.

( )

(DOJ / OPDAT)

2004

G.GLONTI
G.LOBJANIDZE

Professional Crime in
Georgia
(Thieves in the Law)

Monograph
This research project was conducted within the framework of the Georgia Office of
American Universitys Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC)s grants
program. Financial support was provided by the Bureau of International Narcotics and
Law Enforcement Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, in coordination with the
Office of Overseas Prosecutorial Development Assistance and Training (DOJ/OPDAT)
of the U.S. Department of Justice.

TBILISI - 2004

 " ( )"
.
" " ,
.

,
, .
,
, ; ;

; .

-
.
.

,
.
" ",
" " .

.

"
".
www. traccc.cdn.ge
:
, , ,
:

, , , .

, , .

, .
""
, , 26 2

The monograph "Professional criminality (thieves in the law)" is devoted to one of the most
actual problems for modern Georgia.
The given research "thieves in the law" is the first in Georgia, and essentially supplements not
numerous works of other authors from the former USSR and other countries.
In the monograph the most known definitions of this phenomenon in the domestic and foreign
literature have been investigated, and also the basic criminological theories disclosing the
substance of the given phenomenon are analyzed.
Authors carry out the analysis of the departmental literature, in particular documents of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia and other
subordinate legislation certificates {acts}; archival materials are investigated; interrogation of
employees of law enforcement bodies under specially developed questionnaire is carried out; and
also materials from art sources and the Internet are collected.
Authors have researcher historical preconditions of occurrence of professional criminality from
robbers and gangster formations up to political-criminal communities in Russia and Georgia in
XX century. The special attention has been given to social democratic movement and its
involvement into professional criminality and terrorism.
Authors in the book have developed detailed structure of modern thieves' communities in
territory of the former USSR. Also they have described the basic the characteristic Georgian
thieves in the law abroad and have included biographies of the most authoritative Georgian
criminal authorities.
Special the chapters are devoted so-called the thieves' law, its basic postulates and a personal
estimation "the thief in the law" as representative of criminal subculture.
The special attention in the monograph was given to legal methods of struggle against criminal
authorities and a prevention of the organized crime. Authors argue on necessity of acceptance of
the law Against the organized and professional crime and offer for wide discussion of a draft
law "Against the organized and professional criminality".
The text of monograph is placed on a web page www. traccc.cdn.ge in the Georgian and Russian
languages
Editorial Board:
Ketevan Rostiashvili, Giuli Alasania, Taras Akhalaia, Irina Kakoiashvili
Rerviewers;
Professor O. Gamkrelidze, Chief of the Criminal Law Department of the Institute of State and
Law Georgian Academy of Science
Doctor G. Todria, leading researcher Criminology Department of the Institute of State and Law
Georgian Academy of Science

The Georgia Office of the American University's Transnational Crime and Corruption
Center
Printed in "Polygraph" Ltd.
#2,May, Sq., Tbilisi, Georgia


" "
.
1.
2. .
3. .
a.
b.
c. -
d. (1917-1929)
4.
a. 20-50
b. . 40-50
c. - 60-70 .
d.
e. 80-90 .
f.
5. .

.
6.
7.
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
10.

Professional crime in Georgia

"thieves in the law"
Introduction.
1. Concept of professional crime
2. A methods of research.
3. A history of the organized forms of crime in Georgia in XX century.
a. Historical preconditions
b. Thieves and gangsters
c. Political-criminal communities
d. Bolsheviks and criminals in the first years of the Soviet authority (1917-1929)
4. Thieves in the law
a. Occurrence of thieves' community 20-50 years of XX century
b. Transformation of thieves' community. Thieves' wars in 40-50 years
c. "Thieves in the law" in the USSR - 60-70 years.
d. "Thieves in the law" during reorganization and disorder of the USSR at 80-90
e. Georgian "thieves in the law" abroad
5. Criminal career. The most authoritative Georgian criminals
D.Ioseliani
O.Kvantrishvili
6. The reasons of occurrence and existence thieves in the law in the USSR
7. The thieves' law
8. Structure of thieves' community
a. Erection in a rank the "thief in the law"
b. Functions modern "thieves in the law"
c. A meeting
d. Criminal mutual aid fund
9. The 'thief in the law" as the representative of criminal subculture
a. National differences
b. Colours'
c. A criminal slang
d. Tattoos
e. Nicknames
f. Oaths
g. Damnations
h. Gambling's
10. Legal methods of struggle with "thieves in the law"
The conclusion

 :

,

.
1994-1995
(IREX)
1998
. , ,
1999 - 2000
(TRACCC)
. .
2003

(, ).
2002 - (ESC).

.
.. ,
: " " 1986;
"
., 1998 ;
( ) - 2004 - 50 .
-
1987 , .
1994
1992 1995
1995 2000

.
2000 .
- .
,
, ,
, .
, 11
.
:
- , 1998,
, 2000,
2001,
, 2003

About the author:

Georgi Glonti defended the dissertation for gaining a Ph.D. in Legal Studies in the field of
criminal law and criminology at Higher Militia School at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the
USSR in Moscow. He is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of the State and Law of Georgia,
and a professor at the Department of Criminlogy at the Academy of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Georgia.
He has been one of the Directors of the American Universitys (Washington D.C.)
Transnational Crime and Corruption Center Georgia Office since 2003. His interests are
focused mainly on the problems of organized crime, corruption and human trafficking. He is
the author of numerous publications on the theory of organized crime and the reasons of
criminal behavior. Particularly, his publications include the following monographs:
Motivations of Individual Criminal Behavior, Moscow 1986; Organized Crime as One of the
Basic Sources for Violent Crime and Ethnic Conflicts, Tbilisi 1998; Professional Crime (in coauthorship), 2004, and others - more than 50 publications in total.

Givi Lobjanidze has defend the candidate dissertation in Law in 1987, and in 1994 - thesis
for a Doctor's degree at the Tbilisi State University.
In 1992 - 1995 he was the deputy of Parliament of Georgia
With 1995 - 2000 occupied various responsible posts in system of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Georgia.
Since 2000 is the pro-rector of Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.
Has a special rank the major general of police.
He is the author more than hundred scientific works, among which 11 monographies and two
books written in the co-authorship.
Main publications: Some problems of straggle with transnational organized crime. Tbilisi.,
2003 p 225; Georgian history of State and Law. Tbilisi., 2003, p; General theory of State and
Law, Monograph, Tbilisi., 2003, p 620; History of Georgian legal science Monograph,
Tbilisi 1998 p. 430; Theory of State and Law. Monograph, Tbilisi


( )

1.

XIX .
. , ,

,
.
, ,
; ,
; .

,
.
, ,
.

.
,
.
,
" "
" ",
,
,
, ..
,
.

.
,

.
, . ,

.
.
"" 1,

.
,
, ,
1

, 1994 1995

 ,
. ,
,

; ,
- ;
; .
, ,
- ,
, ,
- , -
. , ..

,
- , ,

.

, ,
.
.
:
, , -
;
, ,
;
, ;
, ,
;
.2
. ,
, ,
:
,
, , , ,
( ,
);
;
- ,
(, , , ,
.) . 3
. . .
:
, ;
, ;
2
3

Coldwel R - Criminology. N.Y., 1966, p. 192

Reckless W.C. The crime problem, 3rd ed . N.Y.1961 ch 9,10

10

, ;
, , ;
, "" ;
, ;
.4

, : "" ,
.
,
,
().
"" ,
.. "" ,

.

, :
, ;
;
, ..
.

,
:
- ,
, ,
,
;
,
,

, , ,
,
;

, ,
,
( ,
);
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ;
( )

, " " ,
, ;
4

Clinard M, B., Quinney R.A. Criminal behavior System: A, Typology N.Y. 1967, p. 16, 17

11

, .

,
.
, "".
,


.
,
, .. , ,
, "
" .

2. .
, ,
.
:

,
.
-


.

.

.
"
" ,
,
, - .
, ,
:
1. ,
.
2. ,

3.
4.

5. ,
.
3. .

12

 , ,
, " "
,
.
, .
a. ()
,
. VI-XVIII
, ,
, .
, , ,

. , 1543-1549

.
: ,
,
.
IX
, ,
.
,
.

,
.
,
1854 . 5 -.
- 18
.
( 900 )
.. ..
XII.6
..7
"" ( I ,
) .( ).
, , , . :
, , , : , , ,
. , , ,
, ,
, .
, , , ,
5

(1797 -1871..) -
.
6
. . . 3 http://www.rusmysl.ru/2002I/4390/4390223-Jan04.html
7
. , .,1988, . 76

13

 - , ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
.
,
.

XIX
b. .

, .
-,
,
.8 .

, , , ,
. . . ,
: ,
,
.
, ,
, 9
-
,
, -,
. ,
.
, ,
. -
, , .10
- , , ,
, ,
, .
- , .
- ,
, ,
.
,
.

.. ,
, (1917-1920)
9
. . : , ., 1901, .115
10
.. . . ., 1907, .1 . 261

14


1908
:
a) , , ;
b) .
c) , , ,
..11.
.

30 ,
. 1914 40
7,5 .12

- .
.
895 . 1
1900 , 90 141 . ( :
280 1 ,
.)13
. . " "
, " , ". 14
,
,
. ,
, :
, "".
. " " ,

, .

: ", ,
,
... ,
, ,
". 15
c. -
, ,
,
. ,

1905 1917 .

, ,
11

: . , 1908 .
.: . 393. . 47.\ . .
135.- .2. .115-116
13
. . .,21
14
. . . ., 1988. . 88.
15
. .. () ., 1989
12

15

 , , .
,
: , ,
, ,
, .
-
, , ,
, .

. (), .
, ,16 . ,
.
, -
,
.
,
.
,

. , .

. 1905
-,


. ,
.
, ,
.
, , , .

.
,
,
. 1905 , (
)
, .
7000-8000 17 1906
. 15.000 ,
.
(
) 12 1907 . 12
250.000 . ,
,

"" - -
- (1882-1922).
17

16

16

, .
,
-,
.
,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
, : , . ,
.
,
, . , .
, ,
200.000-300.000 ,
. .
,
- , ,
15 . -
4
, .
4-5 . ,
200
. , , ..
1907
, ,
.
-

. , ,

, .. , ,
.
,
1905 -1917 ,

. 1906
.
, , ,
, ,
, -.
, ,
, ,
.

17

 ,

.

(-, .).

, ,
, ,
, ,
.
- :

, .

: , , ,
- .

.
- :
;
;
;
;
- ;
;
;
;
- ;
.

-
-
.
d.
(1917-1929)
1917
,
, , ..
.
, "",
.
,
31 1918
, ,
1908 ,
18

 , . 18
, 4 1918
.19 ,
1908
I
, . , . , . .,
, . ,
,
.
, (
).
,
.


,
(, ),
(, .), , ,
, , .

25 1921 . ,
, ,
.

. , ,
1921
,
.
,
.20 1921 ,
,
, ,
- .
, ,
.
, ,
. 1921
, . 8
1921
.

. , 1921
, ,
. -

18

. 51
: , , 6 1918, .4.
20
: , .,1983, , .5
19

19

 ( ),
.
1921 ()
.


, 21
1922 ()

, . 22
10
10 .23
1921 ()
.
12 1922 . ()
, . . 24

,
. 25 ,
, ,
.
,
.
1923 , ..
26
,
1924 ,
.
,
1922 ,
, 1925 .27
,
. , 1926
, ,
. 28
, , (),
. 1926
21

- .,14, .1,
.,1 .79, ..31, 63, 173
22
1922 .
23
: , .14, .1. .207, .103
24
1922 1- , 1926 - - ()
25
: , .14, .1. .1, .208, .47
26
: , .14, .1. .1, .531, .17
27
: , .281, .1, .17, .31
28
: , .14, .1. .2, .2365, .200

20

 ,
- , .
,
.29
,
20- 50%.
,
,
.
, , - ,
, , 1922
. . ,
, 4 ,
.
, ,
,
, , .
. , ,
, , ,
, .30
, ,
. -.
, . ,
20-25 . 31 ,
, , , ,
,
.32
,
, . 33
" ".
,
, ,
. , 1920-30
, ,
, .
,
,
.
4. " "
29

: , .,5 .1, .232, .14, 15

, ..; , .. . . , 243
; 1947 . :
31
: , 1997 http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n48/kal_14-7--20-7.html
32
" "
http://mediapolis.com.ru/alphabet/s/stalin_iosif/bazhanov/09.htm
33
.. . . , 1997 .
http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/orzhonik.html
30

21

a. 30-50



,
:
1 - 30- 50- .. - ,
,

2 - 60- - 70- .. - - ,

- .
3 - 80- .. - - ,
.
4 - 90- ..- ,
.



5 - .
, .
" "
1917 .

, , , ,
.
.
,
,
,
.
; ,
.

. -
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .

"",
, .. "" (

).34 , "" "".
""
. 35
.
34

. ., 1983 .84

22

 ""


,
. ,
"",
:
- - ;
- ;
- ;
-
;
- .

, , (, , ),
(, )
.
,
. ,
,
.36
.
,
,
, "". 20-30-
.
, "", "",
, .
, ""

. ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.

" ".37

, ( )
" ", .
. ,
-
(. . , . . .),
; ,
. , , " "
,
, " ",
35

: ., . , ,
( ) 1979
36
.. - .,1924 . Y
37
..
- . .,1957 .37

23

, ..."
, " " ,
, , - "",

, : "
" ", , , ..
".38
, " "
, 30- . " ",

, , ,
" ", .
b. . 40-50
30- " "

, ,
.
1937 . .
39,
"" , " ,
".
.
30 ,
.40 , ,
, " "
. 40 - (,
) , ("") - 40-50- .

,
3 ,
.
,
.

,
, " ".
420 , ,
. 41
,
, , .

.
38

. . - : http://blatata.ru/proza/mast01.htm
, -1936-1938 . (18951940), ,
40
. . .10 http://blatata.ru/proza/habarov10.htm . 10
41

39

24

 ,
,
,
, 1937 - 1938 .
, .
""
1942 ,
.
. 1942 ,
,
.
: ,
.
. , ,
.
1941-1945 ,
. ,
- .
.
, ,
.
, "" ,
- "
"".
, " ".
, ""
, ,
, ( )
.
. 42
,
.
"" ,
,
. ,
,
, (
, ). ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
-, ,
:
42

.., .., - . , , :
( ) , 1979. 5-12.

25

1.

, .
() " ",
1/3 2/3
.
(""),
.
2. ,
, ,
.
" " ,
. ""
" ".

50-, .
"", . ,
, -,
- ,
: , " ",
"", . , .
,
,
-. "", . ,
, " ", , "
, ". , ""
,
. ,
"", - ,
.
""
" ".

.
, ""
"".
4 1947 .
.
,
.
,
,
"". , 40-
"", "", " ", "" ,
5-10 43
, ,
, , -
43

, 50-60 .

26

 .
,
.
"" .
""
"".
, 50-

.
50-
.
" ", " ",
"", "-", " " .. ( 10),
.
,
( "" " "), , " ",
"", "", "", "", "" ..,
""
. , " "
,
.
,
" " :
.


50- .
, 1955
- -
: ,
,44. ,
.
1958 .
, ,
- .45 1961
- . 46
: ,
, .47

. 26
-
,
,
.
44

- . .,1983 .50
.51
46
1961 26
47
1971, 12
45

27


, , ,
.48
,
. 1956
-6 . , " ",
. 80-.49
,

, 50 26 1966 ,

, .
50- .. .

.
. ,
80- .
,
. ,

,
,
, .
, , ,
,

.

.
,
.
, , , "
" ,
, ,
- . ,
, 30-40 ,

.
c. 60-70 .
48

, . , 1985, .127-128
1988- .. 7-
. :
" ,
". ,
(). , ", ..."
. ,
, .
50
26 1966 ,
12 1970 ., 5 1981 ., 22 1983 .
49

28

 1953

.
,
.
,
, ,
, ,

, , , .
, (
)
,
.
,

,
.
- ,
1958-1961 .,
, , ,

, ( , ,
..), ,
10 .
,
,

.

.
,
.
, ,
, 70- ,
50- 60- . -
, ( )
, ,
,
.51
" "
60-80 -
" "

.
51

. . - . .
http://www.prison.org/nravy/zakon/index.htm

29

 ,
. .
.
, " ", " - ",
"" ..
,

" "
. 1960
,
, "" "
". , ,
, "", " " .
"" "
". "
", .

. ,
" ".

, , ,
.

78 79-1 ,


, ( ). ,

.

, " ", ,
.
,
,
, , , , .
,
,
. , ,
, -
- 70-80- , ,
" "
,
"-"
"" . 52
, .

52

- :
http://blatata.ru/proza/mast01.htm

30

 20- 50-
,
( )
,
.
-

.
, ,
.
,
.
70-

,
,
.53
" ",
.
( ) "-" (),
"" , : ""
( ),
, ( ),

, ,
.
,
.
"" (
), .
,
. ,
, , ,
(""), ,
, , :
) - .
(, ). "
" -
, , ,
"" "" .
) ,
,
, . "

53

.: ? " ".
1988. 9. . .
" ". 1992,2-3, .., .. ..
. 1995

31

". ,
"" .
.
,
. , 5 1961 .
, ,
,
( 10 . )
.
-
(, . ),
.
, ,
, .


- ,
. ,
.
,

. 1971 1-
. ,
.
,
,
.54

, , , ,
, .

, ,
- .

,
,
.
,
,
.. " ", ,
. , ""
,

. ,
70- "",
54

.
. 1998 . ., .67-69

32

 ,
. ,
, "" ,
,
. ,
, " ".

.

, . 55

,
.
,

.

,
"" ,
, ,
, , .
"",
, "",

,
, .

.
, - ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
(), - (), -
(), - , ..
,
" ",
.
,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
.
,

.
"",
55

" ( 1917-1991 .)

33


; "
",
.
" ". ,
40-50
10 , ,
.56
, , (
) ,
.57


,
.
,
,
, .

.
,

.

1970 . ,
.
: ,
,
.
,
. , - .
.
,
: -
!

,
,
, .58
. :
1. , . ,
-,
- .
,
,
, , .
.
, ,
, , :
56

, 1962
1961 , "",
. . - .
" " . .
58
. - " " .,1995
57

34

 .
, .
-
,

, - (
)
, . ,
,
, ,
"" (), - " " -
. , .
, .
2. - , .

: , -
- , , .
, , ,
.

. , , :
, ;
-
, ,
. , , ,
. . ,

.
, , . ,
, ,
.
. -
. , , ,

. ,
, , . ,
, .
3. - .
" ": ,
. , ,
.
4. -
, ,

. ,
, ,
" ".
,
. ,
. ,
, .
- , .59
59

. ., . . - : ..1997, .54

35

 :

;
;
;

;
;
;
.60

" "
.

. :
, , ,

.

.
( , ,
, ), " "
(),
() .
, ,
, 60-70-
,

, ,

.
, " ",

, "".
. ,
.
. -
, , ..

. , ,
, ,
.61

60

. - : . . 13., 1999
.., .. . ,
1988 . .35
61

36


,
.

. ,
1979 ,
" " , "".

, ""
10% .62
1982 , , () ,


. " " :
.
, .

.

.
" " , ..

.

. "" "
" ,
.
, .
, . "
".
.

.
30-50 - ,

( ),

.
.
. ( )
,
1982
.
, 31 1982 ,
,
62

Iakov Kostiukovskii, Istoriia rossiskoi organizovannoi pretupnosti, St. Peterburg Filial Institute of
Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, www.narcom/ru/ideas/socio; on thieves see www.turma.h1.ru/voi.htm

37

63 (
). , . ,
56 ,
. , , , ..

-
, .., .., .., ,.,
.., .. . ,

. 1, 19
1 . ( ,

).

, ,
, ,
,
.64
.
80-
. 1985
, , 1985
95% 1977 ,
. 65

. 66
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,

.
1985 ,
,
63

0152 ,
. 31 1982 .2
64
0152 ,
. 31 1982 .3
65
70 30 1985
21 1985
66
- 0033 30
1985 . 20 1985 .

38



67. , ,

.



. ,
. ,
. .
"
", .
,
,
.
1986 52 " ".

,

" ". ,
: 4
; 14
; 19 .
" " , ..
.
,

,
.
,
( ,
).
d. 80-90 .
,
,
. ,

.
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,

67

324 12 1985

39


.

. (,
, ..).

,
() . 68
,
.
60% , ..
.

.
69.

.
,
,

.

, , ,
.

, ,

.
,
- ,
1990-

.
.
,70
.
, . , 90-

,

. , ,


, .71
68

.- .: . ., 1988. .

.. () .11
70

(1939 - 1993), 1-
. ( , ,
.)
71
1990 . ,
. ,
69

40

 .
, " "
,
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
:

.
.

.72
,


.


, ,
, ,
.
1991 , . ,
,
: " " "".
"" " " ,
,
"
" 73
, , 74.

.
,
. ,
, . .
. , . .
, , , . ,
.
, ,

""

,
,

,
.
72
.
.
73
. - , ,
.
74
. - 1992-1993 -

41

 .
, (
), ,
, , .
90- ,
, .
,
- ,
10 .

,
, ..
.

,
.
"" .
, .
5000
. , ""
, ..
, ,
( )
- . .
,
"" (, .
). "",
, ,

.

.75. : .
; . ; . ;
. ;
.
( ),
, .
, ,

.
1995 . .
, ""
75

- .
. ,
, ,
.
.

42

 , . , . ,

.
""

.
. ,
. , "" . . .
, .
,
,
.76 ,
.


. " "
. , ""
80- -
, 90-
, ,
.
, ,
, " ".
,
(
.)
, ,
. ,
,
, . , ,
,
.

. ,

,

,
.
, .
30

.
:
1. , :
. - (, ) 30%
. (, , , .) 40%
. (, .) 60%
. 15%
76

- http://www.svoboda.org/ll/sng/1102/ll.112702-1.asp; http://www.iorta.by.ru/info/inf8_3.htm

43

. 40%
. 20%.
2.
, 80- ,
, .
.

.
3. :
15%
35%
- 40%
15%
5%


:
1. , ,
, . ,

, (
, , .)
(
).
,
,
.
2. ,
,
""
, .
3. , ..
,
"".
4.
, ( ,
, , .)
5. .
30- .
" "
, ,
. 2003
,
150
.
44


,
.
,
. -
,

. ,
, , .
,
.
, ..
, ,
.

,
. 77

. . . . 78
e.

, . 90- 716
, 339 ,
.
- (33.1%) (31.6%); - (8.2%),
(5.2%), , , , (21.9%).79
, .
2002 ,

.80
,
(, .)

. ,
, ,
" " ,
,
.

77

.
( ,
). . " ", 17.09.01, " "
?"
78
(. )
79
. , " ""
? " -, #17 (1070) 25/04/2001
80
- http://www.lenta.ru/vojna/2002/12/19/thiefs/ 19.12.2002

45

 "",
"" ""
"". " " ,

. -, ,
. 1993 ,
"" ,
, , , , ,
.
"" : "", "", -- "", - "", , .
"" . , ,
,
" " ("").
"" ,
. -
" ". ,
- "", ( 50 ), ""...
,
. ""
(: - "", )
"" (: - "", - "", " ", - "", - ""...).
""
,
.
"" ,
,

. , "" , ""
" " "".
.
"" "".
. , ,
"".
"",
. .
"" ,
" " - , , , ,
, ,
, , , .
, , , .
, ,
,
. ()
.
46


,
,
, "
", . 1988 " ",
()
, ,

"" .
. ,
, , ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
(), (),
(), () . (
, )
.
1994 .
( )
, .
( "", 28
"", ""
15 ).
. , , 8 2003
,
"", 22
48- -
().81
,
,
.

"" . "" "
" , " " .
" "
(). 1995 ,
: , , , ,
. , 1998 , "
81

- .
", 17.12.2003

47

" , " " " " 38

(, ).
(-)
.82
,

, .


. ,
, "", "".
"" : ;
"", "" ; - ,
"", -;
"" ("") - ; , , "",
...
, ,
. ,
80- 90- ,
" ".
"" " ",
"".

,
.
, ,
, "",
"", , "".
,
,
, , ,
. , " "
. , ,
, ,
, .
" " 14 "", ,
. :
" "
, .
""
"", , ,
"", "-74", ,
, 7,200 .
""
. ""
.
82

: http://www.fsk.ru/june/tema/index.htm

48

 , " ",
, "" ,
.
.
, " ",
.

.
21 2003 52-
, , ().
1 . 83
,
. ,
,
.

.
, -,
,
. ""
, , , , .
,
, ()
, 11
1998 . :
. . , .
,
, ,
.
:
,
1996 ,
"" - .
- ,
, ,
.
, , 1994
" ", ,
"ABV", .
, ,
, "ABV"
, . .
, ,
. 1997
"", .
83

- .
", 17.12.2003

49

 ,
" ". ,
,
. , ,
- " ", , ""
.
" ", ,
,
, .
"",
, , "".
"- " , ""
43 , , . ,
"" .84
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
"", ,
. .
, , , .
, " ",
,
"" . ,
" " , , 15 000 .
. .
" ",
. 1994 ""
, , , - 15
, ""
. "" ,
. ""
.
. ,
, - ,
. , ,
, . ,
.
, ,
. .
.
. 90-,

.
84

"" http://www.paco.net.ua/odessa/media/portofr/1997/8/7-60.htm

50

 1994
" ,
".
" ", ,
, ,
.
, , 1953 .

. .
.
. ,
. ,
1954 , . , 1958 .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
" .
. , "" ,
."
, , ,
1994 , " , "" "",
, ,
,
".
, " "
, , " ,
".
:
, , ,
,
(15 ),
, , "".
11 ,
, ,
. ,
, , 500
. , , ,
, " ",
1981 , 1,3
.
1998 . ()
, , , -
.
1994 .

51

 , ,
. , . ,
, 2003
() ,
. 3
.
, .85
5. .
,
.
:
-
-

,
.

1926 .
, " ".
.
, , , .
, ,
. ,
, ..
25 .
, ,
, ,
"" .
.
(
. ).
( - " "),

, , .
.
,
" ". ,
, 50-
.
,
, , .

80-, " "
,
.
85

""-http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article 81

52

 80- - 90-
, ,
.
, ,
25 ,
. 1992 1995 .
1989 ,

. .
. , .

.
9 1989 ,
, ,
.
. 1989-
, .
,
- .
, . 30 ,
, ""
"". -
- ,
.
"",
: "
, .
, ".
,
""
, .

, , . ,
. ,
.
1978
: "". ,
: "
, ".
- ""
. 1990
,
"" . -
( ,
). "" -
,
.

53

""
, (
).
, ,
"" .
.
" ",
1990 .
. 18 1991

, "". , ""
. :
.

, -
, .
.
. ,
.
,
. .

II. , , ,
.
1991 .
.
-
, .
, , ""
, .
,
: " - ".
. (, , ,
: "", ,
).
. .
-
, : " , ", -
. "" ,
, , : "
".

.
, 6 ,
: " ,
?"86
86

. , . 30 1993

54

 ,
, : " -
".
,
,
, - , .
1993 ,
.
, :
"", . " , "
- .
, : - .
, ,
, , .
: ,
.
1995 .
. ,
- ,
,87
. .
1998 . 11 , 2001 .
. ,
.
.
2003
. , .
,
.
.

, 1948 .., . ,
: . , , . 36, . 3, . 90-91.
. .117 ( ). 80- ,
"",
, ,
,
.
- ""
, .
"", "", "",
.
87

.
"" .

55

 ,
. , ,
,
, , , , .
"", ..
,
- .

. 88,
-
" ".
, - () ""
( , - ,
). ,
, "".
"" . 75 . .
""
( . ),
. "",
. .
.
.
"XXI ". ,
. "
." . ,
, ,
.


, , -
. ,
, "", -
"", "", "-", 8
12 , "", "", "
XXI ", "".

, ,
, ,
.
,
. . ,
"", ,
"" ,
"", "", ""
"".
- "-", 8 ,
, .
,
88

.
.

56

 , : , ,
. 93 -
" " "". :
- - ,
"" . .
,
- , , .
" " - ,
. ,
.
,
, . :
"", "" ,
.
1993 ,
,
. .
.
5 1994
. ,
( ), (
""), ( ""), (""),
, . ,
. ,
N 4 (N 29 )
5,6 .

.
6.

" "
, .
, " " , .. ,
-,
.
P. Rawlinson, , ,
"",
,
. ,
.

:
.. "",
,
57



( 30- - 50- ).
.. " ",
,
,
( 60-70- ).
.. " ",
,
, ,
( 80- ).
.. "", "",
,
, ,
,
.89 ( 90- ).
, ,
,

:
1. ()
30- ,

, .
, -
,
,
.
-
. .
.
.
. .
, ,
. 20-
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
, 1927 .
, - , . 1929
.
- .
. ,
. -
? . ,
" ", , ..
, .
89

Rawlinson P. Russian Organized Crime: A Brief History., Transnational Organized Crime V.2, 1996, p.29

58


, .
.
(),

30- .
.
.90
" " ,

, , ,
, , -
,
.
,
.
, " "
, , . ,
,
,
, ,
,
. , ,

,
, 50 - .
.
2. ..

.
.
(),
.
-
,
. .
,

.
.
,
,
(),
.

( , . ).
, ,
90

. . . http://drink.dax.ru/turma/index.shtml; .
. . http://borzoi.dvo.ru/elib/lebed000/

59

 . , 1962
,
.
,
.
.
3. " " 80-
,
.
,
,
,
.
,

, .
,

. , ,
,
, ,
.
,
-
(-),

.
4. .. ""
,
.

,
,
. ,
,
. , ..

.
"" 1990 1995
. . -
. - .
- . , . ,
1995 , . ,
. . .
1995 "" ,
"
"
. ,
60

 ,

. .
. ,
.
. ,
" ", ..
.
2004 . ,

" " ""
. ,

( . , . , . )
( , .), " "
(. ).
.
, , 15
,
: " " "" "
" "".
,
.
7.
" " .
(), ..
,
.
, ,
20- 30-.
.
,
"", ():
1. .
2. , .
3. " " .
4. , .
5. .
6. , .
7. .
, :
;
;
;

(, "").
61

;
;
;
;
;
, .. , ,
..;
( ) 1 2;
, .. ,
;
( )91;
;
().
, , ;
();
.
().

,
. () ,
. ,
, ,
. " ",
, . ,
, , ,
, ..,
.
, ..,
;
, .
.92
:
"".
" ".
.
.
().
-.
.
.
().
.
, .. .
().

91

,
. , " "
, , .
92
.. . .: , 2001. 37 .

62

 ,
, .
, ,
,
,
, "". ,
.
,

, :

, ;
,
, ,
(. . ),
;
(
)
,
, , , , ;
,
.
, ,
" "
() . ,
, ,
, .
" " ,
:
(
); , ..
;
() .. , ;
.

, ,
().
,
, .. .
, ,
, :
;
(
), ..
(, , ..).;
( )
;
() ;

63

 , .. :
,
;
() , -;
(.. ) ,
.
, , .. ;

( ,
; ..);
" " .
8. .
" ",
1000 .93
, ,
2003 349

315

20

1
, ,
9

349


20-
30-
30 60
60

1
62
259
27

, ,
.
, . ,
, .
,
,
"". ,
. , ,
, ..

93

. ., 3
http://www.aferizm.ru/criminal/ops/op_gurov/op_3.htm

64

 , 10
.
,
. (: 3)

.

, , .
,
.. .
"", , , 20-30- ,
" "
, XVII
.
"" - ,
"" ,
" "; "" -
, ,
" ". "".
, ""
. , 1994 " " ,
,
"" .
" ". ,
: , , ,
.
, " ",
: ;

, ,
"";
. , .. " "
,
. ,
()
" ". , ,
. ,
,
"",
, .

"" "
", ""
, "" . , " "
"",
65

 , "" ,
, , "" "",
"".
, , ..
, , "" ,
"".
, -, (
"", ""), , , ,
( "" ""), "" (
- ), "" .
-, , ,
, . -, , "" ,
- "" . , ,
, "" "
", ( "" - "
"), "".
, ""

"", ,
. ,
, ""
, (, ..
" "). , , -
, 10 " ",
, .

.
"" " "
"" . , ..
, ,
. , , . ,
" ", "" " ",
. , "", ,
,
. , "" -
" ", "" ,
:

. "" , , ""

-
.

"".
,
, . .

,

.
: " " "

66

 , , ""
". 94
.

(
,
1992-1993

), ,
" ". .. , "" ""
. ,
,
- "" ,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
" "
. ,
. 80- 90- , ""
"", .
, , ,
.
" "
. , "
" .

" ",
. ,
, ,
, , ,
"" " ".
" " 20- ,
. , ,
( ) "" 300 .

, " "
"" "" 95.

, . ,
,
.
" , . 52-
, ,

94

: . .
- :
http://blatata.ru/proza/mast01.htm
95
, ( ) ,
( , -
, ).

67

 , 18 1996
.

() , ,
. 1991- 1996
,
. 40-50 ,
6 -7 .96
b.
,
: ,
,

,
-
,
.

,
,
. , , , ,
, ,
. (
1994), ("",
, - 8
, 1995), .
,
. ,
. ""
, , ,
.
. .
- " ".
, .
, . ,

.
, ,
. ,
, .
,
, (). - ,
. ""
() "" ( ).

, ,
, ,
, ,
96

: X_ .htm

68

. ,
, ,
.
"".

,
, .

,
, , ""
. ,
, .
.

- .
-
, .
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, .

.
. ,
, , ,
. ,
, , .

,
( ) .
. -, , ,
, , , .
-, , ;
, ,
. -, ,
69

 . -,
. ,
.
,
. , , ,
22% , 26%
, 30% . 30% 50%
.
:
, "" c ,
, .
c.
,
"", "".
.
,
().
,
. .

,
.
400 . "B "
( 1947, 1955, 1956),
.
.

80-90 . 1989-1992 ,,
26 " ". 1993 100, 1994
- 413, 6656 , 1210
, 232 " ".
.
"" , ,
,
, .
1993 "" ,
" ",
, , , -
, , ""
,
,
.
, "", 1993-1995 ,
. "",
,
,
. .
70

 ""
" ".
"", ,
,
,
,
.
, "",
. ,
1993 ,
,

. , ,
1994 , " " -.
1993 "",
.

.
""
. -
- "" .
,
" ". ,
" " . 1994
" " .
"", "", ,
"".
.
. , "" ,
.
"", ,
.
, "", ,
"". ,
-"", "".
,
" ". , 1994
"" ""
. ""
, . :

, ,
,
, .
,
"" .

71

 1994 "",
"",
.
""
. ,
,
.

""
.

""
, , "", .
"" . 1993
- ,

, , "" , , .
20 50 ,
.
1994 - ,
.
. , ""
5 " " 30 .
1 ,
.
1995 , 500
, 60 " ",
"" "" "".
"" "".
-
.
1997
"" .
60 , .
.
" " "", "", "", "", "",
"". , ,

,
.
, .
.
, ""
. ""
, ,
1994
. ,
" " "".
.

.
72

, . ,
, .
, , ""
"" :
,"" , "". ""
, . ,
"" , ,
. , ,
.
.
.
, - ( ) 97
""
. , ""
"" .

.
1992-1993 " " ""
( " "). ,
,
. ,
.
- . .
"" 300 .
. 98
, ,
: "" ,
, , , , , ;
,
;

; ,
"", , ..; ""
" "; ""
"" ""
;
, ,
..
"" ,
, 20- .
,
97

.
http://www.ng.ru/politics/2001-12-25/10_karlito.html
98
" http://www.aif.ru/online/aif/1162/09_02

73

 ,
. , ""
, .
, ""
, , ,
. , -
, ,

.
,
. ,
, , - "
", "".
, , , "" "
", "", "
" "". ", , -
, .", - ""
.

, ,
. , :
(,

, );
;
.
, , 1994 " "
"" ,
-2 ( ) , , ,
,
" " ,
, .
, ,

. , ,
.
,
, ,
,
" ", ""
"" , , " "
, .
, ""
, "" ,
. ,
, " ",
,
"" , , .
" "
"", ,
74

 " ",
. , ,

d. .
, ,99 ..
. "" -
.

, , ,
. , ,
- ,
. : , , ,
. .
, . 70- ()
, - , - . .
"" ,
( ), :
"" "", ,
.
( , ..)
.
""
, . ,
. .
70- "" , .
- 150-200 . , ,
() .
, "" ,
.
""
. , , ,
, .
. , -
. .
"" , . ,
: ( ),
, . "
" .. . , "" . ,
. .
- . ,
. , 50-
99

, "" :
1) .
2) ( 20-30 ) .
3) .
4) , , ,
( ).

75

 "" . . ,
, ().
, .
, .
,
.
, "" ,
. .
, . ,
"" . ,
. , -
.
"" (
) ,
, .
.
""
, .
, .
, ,
. .
, . -
. ,
.
( ).
.
, .
- , ,
.
,
" , ".
, , - .
:
: ?
: - .
, .
: , ?
: , . .
, . ,
, , , ,
, ,
. 5 15 .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: "".
, , .
: .
:
:
76

1. - 2 .
2. , , - 2 .
3. - 2 .
4. , , , - 2 .
5. - 2 .
.
.
: ?
: , . , ,
.
: -

: 15 "" .
, "",
.100 :
" ", , ;
, ;
;

(,
,
,
, .);
, , , , ;
,
;
;
- ;

9. " "
30-50-
, 80-
.

("")
. 50-

"" (,
, ..). 101

. 70- ,
, ,

.
100

""
. 2003,
. , 299
101

77

 , , ,

- .
,
""
.
" "
, ,

. ,
, , ,
, .., ,
, , ..
,
, .
, , .

; , , , ,
.
( ).
, ,
,
.

(
).
..
.. - ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
(, ), ,
(), ,
, (
) ,
,
( , , , ).

(, , , ..)
:
- () (
);

78

-
,
;
- ,
( , , ,
..);
- ;
- (, , .);
- ();
- ;
- , ;
- ,
( -
,
,
, , ..),
(, );
- , ..;
- , ..
;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- ;
- ( ,
, , , ) ..
?
:
1. ( - ),
.
,
; (,
), , ;
2. . , ,
, ,
.
;
3. . , ()
, ,
, ;
4. .
, ,
,
, ;
5. -
,
..

, ; ,
, ..;
6. , , , , ,
, ,
;
79

7. . ,
:
(, ,
, );
8. ,
, .102
,
( ,
)
( ).
,
, .
, ,
,
(
, ), (
) ( ,
) .
,
. ,
.
, . ,
, , - ,
( ). ,
,
, ,
.
a.

,
.
, , :
, ,
, "" .,
. (, 1990
, ,
.)

1985 .
,
, , ,
,
, . 103
102

.. . .: , 2001. ., 152


324 12 1985 . 7
103

80

 ,

.
,
, , .
,
, ,
,
. , , ,
.
, .
- .
, ,
.
.
, 1979
.
, , --, ,
. ( ).
, ,
, : , !, ..
. , .
. 104
" "
. ,
. ,
, " " ()
, 105
..106
,
,
,
.
, " , "
, - ,
, , .
--, -, ,
, , ( -
, , ).107
" " , .
, . ,
"" , .
. 100 . 1 .
. . , ""
? " - , #17 (1070) 25/04/2001
104
.., .. . ,
1988 . .35; Crime - X_ .htm
105
. . 22.03 2002.
http://www.segodnya.ru/w3s.nsf/Archive/Archive.html
106
25.08.2003
107
. . .htm

81

 . ,
,
, -
,
. ,
, .108


.
- ,

( - , , ..)
, ,
. 109
, 1976

, ,

, . 110
,
,
.111
b.
. , ,
.

, : -, -
. ,
,
. : (), (),
() (). (: 4)
.
- , ,
, , .

108

.., .. . ,
1988 . .37
109
(. )
110
, . ( )
. . 1976
111
: ,
. , 1965; :
, . , 1971 ;
: . , 1964;
: , . ,
1967

82

 (, , ). .
. ,
, " ", ""
, .
, ,
(, )
" ",
. 30- 50- ,
, .
.
.
, , .., ,
- .
, ,
, .
. , .
- , , ,
. , -
, , .
. , ,
, , , , , .
, ,
, ,
, , . , ,
. , .
, , , , ,

.
60- , 3050- .
,
,
. 50- , , ,
60- .
,
,
.
,
,
. .

, , , , ,
. - , , .,
, .
.
: , , , , ,
. . ,
, - .
83

 , ,
: , , .
,
. , ,
. ,
, , ..
( ), ,
,
, , ,
.. ,
. ,
, , , .
. (
) .
, ..
, ,
:
;
- ;
;
() ;
;

, ;
;
( , ,
), .
.
, .
"", .
: ", ,
".
: , ,
, ,
, ,
. , .
.
, .
- .
, . , , ,
. "" ,

. "" ,
, .
- . , "",
, .
, .
" " ( " ").
84

 "" , ,
. "" ,
.
. ,
"" - ,
"" ,
. "" ,
(, ).
.
.
, , - .
: .
,
. ,
, .
( ", - ") , ,
", - ,
, . (
) , ,
. ,
, , .
, .
. ,
"", .
, (
) .
.
- ,
- ,
. -
, : (
) .
60- . 30-50- ,
,
. ,
-,
60- .
,
" ",
, .
,
"" , , "
", ,
.
. ""
, .
, ,
( ),
. (, ,
85

 - ) , .
, , ,
" ", , -
. 30-50-
. , ,
: , ,
" ", "".
.
- . -
. - , -
, -.
,
.
, . ,
.
.
, , , ", ",
" " ,
, .
.

. , , - .
, : " , " - .
" .
-:
-, - , - , -.
,
, , ,
. ,
, , , .
, .
. , ,
, " ,
.
, , -
. , , .
: , ".


. "" -
. "" -
, , ,
.
, .. ,
, (, , , )
86

. ,

. -
(, ) -
.

( ), .. ..

( ).

( , ),
() .
(, ..)
. ,
,
() ,
. ,
.
, ,

. , " "
, , . ,

. - .
: ,
.
,
, -.

( ), .

, , ,
, "" , .
,
.
(, , ) , ,
( ,
, , ).
, -
( , ..),
-.
c. ()
,
,
.
() - ,
()
(, , )
87

 (, , ..).
-
.
() , ,
,
.
, ,
,
.112
(, . ,
" ", . -, 1908 ,
,
).
. ,

. 1982 -- ""
" " . -. " ". , - .
" " .
90- " " .
, , ,
.
. .
.
( ,
, ,
, ). ,
. .
300-400 , .
(, ..) .
15 000 .
.
. , ,
, ,
- .
.
.
, , ..
, ()

, .. , ,
.
() ?
, ,
, , .
112

. ., . . :
. ., 1952

88

 , ,
.

. , ,

- , .
() ,
, ()
. ,
(),
, ,
. 113
,
, , ..
()
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
;
;

..
,
. ,
.
( ), (), , (
), () ..
( )
.
, , , (, ,
.).
() :
1. ,
, (, ..);
2. ,
: , , ,
..;
3. , ,
. 114
, , ,
, , , , .
113

: Galler, Meyer. Soviet Prison Camp Speech: (A Survivor's Glossary: Supplement). Hayward, 1977. 102
p.; . . . . , 1979
114
. ., . . :
. ., 1952

89


. , ,

.
d.
, , .. ,
, ..
.
. ,
,
..
, ,
, , ..
.115 :
1. - (
); ,
;
2. , - ( )
, ;
3. ,
- . 116
, ,
.

.
,
. 117
:
1. -, ,
( , , ,
..);
;
;
2. ,
, ,
, ( ) ..;
; .
, ,
..;
3. -

, ,
; ,
, ,
115

.., .. . -.
, ., 2001 . 322-323
116
. . . . , 1979
117
, . , . . - , 1988. 166 ;
. . , . : , 1991

90

4.

5.
6.
7.

(
());
() ,
, , , , ; ,
( );
(
) - ;
, , , ..;
-
, ;
- ,
.
. ()
, ,
, -
(
);
(, , , ), ,
.

e.
(, ) ,
, .
.
: (, ,
..), (, .),
(), ().
, , ,
- ,
: , !. ,
. , ,
. ,
. , , .
, ,
- , ..
:
(
, , ..);
( ,
, ..);
(, , ,
, ..);
( )
(, , , , ..).

(,
,
..
: - , , , , ..).
91

 , .
, . ,
()
. , .. ,
.
f.
- ( ), .
,
: , () (),
( ) . ,
.
.
,
( ) -
. ,
, , ( , ..
, ..) .
,
() .
:
, ,
,
..;
,
, ;
,
,
.
g.
- , ,
.. ,
. ,
, , .
.
. ,
. ,
,
. , (
), - ,
.
:
- (, - ,
- , - ); ,
, ;
- ,
, , ;
92

- ,
. 118
h.
.
, , , , 30-.
( ).
:
, , ,. ,
.
. , , , - .

" ". , ,
- (
). "",
, , "": , ,
"": , (""). ,
1960- " " . 1980- ""
. ,
, - . 119
, .
,
, , .
? ,
60 . ,
, . "" , ,
, .
:
. , - ,
, : ,
.
, .
- . ,
. .
. , , ,
. , .
. - , .
.
: .
" ". ,
. ,
. - .
, , .
. 60-
, . ,
118
119

http://zona-uz.ferghana.ru/obghak.html
. http://www.fsk.ru/june/tema/index.htm

93

 . :
.
, : " ".
, .
"".
, .
().
, .
" ", .
.
: ,
. , ,
: .
.
,
, , . , ,
.
.
, .
. 30- "1000 ":
1000 " ".
, .
,
. .
: , .
"" , (,
- , - ).
"" - , ,
. . (""
"") . ,
.
, . ""
: .
.
, .
. ,
. , ,
"" - ,
: " ".
, , .
. ,
.
.
52 ,
( ), . ""
, , . 120
120

: - http://www.aferizm.ru/criminal/imperia/imperia_2.htm

94

10.

.
,
.
:
-, " " ,
.
,
. ,
- ,
, . ( )
`` ``.
-,
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
" " .
,
,
. ,
2002-2003 .
,
.
,
.
,
,

.
.
, .
```` .
,
. .
, .
,
.


.
2003 .
,
.

95

20
,
.

.
.
128 . ,
,
.
, 200
, 2003 4

. , .
.
.121

, ,
.122

, , ..

.


.

.

,
.
:
1. " "
.
,
:
- 5
-
.
- .
,
" "
.
.
.
121

.
3 2003. http://www.rosbalt.ru/2003/09/28/118381.html
122
6 600 , .
10 , ,
4 . 2002 "Computer Archive of Georgian Press "

96

 " " -
, " "
.
2. ,
,
, ,

.

, ,
.

, .
,
, , .
:

1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

.
1999-2003 123

4
6
10
30
10
19
10
15
11
181

, ,

. ,
40-50 ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

, .
,
. ,
378
"
, ",
.
123

. 2 2004.

97

 ,
( )

,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
, .
,
.
18 ,


:
1. () ,
.
2.
3.
, , ..
4. : ,
, ,
.
5. ,
(,
).
6.
.
, ,

.

, ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.

:
-
: , ,
;

98

- ,
()
:
a) .
b) .
c)
.
- , , ,

, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
- ,
, , ,
.
, : ()
,
,
, ()
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
.

8 :
.
1. -
2. ,

3.
.
4.
5.
6.
7. ,
, .
8.
- :

, ,
,
, .

,
.
99

.
.

.

.

,

, - .

. ,

,
, ,
.124

,
,
,
.


,

.
,
,
.
, ..
, ,
- ,
, , .
. ,
,
(

. )

124

In 1970, Congress passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, Title
18, United States Code, Sections 1961-1968 www.ricoact.com/ - 10k - 9 2003;
80- "

", 19651996 " ". ( 15 ,
31 1965 ., 7 1996 .
). " ,
", 1, 2003 http://satcor.ru/anthology/2003/01/an_enzo.htmlRICO) Act,
Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1961-1968

100

 ..
:

;
,
, ;
,
.

,
,
. ,
.
, ,
( .. .
,



,
.
, ,
, -
, ,
,

.
,
,
.

,
, .

-,
,
-

, ,
, ,
, :
, ,
,
;

,
, ,
;
101

, .. ,
.

:
"
, , "
, , ,

, 68 .
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,

.
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, () ,
,
, ,
.
, ()
..


.
.
, ,
,
,
.

, ,

()
102



,
.
2003 "
".
, .
. ,

.
.
, "
",
,
.
2004
" " " ()
" " ".

, .
, .

, .

,

-
.

-
. , ,
, , , -
.
" "
, , .
- ,
" " 80-90-
, ,

.
,
,
.
103

() - .
() , ()
: .
, , , .
() - , , ,
" ".

104

1)

2);
3) , .
() - . .

() - ( - , . 213 (. 206 ).
; , ,
, .
- 1) ( ). , -
- ,
( ), -
, .
, , ,
,
.
- . ( . 154 1961.)
, , .
- , , ..
(, ) - ,
. - .
( , )
, .. " " .
" " . ,
, (. ).
() - , (
) , .

()

,
,
,
"".
, -
. - ,
,
, : , ..
() - , .
() - - , - , , .
- , , - ,
. - .
() ()
1)
;
2) , , .

()
1)
;
2)
,

;
3) , , , ,
.
- ( , 30 )
(). , .
, ,
. ,
.
() - , .
- . : ,
.

1)

.
2) , ,
.
(, , ) - . . (
"").
- . -
.
(, ) - .
- .

105

 - 1. ; 2). .
, () - ,
(, , ). ,
, (, ,
..).
(, , ), .
( ) ,
..
, () - , ,
. .
() - ,
.
. ( . " ").
() - , , .
20 - 50-
, .
,
, . 60- ,
, (.
). ,
30-50- (., .
.), .
() - - . ( 14
18, - 20 ) . 300 700 .
, (.
), - ( ).
, .

. ,
, . , , , -
. ,
" " ,
, . (..
), 70-80-
30%. 90-
. "": ,
, , "" .
1.01.97 ( ).
- , , - (, ) .
- .

() - .
, ,
, .
- .
(, , , ) - ,
, .
- - , , .
- - .
- ,
.
- . ( 1999 . ,
- ). ,
.
.

(30-50-
).
- - ( 50- ).
- - ( 60- - 80-
).
- ( 80- ).

106

 1) . ,
30- .
2)
( - );

.
"
".
3)
, , ,
, (. ).
() - . ( 1992
- ), - .
,
( " "). " ".
1995 . , .
1.01.1998 . 122 46,6 .

- . (. , ).
() - . .
. ,
( ). 1.07.97 7
.
() - .
() - . . , ...
() - . , ,
.
() - (). ,
.
() - . 30-50-
.
(, ) - , , .

1)
,

.
2) ,

(
,
).
3) ,
.
() - ,
.
( ) (
).

() - . 1 1997 .
- ,
. ,
. 1980- (
) (- ) .
. 1988-
.. 7- .
? ,
, ( ),
, ..
, , ,
, , ().
,
. :
" ,
". ,
(). , ", ..."
. ,
, . , (
1997 .) -
, .
() - . .

107


- , ,
.
() - , , , , "",
, ..,
( ) , (, ).
() - , , ,
; "",
, , .
(, ) - .
() - , ()
. " " - .
(, ), () - ,
; ,
. (, ,
) . , ,
(" "), (
).
- , , , - ,
, .. .
- , , .
- - .
.
- , , ,
.
() - , , .. , .
"" . . .
() - . , .
,

,
.
/ ( ),
30- .
, , ,
- .
() - .
- 1) () , . , ,

..;
2) (, ) . .
"". , , ..
, , , :
- ; - , ; .

() - - ,
. : 1. ( ,
, ,
); 2. ( ,
); 3. ( ,
, , ); 4. (
, ); 5. - (
,
, ).
. .
( , ), ,
, .
.
( , , ..)
. (
20-50 ), - ( "").
20-150 , .
150-200 ("") :
; ( ); (
, ); " " ( - " "),
- , ,

108

, , ( ); ( ,
) - . - 2 . .
, ,
( ), 200-600 . ,
" ".

. : 500 3000 ( -
1500-2000 ). (
) . , ,
- , . , ,
, . ,
, , , , (), (
10-30 ), , , .
( 2 4 ) ( 1 3 ) .
: ( ,
15 ) ( ,
). 1988 .
( , , ,
, , ..). 1992 .
1.01.97 ( ).
() - - ,
. , , , , , . 1.01.97
( ).
- ,
.
. ,
. .

- ,
. (. ).
() - 1) , .
2) , . .
- , .
() - , :
( ) .
- , - . .
() - .
, , ..
() - . , ,
, , ..
, .. .
(), , - () -
. 11 14 , -
14 18 , (.. ,
, :
, , ,
..). 14- ( 90%) 18-

.
, ,
, . ,
, . ,
, , .
- ,
, , ,
.
,
, (
), .
()
1)

;
2) .

109

3)

;
4) .
() - , ,
.
- , , ,
, , ,
, , .
,
, , .
() .
- , ;
.
( ) - , , ..,
, .
(, )
.
15 .
() - 1) , . , ,
. , -
(. ). .
.
,
;
2) , .
() - . . .
, - ,
.
, ..,
, .
( )
.
, ,
.

(, ), () - ,
- ; ,
.
() - ,
() , .
: ,
, ..
, .
(, ) - 1) , , ,
. ""
(, , ) " "
" ".
, ""
, "" .
, , ,
. . , , , , ;
2) .
- - . ,
. ,
, .
" " , .
1995 . 300 . ,
. ,
, . 1.07.97
- , (
).
() - . ,
( - ), . 1994 .
.
- - , . .

110

1)

;
2)
(, - ), , .
, , .
3) .
- , , ,
.
() - . ()
.
, , ,
. ,
, (,
..).
.
- .
()
1) .
( ): (), (), (),
().
2) (, ..).
, -
, ,
- (, -
).
, .
- , ,
.

.
.. , , .
() - .

1)

(:

);
2) , .
, . ,
, :
( ,
), . . ,
, .

1) .
, , , ,
- , . ,
, ( ).
.

;
2) , .

- ; ,
-
, , - , (
) , ..
(, ) - , , ""
.

.

() - , "" ( ,
, ..) . ""
" ". ,
, , , .
.

111

 "" - ( ,
"" ).
("") .
()
1)

.
2)

.
3)

,
.
4) , - , , ;
.
-.
() - .
- , - .
- , , , , .
-- - . , .
, .. 70- 80-
: .
,
- , ,
, . (.
).
- () .
,
-.
() - . . .
(, ) - .
() - , , . ,
, ,
" - ", .. .
, ,
, , ,
.

1)

(.);
2) (, ) - ,
.
: , ,
, , , , ,
..
(, ) - ,
.

1)

.
2) ().
. ,
, .
() - , ,
, .
() - ,
. .
.
, () -
() .
, (, ), () - ,
, .
: (
), ( ), . ,
, .
() - 1) .
100 200 . 2 5 .
20-30 .
,

112

2) , ( , ,
, , ..).
(), () - , .

() - , ,
. (, , , - ..), "" (
, ). . . ,
, , .
- , , .
() - , , , .
( ) .
() - - ,
. - .
() - , .
(, ) - 1) . 20 200
.
2) .
() - 3-5 ( ),
. ,
() .

1)

;
2) .
- ,
() - . ,
,
. ,
(). ().
() -
.
() - , ,
, ,
. "", .. ,

. , , ..,
.
, .
() - . ,

, ,
.
. , ,
. 1988
.
() - .
- ( 1993 .) ,
" " -
" (.. , ,
).
(
). ,
. 1993 - "
" - . . .
, , (, ) - ,
,
, -
(., , ).
( 10-12), .
() - . -
.
, () . .

113

 () - ,
( - - ),
.
() - .
, - . .
- . . ,
.
() - .
()
1) , . 40- - 50-
, "
2) , .
"", , , , ,
; ""
.
() - 1) ,
.

;
2) , , (,
).
- , () (. ), ..
, . , ,
, .
() - - ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , .. .
, .
()
.

- , , , , .
, - , ,
, .
- , , .

1)
;
2) ,
. .
,

.
, , , .
(, ) - 1) ,

.
,

.. -
.

.
2) .
.
.
.
.
- , .
- 1) () ;
2) () ,
(). (,
, - , - . , - ..);
3) () . . "".

() - , ,
. , .
() - - .
.

114

 () - . 1999 . (,
) ,
( ). ( ),
.
- , .
, () - , ,
( - ). - ,
,
""

..
20- , 60- .
.
- , .
() - .

() - . .

()
1).

;
2).

;
3. .
() - - ", ",

"".
:
", ".
- ; - .
, , - ,
( ) .

1)
;
2) .
- ,
, . , ,
, : - .

- , ,
, , .
. - ,
. ( ) -
, .
() - .
() - , - ()
. (. ).
() - .
- ()
. ,
. 1992-93 .
. .
() - , , , ,
.
() - .
- . .
(, ) - ,
(, - ). ,
. -
,
.
- , . 80-
, .
: ,
, , .. ,
, -
.

() - 1) , - , .
, , , ..,
. ,
,

115

 . ,
.

.
2) (30-50- ) , .
() - .

() - , .
, - ; - , .
() - ,
( - ).
, .
() - (
). , ,
. ( )
, , , .
- . .

, () - 1) , , ,
, .
2) .
() - . ,
.
- .
. 1988 . ,
,
, , , , . 12
1992 . :
- 15 , - 2- .
, - .
( ) , ..
, . ,
, , .
,
.
() - , .
, () - . - , ,
; - .
.
- .
() - , (. ).
(, ) - .
() - 1) , ( )
, , , ,
.

,
,
.
2) , (, , )
(, , , , ..).
.
- - , .
() - , (,
, ..). .

() - (),
.

116

 2
,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

26.
27.
28.
29.

- - 01.01.1970 ""
- 20.08.1962
- 10.03.1974, , ""
- 08.07.1969, , ""
- 27.03.1972, , ""
- 01.01.1966, , ""
- 01.11.1971, ""
- : , .1966, : .
, , 10
- : , , 1956
- : , , 1937, : .
, ,; : ,
- 25.09.1969, " "
- 24.11.1071 , ""
- 21.11.1960 ""
- . 23.02.1947, . . . , : , ,
, 39. 2.132; , , , 17. 3, : 9647532;
: 14.07. 94, "" .
- 1939, : , , . 5; ,
- : , , 1962. : . ,
. 7.1174 - ,
- , 1942, . ; :

- . 1933 . . . , ; : ,
, . 79, 4, 121
- : "", 1938,
- : " ", ,
29.10.1957 . . .
- 1962, : . , , 8
, 23; :
- : , , . ., .
, , , \
- 20.10.1972 ""
- 27.02.1970 ""
- : "", 1952, . . . ,
, : . , , , 83, 4; . , ,
15, 37
- : , , 1937, : .
, ,
- 05.03.1957 ""
- 01.-01.1962
- 30.06.1966 ""

117

30. - : "", "", .1957, :

. . , , 6, 190; :
,
31. - : , 1962
32. - 01.09.1962 ""
33. - : " ", " ",
, 1968 . ., . ;
34. - 19.04.1959 ""
35. - : "", 1937, . ., . , :
, , , 14, 1, 279; :

36. - 10.07.1958, . ""
37. - 01.01.1947 ""
38. - 01.01.1968,
39. - : " ", 1953, .
. . ,
40. 01.09.1956, . , "".
41. , : "", " ",
"-", 1941 . ., . , :
, 7, 1, 47;
42. - 03.05.1966 ""
43. - 15.01.1950, ""
44. - : , , 1950;
:
45. , : "", "", 1928,

46. - : "", "", 1937, . ., .

, , : . , , 46 . , ;
47. 21.01.1968 ""
48. - : "", , 1962, : .
,
49. - : "", 1923, . ,
, , 29 :
;
50. - 09.02.1964 ""
51. - 01.01.1954 , ""
52. - 05.06.1966 , ""
53. - 01.02.1971 , ""
54. - : "-", 1962
55. - 1962, : . , , , 3
, 3, 55
56. - : "-", " ",
"", 26.11.1930, . ., . , ,
57. - : "", 1962 .
58. - 09.08.1958,
59. - 01.05.1960 , ""
60. - 1956, : . , ,
, 4 , 4, 110
61. 15.01.1950 , ""

118

62. , : "", 1956 : .

, ,
63. - : "", 1954,
64. - 09.05.1942 ""
65. - : "", 1930, : .
, , , 6; :
,
66. 01.06.1982
67. - : "", 1956, : .
, , 53; :
68. - : "", , 17.04.1952.
., .
69. - : "", 1962,
70. - : "", 1939, : .
, , . , 13/24, :
, ,
71. - 01.02.1933 ""
72. - 09.12.1971 " "
73. - : "", 1954, : .
74. - : "", 1952, : . ,
, 9; :
75. - : "", " ", 1954, .
., . ,
76. - 03.11.1969 ""
77. 01.1954, , ""
78. - : " ", 1957, .
., . , : ; :

79. , : "", 1955 :

80. - : "", 1948, :

81. - 25.05.1957, , ""
82. - : , , , , 1957 .
., . , : . , , 13,
83. - : , , 24.07.1956, . ., .
,
84. - 20.11.1945 , ""
85. , - : , 1955,

86. - 09.01.1963,
87. - : , 1946 . . .
, : .
88. - 02.02.1973, , " "
89. - 01.09.1972, , ""
90. -20,01.1973, , .
91. - : , 1951, . ., . .
,

119

92. - : "", "", 1947, : .

, 6 , ; : .
13.07. 94
93. - : "", 1946, . ., .
, : . , , 63; :
.
94. - : " ", , 1953
. ., . , : . , , , 2, ,
, 2; :
95. - : "", 1953, ,
: ,
,
96. - 1957, :
97. - 01.06.1950, , ""
98. - : , 04.05.1962, : .
, , 70, 45
99. , - 03.03.1961, ,
100. - 20.11.1945 ""
101. - : , , 1941, :
; :
102. - 1954, : . , , 1, :
, ,

103. - 21.11.1971, . ., .
104. - : "" 1960,
105. - : "", 1942,
106. - 1959,
107. - : "", "", 1935, . . .

108. - 1952, . ., . , .
109. - 03.02.1953, , ""
110. , 02.02.1949, , ""
111. - 04.05. 1954, ""
112. - , "", 1960, : . ,
, 19, 46; :
113. - 01.12.1959 , ""
114. , : "", 1957,
115. , - : "", "", 1954,
:
116. - : "", 1933, : . ,
, 15; : ,
,
117. - : "", 1949,
118. - : "", 1959, : . ,
, , 50, . , , , 62, 12
119. - 15.04.1971, , ""
120. - 04.03.1952, ""
121. - 27.01.1960, , ""
122. - : "", 10.06.1943, . . .

120

123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.

150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.

- 15.01.1971, , ""
- 03.11.1967, , ""
- 02.08.1971, ""
- 1937, : ;
- 1957, : . , , 30, 12;
.
- : , 1933, : . ,
, , 46; :
, -02.03.1963, , ()
- 26.07.1971, ,
- : "", "", 1958
- : " ", "",
"",
28.05.1952, . ., . , : , , 7;
: 1994
, : " ", 1965,
- : "", 1953, ,
:
- : "", 1952, : . , 3
, , 14
- 26.01.1976,
- 18.08.1979,
- 16.02.1973,
- 1929, : . , , 45
- 03.03.1955, , ""
- : "", " ", 1960
. ., . , 178.
- , " - "
- 1930, : . , , , 11
- 09.09.1971, , ""
- 02.01.1954, , ""
- 09.01.1959, , ""
- 1953, : . , , 14
- 1940, : . , , 8
- : "", "", 1951,
: ; : ,
,
- : "" 1957, . ., .
. , -
- : "", 1945,
- : "", 1955,
- 1972, . . . :
- : "", 1946,
- : "", 1930, : .
, , , 47"", 7;
- 1953,
- , "", 1932, : .
, , 5
- : "", 1955 :
. , , 23; 0

121

159. - 1932, : . , ,
,
160. - : "", "", 25.02.1962 .
., . ,
161. - : "", 1954
162. - : "", 1934, :
, , 15; :
,
163. - :"-",
164. - 09.02.1955, , ""
165. - : "", 1937, : . ,
, ., 5; : 1989 .
166. - 15.06.1962, , ""
167. , - : "", 1960,
168. - : "", 1963,
169. - : "", 1930, . ., . . ,
-, : . , ,
170. - : "", , 1957, . ., . ,
, : . -
171. - 20.10.1932
172. - 1974, . ., . , , :
173. 3 - "", 1958 . ., . , .

174. - : "", , 1938 :

175. - : "", " ", 10.01
1956, . ., . ,
176. - : "", 10.08.1957, . ., .
, : .
177. - : 1959,
178. - 26.05.1979, , ""
179. - 10.01.1964, , ""
180. - 16.04.1970 , ""
181. , , , 192, . ., . ,
: . , , 42, 52
182. - 1938, : . ,
183. - 1923, : . , ,
184. - : "", "-",
01.05.1940, . ., . ,
185. - : " ", .09.09.1963, . .,
. , : . , , 67, 4
186. - 10.05.1975,
187. - : "", , 1954; : .
, 1 , 80, 1
188. - , 10.12.195, . ., . , .
189. - : "", 1930, : .
, , 118; :

190. - : "", " ", ,
20.03.1953, . ., . ,

122

191. - : "", 1926, : .

, , , 20, 8; : ,

192. - 1961, : . ,
193. - : , , 1957 . .
,
194. - 01.02.1960 , ""
195. - 01.01.1970 ,
196. - : , , 1941, .
, , 4; :
197. - : , , 1954
198. - : , , , 1960,
: . , ; , :
199. - : , ,
, 1963, . ., . ,
200. - 1971, . ., . , :
201. - : , 28.02.1963, . ., .
,
202. - : , 22 06. 63 . ., . .
, : , . 2- , 17-20;
203. - : , 1961,
204. - : "", 1950, . ., .
, : . --, , 7, 21
205. - 1954, : . , , 43
206. - 27.06.1971,
207. - : "", 1956
208. - 01.01.1970
209. - : "", 1951, .

210. , 1954,
211. - : "", 1943, :
. , , 12, 18; :
212. - : "", 10.10.1952, . ., .
, :
213. - 1940, : ; 295. ,
1964, :
214. - : , 1958
215. - 1946, : , , 18, 1, 51
216. - : , 1962
217. - : "", 1943, . ., .
, :
218. - : "", "", 1951,
. ., .
219. - : "", "", ""
220. - : "", 10.01.1958, . ., .
, :
221. - 03.02.1964, , ""
222. - 01.02.1965, ""
223. - : , 1950, : ;
:

123

224. - 22.06.1975
225. - : , 1956, :
1994 .
226. - , 1956, :
227. - 01.01.1952 , ""
228. - : "", 1958, .
; :
229. - : , 1936, : . , ,
, 1, 84
230. - : "", "", "", "", . . .
, ,
231. - 1959, : . , , ,
2, 7, 4; 342.
232. - : "", "", 1949, . .,
. , : , , , 17, 55
233. - : "", 21.04.1968, . ., .
, : , , 14, 177
234. - 1954, : . , , 53
235. - : "", 1957, . ., .
, : . , , , 42,
236. - : "", 1961, . ., .

237. - , 1960, : . , , 5 ,
3, 1; . , ,
238. - : , , , 1951, . .,
. , : . , , 44/46, 47; 345.
239. - : "" "", 1957, :
, , 6 :
240. -1955, : . , , 20
241. , : , 1954 . ., .

242. , - 1959, :
243. - 1948, - : . , ; 4
, 3, 89
244. - 1935
245. - : "", : . ,

246. - : "", 27.07.1961, . ., .

247. - : "", , 1947,
: . , , , 2 , 26, 27;
: , .
1990
248. - : "", 1933, : .
, , 44
249. , , 1957, . ., . . : . ,
, . , 11 , 2 , 20, 38;
250. , 18.03.1957
251. - 1947, :
252. - : "", 1925,
: ; :

124

253. - : "", 1932, : .

, , , 3, :
254. - : "", "", "",
: . , , 38; :
.
255. - : "", 1937, :
; :
256. - : "", 1964, : , ,
""
257. - : "", 1961
258. - : "", 1941, . ., .
, : . , , : 1993 . . ,

259. - : "", 1966 . ., .
, : . , , , 4 , 103, 2;
: " " (""), 1993 .

260. - 1956, . , , 172
261. - : "", 1941, : .
, , 3 7 , 4, 34; :
.
262. - : , 18.12.1962, . ., .

263. - 1959, : . , , ,
5 , 5, 112
264. - 1953, : ; :

265. -1961, :
266. - : " ", 1940, . .,
. .
267. - : "", 1961, :
; : ,

268. - : "", , 1956, . ., .

, : , , , 70, 12; , , 8/92;
:
269. - 1935, . ., . , :
, ; :
270. - : " ", 11.12.1957,
, : , , 14, 4
271. , - 1965, : . , , 4
, 8, 13; :
272. - : "", 1960, : . ,
, 12; : : ,
, 22, 1, 234
273. - : "", 1924 . ., .
, : . , , , 31;
, : ,
274. - : "", 2.06.1958, . ., .
- . , : , , , 51, 5, - . ,
,
275. - 1939, :

125

276. - 1952, : . , , , 3
277. - : , 1949, :
,
278. - 1959, : . , , 26
279. - 1949, : ; :

280. - : "", 1937, : . ,
, , 36; :
281. - : "", "", 1959, . ., .
, :
282. - : "", 14.11.1949 . .
. , : . , . , 17, 10
283. - : "", 1965, . ., . , :
, , 4
284. - 1959, ; , , 150, 52; :
, 1993
285. - 16.05.1957, . ., . ; : ,
286. - 26.02.1959, . ., . , : .
, , , 8, 12,
287. , : "", , 08.01. 57 . ., :
. , . , 27, . 2, . 96,
288. - 1962, : . , , , 11, 2, 46
289. , , . ., . .
290. - 1954, : . , ,
291. - : , 24.07.1956,
. ., . ,
292. - : " ", 1939,
:
293. - : "", 1957, : .
, , 12
294. - : "", 1957, : .
, , 31
295. - : "", " ",
"", , 1948, . ., , : , ,

296. - 1940, : ; :
.
297. - : "", 1960, . ., . ,
: , , 156, 59
298. - : "", 23.07.1953, . ., .
, : .
299. - 12.12.1949 , ""
300. , - 03.04.1967 , ""
301. - : , : .
,
302. , - : "", 1939, : . ,
, 13; :
303. - 04.10.1980,
304. - 20.06.1959, , " "
305. - 01.01.1962 , ""

126

306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.

315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.

324.

325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.

- : "", 1965
- 01.01.1967,
, - 12.11.1972 , ""
- 01.02.1956, , ""
- : , 1958, : . ,
, , 96; :
, 1959, . . , : . , . ,
, 1954, : . , , 51
, : "", "", "", 04.05.1961,
. ., . , : , , , 15, 38
- : "", " ", ,
20.02.1937, . ., . , : , , , 10, 9,
47;
- : "", 1936, :
; :
- : "", "", , 1966,
. ., . , : . , , 53;
, : , , : . ,
, , 1;
- : , 20.11. 55 . . . ., :
, , 22, 3, 4
- : "", 1945, : . ,
, 2 , 11, 25; :
- : " ", 1954,
: . , , 12
- : " ", 1957,
: . , , 32
- : "", "", ,
1937, . ., . , : , , -, 6, 38
- 1946 : . , , 59;
: , ,
""
- : "", 1963, :
; : .

- : "", 1960, . ., .
- : "", 1956, : . ,
, , 105; :
- : "-", 1935, : .
, , 32; :
- : "", "", ,
09.10.1961, . ., . ,
- : "", "",
"", "", "", " ", , 1941, . .
, 1942, : . , , 7
, - : " ",
",12.01.1951, . ., . , : "
- : "", " ",
1954 . . .: , 2 , 9;
, : "", 1950, : . ,
, , 218, 2

127

334. , : "", 1947, : . ,

, , 5 , 1, 45
335. - 1937, : -; :
6
336. - 1962, : . , 2 , 13
337. - : "", 1950, . ., .
, : . , ; :
338. - : "", "", 1926, .
, , , 49;
339. - : "", 1938
340. - : "", 1956, . ., .:
, " , : - 1994 .
, ,
341. - : " ", 1955, ,
, : ,
, 26 1994 . . / (
)
342. - 1952, : . , , , 30
343. - : "-", 1936, : .
, , 26; :
344. - : , 1970, . ., .
,
345. - : , 25.01. 72 . ,
, : , , 3,
346. - : " ", "
", 07.04.1957, . ., . , : . ,
347. - : "-". 1926, : .
, , , 5 , 1, 86, :

348. - 1951, :
349. - : "", 05.09.1962, . ., .
, : . , , , 7 , 22,
34,. , , 5, 2,
350. - : "", 1947, . ., . ,
, : , , 3, 1, 409
351. 0 - , 1945, : . , , 2
, 3; :
352. - : "", , 1956, : .
, , , 2, 12
353. - : "", 1953
354. - : "", 1946
355. - 01.01.1960 ""
356. - 14.07.1956 ""
357. - ""
358. - 1952, . . . , 4 3
359. - 1963, . . . . , :
360. - : "", 1956
361. 01.09.1956,
362. 03.04.1974

128

363. - : "", "", 10.11.1957, . .,

. , :
364. - : "" "", 1925, : .
, , , 2; . , , , 1; :

3


.
1. ,
?
-
-
-
2. ,
.
-
-
-
-
3. ,
.
- ?
- ?
4. ? (
)
5. ?

129

). , (
) .
). ,
.
).
.
6. ?
- 3 - 5 ,
- 5-10
- 10 -50
- 50
7. ?
).
).
).
).

8. " ",
:
). :
18-25, 25-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50
). :
, , , ,
).
, ( )
).
, , , (, )
). :
1, 2, 3, 3-
). :
, , , , , , ,
, ().
9. . , ?
). () ?
). ()?
). , , ?
). ?
10. ,
.
?
-
-

130

-
-
-
- .
11. 80- ?
- ()
-
-
-
12.
?
-
- :
). ;
). ;
). .
13. , "
" ,
,
?
- ( ?)
-
-
14. , ,
.
-

-
- .
-
15. ?
- (, , , ,
)
- - (, , )
-,
- (, , .)
- (, .)
- (, , .)
16. ?
-
-
-
-
-

131

17.
.
-
?
- ?
-
17. ?
-
-
- .
-
18. ( )?
-
-
-
()
-
-
19. . ?
-
- , .
-
20. ,
( , .).
-
-
-
21.
-
- ,
22. .
- ?
- ?
-
?
23.
?
-
-
-
-

132

24. ()
?
-
-
-
-
-

(TraCCC-GO)

(TraCCC-GO)
(United Research Centers),
(, , , )
(, ).

,
, ,
. ,

.
,
,
(OPDAT).

www.traccc.cdn.ge

American University's Transnational Crime and Corruption Center - Georgia Office

(TraCCC-GO)
The Georgia Office represents a Georgian component to the United Research Centers (URC)
initiative, which is an endeavor comprised of five regional research centers in Russia: Moscow, St.
Petersburg, Saratov, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok, and three regional research centers in Ukraine:
Kharkiv, Odessa and Zaporozhye. The URCs explore both as national as transnational, issues of
organized crime and corruption. The URCs also examine ties between organized criminal groups and

133

corruption in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and their neighbors. They further extrapolate this
research to explore the linkages of regional organized crime groups and corruption in a broader
transnational arena. The Georgia Office is a vital and logical addition to TraCCC's URC initiative. The
Georgia Office is supported by the US Department of Justice - Criminal Division, Office of Overseas
Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training (OPDAT).

For more information, please visit the Georgia Office website

www.traccc.cdn.ge
http://vostochnaya.com/qanuni-ogrilar-vory-v-zakone

134