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Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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):(Project
) (Product ) (service.
) (
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) (Consumer .
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) (Project Leader
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.(Requirement ) (Policies
.

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o
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o )(Formal Methodology
o


) (Information Technology.

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. )(Hard Skills
):(Soft Skills


o
o


) (
. ) (Interpersonal Skills
. :
o )(Communication Skills
o )(Organizational Skills
o )(Team Building Skills
o )(Leadership Skills
o / / )(Coping Skills



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.

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) (Project Management Framework :
)(Project Management Context
:
o
o )(Stakeholders
o
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o - )(Socioeconomic

)(Project Management Processes


.
:
o :
o :


) (Project Management Institute
) (Process ) Knowledge
.(Area

)(Project Management Process Groups


:
o )(Initiating Processes
o )(Planning Processes
o )(Executing Processes
o )(Controlling Processes
o )(Closing Processes

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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.
o ) (
o ) (
o ) (


) PMBOK (Project Management Body Of Knowledge
:
)(Integration Management
:
.
)(Quality Management
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)(Cost Management
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/ )(Time Management/Delivery
:
.
)(Scope Management

.
)(Communication Management
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.

)(Human Resources Management



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Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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)(Risk Management
.


o
o
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) (
o ) PDCA .(Plan Do Confirm Action

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o ) (Survey )
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. ) (System Developer
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Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o : ) (Business Manager .
o : .


o ) (Project Navigation
o ) (Business and Applications

o ) (System and Technology


.


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Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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.
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Groupware .


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:PDCA
)(Plan
o

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o
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) (
) (

.
) / ( .
) ( .
.
) (
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)(Project Stakeholders
. :
o
o
o
o
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)(Project Life Cycle
) (Project Phases -:
) (Initiating ) (Planning ) (Execution ).(Closure

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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) (Systems Development Life Cycle
).(Information Systems
.

)(Input
) (

)(Tools and Techniques


)(Output
.

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:

.

:
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Project Integration Management

. .

.
. ) Project
(Integration ).(Software Integration

. .


o
o
o

)(Develop Project Charter


).(Formal Definition of Project

)(Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement



.

)(Develop Project Management Plan


.

)(Direct and Manage Project Execution


.

)(Monitor and Control Project Work


.

)(Integrated Change Control


.

)(Close Project
.

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.
)(Project Scope

.

)(Deliverables
) (Software ) (Hardware ) Planning
(Documents ) (Meeting Minutes.


o )(Scope Planning

o )(Scope Definition

.
o )(Work Breakdown Structure
.
o )(Scope Verification
o )(Scope Control
.


o )(Activity Definition
o )(Activity sequencing
o )(Activity Resource Estimating
o )(Activity Duration Estimating
o )(Schedule Development


o
o
o .
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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)(Cost
)(Monetary Units


o )(Cost Estimating

o )(Cost Budgeting

o )(Cost Control
.


)(Quality
) (ISO ) (Entity Totality Characteristics
. :
o
o

:
o
o
o
o ) (Maturity Models


o ) (Quality Planning
.
o )(Quality Assurance
.
o )(Quality Control
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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.

.
.


o ) (Organizational Planning
o )(Staff Acquisition
o )(Team Development



.
) (IT Professionals
. ) (Verbal skills
.


o )(Communication Planning
.
o )(Information Distribution
.
o )(Performance Reporting
.
o )(Managing Stakeholders
.



.


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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)(Risk
.

)(Risk Management
.


o )(Risk Management Planning
.
o )(Risk Identification
.
o )(Qualitative Risk Analysis
.
o )(Quantitative Risk Analysis
.
o )(Risk Response Planning
.
o )(Risk Monitoring and Controlling

.

)(Procurement
/ ) (Purchasing
).(Outsourcing


o )(Recurrent Costs
o
o
o
o )(Accountability

)(Project Procurement Management


.

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o )(Purchases And Acquisitions Planning

o )(Contracting Planning

) (Contractors ) (Suppliers ) (Providers
.
o )(Request Seller Response
.
o )(Sellers Selecting

o )(Contract Administration
.
o )(Closing the Contract
.

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.
) (Strategic Plan
.

. .
:
.
.
.



.

.
) (Business Process
.


.

. .

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Project Charter

. :
o
o
o
o
o
o )(Project Deadline
o
.


.

)(


o


)(Contract

o


o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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:

Project Charter
Project Title: [Click here and type name]
Project Start Date: [Click here and type date]
Projected Finish Date: [Click here and type date]
Project Manager: [Click here and type name]
Objectives
Approach
Risk Analysis
Roles and Responsibilities
Name
[Click here and type name]
[Click here and type name]
[Click here and type name]
Sign-off

Role
Project Sponsor
Project Manager
[Click here and type role]

Responsibility
Monitor Project
Plan and Execute Project
[Click here and type responsibility]

[Click here and type sponsor name], [Click here and type sponsor title]

Date

[Click here and type project manager name], [Click here and type project manager title] Date
[Click here and type name], [Click here and type title]
Comments

Date


:
Project Title: Information Technology (IT) Upgrade Project
Project Start Date: March 4, 2007
Projected Finish Date: December 4, 2007
Project Manager: Jeff Nguyen, 691-2784, jnguyen@allpoints.com
Project Objectives: Upgrade hardware and software for all employees (approximately 2,000) within 9
months based on new corporate standards. See attached sheet describing the new standards. Upgrades may
affect servers and midrange computers as well as network hardware and software. Budgeted $1,000,000 for
hardware and software costs and $500,000 for labor costs.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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Approach:

Update the IT inventory database to determine upgrade needs


Develop detailed cost estimate for project and report to CIO
Issue a request for quotes to obtain hardware and software
Use internal staff as much as possible to do the planning, analysis, and installation

Roles and Responsibilities


Name
John smith
Jeff Nguyen
[Click here and type name]

Role
Project Sponsor
Project Manager
[Click here and type role]

Responsibility
Monitor Project
Plan and Execute Project
[Click here and type responsibility]

Approval Signatures:
Name

Signature

Date Signed

Project Sponsor
Name:
Project Manager
Name:


(Project Scope Statement)

.
. (Project Scope Creep)
.


.
.

o
o
(Project Boundaries) o
o
(Product Acceptance Criteria) o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o
o
o
o
o )(Configuration Management
o )(Approval


o


o


o


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:




.

:
.


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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) (
)
(.
)(Project Management Plan

.

.
" "
.

o
o
o
o
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) (Standard Form ) (
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(


.

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o
o
o
o
o

o


o


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)(Project Scope Management Plan


.
:
o
o
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o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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o


o


) (Templates ) (Forms )(Standards

o


)(Project Scope Definition



.

.


o


o


o



Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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) (

)(Project Scope Statement


:
o )(Project Justification
o
o
o


:
o
o
o
o

)(Work Breakdown Structure



.
.

)(WBS Templates

)(Decomposition
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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) (

)(WBS Dictionary

) (

)(Analogy Approach

)(Top-Down Approach

)(Bottom-Up Approach

)(Mind-Mapping Approach
.
:

Main Task1
Subtask 2

Deliverable 1
Deliverable 2

Main Task2

Subtask 1
Project

Main Task4

Main Task3

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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) (Work Unit


).(WBS Dictionary


.
.


:
o
o /
o
o )(Item Owner

)(1
) (Schematic Representation . ) (

:

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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(2)
: (Intranet)

Intranet

Web Site design

Home Page Design

Marketing Pages

Sales Pages

Site Map

Text

Text

Text

Graphic Design

Images

Images

Images

Programs

Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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(3)
Work ) (Intranet)

:(Phases
Intranet Project

Concept

Evaluate Current
System

User Requirements

Define
Requirements

Content
Requirements

Define Specific
Functionality

System
Rquirements

Web Site Design

Define Risks,
Risk Management
Approach

Web Site
Development

Develop
Project Plan

Server Owner
Requirements

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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Roll Out

Brief Web
Development
Team

Support

)(4
) (Intranet ):(Tabular

-1
-1-1
-2-1
-1-2-1
-2-2-1
-3-2-1
-4-2-1
-3-1
-4-1
-5-1
-6-1
-2
-3
-4 )(Roll Out
-5

:
o

) (Project charter

o .

)(Activity Definition

.

)(Activity Definition Process


o


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o


)(Rolling Wave Planning

).(Planning Component

o


)(Activity List

)(Activity Attributes

)(Milestone List


.
. :
o
o
o .


o


o


)(Precedence Diagramming Method, PDM

)(Arrow Diagramming Method

)(Schedule Network Templates

)(Dependency Determination

) (Leads )(Lags

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o


)(Project Schedule Network Diagrams

) (

) (

) (Activities Granularity

)(Activity List

)(Tabular Form

) (MS Project


) (Attributes .
:
o )(Dependencies
o ) (Lags )(Leads
o )(Resource Requirements
o )(Constraints
o )(Assumptions
o )(Imposed Dates

)(Milestone
. :
o ) (

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o ) (Releasing
o )(Gate Review


SMART . :
o )(Specific
o )(Measurable
o )(Assignable
o )(Realistic
o )(Time-Framed

)(Activity List


):(MS Project


) Finish-to-Start (FS ) (B ).(A
) Start-to-Start (SS ) (B ).(A
) Finish-to-Finish (FF ) (B ).(A
) Start -to-Finish (SF ) (B ).(A

:
o )(Mandatory Dependency
)(Hard Logic
o )(Discretionary Dependency
)(Soft Logic
o )(External Dependency

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Network Diagram
) (Schematic Display .

)(Arrow Diagramming Method, ADM


-- ) (Activity-on-Arrow, AOA
. -- )(Finish-To-Start
. ) (A=1 )(A
:1
D=4

E=5

H=6
J=3
8

F=4

A=1

L=2

C=3
7

B=2

G=6

AOA
o 1 1 .
) (
o . ) (Bursts ) (Merges

o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(

)(Precedence Diagramming Method, PDM


) (Boxes .
.
.
:
H
Start:6/10/05 ID:8
Finish:6/17/05 Dur:6Day
Res:

J
Start: 6/20/05 ID:10
Finish: 6/22/05 Dur:3Day
Res:

I
Start: 6/14/05 ID:9
Finish: 6/15/05 Dur:2Day
Res:

D
Start: 6/2/05 ID:4
Finish: 6/7/05 Dur:4Day
Res:

A
Start: 6/1/05 ID:1
Finish: 6/1/05 Dur:1Day
Res:

E
Start: 6/3/05 ID:5
Finish: 6/9/05 Dur:5Day
Res:

B
Start: 6/1/05 ID:2
Finish: 6/2/05 Dur:2Day
Res:

F
Start: 6/3/05 ID:6
Finish: 6/8/05 Dur:4Day
Res:
G
Start: 6/6/05 ID:7
Finish:6/13/05 Dur:6Day
Res:

C
Start: 6/1/05 ID:3
Finish: 6/3/05 Dur:3Day
Res:

)(Resource Planning

. ) (Equipments
) (Materials .
:
o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o


)(Resource Availability




o


)(Published Estimating Data

)(Bottom-Up Estimating

o


) (

)(Resource Breakdown Structure

)) (Resource Calendar (


. .
:

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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) (Resource Breakdown Structure .
:
1- Project Manager
2- Engineering
2-1- Engineering Manager
2-1-1- Technical Requirement Specialist
2-1-2- Architect
2-1-3- Engineer
2-2- Quality Assurance Manager
2-2-1- Quality Assurance Engineer


.
.

)(Activity Duration Estimating Process


o





o


)(Analogous Estimating

)(Parametric Estimating

)(Three-Point Estimates

)(Reverse Analysis

o



Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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) (


) .(Problematic
:
o /
o
o
o
o
o



.
. ).(Padding
.


o )(Effort
) (Workdays .
o )(Duration

. .

)(One-Time Estimation

. :
o
o
o ) ( ) (

) (Analogous Estimation
) (
. " 7
7 )(".

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(

)(Parametric Estimation

)(Three-Point Estimation
:

o )(Optimistic Estimate
o )(Pessimistic Estimate
)(Most Likely Estimate
o
) (Formula .

)(Program Evaluation and Review Technique


) (PERT .
) (Uncertainty
. ) (Probabilistic Time Estimates
.


) (Gantt Charts )(PERT Analysis
) (Critical Path analysis ).(Critical Chain Scheduling


o



Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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 )(Risk Register



o


)(Critical Path analysis

)(Schedule Compression

- )(What-If Scenario Analysis

)(Resource Leveling

)(Critical chain Method

)(Applying Calendars

)(Adjusting Leads and Lags

)(Schedule Model

o


)(Schedule Baseline

) (

) (

) (

) (
 ) (


o )(Black Diamond
) (Milestone
o )(Thick Black Bars
)(Summary Tasks
o )(Lighter Horizontal Bars
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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o )(Arrows


" ":

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Resource Loading
.
.


:
o


o


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Resource Histograms
.

)(Overallocation
.

)(Resource Leveling


.

.A,B,C A B

A B C.
.
A ) ( 3 C
. :
2
A=2
days
4

B=5
days

C=3
days

C .
:

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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A
B

C
C


)(Critical Path Method CPM
.

) (Earliest Time .
) ( ) (Slack
).(Float

o
o
o .

:
o
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o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(

o

o .

o .

:
o

)(Crashing
).(Least Incremental Cost

o )(Fast Tracking
.



.
.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o




 )(Staffing Management Plan
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o


)(Bottom-Up Estimating

)(Parametric Estimating

)(Vendor Bid Analysis

)(Reserve Analysis

)(Cost of Quality

o


) (

)(Variable Cost
) .(...

)(Fixed Cost
) .(...

)(Direct Costs
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Indirect Costs
.

) (Analogous or Top-Down
.

)(Bottom-Up
.

)(Parametric
.

)(Quality Management Plan

:
o ) (Quality Standards
o ) (
o
o
o )(Triple Constraint

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o


o


- )(Cost-Benefit Analysis

)(Benchmarking

)(Design of Experiments

)(COQ

o


)(Quality Metrics

)(Quality Checklists

)(Process Improvement Plan

)(Quality Baseline

) (

)(Organizational Planning
.


o


o


) (Organizational Charts )(Position Description

)(Networking

)(Organizational Theory
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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(Project Organization Chart)

(Staffing Management Plan)

Project
Manager

Systems
Engineering

Independent
Test
Group

Project
Technical
Lead

S/W
Subproject
Manager 1

Team 1

Team 2

Quality
Assurance

S/W
Subproject
Manager 2

Team 3

Team 1

Team 2

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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Configuration
Management

H/W
Subproject
Manager

Team 1

Team 2

) (Responsibility Assignment Matrix


.

RACI
) (Responsible, Accountable, Consult and Inform Format
) .(RACI (RACI Chart) RACI
) (General Areas )
.
.(Low Level Tasks

RACI
) (WBS
) .(Organization Breakdown Structure
. ) ( :
ACTIVITIES George Glenda Tom Susan Mary Craig
C

C
C

Requirements R

Design

Development

Testing


.
) :(OBS
o ) (Responsible Organizational Unit
o )(Performing Organizational Unit
) .(WBS

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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WBS

2
RP

1
R

RP
RP
P
RP
RP
P

RP

System
Engineering
Software
Development
Hardware
Development
Test
Engineering
Quality
Assurance
Configuration
Management
Integrated
Logistic
Support
Training

OBS


o






o


)(Communication Technology

o


)(Communication Management Plan

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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) (Communication Infrastructure
:
o :
) (Teleconferencing Systems ) (Document Management Systems
.
o : ) Meeting
.
(Ground Rules and Procedures
o : ) (Open Dialog ).(Agreed Upon Work Ethic


o
o ) (Distribution Structure
o
o ) (Access Methods
o
o )(Stakeholder Communication Analysis


:
o
o
o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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.

.


.
.


o )(Methodology
o )(Roles and Responsibilities
o )(Budget
o )(Timing
o )(Scoring and Interpretation
o )(Thresholds
o )(Reporting
o )(Tracking


o


o


o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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)(Risk Management Plan


) ( .


o


o


)(Checklist Analysis

)(Assumptions Analysis

)(Diagramming Techniques

o


)(Risk Register


o )(Technical Risks
o
o
o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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o )(Market Risks

o ).(Financial/Cost Risks

o

o
.


o


o


)(Probability/Impact Matrix

)(Risk Urgency Assessment

o


)(Risk Register

.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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/
Risk 1, 4

Risk
9

Risk
6

Risk
2,5,11

Risk 3, 7

Risk 12

Risk 8, 10

Low

Medium

High
Medium

Probability

Low
High

Impact


) (Quantitative Risk analysis
.
.


:
o
o
o


o


o


) (Monte Carlo Simulation

o


) (

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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. :
o )(Risk Avoidance
.
o )(Risk Acceptance
.
o )(Risk Transference
.
o )(Risk Mitigation
.


o


o


)(Contingent Response Strategy

o


) (

) (

)(Risk-Related Contractual Agreement

)(Procurement Planning
.
:
o
o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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o
o
o

)(Purchases and Acquisitions Planning


o








 )(Cost Baseline

o


-- )(Make-or-Buy

)(Contract Types

o


)(Contract Statement of Work

--


) (Procurement Management Plan :

)(Planning

)(Solicitation

)(Source Selection

)(Contract Administration

)(Contract Closeout
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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--

-- )(Make-or-Buy Analysis
) ( .
).(Financial Analysis

) ( .

150 1000
50 .
12

)(Cost-Reimbursable

o . d
:
$150d = $1,000 + $50d
o d :
d = 10 days
o
o 12 .

) (Fixed-Price )(Lump-Sum
.

)(Time and Material


.

)(Unit Price
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


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)(Statement of Work
. )(Bidders
.

)(Statement Of Work Template



)(Scope of Work

)(Location of Work

)(Period of Performance

)(Deliverables Schedule

)(Applicable Standards

) Buyer

)(Acceptance Criteria

(Organization

)(Special Requirements


o


--



Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
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o


)(Standards Forms

o


)(Evaluation Criteria

) (


) (Solicitation Planning :

)(Request For Proposal - RFP


) (Solicit ) (Prospective Sellers
.

)(Requests For Quotes - RFQ


.

/ )(Invitations For Bid - IFB


.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 71 -


:


.

:
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 72 -

)(Project Plan Execution


.
.

)(Direct and Manage Project Execution Process


o


)(Approved Corrective Actions

)(Approved Preventive Actions

)(Approved Change Requests

)(Approved Defect Repair

)(Validated Defect Repair

)(Administrative Closure Procedure

o


)(Project Management Methodology

)(Project Management Information System

)(Deliverables

)(Implemented Change Requests

)(Implemented Corrective Actions

)(Implemented Preventive Actions

)(Implemented Defect Repair

)(Work Performance Information


o
o
o


o )(Work Authorization system
.
o )(Status Review Meetings
.
o )(Project Management Software

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 73 -


.
.
.


o


)(Rejected Change Requests

o


)(Project Management Methodology

)(Project Management Information System

)(Earned Value Management

o


)(Recommended Corrective Actions

)(Recommended Preventive Actions

)(Recommended Defect Repair

)(Forecasts


) (Integrated Control Change .


o
o
o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 74 -


o


)(Recommended Corrective Actions

)(Recommended Preventive Actions

)(Recommended Defect Repair

o


o


) (

) (

.
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 75 -


) (Change Control System ) (Formal Documented Process
. .
) (Change Control Board ) (Configuration Management .

)(Change Control Board CCB


.
. .

)(Making Timely Changes


.

):(Time-Sensitive Changes Policies
o 48
48
o

"" )(Configuration Management


o
o
o "" "" ) (Configuration Requirements
) (Audit


o ) Constant Communication And
(Negotiation
o
o
o
o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 76 -

:
o )(Word Processing Software
o )(Presentation Software
o ) (Tracking ) (Spreadsheets
)(Databases
o ) (Communication Software ) Web
(Authoring Tools
o


.
) (Verifying Project Scope .
) (Scope Creep .


o


o


)(Inspection

o


)(Accepted Deliverables

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 77 -


) .(Project Deliverables
.
.
.


o ) (
o
o
o
o


:
o
o ) (Prototyping )(Use-Cases Modeling
) (JAD
o
o
o
o ).(Change Requests/Enhancements


o



Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 78 -

o


)(Variance Analysis

)(Preplanning

)(Configuration Management System

o


) (

) (

) (

)) (Scope Baseline (

)) (Organizational Process Assets (

) (


o


o


)(Performance Measurement

)(Variance Analysis

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 79 -

) .(Schedule Comparison Bar Charts

o


)) (Schedule Model Data (

) (

) (

) (

) (

)(Staff Acquisition


.
.


o


)(Staffing Management Plan

o


)(Pre-Assignment

)(Virtual Teams

o


)(Resource Availability

) (

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 80 -

)(Team Development
.
. :
o )(Physical Activities
o )(Psychological Preference Indicator Tools


o


)(Staffing Management Plan

o


).(Recognition And Rewards

o


)(Team Performance Assessment

)(Information Distribution

. :
o
o ) (Formal and Informal Methods


o


o


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 81 -

)(Information Gathering and Retrieval Systems

)(Lessons Learned Process

o


) (

)(Communication Methods
:
o )(Formal Written
o )(Formal Verbal
o )(Informal Written
o )(Informal Verbal


o
o
o
o
o ) (Templates



.
. ).(Leadership

)(Running Effective Meetings


o
o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 82 -

o
o
o ) (Handouts )(Visual Aids
)(Logistical Arrangement ahead of time
o
o


.
) (Templates
.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 83 -

)(Request Seller Response

)(Solicitation

:
o

) (Bidders Conference


o


o


)(Qualified Sellers List

)(Procurement Document Package

)(Bidders Conference
. :
o )(
o
o )(Summarize and distribute


o )(Qualification Criteria
o
o
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 84 -

)(Source Selection
:
o
o
o )(Awarding the contract
.
.


o


)(Evaluation Criteria





o


) (Weighting System

) (Screening System

)(Contract Negotiation

)(Seller Rating Systems

) (Past Performance History

o


) (

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 85 -


:
o
o
.

)(Contract Administration
.
.
.


o


o


)(Contract Change Control System

)(Payment System

)(Claims Administration

o


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 86 -

) (

) (



)(Administrative Closure
) ( :
o )(Project Archives
o )(Project Closure
o )(Lessons Learned


o


o


o


)(Administrative Closure Procedure

) (

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 87 -

:
.

PDCA

)(Activity Slack

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 88 -

PDCA
) PDCA ( :
)(Plan
o : :

o ) (Milestones
.
o
)(Do
o
o
)(Check
o .
.

o

o
o ) (Critical Path
) ( ) .(Slack Time
.
o .

)(Action
o .

o ) (Impossible Plans
.
) (Outside Assistance

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 89 -


) (Conceptual Plan
.
.


.
.
).(Accumulation Method


) ( .
. .

) (Task Responsibility Matrix


) (Responsibilities Assignment Matrix
.



.
) .(MS Project

. ) (Network Chart ) Bar
.(Chart
Network Chart

Bar Chart

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3
-4

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 90 -

-1

-1

-2

)(

-3

-2


) (Program Evaluation and Review Technique, PERT
)( .
.


.

.
11 :

)(

E&F

H&I

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 91 -


.
.
H

)(

)(

14

E&F

H&I

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 92 -

:
)H(2

)K(2

)E(14

)B(6

)D(6

)G(2

)J(4

)A(4

)I(3

)F(5

)C(3

):(Connected Paths
A, B, D, E, G, H, J, K
A, B, D, E, G, I, J, K
A, C, F, G, H, J, K
A, C, F, G, I, J, K

1234-


:

1
2
3
4


40
41
22
23

) (4 )
( . "" ).(Critical Path

)(Earliest Start ES

)( .

)(Earliest Finish EF

)( .

)(Expected Activity Duration


) (T :
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 93 -

EF = ES + T

)(Latest Start LS
.

)(Latest Finish LS

:
LS = LF T

)(Free Slack
.

)(Total Slack
.

)(Critical Task
.
. ) .(Critical Path
:
Slack = LS ES = LF - EF

A
B
C
D
E

)(

)(
4


A
A
B
D

6
3
6
14
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 94 -

F
G
H
I
J
K

5
2
2
3
4
2

C
E&F
G
G
H&I
J

/
/ :

)K(2

ES=32, EF=34

ES=16, EF=30

)H(2

E(1
)4

ES=10, EF=16

)B(6

)D(6

)G(2

)J(4

ES=39, EF=41

ES=4, EF=10

)A(4
ES=30, EF=32

ES=35, EF=39

ES=0, EF=4
)I(3

)F(5

ES=32, EF=35

)C(3

ES=7, EF=12

ES=4, EF=7

/
/ :

)K(2

ES=32, EF=34
LS=33, LF=35

ES=16, EF=30
LS=16, LF=30

)H(2

E(1
)4

)D(6

)A(4
ES=30, EF=32
LS=30, LF=32

ES=35, EF=39
LS=35, LF=39
)I(3

ES=0, EF=4
LS=0, LF=4
)F(5

ES=32, EF=35
LS=32, LF=35

)B(6

)G(2

)J(4

ES=39, EF=41
LS=39, LF=41

ES=10, EF=16
LS=10, LF=16

ES=4, EF=10
LS=4, LF=10

ES=7, EF=12
LS=25, LF=30

)C(3

ES=4, EF=7
LS=22, LF=25


) (Slack :

A
B
C


4
10
25


4
10
7

0
0
18

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 95 -

D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

16
30
12
32
34
35
39
41

16
30
30
32
35
35
39
41

0
0
18
0
1
0
0
0


) (Three-Point Estimate
) (Most Likely Estimate ) Pessimistic
) (Optimistic Estimate
:(Estimate


A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

2
3
2
4
12
2
2
2
2
2
2

4
7
3
7
16
5
2
3
3
4
2

6
10
5
9
20
8
2
4
5
6
2

)(Expected Time
:

( + (6/
= ) )4 +

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 96 -

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

6.83
3.17
6.83
16
5
2
3
3.17
4
2

10
7
3
5
3
2
9
7
4
20
16
12
8
5
2
2
2
2
4
3
2
5
3
2
6
4
2
2
2
2

:
A, B, D, E, G, H, J, K
A, B, D, E, G, I, J, K
A, C, F, G, H, J, K
A, C, F, G, I, J, K
)H(3

)K(2

D(6.
)83

E(16
)

1234-

B(6.
)83

)G(2

)J(4

)A(4

I(3.1
)7

)F(5

C(3.
)7

) (Expected Duration :

1
2
3
4


44.66
44.83
23.17
23.34

2 ) (Expected Critical Path 44.83.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 97 -


) (Critical chain Approach
:
o )(Safety Time
o
o ) (Activity Buffer

o ) Project
(Buffer

o
Activity D Activity E

Activity C

Activity A Activity B

o
Project
Buffer

Activity D Activity E

Activity C

Activity A Activity B

)(Work Procedure and Quality Criteria


.
.


.

.


.
-
.


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 98 -

.

.


) (Countermeasure :
o
o


)(Overtime Work

)(Subcontractors

o ) (Redefine
o

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 99 -


:
CoCoMo
.

:
.

PDCA

CoCoMo
CoCoMo

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 100 -

PDCA
) PDCA ( :
)(Plan
o
(
o )

o
)(Do
o )(Accumulate the cost result of the running project
)(Check
o
)(Action
o
o
o
o
o
)(Estimation Accuracy


) (Initial Cost ):(Running Cost


.
) (Servers ) (PC .
) (Database Management System
.


)(Hardware Maintenance
).(Software Administration

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 101 -


...


) (Direct Measurement ) Indirect
. .
(Measurement

)(Software Direct Measurement



) (Lines Of Code LOC
.

)(Software Indirect Measurement


) (Functionality ) (Quality ) Complexity
(Degree ) (Efficiency ) (Reliability ) (Maintainability .

) (Measure .

.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 102 -


) (Size-Oriented Metrics .
:
LOC ) $(000 /

29

12100

24

168

365

134

27200

62

440

1224

321

86

20200

34

314

1050

256

64

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

12100 24/ .$168000


) (
. 365 134
29 .
.
:
o
o
o
o
:
o /
o /
o
.
) (LOC .
.
) (LOC ) (KLOC
) (LOC
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 103 -


)(Function-Oriented Metrics .
"" .

)(Function Point
) .(Function Point
)( .
:

Weighting Factor

count

Complex

Average

Simple

=
7

4
=

3
=

15

10

7
=

10

5
=

:
o
) (Input
) (Inquiries .
o
) (Output .
.
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 104 -

o

.
o
)
(.
o
) (
.

. .

)(


:
])FP = count-total [0.65 + 0.01 SUM(Fi
.
Fi " " :
.1
.2
.3
.4 ) (Efficiency of Performance
.5
.6
.7 ) (Input Transaction

.8 )(On-Line
.9
.10
.11
.12 ) (Conversion)(Installation
.13 ) (Multiple Installation
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 105 -

.14
) (LOC :
o
o
o
o
o /


.
. :

)(Program Size Estimation


COnstructive COst ) CoCoMo
.(MOdel ) (Internal Program Specification
) (Accuracy of Estimation .

)(Function Point Estimation


) (Software Complexity " "
) (Function Point ).(External Program Specification

)(Similarity Method
.
- .

)(Accumulation Method
. .

.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 106 -

(CoCoMo

) Program

.(Scale

)(FPA

Bottom-

(Up



. CoCoMo
) (Program Design .

.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 107 -



.
.

. :

@BCDE

@BFG
@BHIJK

@?>=


.
:

964



1,988 3,002

Installation

98

200

196

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 108 -

1,002 1,000 1,006 1,000

)(
Outsourcing

0 1,500 1,505


.
.

CoCoMo

)(CoCoMo 2.0

) (Business Software ) (Object-Oriented Software
) (Spiral or Evolutionary Development Models .

)(CoCoMo 2.0
o
o
o ) (Quantitative Analytic Framework
.


:
)(End-User Programming

) System

) Application

(Integration

(Composition

) Application
Generators and
(Composition Aids

)(Infrastructure
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 109 -

CoCoMo 2.0
o CoCoMo 2.0
o )(Application Composition Model
o


o )(Early Design Model
o )(Post-Architecture Model


CoCoMo 2.0 :
o )(Object Points
o )(Unadjusted Function Points
o )(Source Line Of Code SLOC

)(Nominal Effort
:
B

)PM nominal = A (Size

/ ) .(Person/Month PM :
) (Relative Economies ) Relative
o CoCoMo
(Diseconomies ) (Scale .
).(B
o ) (A ) (Linear Effects
).(A=2.94

)(Exponent Scale Factors


) (B :

)B = 0.91 + 0.01*SUMi=1 to 5(Wi

) (Rating Levels :CoCoMo 2.0


) (Wi ).(B

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 110 -

)(Wi

)(5

)(4

)(3

)(2

)(1

)(0

1
) (100 KLOC ) (0 . :
o Wi = 0
o B = 0.91
) ( o E = PM = 2.94*1000.91= 2.94*66 = 194 PM

2
) (5 . :
o Wi = 25
o B = 1.16
) ( o E = PM = 2.94*1001.16= 2.94*209 = 614 PM


o ) (B < 1.0 .
. ) (Project Productivity
o ) ( 1.0=B . ) Linear
(Model . ) Applications
(Composition Model
o ) (B > 1.0 .
) (Interpersonal Communications Overhead
) .(Large-System Integration Overhead
.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 111 -


:



.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 112 -

)(Reactive Risk Strategies


.
.
." " .
" " ) .(Fire Fighting Mode " " )(Crisis Management
.

)(Proactive Risk Strategies


.
) (Risks Identification ) (Occurrence Probability Estimation
) (Impact . ) Risk
.(Management Plan
) (Contingency Plan .


) (Software Risk
:

)(Uncertainty
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 113 -

.%100

)(Loss
.


.
:

)(Project Risks

.
.

)(Technical Risks
.
. .

) (Specification Ambiguity ) Technical
.
(Uncertainty .

)(Business Risks
.
:
o ) (
o ) (
o
o ) (
o ) (
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 114 -


:
o )(Known Risks


) :
(.
o )(Predictable Risks

.
o )(Unpredictable Risks
"" .


) (Risk Identification
) .(...
.
. ) (Generic Risks
) .(Product-Specific Risks
.
" :
" . "
". ).(Risk Item Checklist


) .(Risk Item Checklist
)
( :

)(Product Size
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 115 -

)(Business Impact
.

)(Client Characteristics
.

)(Process Definition
.

)(Development Environment
.

)(Required Technology
.

)(Staff Size and Experience


.


:
o ) (LOC )(FP
o
o
o ) (Relative Shift
o ) (Database
o
o
o

.
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 116 -


:
o
o
o ) (
o
o
o
o ) (
o
o

.
.


. :
o :
.
.
o :
.


. .
o :
o
o :
"" . .

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 117 -


.
.


:
o
o

o
o
o
o

o ) (Software Process
.


" "
.
Pressman
) (Software Engineering Institute .

)(Process Issues
o
o
o
o
o
o
o ) (Formal Technical Reviews

o
o
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 118 -

o
o
o
o

)(

)(Technical Issues
o ) Fast
(Application Specification Techniques FAST
o
o
%90
o

o
o
o
o
o ) (Prototype
o
o
o
.

.


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 119 -

:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o )(Formal Methods
) (Artificial Intelligence )(Neural Networks
o
o
)( .


o
o
o
o ) (Compilers ) (Code Generator
o )(Repository
o
o
o


o
o ) (...
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 120 -


:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

)(Performance Risk

)(Cost Risk

)(Support Risk

)(Schedule Risk
.

)(Risk Drivers
)
(.


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 121 -

:
o )(Negligible
)(Marginal
o
o )(Critical
o )(Catastrophic
) (1 ) . (2
:

$500K

$100K $500K

$1K $100K

$1K

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 122 -

)(Risk Projection
) (Risk Estimation :
o )(Likelihood

o )(Consequences


:
o
o
o

o


) (Risk Table .
:

RMMM
2

60%

30%

70%

PS
PS
PS

40%

BU

50%

BU

40%

80%

CU
PS
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 123 -

30%

TE

80%

DE

30%

ST

60%

ST

...

...


o
o ) PS : BU (
o
) (
o ) -1-2 -3 -4 (
o ) (Impact Category )
(
o .
.
.

)(
. ) (Risk Factor
.
, .
" (Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management) "RMMM
.
.
. ) (Risk Drivers
: . ) : 0.7
1 (.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 124 -


: .

.
) ( .


) ( ) (.


: .


" " .
:
o

o
o
.
, .

.



/ .
] [ri, li, xi ) (ri (li) )( ) (xi .

)(Risk Referent Level


.
) ( . :
.
.

)(Reference Point
) (Referent Point
.
) (Break Point ) (
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 125 -

)(
) (
. :


( .
:
o

o ] [ri, li, xi

o
o


.
:
o )(Risk Avoidance
o )(Risk Monitoring
o )(Risk Management and Contingency Planning

)(Risk Mitigation


).(Risk Mitigation
) .(ri
) (li %70) 0.70 (
) (xi .
Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 126 -

. :
o

) (

o
o
o
o
o
o

)(

)(Risk Monitoring


.
. :

o
o
o
o .
.
.


.
)( .

)(Risk Management and Contingency Planning


.
.
.

- ) (
.
) Knowledge Transfer
.(Mode

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 127 -


:

.

:
) (Earned Value Method .

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 128 -


) (Actual Values
) (Planned Values . " "
"" .
""
.
.
) .(Assessment of Completion ) (Percent Completion Assessment
) .(Subjective Judgment "" " " )(Gray Area
.
) (Planning ) (Tracking
.


) (EVM :
o
o
o

.
.



) .(Discrete Tasks
) (Set Value .
.
) (Earned Value Plan
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 129 -


. ) (Uncertainty .
.

.



) ( .


:
o ) ( .
) ( )
( )( ) .(Interim Weeks
" " .
o ) (Clear Completion Criteria
" "
o .
.


.
) (

.
) (Net:
o
o
o
o


Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.
- 130 -

) (Over-Estimate
) (Conservative .
.

)(Earning Value
:
o ) .(%100
o ) (Subjective Practice " " .

) (Planned Value
o

o
.


.
) (Earned Value Plan
.

)(Work Breakdown Structure



.
" "A " :A " "
" "" "" "" "" "" ".

. .
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 131 -

)(Effort Estimating

.
.

:
) (
o


o

.
o

. ) (A 200
) (LOC .

) (Checking .
. 18
18 . ) (Sub-Tasks ).(WBS

)(Effort Available
) (
.
) (Calendar
) (Productive Task Hours .
) .(Cumulative Total
.
.
) (Best Completion Date .
) (Dependency .
.
) .(Heroic Effort
.

Universal Knowledge Solutions S.A.L.


- 132 -



):(Earned Value Plan
o )(Task Effort
m ) (TEm :m
Task Effort = TEm
o )(Total Effort
:
)Total Effort = TotE = SUM(TE1, TE2,, TElast
o )(Week Effort
:(WEn) n
Week Effort = WEn
o )(Cumulative effort
n:
CumEn = CumEn-1 + WEn


o :


Planned Value = PVm = TEm + TotE


Cumulative Task Effort = CTEm = CTEm-1 + TEm

Completion Week = CEm = the first week where CumEn > CTEm
o :


)Expected Value Earned = ExVn = SUM(PV


.n

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.
:

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) (Project Tracking .
. :
o :

o :

.
.
.

.

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)(Status against Earned Value Plan



. :

:
o
o
o .

)(Status against the Effort Plan


)(Available Effort
) (Actual Effort . :

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:
o
o .



. :

@ BNIO@BLMJEN
PDQ RSTUJV@BFG

3
6
9

WV@BFG

2
5
8

SYOJV PDQ@BFG

1
4
7

SYOJV PDQ@BFG
WV@BFG

@YZH
@R[?JN

PDQ RSTUJV@BFG

) (On Plan ) (Ahead the Plan


. .
. :
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o ) (Actual Effort .


o ) (Behind the Plan
. ) (Reviews ) (Cursory Review
) ( ) (Defects
) (Economically .


. :
o ) (Precarious Position
.
.
. .
.
o .


) (Available Effort ):(Actual Hours

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) ( .
.

.


.
.
.
) (Obsolete
.
.
. .
) (Re-Planning
. ) .(Mid-Stream
) .(Flawed Plan ) (Renegotiate
) .(Project Commitments ) (
.
.
) (Original Plans Timeframe )(Planned Size
) (Planned Effort . )(Projected Value
.
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.
. ) ( .


) (
) .(Improvement Of Planning Accuracy )
( .
. ) (Consistent Bias
)(note- worthy
. ) (Strengths ) (Weaknesses
.
) .(Unplanned Tasks
) ( .
. ) (Checklist
.
) (Planned Tasks .
.
.
)( .

)(
.

.
.

.
) ( .
) (Correlation

) (Informed Effort Estimate .

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) (Valuable Method .
:

) (Reliable Method

) (Actual Data

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:
.

:
.

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) (Documentation
. " " ).(User Assistance

.
. :

o )(Prototype
) ( )Look-
(and-Feel . .
)(

o )(First Draft
) ( .
.
) (Technical Accuracy
o )(Second Draft
.
.
o )(Final Draft
.

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.
)
( .

. )( .
.


.


.

.
. .
.
.


,
.
o )(Programmers Themselves


) .(Communicating .

.
o )(Technical Author
. )(
.

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o )(Outsourcing

.


) .(Documentation Project Manager

. .

)(Software Installation Plan SIP


) Installing
(Preparations ) (User Training .

.


:
o )(Implementation Requirement
:


o )(Implementation Approach
.
o )(Implementation Procedure
:


)(Installation Test
)(Final Deployment
.
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)(Data Conversion Test



.

)(System Integration Test


) (.



.
.


. .
o )(Contingency Plan


)(Back-Up Procedures

)(Restoring Data Files

o )(Retirement of Legacy Software


o


) (Software Training Plan .
:

) (

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) ( .
.


/ .


. .

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The Art of Project Management, by Scott Berkun, Publisher: O'Reilly Media (April 22, 2005),
ISBN: 0596007868.
Software Project Management Readings and Cases by Chris Kemerer, IRWIN ISBN: 0-25620495-0 and course overheads.

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