at a different val e! 0ig re 1; shows Archi"edes spiral when the a val e is irrational! It has an e% ation of r & @ 4 3 ! It loo*s si"ilar to when a is rational+ $ t j st starts o t at @! It does not "atter if the a val e is positive or nagative+ the graphs will $e si"ilar!

Alissa Hazlett 10A 0ig re 1<! 1ase 1 0ig re 1< shows Archi"edes spiral when the $ val e is positive! The defa lt window was sed to graph this! The e% ation of the graph is r & 1 4 3 ! In this case+ the $ val e is 3! The spiral starts o t in the first % adrant+ then "oves to the second % adrant+ and then to the third! It does not "atter if the a val e is positive or nagative+ the graphs will $e si"ilar! )hen the a val e gets larger+ the spiral gets wider and "ore spaced apart!

0ig re 1=! 1ase 3 0ig re 1= shows Archi"edes spiral when the $ val e is negative! The defa lt window was sed to graph this! The e% ation of the graph is r & 1 , 3 ! 0or this graph+ the $ val e is ,3! This is where the spiral $egins on the /,a/is! It starts o t in thefirst % adrant+ then "oves to the third % adrant+ then "oves to the third % adrant+ then to the fo rth+ and then to the first! It does not "atter if the a val e is positive or nagative+ the graphs will $e si"ilar!

0ig re 1-! 1ase 5: :ational

0ig re 30! 1ase 5: Irrational

0ig re 1- shows the graph of Archi"edes spiral when the $ val e is rational! It was

Alissa Hazlett 10A graphed sing the defa lt settings! The e% ation of the graph is r & 1 4 6

5 ! The spiral starts

o t at 1! It "oves fro" the first % adrant+ to the second+ to the third+ to the fo rth! It has a s"aller $ val e so it is not as wide! 0ig re 30 shows the graph of Archi"edes spiral when the $ val e is irrational! The e% ation of the graph is r & 1 4 @ ! It loo*s si"ilar to 0ig re 1- when the $ val e is rational+ $ t scince the $ val e is larger the spiral is wider! Archi"edes spiral was discovered $y Archi"edes hi"eslf in the 5rd cent ry B1! He discovered it $y playing with a co"pass! ? ring ancient ti"es+ Archi"edes spiral was sed to find the area of a circle! It helpled the" to $etter "eas re the cir "ference of a circle that was sed to find the area! There are "any for"s of Archi"edes spiral that can $e fo nd today in nat re and "an "ade ite"s! >ne e/a"ple of this incl des spiral shaped sea shells! Another e/ap"le wo ld $e the spirals aro nd a screw!

Part 5: :esearch There are "any real world applications for polar coordinates and polar graphing! >ne application involves the recording patterns of "icrophones! The recording pattern can $e graphed sed polar graph! The pole of the graph is where the "icrophone wo ld $e! The c rves created on the graph wo ld show the different fre% encies of the "icrophone! 2o"e "icrophones are created so their fre% encies follow the graph of certain polar f nctions! A cardiod "icrophone follows the pattern of a cardiod f nction! ?ifferent types of "icrophones are created sing different polar

Alissa Hazlett 10A f nctions according to the se of the "icrophone! Another application for polar graphing deals with A:IBs and 1TBs! Both of these involve sing i"ages to see inside the h "an $ody! The i"ages are a res lt of graphing different f nctions incl ding polar f nctions! ?ifferent distinct parts of the $ody are graphed with polar coordinates to create polar graphs! )itho t the"+ a clear pict re of the $ody wo ld not co"e o t! It wo ld also not $e very e/act! They help to show the different c rves and shapes inside the $ody and any defor"ations that have occ rred! 0 rther"ore+ polar coordinates and graphs can $e sed for navigation! 2ince the world is ro nd+ latit de and longit de lines to not r n directly p and down rather they are slightly c rved! They se angle "eas re"ents to specify location! In order for this+ a location " st $e plotted on a polar graph! Then a second location can $e plotted! 0ro" there+ a line can $e drawn thro gh the two locations This "a*es it is easy to deter"ine in which direction and how far to travel to get fro" the first location to the second location! This type of navigation is "ostly sed in the sea and in the air! To contin e+ there are "any polar applications sed in space! The locations of different planets can $e fo nd sing polar coordinates! In this case+ the pole is the s n! The angle the planet is located aro nd the s n and the distance can $e fo nd! By finding the location of a planet+ its or$it can also $e fo nd! Polar coordinates can also $e sed to show the "ove"ent of satellites aro nd the earth! In this case+ the Carth wo ld $e the origin! The satellite that is "oving aro nd the Carth can $e descri$ed sing an angle "eas re"ent! This wo ld $e theta! The distance the satellite is fro" Carth is the radi s val e! The satellite can then $e trac*ed according to the different angle "eas res! Polar graphs can $e sed to ill strate areas of opport nity for a co"pany! They do this $y showing the "any different i"portant levels in developing Cnterprise Integrations Progra"s!

Alissa Hazlett 10A These "ay incl de the vision for the co"pany and the planning to get there! The graphs represent pea*s where the "ost i"portant opport nities are shown! These wo ld $e those points that are farthest away fro" the pole! These are the things the co"pany can do to i"prove their $ siness! The points closest to the pole represent things they are doing well! Another application incl des creating graphics for video ga"es+ television+ and "ovies! To create the graphics seen+ "ore than a few different f nctions were sed! >f these f nction are polar f nctions! They help to create the pict res and ani"ations! If polar graphs were not sed+ the pict res wo ld $e " ch "ore $asic and at ti"es see" conf sing! >ther f nctions do not necessarily show the c rves that polar f nctions do! They help everything in the video ga"e or on the television appear e/actly as they wo ld in real life! 1o"p ters also se polar graphs to create i"ages! 1o"p ters are progra""ed with these graphs so the screen appears the way it does!

Part 3: Do r Aasterpiece A ?ay in the Garden

Alissa Hazlett 10A

C% ations:
r = 3 cos7 6 8 r = 5 cos76 8

r = 0!09 + 0!09 r = ;

r = 0!09 0!09

This graph was created sing the Ti,Espire 2oftware and Paint! The defa lt window was sed 7 0 3+ step =
36 8!

Bi$liography

Alissa Hazlett 10A FArchi"edean 2piral!F Plane Curves! Ga Hee+ ; Aay 3013! )e$! ; Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJ/ahlee!orgJ2pecialPlane1 rvesKdirJArchi"edean2piralKdirJarchi"edean2piral!ht"l L! Basist+ Hevi+ and >wen H tje! FThe Arci"edean 2piral!F Docstock! ; Aay 3013! )e$! ; Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJwww!docstoc!co"JdocsJ31=-6=5JHistory,of,Archi"edesM,2piralJL! Bo rne+ A rray! NPolar 1oordinates and 1ardioid Aicrophones!O SquareCircleZ! 1= >ct! 300-! )e$! 09 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJwww!int"ath!co"J$logJpolar,coordinates,and, cardioid,"icrophonesJ36-;L! 1ardioid!F Plane Curves! Ga Hee+ ; Aay 3013! )e$! 09 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJ/ahlee!orgJ2pecialPlane1 rvesKdirJ1ardioidKdirJcardioid!ht"lL! 0ritzpatric*+ :ichard! NPlanetary >r$its!O Planetary Orbits! 3 0e$! 300;! )e$! 09 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJfarside!ph! te/as!ed JteachingJ501Jlect resJnode199!ht"lL! Harson+ 2ean! FIntod cing the 1ardiod!F Cardiod! 2pring 1---! )e$! 09 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJonline!redwoods!cc!ca! sJinstr ctJdarnoldJcalcprojJsp--JseanlJcardioidf!ht"L! Aacl re+ P! NPolar Eavigation!O :!1!A!0! )e$! 9 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJp $s!aina! calgary!caJarcticJArctic3,5,1=5!pdfL! Aargolis+ Cvgeny+ and Donina 1! Cldar! NE>E(EI0>:A 2AAPHIEG IE P>HA: 1>>:?IEATC2!O Technion! I2rael Instit te of Technology! )e$! 9 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJwe$ee!technion!ac!ilJ2itesJPeopleJDoninaCldarJ?ownloadJAC06is!pdfL! Plon*a+ 0ran*+ and G stav >lling! Computer Applications in Production and Engineering! Hondon: 1hap"an and Hall+ 1--<! oogle !ooks! 1hap"an and Hall! )e$! 09 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJ$oo*s!google!co"J$oo*sMid&aph-P=,6s2C1L! NPolar 1 rves and Their Aoving 0ra"es!O "ath#right! 3 0e$! 3006! )e$! 9 Aay 3013! Ihttp:JJwww!"aa!orgJprojectwelco"eJcalc l sQ30in Q30actionJli$raryaJpor$itJpdfJcalc l s6K6!pdfL!