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Evidence Based Medicine

DR. dr. Zafrullah Khany Jasa SpAn.KNA

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Evidence-Based Clinical Practice (EBCP) Evidence-Based Health Care (EBHC) Evidence-Based Nursing (EBN)

I am here to learn EBM because .


1. I am working in clinical practice 2. I am working on evidence resources (reviews, guidelines, reports , ) 3. I will help others use evidence 4. I plan to teach EBM 5. My boss told me I had to attend

Evidence-Based Medicine (EMB)


Adalah integrasi hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru dengan subyek pasien dan kejadian klinik dalam membuat keputusan klinik . EBM merupakan hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru yang merupakan integrasi antara pengalaman klinik, pengetahuan patofisiologi dan keputusan terhadap kesehatan pasien. Atau merupakan integrasi kejadian untuk menentukan terapi atau penatalaksanaan suatu penyakit.

Dengan melihat pada penelitian-penelitian kedokteran dan literatur-literatur (individual atau group), sehingga dapat membantu dokter
Menentukan diagnosis yang tepat, Memilih rencana pemeriksaan terbaru, Memilih terapi terbaru Memilih metode pencegahan penyakit terbaru.

Evidence Based Medicine


Medical Decision

Patient Values

Clinical Expertise

Research Evidence

Selama ini jenis penelitian terbaik adalah :


Randomised clinical trials Meta-analysis

Bukti-bukti klinik biasanya ditulis dalam suatu journal dan dokumen-dokumen, sehingga memudahkan seorang dokter atau klinisi untuk memanfaatkanya.

Menggunakan tehnik EMB berskala besar dengan pengelompokan pada penyakit yang sama dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan suatu practice guidelines atau konsensus.

Manfaat practice guideline oleh para klinisi digunakan untuk menentukan : Diagnostik. Terapi.

EBM Klinik Merupakan bukti penelitian terbaru


untuk memutuskan tentang penatalaksaan pasienpasien secara individu. untuk memperbaiki dan mengevaluasi perawatan pada pasien.

Digunakan sebagai gold standart/ standar baku/standar emas untuk praktisi klinik dan guideline therapi.

Sumber EBM Klinik


Sistematic reviews dari literatur kedokteran. Large Randomised controlled trials ( efikasi terapi) Large prospective studies (pemantauan waktu).
Bukti penelitian test diagnostik dan terapi.

Klasifikasi EBM
1. Evidence-Base guideline.
EBM praktis pada tingkat organisasi atau institusi dalam bentuk guideline, pedoman, dan aturan

2.Evidence-Base individual decision making.


EBM praktis pada individual.

Manfaat EBM Klinik


Practice guideline atau Evidence-base medicine guidelines. 1. Membantu menurunkan mortalitas atau kematian pasien. 2. Memperbaiki derajat kesehatan dan perawatan. 3. Mengevaluasi dan merencanakan terapi. 4. Memilih pola hidup dan perawatan kesehatan terbaik.

Contoh EBM klinik


Clinical Guidelines The Evidence Base for Tight Blood Pressure Control in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Petunjuk Praktis Pengelolaan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 oleh PERKENI 2002. Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia oleh PERKENI 2006 JNC VII for hipertension.

FIVE STEPS TO FINDING THE BEST EVIDENCE


1. IDENTIFY NEEDS : What type of information is needed?
2. IDENTIFY RESOURCES : Types, Availability, Timeliness,

Costs?
3. SEARCH & RETRIEVE : Use efficient strategi 4. REVIEW : Check quality and usefulness of info 5. INTERPRET : Help patient understand info, application

EBP:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Assess the patient Ask the question Acquire the evidence Appraise the evidence Apply: talk with the patient

EBM:
1. Ask focused question

2. Find the evidence


3. Appraise the evidence 4. Make a decision

5. Evaluate performance

Forming a question
Identify key patient problem Phrased to facilitate finding an answer What treatment might be considered Alternative treatments to consider Outcome to avoid or promote

PICO
P = Patient or problem I = Intervention, prognostic factor, or exposure C = Comparison O = Outcomes (T)= Type of Study

Types of Studies
Case series and Case Reports Case control studies Cohort studies Randomized, controlled clinical trials Systematic Reviews Meta-analysis

PATIENT

PHYSICIAN

INFORMATION

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES


LIMITED RESOURCES May help to eliminate unnecessary or poor quality screening tests (ie: resting EKG to screen for CAD = high false negative and false positive rates) LIMITED DRUG REGULATION Approval for drug marketing easy - promotes insurgence of new drugs for questionable indications, limited effectiveness, false claims, inflated prices based on ad response (include more expensive is better)

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

LIMITED CAPACITY FOR CME Drug companies - may sponsor meetings that are little more than captive marketing sessions or biased education sessions (drug education vs promo)
Result may be push for more expensive, less effective treatments (ie push for CCBs over BBs) - calc channel blockers over Beta Blockers

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIMITED ACCESS TO LITERATURE DATABASES Desktop computer with CD ROM reader and modem ($900) Electricity 1 yr subscription to MedLine on CD ROM (?500) Internet connection $25/mt Convince administrators of expense: Publicly cite how searches help with lectures, research and patient care management decisions Get equipment from drug companies (usually strings attached)

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIMITED ACCESS TO ADEQUATE LIBRARY FACIILITIES ALMOST INEVITABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Identify resources via search, but then unable to retrieve articles!

A top EBM practitioner (Philippines) recommends: 1. Top 3 medical libraries in your country 2. Multinational drug company libraries 3. Friends and colleagues - including in other countries

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF YOUR MEDICAL PRACTICE ? A. Training, clinical experience and consultation with other professionals B. Convincing evidence (non-experimental) from articles, case reports, product literature, etc.

C. Preferences of the patient


D. Active search of Randomized Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analysis Reports

Kualifikasi EBM Klinik


1. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2. U. K. National Health Service (level of evidence [LOE])

1 .U.S. Preventive Services Task Force


Level I: Designed randomized controlled trial. Level II-1: Designed controllled trial tanpa random Level II-2: Studi cohort atau case-control analytic. Level II-3: Multiple time series dengan atau tanpa intervensi. Level III: Pendapat ahli, penelitian klinik dasar, studi descriptive atau laporan kasus.

Kategori dari rekomendasi ( US. Preventive Services Task Force)


Level A:
Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik lebih baik dengan resiko sedikit.

Level B:
Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik sedikit lebih baik dengan resiko sedikit

Level C:
Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik sedikit, dimana perbandingan antara manfaat dan resiko sama.

Level D:
Suatu penelitian yang memberikan resiko klinik lebih berat.

Level I:
Suatu penelitian yang tidak mempunyai bukti cukup, kualitas jelek atau banyak pertentangan.

2. UK National Health Service ( level of evidence [LOE])


Pembagaian berdasarkan pendekatan prevention, diagnosis, prognosis dan therapy. Level A: Consistent Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial, Cohort study, keputusan klinik berdasarkan validitas pada populasi yang berbeda. Level B: Consistent Retrospective Cohort,Explonatory Cohort, Ecological Study,,Outcomes Research, Case-control Study, atau extrapolasi dari studi level A. Level C: Case-series Study atau extrapolasi dari studi level B Level D: Opini tanpa critical appraisal atau berdasarkan patophysiologi.

Is keeping up to date Mission Impossible?

TERIMA KASIH

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