:

.2 Literatures Review
.1.2 Sewage Sludge
Sewage Wastewater
:
.

).(Van Haandel and Lettinga, 1994

: ) (2004

" :
" ] .[26

) (

) (.

).(Seghezzo, 2004
Primary sludge
Primary treatment
7-2
70 40
).(Gray, 2004
Biosludge Secondary treatment
) ( .
excess sludge activated sludge
waste activated sludge .Surplus activated sludge
95 % 1.0 - 0.7
80 - 70 ).(Yin et al., 2004

 :
Digested Sludge Tertiary treatment
.
) .(Anders, 2005
40 - 20 . 1- 50

).(Carballa et al., 2009

.2.2 Lignocellulosic Materials

.

.

" " ) .(2012
500

14 ) (UNEP, 2010


.

) .(2012

50
200 ) .(Zhang, 2008
.

 :
.1.2.2 The components of lignocelluloses



).(Teghammar, 2013
.1.1.2.2 Cellulose

50 - 20

).(Harris and Stone, 2008

14000
41 ) .(Brett, 2000

180
.
.

36-30 ).(Harris and Stone, 2008
100 ).(Wilson, 2008
.2.1.2.2 Hemicellulose

) .(matrix phase
) (Harris and Stone, 2008

)(pentoses
) xylose (arabinose )(hexoses

 :
) glucose mannose (galactose
).(Zhao et al., 2012
) (4-1 3-1 }{(1-3,1-4)--D-glucans
} { heteroxylans } { heteroglucans
} {heteromannans 6 3 {arabino-3,
}.(Harris and Stone, 2008) 6-galactans
35-20
} { xylans
} { glucomannan ).(Saha, 2003
.3.1.2.2 Lignin
.

phenylpropane ) .(Saha, 2003

coumaryl alcohol coniferyl alcohol
.(Hendriks and Zeeman, 2009) sinapyl alcohol
-Hydroxyphenyl

Guaiacyl Syringyl .

.

).(Davin et al., 2008



).(Xiao and Clarkson, 1997

 :
.4.1.2.2 Pectins

.
. : galacturonic acids
rhamnose arabinose galactose
fucose .(Van Dyk and Pletschke, 2012) apiose
.2.2.2 Types of Lignocellulosic materials

).(Wilson, 2008
.1.2.2.2 Energy crops and forest


) (reed canary grass ) (willow
) (poplar ) .(AEBIOM, 2009) (miscanthus

910 420 ).(Teghammar, 2013
.2.2.2.2 Agricultural residues

.
730 .

1-

).(Binod et al., 2010

530 2011
).(Zhang et al., 2012
9

) .(Binod et al., 2010

1.5 - 0.8
). (Linn et al., 2008

.

.
.
).(Thuresson, 2010

) (bagasse
.
.

).(Demirba, 2001

.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion

).(Alvira et al., 2010

).(Brjesson, 1996

10

 :

95

CH4
) (Angelidaki et al., 2009
) (Brjesson and Mattiasson, 2008

).(Calli et al., 2005

) .(Marn et al., 2007

).(Odlare, 2005

:

). (Angelidaki et al., 2003

).(Beam, 2011

COD
).(Demirbas and Balat, 2009) (1.2

11

.1.2 COD .

.4.2
Biochemical and Microbiological Aspects Of Anaerobic Digestion

).(Lema and Omil, 2001



).(Noykova et al., 2002

) .(Demirbas and Balat, 2009

)(
)
(
).(Gray, 2004

12

 :

) ( )
(



).(Insam et al., 2010

Methanogenic Bacteria
).(Toerien and Hattingh, 1969
:
) (hydrolysis ) (acidogenesis )(acetogenesis
).(Weiland, 2010) (methanogenesis
.1.4.2 Hydrolysis
.
) (
) ( .
.
) (Cellulases
) (Hemicellulases ) (Amylases ) (Lipases
).(Parawira et al., 2008) (Proteases

) .(Gerardi, 2003


) (Cellulosomes
).(Bayer et al., 2008

13

 :
.1.1.4.2 Microbial degradation of lignocelluloses

41- ) (-1,4-glycosidic bonds
.
.

Trichoderma reesei
).(Wilson, 2008

).(Flint, 2008

.


41 ).(Bayer et al., 2008
.2.1.4.2 Cellulosomes

14

 :

).(Doi and Kosugi, 2004; Bayer et al., 2008
Cohesin-
dockerin ) (cohesins
) (hemicellulases ) (pectinases
) (cellulases ) (dockerins ) (2.2
) .(Rabinovich et al., 2002

.
) (carbohydrate-binding module)(CBM .

) (Anchoring
.
).(Doi and Kosugi, 2004

).(Bayer et al., 2008

.2.2 ).(Rabinovich et al., 2002

15

 :
.2.4.2 Acidogenesis
) (Monomers

5 -1 )
( ) (

) 1.2 .(Henze, 2008) (2.2
.1.2 .

.2.2 .

.

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009; Shink, 1997
16

 :
.3.4.2 Acetogenesis





) .(Shink, 1997) (3.2

.

) (butyric ) (caprionic ) (propionic )(valeric



) (homoacetogenic microorganisms
).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009
.3.2 .

.4.4.2 : Methanogenesis

) (Archaea

17

 :

).(Chen et al., 2008

) (Liu and Whitman, 2008
).(4.2
70 30
) (Gerardi, 2003
) 25-2 (
).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009
.4.2 .

.5.2
The role of MicroOrganisms in anaerobic digestion process

Eubacteria
.(Kalyuzhnyi et al., 2000; Veeken and Hamelers, 2000) Archaea

18

:
.1.5.2 :Hydrolytic Bacteria

Firmicutes
.(Krause et al., 2008) Clostridium
Bacteroides Anaeroplasma Acetobacterium Acetivibrio
Ruminococcus .(Hobson et al., 1974) Selenomonas

Streptococci .Enterobacteriaceae
Neocallimastix
).(Weiland, 2010
.2.5.2 Fermentative Acidogenic Bacteria
Clostridium
Lactobacillus Selenomonas Enterobacter
. .
.

).(Insam et al. 2010
.3.5.2 Acetogenic Bacteria
Firmicutes

Acetobacterium woodii Clostridium aceticum

)( .(Weiland, 2010) homoacetogenic

) : ( Syntrophomonas wolfeii
) ( .(Zinder, 1993) Syntrophobacter wolinii
19

 :
.4.5.2 Methanogenic Bacteria
Archaea
)
( .

.

:
homologous sequences
tRNA mRNA
RNA polymerase
).(Garcia et al., 2000; Zinder, 1993

) (5.2

) .(Gerardi, 2003 :
.1

) (Methanothrix , Methanobacterium
).(Methanobrevibacter

.2

) (Methanococcus )(Methanolobus
) (Methanosarcina ).(Methanopyrus

.3

).(Methanospirillum

.4

).(Gerardi, 2003) (Methanoplanus

) (

) .(6.2

Methanoculleus

Methanomethylovorans

).(Insam et al., 2010

20

 :
aceticlastic

Methanosaeta Methanosarcina
.(Weiland, 2010)
. .5.2

Order: METHANOBACTERIALES
Family I: Methanobacteriaceae
Genus I: Methanobacterium
Genus II: Methanobrevibacter
Genus III: Methanosphaera

H2 + CO2
H2 + CO2
( ) H2 +

Family II: Methanothermaceae

Genus I: Methanothermus

H2 + CO2

Order: METHANOCOCCALES
Family: Methanococcaceae
Genus I: Methanococcus

H2 + CO2

Order: METHANOMICROBIALES
Family I: Methanomicrobiaceae
Genus I: Methanomicrobium
Genus II: Methanogenium
Genus III: Methanoculleus
Genus IV: Methanospirillum

H2 + CO2
H2 + CO2
H2 + CO2
H2 + CO2

Family II: Methanocorpusculaceae

Genus I: Methanocorpusculum

H2 + CO2

Family III: Methanoplanaceae

Genus I: Methanoplanus
Genus II: Methanosarcina
Genus III: Methanolobus
Genus IV: Methanococcoides
Genus V: Methanohalophius
Genus VI: Methanosaeta

21

H2 + CO2

H2 + CO2



CO2

 :
.6.2 .

.6.2
The factors effecting on biogas processes

.
.1.6.2 Substrate and nutrients

:

).(Deublein and Steinhauser, 2008

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009

).(Kayhanian and Rich, 1995


.
) (VS
22

 :
) .(Yadvika et al., 2004) (COD

C / N

10 30 25 30
).(Liu and Whitman, 2008

C / N

. C/N

).(Alvarez and Lidn, 2008

).(Kim et al. 2012

.

).(Zhang et al., 2003; Jarvis et al., 1997

.

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009
.2.6.2 Temperature

) (Psycrophilic
10
) (mesophilic 37
50 ) .(Noah and Wiegel, 2008

23

 :

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009


50-25 .


) .(Duran and Speece, 1997
).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009



.

.

).(Levn et al., 2007
.3.6.2 pH


8.0 - 6.5
8.5 - 5.0 - 7.0
(Boe, 2006) 8.5
).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009

(CO3)-2
CO2

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009

24

 :
.4.6.2
Organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time


.

5-4 . .3- 1-
3-2 . .3- 1-

).(Fang, 2010
.

.



.

25-10

.
).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009
.5.6.2 Toxic and inhibiting compounds
.

).(Schnrer and Jarvis, 2009

25

 :

.

) .(Chen et al., 2008

).(Alvarez and Lidn, 2008

.



).(Kayhanian, 1999

) H+ (R-

) .(Deublein and Steinhauser, 2008

).(Bjrnsson et al., 2001

C / N .

C / N

).(Kayhanian, 1999

: Na+1 K+1 Ca+2

(McCarty and McKinney, 1961) Mg+2 SO4-2
NO3-1
).(Chen et al., 2008

26

.7.2 The biogas

) (%45 - 25

) (6000 - 5000

) (%60 ).(Nges, 2012

16.04 . 1- ) 164-(
) 182.5-( 0.7172 . 3- 700

870 ).(Stafford et al., 1980

%50 .
%50
.

).(Liew, 2011

).(Wang, 2010

.8.2 Bioreactor

.

).(Parawira, 2004

27

 :
)(
batch reactor fed batch reactor
.(Borja et al., 1994) continuous reactor

.9.2
Anaerobic Bioreactor Configurations

.
.

agitation
).(Nizami and Murphy, 2010




5

1000

).(Webb et al., 1991

)(Chynoweth et al., 2001

.

:
.

) (

) (
).(Lettinga et al., 1997

28

: " "

' ' carrier

).(Bjrnsson et al., 1997; Lettinga et al., 1997

) Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB packed-bed

Fluidized Bed

).(Borja et al., 1994; Rebac et al., 1997; Barber and Stuckey, 1999

.10.2 Batch culture

).(Brummeler, 2000

.
) .(Lissens et al., 2001) (3.2

) (
90 ).(Lastella et al., 2002
29

 :


) ;Brummeler, 2000
.(Lissens et al., 2001; Lastella et al., 2002
).(de Baere and Verstraete, 1984; de Baere, 2000

) .(3.2 ).(Nizami and Murphy, 2010

.11.2 The biogas market

.
30
3.8 200000 60000
) .(Jiang et al., 2011; Rajendran et al., 2012
).(Amigun et al., 2008

. 2010 162
17 . 4000
2011 350 72
65 35 12 ).(Wilkinson, 2011
2010 126.5 ) .(4.2

30

) .(EurObserv'ER, 2012 2010

26 : 10

64
.

. 2010 35.9

. 2010 177 128

).(EurObserv'ER, 2012
233 2011 1473

. 1- ) .(Hellberg and Paulsson, 2012

) (Eurostat, 2012 2011 50

).(Hellberg and Paulsson, 2012

.4.2
31

..1-