Doan 1

n tt nghip GVHD:TH.
S Nguyn Quang Tn
SVTH:L Duy Tn Trang 1

Chng I
TM QUAN TRNG CA TIT KIM IN NNG
TRONG CHIU SNG CNG CNG

I. TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH IN NNG HIN NAY:
Hin nay, vn tit kim nng lng in tr thnh mt vn mang
tnh ton cu ha v c tnh cp bch. Trn th gii v ang xy ra nhiu
cuc xung t m nguyn nhn bt ngun t vic tranh chp ngun nng
lng v cm t An ninh nng lng cng c cp n nhiu. Nhn
thc c vn ny, cc quc gia t xy dng cho mnh mt chng
trnh pht trin nng lng m trng tm l hng n ngun nng lng sch,
c tnh bn vng. i i vi n l c mt chin lc s dng nng lng c
hiu qu v tit kim.
Ring nc ta hin nay, vic tit kim in nng trc ht xut pht t
tnh hnh thc tin sn xut v tiu dng in cn nhiu im bt cp, cung
khng cu dn n tnh trng thiu in, phi ct in lun phin mt s
ni, gy nn nhiu vn x hi phc tp.
Theo s liu ca Tp on in lc Vit Nam, hin nay cng sut tng ca
cc nh my in nc ta khong 30.000 MW. Nm 2013, t ng sn lng
in sn xut ca cc nh my i n v nhp khu ton quc l 133,4 t kWh,
trong in nhp khu t Trung Quc l 3,7 t kWh, sn lng in thiu
ht l 1,43 t kWh. Do sn lng in nng nm 2013 b thiu ht nn dn
n phi ct in mt s ni. Ngoi ra trong vn hnh tn tht in trn li
hin mc cao, ring trong nm 2013 tn tht in nng l 8,79%.
C th ni vit s dng in nc ta con rt lng ph, trong khi cc ti
nguyn quc gia sn xut ra in ngy cng cn kit. Theo tnh ton mc
lng ph in nng ca Vit Nam cao gp 1,5 ln so vi th gii, cn tng
hp ca B Cng Thng cho thy mc lng ph in ca nc ta rt cao t
10-50%. Hin tng lng ph trong s dng in c th gp bt c u t
h gia nh cho n c quan, doanh nghi p. Theo s liu thng k ca Tp
on in lc Vit Nam (EVN), lng in tiu th ca h thng chiu sng
trn ton quc chim khong 25% tng lng in tiu th. C ngha l lng
in nng cp cho h thng chiu sng chim t trng ln trong tng lng
tiu th in. V vy tit kim in nng trong chiu sng l mt yu cu cp
bch c t ra.
II. TC HI CA VIC SN XUT IN I VI MI TRNG:
Vi hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii hin nay, vic sn xut in nng t
ngun nhin liu ha thch vn ang chim mt t trng ln, trung bnh
khong 60% tng sn lng in nng. Bao gm cc nh my nhit in chy
n tt nghip GVHD:TH.S Nguyn Quang Tn

than, du m, kh t v nng lng ht nhn. nc ta hin nay khong hn
40% sn lng in nng l t cc nh my nhit in, ch yu dng than.
Cc nh my nhit in ny khi vn hnh thi ra kh quyn mt lng ln cc
loi kh c hi c kh nng hy hoi mi trng nh: CO
2
, CH
4
, NO
x
,
SO
x
Cc cht thi ny khi thi ra mi trng vi s lng qu ln s gy
mt cn bng sinh thi, gy ra cc hi n tng ma axit, c bit l hiu ng
nh knh, lm nhit tri t tng ln. Bo co ca WMO cho bit lng kh
gi nhit CO
2
do xe c v ng khi nh my thi ra o c trong bu kh
quyn mc 393,1 ppm trong nm 2012 - tng 2,2 ppm so vi nm trc
.Con s ny vt xa so vi mc ti a 350 ppm m mt s nh khoa hc v
cc nhm mi trng khng nh l gii hn CO
2
tn ti an ton trong bu kh
quyn. Da trn t l , WMO d kin mc nhim CO
2
trn th gii s
vt qua ngng 400 ppm vo nm 2016, mc mt s trm o chm ti
trong nm 2012 v 2013.
Theo WMO, kh CO2 c th tn ti nhiu th k trong khng kh v i u
ny ng ngha lng kh thi trong tng lai s khin Tri t ngy cng m
ln, ko theo mt lot hu qu nh nn i, ngho kh, cc t nng nng,
hn hn, l lt, chin tranh v dch bnh gia tng trn th gii.
Sau y l mt s tc hi n mi trng bt ngun t nguyn nhn l cc
cht thi ca nh my in:
2. 1 Ma axit:
Trong thnh phn cc cht t t nhin nh than v du m c cha
mt lng ln lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li cha nhiu nit. Qu trnh
t sn sinh ra cc kh c hi nh :lu hunh ioxit (SO
2
) v nit
ioxit (NO
2
). Cc kh ny ha tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh
cc axit sunfuric (H
2
SO
4
) v axit nitric(HNO
3
). Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny
tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c
pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit. Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th
ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit
ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn na i vi cy ci, vt nui v con
ngi.
Ma axit nh hng xu ti cc thy vc( ao, h). Cc dng chy do ma
axit vo ao, h s lm pH ca ao, h gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt
trong ao, h suy yu hoc cht hon ton. H ao tr thnh cc thy vc cht.
Ma axit nh hng xu ti t do nc ma ngm xung t lm tng
chua ca t, ha tan cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh Canxi
( Ca), Magi ( Mg), lm suy thoi t, cy ci km pht trin. L cy gp
ma axit s b chy lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm cho kh nng quang
hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp. Ma axit cn ph hy cc vt liu lm
bng kim loi nh st, ng, km, lm gim tui th ca cc cng trnh xy
dng, lm l lot b mt bng ca cc cng trnh.


Hnh 1.1: Ma axit
2. 2 Hiu ng nh knh:

CO2 ch yu lu ng tng i lu. Nhit mt tri t c to
thnh bi s cn bng gia nng lng mt tri chiu xung tri t v nng
lng bc x nhit ca mt t pht vo khng gian v tr. Bc x mt tri l
bc x sng ngn nn d dng xuyn qua cc lp kh CO2 chiu xung tri
t. Ngc li, bc x nhit t mt t pht vo khng gian v tr l bc x
sng di, khng c kh nng xuyn qua cc l p kh CO2, b hp thu bi kh
CO2 v hi nc trong kh quyn lm cho nhit kh quyn bao quanh tri
t c tng ln dn n tng nhit mt tri t. Hin tng ny gi l
Hiu ng Nh Knh v lp kh CO2 c tc dng nh lp knh gi nhit ca
nh knh trng rau xanh trong ma ng, ch khc l n c quy m ton cu.


Hnh 1.2: Hiu ng nh knh
T khong 100 nm nay con ngi tc ng vo s cn bng nhy cm ny
gia hiu ng nh knh t nhin v tia bc x ca mt tri. S thay i nng
ca cc kh nh knh trong vng 100 nm l i y lm nhit tng ln
2
o
C.
Mt s tc hi ca hiu ng nh knh n mi trng:
- Cc ngun nc: Cht lng ca nc ung, nc ti tiu, nc cho
k ngh v cho cc nh my pht i n, v sc khe ca cc loi thy
sn c th b nh hng nghim trng bi s thay i ca ca cc trn
ma ro v bi s tng kh bc hi. Ma tng ln c th gy lut li
thng xuyn hn. Kh hu thay i c th lm y cc lng cho ni
vi sng ngi trn th gii.
- Cc ti nguyn b bin: Nhit tri t tng ln c th lm cho mc
nc bin dng ln lm thu hp din tch t ven bin. Vit nam vi b
bin di, cng l mt trong s cc quc gia s chu nhiu nh hng
nht bi hin tng nc bin dng cao.
- Lm bin dng cc cng trnh: Tnh trng tri t nng ln khng ch
khin lp bng a cc b tan chy, m ngay c lp bng vnh cu bn
di b mt tri t cng b nh hng, khin hin tng co rt ca lp
v Tri t xy ra thng xuyn hn, to ra nhiu vt nt, lm bin
dng nhiu cng trnh c s h tng nh ng st, ng cao tc v
nh ca, ng thi gy l v st t trn i, ni.
- Sc khe: S ngi cht v nong c th tng do nhit cao trong
nhng chu k di hn trc. S thay i lng ma v nhit c th
y mnh cc bnh truyn nhim.
- Lm nhip: Nhit cao hn to iu kin cho nn chy rng d xy ra
hn.
- Bn cnh cc nh my i n chy than v du, cc nh my in
nguyn t cng tim n nhiu nguy c ri ro hn.

Tm li, phc v cho nn cng nghip tng trng nng ca mnh,
trong thi gian qua cc quc gia trn th gii s dng v ti v cc ngun
nguyn liu v thi ra mi trng nhiu cht c hi trong c ngnh cng
nghip sn xut in nng. Vic tit kim in trong thi im hin nay ng
ngha vi vic chnh ph s khng phi u t xy dng thm cc nh my
in, qua s gip gim ng k lng kh thi ra mi trng, bo v mi
trng sng.
III. LI CH T VIC TIT KIM IN:
3.1 i vi mi trng:
Vic s dng in tit kim s gip lm gim lng in nng tiu th,
qua gim khi lng cc cht thi c hi ra mi trng t vic sn xut
in, mt cch gin tip gip bao v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
3.2 Trong lnh vc kinh t:
Ngoi nhng ch li cho mi trng vic tit kim mang li nhiu li ch
cho cng ng, trc ht l lnh vc kinh t:
- i vi nh nc: Tit kim in gip chnh ph khng tn tin u
t cho cc nh my i n nng cng sut h thng, u t cho h thng
truyn ti, phn phi in nng vn rt tn km, gp phn m bo an ninh
nng lng cho quc gia. Khon tin tit kim ny c th c u t cho
nhiu cng trnh phc li c ngha khc. Mt v d c th: theo tnh ton,
nu thay th 1 triu bng n dy tc bng n compact th ch phi b ra
chi ph l 1,5 triu USB, nhng s khng phi xy thm mt nh my in
50MW vi mc u t ti 50 triu USD.
- i vi cc doanh nghip: Cc nh my, x nghi p (lnh vc cng
nghip) ca Vit Nam tiu th nng lng cao hn t 2,4 n 3,6 ln so vi
cc nc trong khu vc. Theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn gia, Vit Nam
to ra 1USD tng sn phm quc ni th phi tiu tn ti 1,02 kWh in so
vi 0,19-0,512 kWh in ca cc nc trong khu vc. V vy, thc hin tt
cng tc tit kim in s em li hiu qu ln, tng sc cnh tranh cho
hng ha Vit Nam ni chung v gp phn cho s pht trin bn vng ca
quc gia. Vic u t cho tit kim in s gip cho doanh nghi p gim
c mt khon tin in hng nm khng nh, trong khi thi gian thu hi
vn thng khng lu, nht l trong bi cnh hin nay khi ngnh in tng
gi bn in.
Tuy nhin trn thc t v nhiu l do, cc doanh nghi p nc ta cha
ch trng u t cho tit kim in nng, cha nhn thc r vai tr li ch
ca vic tit kim in nng. V d: Mt cng ty c tng chi ph nng lng
l 25 t ng/nm. Nu b nhim mt cn b qun l nng lng iu hnh
ban qun l nng lng vi mc tiu gim chi ph nng lng t ra l
2%/nm, tc 500 triu ng. Chi ph tr lng, ph cp, chi ph o to cho
ban qun l nng lng hng nm khong 200 triu ng. Nh vy, khi
doanh nghip u t vo ban qun l nng lng li nhun s tng thm 300
triu ng/nm. Vi s tin ny doanh nghip s ti u t thc hin cc

gii php tit kim nng lng khc m khng cn hoc cn t vn t cc
ngun vn kinh doanh hay vn vay khc. Khi ngun nng lng c quan
l phn b, o m chnh xc s gip cho doanh nghi p hch ton chi ph
sn xut chi tit hn, d dng xc nh cc ch tiu, nh mc tiu th
tng cng on sn xut. Vic s dng nng lng c kim sot tt c cc
b phn, cc thit b, ton b qu trnh hot ng mt cch lin tc gip
doanh nghip d dng theo di tnh hnh tiu th nng lng. T pht
hin ra nhng im cha hp l, mt cn i trong tiu th nng lng, tnh
hnh sn xut.
- i vi h gia nh : Tit kim in, trc ht l tit kim cho bn thn,
cho ti tin ca mi gia nh v gp phn bo m an ninh nng lng cho
t nc. C th, trong mi gia nh nu thay mt bng n compact ti t
kim in th s tit kim c 80% in nng so vi bng n si t. Bn
cnh , tui th ca n compact li gp 3-5 ln n si t.
IV. TIT KIM IN NNG TRONG CHIU SNG CNG CNG:
nc ta, hin nay mc tiu th in nng cho chiu sng ang chim
mt t phn kh cao trong tng lng in nng tiu th. Theo s liu ca
Tng Cng ty in lc (EVN), in tiu th cho chiu sng trn ton quc
chim khong 25,3% tng lng in tiu th. T phn tiu th in cho
chiu sng Vit Nam: 40% cho chi u sng khu vc dn c, 35% cho khu
vc thng mi, 10% cho khu vc cng nghip v 1,5 % cho cc khu vc
khc.
Chiu sng cng cng bao gm chiu sng ng ph, trng hc, bnh
vin, vn cn nhiu vn bt cp nc ta. Thc t, n nay tt c cc
th ca Vit Nam u c h thng in chiu sng vi cc mc khc
nhau. Mc tiu pht trin chiu sng th Vit Nam nm 2015 l pht tri n
chiu sng th phi theo quy hoch, k hoch xy dng v pht trin
th, tng bc hin i ho, nng cao hiu qu hot ng, cht lng chiu
sng th, i mi cng ngh, s dng nng lng mi, nng lng ti to
trong chiu sng th nhm tit kim in nng, gp phn phc v cng
cuc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc v to dng hnh nh th Vit
Nam c bn sc vn minh hin i. i vi cc th loi c bit, loi I:
Chiu sng ng ph t t l 100% chiu di ng ph chnh cp th
v ng ph cp khu vc, phn u nng t l chiu sng ng, xm (c
chiu rng t 2m tr ln) t 70-75% chiu di ng. i vi cc th
loi II v loi III: Chiu sng ng ph t 95-100% chiu di ng ph
chnh cp th; 80-85% chiu di ng ph cp khu vc; chiu sng ng,
xm (c chiu rng t 2m tr ln) t 70-75% chiu di ng. i vi cc
th loi IV v loi V: Chiu sng ng ph t t l 80-85% chiu di
ng ph chnh cp th v ng ph cp khu vc, phn u nng t l
chiu sng ng, xm (c chi u rng t 2m tr ln) t 60-65% chiu di
ng. C th thy tc pht trin ca h thng chiu sng th tng
nhanh qua mi nm. Chiu sng cng cng tr thnh nhu cu cn thit

trong cuc sng, nhng n nay mi ch c trn di 10 th lp quy
hoch pht trin h thng chiu sng cng cng th. Chnh t vic thiu
quy hoch ng b gia chiu sng cng cng v cng trnh h tng th
khc dn n tinh trng xy dng chng cho, ln xn, khng tha mn
cc yu cu chung v k thut, an ton, m quan th. Mt s ro cn nht
nh dn n vic lp t cc h thng chiu sng cng cng khng o
bo cht lng cht chiu sng theo cc tiu chun quy nh, khng ti u v
kinh t v khng thn thin vi mi trng. Khi t nc ang trn pht
trin nhanh, chiu sng cng cng chc chn cng s tng trng theo mt
cch nhanh chng. Khng c nhng bin php hiu qu, chng ta c th gnh
chu nng n mt ngnh chiu sng cng cng lng ph cc ngun lc cng
v gp phn khng ng c vo lng pht thi kh nh knh. Thm na, tiu
th in nng cho chiu sng cng cng lin quan cht ch n ph ti nh
ca h thng pht in v phn phi in quc gia. Cng sut pht in v
phn phi in hin nay khng p ng nhu cu lc cao im. V vy,
vic nng cao hiu sut chiu sng cng cng s c gp phn vo vic tit
kim lng in sn c phc v cho cc mc ch khc ti thi im ph
ti nh.
V. MT S GII PHP TIT KIM IN NNG V TI U HA
NNG LNG TIU TH:
Theo tnh ton ca c chuyn gia, vi tc tng trng mnh ca h
thng chiu sng th n nm 2013, lng in nng tiu th dnh cho chiu
sng tng 4 ln, t con s khong 1.624 GWh. Nh vy, vn gii php
xy dng mt h thng chiu sng hiu qu, tit kin in nng v
ang tr nn rt bc xc. Vit tit kim in nng cho chiu sng cn thc
hin thng qua mt tng th cc gii php thit k, la chn hp l ngun
sng (bng n), thit b chiu sng hiu sut cao, ch iu khin ng
ngt hp l. C th l phi y mnh vic p dng cng ngh tin tin trong
qun l v iu hnh h thng chiu sng s dng hp l cc ngun sng
dng trong chiu sng da trn hiu sut pht quang. Vi iu kin kinh t
k thut ca Vit Nam hin nay, ngun sng Sodium cao p l l a chn ph
hp nht do c u im ni bt nh: hiu sut pht sng cao, d khi ng,
tui th di v t chu nh hng ca dao ng in p. V lu di, cn s
dng dng cc bng n Sodium thp p nhng ni c yu cu chiu sng
mc cao, ng thi tng bc tin ti loi b cc loi bng n si t,
hunh quang, k c thy ngn cao p trong chi u sng.
S cn thit ca vic tit kim in nng trong tiu dng l vn khng
cn phi bn ci. Tuy nhin trong vi c tit kim in nng cho chiu sng,
chng ta cn nhn mnh mt s quan im sau:
Th nht: tit kim in nng cho chiu sng cn c hiu l mt tng
th ca cc quan im v gii php trong vic la chn v quyt nh u t
cho cng trnh, gii php thit k, la chn chun loi ngun sng v thit b
chiu sang hiu sut cao, ch iu khin ong ngt hp l, duy tu bo

dng thit b ph hp vi iu kin mi trng v cht lng thit b s
dng, ch khng ch n thun l vic tit gim in nng tiu th cho chiu
sng.
Th hai: tit kim in nng cho chiu sng hon ton khng ng ngha
vi vic ct gim nhu cu chiu sng, to ra nhng cng trnh chiu sng
cht lng thp, mc chiu sng khng p ng c yu cu theo tiu
chun quy nh. y, vn tun th cc tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam
trong lnh vc chiu sng cn c t bit coi trng.
Th ba: vn tit kim nng lng cho chiu sng cn phi c hiu
theo ngha rng, trn c s so snh nh gi hi u qu nhiu mt m h thng
chiu sng m li so vi chi ph u t cng trnh. Vi quan im , mt
s lnh vc chiu sng trc y vn c coi la xa x, cha cn thit nh
chiu sng trang tr cnh quan khng gian, chi u sng cng trnh kin trc
Trn thc t hin nay li l s u t c hiu qu nu so snh hiu qu u
t xy dng trn c s khai thc s dng cng trnh m li nhng li ch
kinh t- x hi trc mt cng nh lu di p ng ch trng chnh sch
quc gia ni chung v chiu sng cng cng ni ring.
Ngoi ra vic thc hin chng trnh cn gp phn pht trin kinh t bn
vng trn c s bo v ti sinh v lm giu ti nguyn, ngun nc, bo v
mi trng, c bit l mi trng sinh thi.
Di y l mt s bin php tit kim in nng v ti u ha nng
lng tiu th:
5.1 S dng cc thit b chiu sng c hiu qu cao:
Hin nay h thng chiu sng v ang c nng cp nhng vn cn
tn ti nhiu thit b c v lc hu, tiu tn nhiu cng sut nhng hiu qu
chiu sng li khng cao. Chnh v th trong cng tc u t trang thit b
cn ch trng ti vic u t nhiu loi ngun sng cht lng, cc thit b
i km ng b v c hiu sut cao. u im ca vic ny l qu r rng,
tuy nhin gi thnh cc thi t b mi ny thng cao nn cn phi cn i
gia cc mc tiu kinh t v hiu qu.
5.2 iu chnh thi gian ng ct hp l:
tit kim in nng trong chiu sng ta c th ct gim cng sut tiu
th trong chiu sng vo cc gi thp im. thc hin vic ny, vo cc
gi thp im ct gim n theo hai phng thc vn hnh 2 trong 3 pha v
vn hnh 1 pha nhm thc hin ng theo ch trng tit kim in:
- Ch 1: T 18h-22h vn hnh 100%.
- Ch 2: T 22h-02h vn hnh 2 trong 3 pha (ct 1 pha).
- Ch 3: T 02h-06h vn hnh 1 pha (ct 2 pha).
Trn thc t bin php ny cng gp phn gim ng k lng in
nng tiu th, tuy nhin phng php ny cn c nc im l to s
khng ng u trong chiu sng, dn n cht lng chiu sng thp.
5.3 iu chnh gim cng sut tiu th ca n (dimming):

L phng php hin i c nhiu nc ng dng hin nay l s dng
cng ngh Dimming trong chiu sng ngha l gim cng sut tiu th ca
tng bng n vo thi gian thp im, nguyn tc ca phng php ny l
gim cng sut tiu th ca tng bng n m vn m bo dy n pht
sng. Phng php ny c cc hng ln khc pht trin v t hiu qu
tt. Vi iu kin Vit Nam vic p dng gii php ca cc hng ny cn
nhiu bt cp ch, khi s dng gii php ny phi loi b ton b ballast
hin c v th vo mt b ballast mi i km vi b Dimming (gi trn
di 100USD) m thit b ny ch cp mt mc tit gim c nh l 45%, v
thi gian tit gim c nh sau khi bt n l 5h.
Dng sn phm tit kim in nng ti n, p dng cng ngh cao vo
trong thit b iu khin chiu sng, phng php dimming c s dng
gim tiu th in nng ca tng bng, m bo c dy n sng u,
nhng n s dng ballast, b mi hin c khng phi b i, ch cn lp
thm sn phm vo b n l c th tit kim c in.

Hnh 1.3 S nguyn l b iu tit Dimming hai cp cng sut

B iu tit Dimming lm vic da trn nguyn l thay i tr khng ca
Ballast, qua gim cng sut ca Ballast xung nhm vn hnh khong 60%
cng sut ban u. Vic thay i tr khng c thc hin bng b chuyn
mch cng sut. B chuyn mch cng sut c ci t chng trnh, da
vo thi im bc en bui ti v thi im tt n bui sng hm sau, qua
xc nh c thi gian chuyn mch. ng thi cn c vo yu cu vn
hnh v khong thi gian s dng mc tit kim in nng ta c th ci t
thi im vn hnh tit kim.
Vo gi cao im (18h-22h) bng in c ci t ch hot ng
100% cng sut, n gi thp im (22h-6h) c ci t iu chnh cng
sut xung cn khong 62 n 67% ty theo cng sut b n 400W, 250W,

150W. Vi kh nng t iu chnh cng sut, loi bng n ny c kh nng
tit kim t 33-38% nng lng tiu th.
u im:
- in nng tiu th thp.
- ng u dc trc ca tuyn ng c
chiu sang cao.
- C th ci t nhiu ch tit gim cng sut
theo yu cu.
- Khi thay th Dimming c th tn dng c b
chn lu ang dng thay th cho cc tuyn
ng khc khi h hng.
- D dng lp t v s dng.
Nhc im: khi in p li gim th c th bng n bi tt.

Hnh 1.4 Biu tit kim in cho mt n trong mt m.
5.4 S dng t iu chnh in p cung cp:
Bin php n gin nht gim cng sut tiu th ca en l gim in
p ngun cung cp, tuy nhin trn thc t phng php ny kh p dng
trong mt s trng hp:
- St p trn ng dy ln.
- Nhiu loi bng n hin i trn li, mi loi li c mt t tnh
khc nhau nn kh khn trong u chnh in p, trong phi k n
nhiu loi bng n khng ph hp.
Trn thc t mi loi bng n c mt ngng di ca in p m nu
gi tr ca in p ngun nh hn th n s khng hot ng:
Bng 1.1: Ngng di ca in p v mc nng lng tit kim

Loi n Ngng di ca in p
(V)
Mc tit ki m in nng
(%)
HPS 183 45-50
LPS 190 35
n hi thy ngn 200 26-30
Metal hailide 183 40
n hunh quang 190 35-45

Hunh quang compact 190 30-35
Nhiu loi bng ng thi 190 30

Bin php ph bin l dng my bin p t ngu gim p. Vo nhng
gi thp im, r le t ng chuyn mch thay i in p trn n.
Tuy nhin vn u t cho my bin p thng kh cao, thi gian thu hi
vn ln.
5.5 S dng b iu p xoay chiu dng triac cng sut:
Ngy nay cc thit b in t cng sut ngy cng ph bin, vic s dng
b iu p xoay chiu dng triac cng sut c kt ni vi b iu khin
vo iu khin n bng cch gim in p trn n c nhiu u im:
- iu khin hon ton t ng.
- Mang li s ng u trong chiu sng, nng cao cht lng chiu sng
mak vn tit kim in nng .
- C kh nng kt ni iu khin v gim st t xa.
- T ng u chnh in p trn n trnh hi n tng tt n do st p.
Nhc im: gi thnh u t ban u cao.
VI. T TNH CA MT S LOI NGUN SNG THNG
DNG:
Di y l c tnh ca mt s loi ngun sng thng dng ang c s
dng trong chiu sng hin nay:
6.1 n nung sng:
Cu to:
- Ch to t vt liu chu nhit ( thng l vonfram, tungsten,.. chu
c nhit rt cao, c khi n 3650
0
K)
- Khi b nung nng, si t ch yu pht x cc tia trong vng hng
ngoi (1000m n 0,78 m) khng nhn thy c.

Hnh 1.5 Cu to v gin nng lng n dy tc
- Nhit cng cao th ph nh sng cng chuyn v vng nhn thy v
mu sc nh sng cng trng hn. Tuy nhin nhit cao s lm bay hi
kim loi lm dy tc nn ngi ta thng bm khi tr ( Nit, Argon,

Kripton) vo bng n lm chm qu trnh bay hi nhng ng thi
cng lm tng tn tht do cc cht kh ny dn nhit.
Cc u im:
Nhiu loi cng sut, kch thc ng vi nhiu cp in p khc nhau (12,
36, 127, 200V)

- Khng i hi thit b ph
- Bt sng tc thi
- Khng ph thuc vo nhit mi trng bn ngoi
- Quang thng gim khng ng k khi bng n lm vi c gn ht tui
th (15 n 20%)
- To ra mu sc m p
- Gi thnh r
Cc nhc im:
- Quang hiu thp b hn 20Lm/W, tui th khng cao T<2000h
- Tiu th nng lng in nhiu khi E cao
- Ph mu vng
Ngoi ra cn c mt s nhc im khc trong vic s dng n nung
sng, l tnh nng ca n thay i ng k theo s thay i bin
thin ca in p ngun.

6.2 n hunh quang:

Hnh 1.6 S in ca n hunh quang
n hunh quang c bit nh l mt trong nhng loi ngun sng quan
trng c s dng bt hunh quang. Cc bng n hunh quang ngy nay c
cu to khng thay i nhiu so vi trc y. Cu to chnh ca n c
m t trn hnh 2.4. Gm ng thy tinh hnh tr(1) c t s chiu di v
ng knh thch hp gim tn tht cng sut hai u, tn tht cng
sut trong vng catt v ant. Quanh thnh ng bn trong ph mt hoc
nhiu lp bt hunh quang c dy c 10 m (10,11) hai u l hai in
cc(3). Ngoi ra thnh ng cng c ph lp Al
2
O
3
, lp nhm oxit ny va
c tnh nng bo v khng cho cc tia ph hy lp thy tinh bn ngoi (lp
thy tinh l loi vt liu r tin), ngoi ra cn ng vai tr lm b mt phn
x cc tia 254 nm ca pht x thy ngn khng b lp bt hunh quang hp

th ht v quay tr li v lm tng cng pht quang. Mi in cc c
cu to bi hai hoc ba li vonfram v c bc ngoi bi vt liu pht x
in t nh BaO, SrO v CaO. Mi trng bn trong ng l hi thy ngn v
argon hoc hn hp kh tr v thy ngn. Thng thng, p sut ca kh tr
bn trong ng t 0.7 kPa. p sut bay hi ca hi thu ngn trong qu trnh
hot ng ca n l rt quan trng v ph thuc vo nhit hot ng ca
n. p sut thng thng ca thu ngn trong n t 0,5-1,4 kPa.

Hnh 1.7 Cu to ca n hunh quang
nh sng n pht ra tri qua hai giai on, u tin cc electron bc ra t
cc in cc to nn cung h quang xuyn qua hi thy ngn. K cc bc
x cc tm to thnh t va p gia electron vi cc nguyn t thy ngn
hoc gia cc nguyn t kh vi nhau, i qua lp bt hunh quang bin thnh
nh sng nhnh thy.
Loi lp bt hunh quang thng c s dng l Gai pht pht canxi,
Sb v Mn. Thay i t l cc cht c th to ra cc lp bt hunh quang cho
nh sng n c nhiu mu sc khc nhau. Ti Lin X n nh sng trng c
quang hiu ti a 7580Lm/W, n nh sng trawngslanhj c quang hi u gn
65Lm/W. tng s din sc n, s dng n nh sng ngy. n c l p
phn x c quang thng thp nhng cng nh sng theo hng phn x
tng gp i. Tui th n hunh quang ln hn 10.000h. Cng sut t
4200W, chiu di t 136440mm. Hnh dnh n: C dng thng, ch U,
ch W, hnh vng trn
Khi nhit mi trng xung quanh ln hn gi tr cho php (25
o
C vi hi
thy ngn v 60
o
C i vi amalgam np trong n) lm tng nhit thnh
bng v tng p sut hi thu ngn v quang thng gi m xung. nhit thp
cng lm gim quang thng v p sut hi thy ngn nhiu hn, kh mi sng
bng n. nhit thp hn 0
o
C n khng th pht sng. Trong trng
hp nn dng n hunh quang khng np hi thy ngn (n phng kh)
v s phng in xy ra trong kh tr.
Quang thng n tng ln khi n cng di do t l tn hao hai u in
cc so vi ton b n. n hunh quang c huy b mt thp v s xung
ng quan thng khi lm vi c dng in xoay chiu. S gim xung ng t
c khi mc n phn b u trn 3 pha. S dao ng in p v s bt tt
n thng xuyn s lm gim tui th n. Quang thng n gim dn trong
qu trnh chy sng.

Theo s phn b quang ph ca n hunh quang c th chia lm ba
nhm:
- n hunh quang thng thng: Pha trong thnh
bng n ph mt lp bt hunh quang cho nh
sng trng v mu sc khc nhau. Cc n ny s
dng rng ri chiu sng chung (cc vn phng
hnh chnh, cng nghip, ca hng)
- n hunh quang vi s tng cng s din sc:
Pha trong thnh bng n ph ba hoc nm lp
bt hunh quang, lm cho s din sc tng ln
12% so vi n hunh quang thng thng. Cc
n ny to ra khng gian xung quanh nh sng
d chu v c s dng nhng ni chiu sng
chung i hi s din sc (ca hng trng by
g, ca hng bn vi, cc gian trin lm, ca
hiu).
- n hunh quang c bit: n s dng cc loi
bt hunh quang c bit, cho ra cc loi ph
khc nhau ty theo chc nng n. Chng c s
dng trong y t (cha bnh) , ca hng thc phm,
qung co Ty theo ng dng chng c th c
dng ch U, hnh xuyn, ng knh nh
Cc u im:
- Kinh t (quang hiu H=4095Lm/W), tui th l
thuyt vo khong 7.000h
- Dng chiu sng nhng ni cn sng cao
- C nhiu loi mu sc la chn (nhit mu
Tm=2.8006.500
o
K)
- chi nh (L=5.0008.000Cd/m
2
).
Cc nhc im:
- C t loi cng sut khc nhau, kch thc ln,
khng th chuyn n lm vic t xoay chiu sang
mt chiu
- Cn cc thit b ph
- nhng ni treo qu cao nh sng chi u xung s
khng
- Kch thc bng n ph thuc vo cng sut v
in p, cng sut cng ln kch thc bng n
cng ln
- Kh lm vic nhng ni qua nng hoc qu lnh
- Quang thng dao ng v gim st nhiu (n
60%) cui tui th.
6.3 n hunh quang compact :

n compact thc cht l loi n hunh quang cng sut nh c ng
thu tinh b un gp hnh ch U, 2U, 3U hoc ng xon thu gn kch thc
gn bng vi bng si t thng thng.
Tnh a dng ca n hunh quang compact (n CF) v Ballast ca n
hin nay c m rng trn th trng chiu sng. Cc loi n CF c th
thay i theo kiu dng, kch tht, cng sut, quang thng mu sc, loi c
chp knh hoc trn

Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi n compact
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Mt n CF bao gm cc phn sau:
Phn bng: gm ng thy tinh trong sut c ng knh tng i nh,
bn trong cha y kh. Hn hp kh bn trong ng l kh argon, hi thy
ngn v thy ngn lng p sut thp. Thnh trong ng thy tinh ph mt lp
mng hn hp ba loi bt hunh quang khc nhau (natri-photpho-coating).
Phn : gm cc in cc u gn bng vo cung cp dng electron
chy xuyn qua bng n Ballast bn trong iu khin dng in v in
p vo cc c ca bng n. Tuy nhin ballast cng c th gn b phn iu
khin n.
nh sng nhn thy c t mt n CF c to ra bi ba loi bt
hunh ph b mt bn trong ca bng n chng pht ra nh sng nhn thy
c khi b kch thch bi cc tia bc x cc tm thot ra t nguyn t hi
thy ngn b bn ph do cc in t chuyn ng vi vn tc ln. Dng chy
ca cc in t c to ra bi cc tia h quang hai in cc hai u
bng. Khi khi ng n, mt in p nh t nng u cc ca n ion
ha cc nguyn t hi thy ngn, phn ln in p dng to ra tia h
quang gia hai in cc.
So vi n ng hunh quang, cc b n CF cng sut c cc u im sau:
- Nh gn hn
- Kiu dng p hn
- Vn hnh linh hot hn
- Khi c mt bng n h hng khng gy ra s c
mt ngun sng nh n hunh quang. Ni c
chiu sng trong trng hp ny vn c th lm
vic bnh thng cho n khi bng b hng c

thay th. V mt bng b hng trn b n CF
nhiu bng, s suy gim ri khng ln, nh
sng vn cho cng nhn lm vic.
- Bo tr thay th d dng.
So vi n nung sng th n CF c cc u i m sau:
- Quang hiu ln (H=2090Lm/W) trong khi n
nung sng c quang hi u nh hn nhiu ln
(H=520Lm/W). t tnh ny cho thy n CF c
th tit kim mt lng in ln, n CF s dng
s lng ln c th lm gim ph ti cho h thng
in, gim mc u t cho cc nh my i n khi
ph ti tng.
- Tui th lu hn (T=8.00015.000) trong khi n
nung sng c tui th khong 2.000h. Nh vy
n CF c tui th lu hn t 815 ln. iu ny
c th gim c chi ph bo tr v thay th n
cho h thng chiu sng, ngi s dng t phi
bn tm.
- Kh nng tit kim nng lng ca n CF khng
cn nghi ng g na. Chi ph cho ban u cao
trong vic u t mua n CF (gm Ballast)
thng c th b p trong mt khong thi gian
ngn do gim tin mt chi tr cho lng in
nng tiu th, tui th ca n lu lm cho gi
bo tr ca n CF thp hn nhiu so vi n
nung sng.
Hin nay ngi ta sn xut nhiu b n CF c cng sut ln, thm ch
cn ln hn cc b n hunh quang m kch thc vn nh hn. Cc b ny
dng chiu sng cho nhng ni c yu cu ri cao.
6.4 n thy ngn cao p (High pressure mecury lamp):
n hi thy ngn l kiu n HID c pht minh sm nht trong cc
loi n HID. n thy ngn pht ra nh sng phn ln nh s kch thch
nguyn t thy ngn. Khi ng phng in hunh quang nng n s pht
ng thi hai loi tia l t ngoi v nh sng nhn thy cc vch vng- xanh
l cy- xanh dng v mt ch vch - cam. Nhit mu khong
30007000
o
K, ch s khong mu rt thp khong 1525. Ngi ta thng
ph mt lp hunh quang bn ngoi v bng n, nh ci thin c ch
s hon mu ln 4055. Quang hiu ca n cng rt thp,ch 3065Lm/W.
C l vn quan trng nht lin quan n n hi thy ngn l lm sao
thay th chng bng nhng loi n HID hoc hunh quang c hiu sut v
hon mu tt hn. Nhng bng n thy ngn ni chung c hi u sut thp
nht trong h n HID, quang thng gim nhanh sau khi a vo s dng.

Hnh 1.9 Cu to ca n cao p thy ngn.
nh sng do n pht ra trng lnh khi sng m hay ma th hi u qu
chiu sng gim kh nhiu, ngoi ra hi thy ngn rt c, nh sng pht ra
c nhiu tia t ngoi nguy him nn hin nay t c dng trong cc d n
mi, n ch cn nhng ni lp t trc y.
u im: tui th ln T=10.000h, bn, khng chu nh hng ca mi
trng.
Nhc im: din sc km do thiu bc x mu , n ch lm vic
in xoay chiu, cn phi c Ballast thi gian khi ng lu(57 pht) s dao
ng quang thng ln hn n hunh quang , quang thng gi m nhiu cui
tui th n (cn 70% so vi ban u), n ch c th bt sng tr li sau khi
ngui (57 pht).
6.5 n Metal Halide (n halogen kim loi) :
n halogen kim loi c cu to nh n thy ngn cao p v c thm hi
kim loi trong ct phng in. S phng in xy ra trong hn hn thy ngn
v halogen p sut cao nh clorua natri hoc tali.

Hnh 1.10 n halogen kim loi.
u im: cng sut ln ( P=2502.000W), quang hiu cao
( 68105Lm/W), ch s mu cao ( Ra=6569), nh sng trng, nhit mu
(Tm=4.0006.000
o
K). iu chnh nh sng chnh xc hn so vi n thy
ngn cao p do ct phng in halogen nh hn so vi bu n thy ngn cao
p.
Nhc im: tui th ngn hn (7.50020.000h) so vi n thy ngn
cao p v n Natri cao p. Thi gian khi ng n tng t n thy ngn
cao p ( t 57 pht). n ch c th khi ng li sau khi n ngui (412
pht).
S xung ng quang thng ca n nh hn so vi n thy ngn cao p v
c s dng chiu sng tng i, th thao... Ngoi gi thnh cao, nhc
im ca n l s gim nhit mu trong qu trnh s dng.

6.6 n natri p sut thp (LPS):
Natri bc hi pht ph vch 589589,6nm, mu vng cam rt gn vi
nhy cm cc i ca mt (555nm), vi p sut 10
-3
mmHg. Trong n c np
kh tr (Neon) 3mmHg. u tin, s phng in xy ra vi kh tr, khi n
250
o
C s phng in s qua hi natri. Thi gian mi n sng l 510 pht.

Hnh .11 n natri p sut thp.
n c cng sut P=18180W, quang hiu cao (100183Lm/W), tui th
ln (18.000h), chi thp, nhn r nhng ni c nhiu sng m. Nhng
ngc li ch s mu thp (Ra~0), iu khin nh sng kh hn cc n
phng in cao p khc v ct phng in c kch thc ln hn.
Dng chiu sng cc ng hm, bi cha, c ng dng t bit: phng
nh. Php n c dng chiu sng xa l, nhng cc nc phng bc,
n c dng chiu sng th, ngi ta c gu nh sng m tuy chu
thit v th hin mu.
6.7 n natri p sut cao (HPS):
nh sng pht ra nh s kch thch hi natri trong i u kin p sut cao.
Cu to ca n v c bn ging n hi thy ngn. ng phng h quang
thng c ch to t gm oxit nhm c th chu c nhit ln n
13.000
o
C v nu ch to bng thy tinh th natri s tc dng ha hc vi thy
tinh lm hng ng phng in. Ngoi hi natri, trong ng phng cn c mt t
kh xenon d to ra hin tng phng in hoc cho thm hi thy ngn
gim dng v in p phng in. n hi natri cao p khng c cc i n cc
khi ng, chn lu m ch c tc-te in t cao p. Quang hiu kh cao
t120Lm/W nhng ch s th hin mu rt km (CRI=20), tui th t
10.000h. Khi phng in h quang trong iu kin p sut cao th natri bc x
nh sng mu vng- trng vi nhit mu 2.0002.500
o
K. Khi phn tch ph
mu th n c vch vng- xanh l cy- cam v mt ch vch - xanh dng.

Hnh 1.12 n natri p sut cao.
n hi natri cao p (HPS) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng
chiu sng ngoi tri v chiu sng cng nghip, c bit l chiu sng ng
ph. Hiu sut cao l t im u vit hn ca loi n ny so vi n
halogen kim loi v chiu sng ng ph khng i hi hon mu cao.
6.8 n LED:
Cu to c bn ca n LED l hai lp bn dn p v n tip xc nhau. Ty
cht liu ca lp bn dn, n LED c th pht ra nh sng c nhiu mu
khc nhau t mu xanh l cy, , n trng Do tiu hao nhit rt t, LED
hu nh khng nung nng mi trng xung quanh v khc vi cc loi n
khc,nh sng LED khng gy chi, mi mt, khng pht ra tia cc tm. Bng
vic ghp nhiu LED nh bng ht vi nhau, c th to mt mi trng
sng rc r trong mt khng gian rng ln, thm ch c th nhit -300
o
C.
Tuy vy, gi thnh ca n LED vn cn cao nn Vit Nam n c dng
cho qung co l ch yu. Cn cc nc khc s dng cho khu du lch,
vui chi gii tr, hng nm tit kim c rt nhiu tin in.

Hnh 1.13 Mt s n LED trong chiu sng trong nh, ngoi tri.

V nguyn l: nh sng c to ra khi dng in chy qua nhng cht
rn nht nh nh cht bn dn hoc photpho. n LED l loi n mi nht
b sung v danh sch cc ngun sng s dng nng lng hiu qu. Mc d
dn LED pht ra nh sng di quang ph rt hip (gn nh n sc), chng
ta vn c th to ra nh sng trng bng cch dng n LED xanh c ph
photpho hay dng di LED mu - xanh da tri- xanh l cy ha nh sng.
n LED c tui th t 40.000100.000h ty thuc vo mu sc. n LED
c s dng trong nhiu ng dng chiu sng. Mc d cn mi m, cng
ngh n LED ang pht tri n nhanh v ha hn rong tng lai. Ti n tn
hiu giao thng, mt th trng th mnh ca LED, tn hiu n bao gm
196 n LED ch tiu th 10W trong khi n nung sng s tiu th 150W.
Kh nng tit kim nng lng c tnh khong t 82% n 93%.
Ngoi ra n LED phi hp vi pin mt tri c th to ra h thng chiu
sng thn thin vi mi trng, khng tiu th in li, tit kim ti nguyn
quc gia, gp phn gim pht thi kh nh knh. Tuy nhin y l cng ngh
mi, gi thnh u t rt cao nn cn c thi gian thng mi ha.
Bng 1.2: Bng thng s k thut ca mt s loi n thng dng
Loi n Cng sut
(W)
Quang
hiu
(Lm/W)
Tui th
(h)
Cht lng
mu
Kch
thc
Gi
thnh
T n T(
o
K) CRI
Si t 15 200 10 1000 3000 100 Nh R
Halogen 8 2000 20 2000 3000 100 Nh R
Hunh quang 50 58 90 15000 Thay
i
85 Di R
TNCA 35 1000 55 12000 3800 45 Ln t
Metal halide 150 250 85 8000 4000 85 Nh t
Metal halide 18 400 85 12000 4000 65 Nh t
LPS 35 131 200 15000 1800 0 Di t
HPS 55 1000 120 20000 2000 2585 Nh t
LED 1. 2 15 50000100000 Nhiu Nhiu Nh t
Chng 2:Phn tch cc ch vn hnh ca thit b trong
h thng v c s ca phngng php iu p.
1.Phn tch s cn thit phi c ch hot ng hp l cho h thng
chiu sng:
Ngy nay,Vn tit kim nng lng v mt vn ht sc quan
trng khi ngun in nng ngy cng khan hi m, m bo pht
trin bn vng i i vi bo v mi trng v ngun ti nguyn
sn xut ra in.T nm 2010 n nay nhiu trung tm nghin cu
ra nhng gii php gim bt lng nng lng khng l
gy lng ph trong chi u sng cng cng.Vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh hin i ngy nay cho ra i nhiu loi bng n tt hn dn
thay th cc bng n si t gy lng ph in nng nh n LED

cng sut cao,n hunh quang vi b dimming 2 cp cng sut s
dng Ballast in t vi hiu sut chiu sng rt cao.Tuy nhin,gi
thnh ca cc loi ny rt cao,yu cu vn u t ban u rt
ln,phi thay th ht ton b h thng n i hi mt lng vn rt
ln,tiu tn c ngn t ng u t ban u.Vi tnh hnh t nc
ta ang trong pht trin,vi chi ph nh vy qu l mt vn
ln cn phi tnh n.a phn nhng tuyn ng mi th m
bo hiu qu v lu v di ta mi s dng cc loi bng cng ngh
mi nh trn.Cn a phn cc tuyn ng c,c c hng chc
ngn bng n,vn ti u t ra l lm sao vn tn dng c cc
bng hin c,nhng vn tit kim c lng in nng lng ph
trong chiu sng nhng gi thp im,vn m bo sng cn
thit cho hot ng bnh thng xe c v to m quan th p.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng chiu sng cng cng gm khu
dn c ln,cc tuyn ng chnh,quc l,cc tuyn ng
ph,tuyn ng lin tnh. mi thi im khc nhau cn c cc
ch vn hnh khc nhau m bo va nh sng cho cc
hot ng bnh thng ca cuc sng ng thi tit kim c phn
ln chi ph tn hao do chiu sng gy nn,va nng cao c tui
th cho cc thit b v gim chi ph vn hnh h thng.T ng ha
hon ton qu trnh vn hnh h thng.ng dng iu khin t xa
iu khin ch vn hnh ca h thng cng nh kt hp cc tnh
nng t ng cnh bo cc s c trong h thng n in thoi bng
tin nhn sms.
Ci thin v gim thiu chi ph cho h thng chiu sng cng cng
l mt vn ang c quan tm trong mi lnh vc ca nn kinh
t, khng ch n thun l cht lng chiu sng m phi lm th
no to ra mt mi trng an ton hn cho nhng ngi tham gia
giao thng v m quan th. Hin nay, cc h thng chiu sng
cng cng vn hnh hiu qu cha cao, v ban m t 22h m n
6h sng lu lng phng tin tham gia giao thng t nhng nh
sng n ng vn c duy tr nh khong thi gian t 18h n
22h. Mt khc v ban m in p li in thng cao hn nh
mc do cng sut tiu th ca mi bng cng tng nn, i u ny
gy lng ph khng t in nng ca t nc. T thc trng ,
cc c quan chc nng cng c mt s gii php tit kim nh:
Gii php tt xen k cc bng trn mt tuyn ng, nhng cch
lm ny li lm cho cc phng ti n tham gia giao thng gp kh
khn khi i trn on
ng c v tr ti, v tr sng lm nh hng su n s iu tit
ca mt ngi tham gia giao thng, ng thi nh hng n m
quan th.


Gii php thay th cc bng ang s dng sang loi bng tit
kim in v gii php s dng loi chn lu hai cp cng sut. Cc
gii php ny c chi ph u t ln v vic thay th cc bng v
chn lu ang s dng gy lng ph, hiu qu tit kim li khng
cao.
V vy i hi phi c mt phng php hiu qu va m bo
c yu cu chiu sng,lng nh sng ph hp mi thi im
khc nhau va tit kim c in nng,m bo cho h thng vn
hnh kinh t.Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc linh kin
bn dn cng sut cao nh Triac,Thyristor,IGBTcng vi s
pht trin ca cc thit b iu khin s nh vi x l,vi iu
khin,cc b iu khin s DSP th vn iu khin chiu sng tr
nn d dng hn.Vi s kt hp hi ha gia phn iu khin v
phn ng lc ca h thng cng vi thut ton iu khin nhng
vo vi iu khin,vic iu khin h thng tr nn n gin v v
cng linh hot theo ca ngi thit k.Vi mc tiu tit gim
cng sut in ca cc bng n theo nguyn t c: Vn hnh ch
n p trong thi gian t 18h - 22h, ch ny nu in p li
cao hn nh mc 220V th thit b t ng iu chnh in p v
gi tr nh mc. Vn hnh vo thi gian: 22h - 06h sng chy ch
tit gim cng sut, tt c cc bng n vn sng nhng cng
sut tiu th ch cn 55- 60% cng sut nh mc, cng nh
sng c gim theo nhng vn ph hp vi mt hot ng ca
ngi tham gia giao thng t i thi im .
Theo qu trnh tm hiu v kho st trn mng v cc trang in t
th c cng ty ASO Vi t Nam ch to thnh cng thit b ny
da trn nn tng vi iu khin v cc van bn dn cng sut ln
nh thyristor,Triac vi cc thng s tit kim nh di y.
Kiu n Mc in p tit
gim
Cng sut ti t
gim khi in
p l oi 220V
Cng sut tit gim
khi i n p li
240V
n natri cao
p
170 38% 53%
n thy
ngn cao p
180 35% 51%
n halogen
kim loi
170 32% 50%
n hunh
quang
180 35% 51%
Vi s pht trin ngy cng mnh ca cc thit b s,cng ngh vi
x l,vi iu khin phc v c lc cho vic tnh ton,x l cc
thut ton iu khin mm do,linh hot,cng vi vic ch to ra
cc linh kin bn dn in t cng sut cao th vn iu p xoay
chiu thay i gi tr in p hiu dng t vo ti bng n t

thay i c sng ca bng n,gim c cng sut tiu
th ca n trong nhng gi thp im.
Vi cac bng n cao p l t i thun tr s dng in p chun
220/380V 50Hz thng cng sut 250W mi bng mc xen k cho
c ba pha theo c ch phn pha,ti u cho c ba pha.Ti u theo
hnh sao 4 dy c dy trung tnh do i n p t ln mi pha l
220v v y cng l i n p danh nh ca cc loi bng cao p
hin nay.
2.Phn tch cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng ca h
thng n cng
2.1Phng php phn pha tit kim nng lng.
Trong h thng chiu sng cng cng ni chung v h thng
chiu sng n ng ni ring hin nay thng s dng nht l
phng php phn pha,c gi l phng php ng ct theo
line,phn pha tit kim nng lng
.Thc hin ng ct xen k gia cc pha vi nhau vi hai ch t
18h n 23h v t 23h n 5h sng ca ngy hm sau. ch 1 t
18h n 0h ta c th cho 2 pha sng v 1 pha tt. tit kim nng
lng ng thi nng cao tui th cho cc n ta c th quy nh
nh sau:

Hnh 2.1:H thng ph ti n 3 pha
y ta phn b ph ti bng n u cho c ba pha

- Ch 1:T 18h n 20h th cho pha A v Pha B sng,cn
pha C th tt.T 20h n 22h th cho pha A v pha C
sng,Pha B tt.T 22h n 0h th cho pha B v pha C sng
cn pha A tt.

Hnh2.2:Ch t 18h n 20h(Pha A v Pha B sng,Pha C t t)

Hnh 2.3:T 20h n 22h(Pha A v pha C sng,Pha b tt)

Hnh2.4:T 22h n 0h(Pha B v Pha C sng,Pha A t t)

- Ch 2:T 0h n 2 h th pha A sng,Pha B v Pha C t t.T
2h n 4h th Pha B sng,Pha A v Pha C t t.T 4h n 5h
th Pha C sng,Pha A v pha B t t.

Hnh 2.5:T 0h n 2h(Pha A sng,Pha B v Pha C t t)

Hnh 2.6:T 2h n 4h(Pha B sng,Pha A v Pha C t t)

Hnh 2.7:T 4h n 5h(Pha C sng,Pha A v pha B t t)
Ngoi ra theo mi ma khc nhau v theo thi gian khc nhau
trong ngy ta c th iu chnh sng ca cc n sau cho
thch hp nht theo thi gian thc m ta lu trong ds1307
m bo h thng hot ng ti u nht.

u im ca phng php ny:
Phng php phn pha ti t kim nng lng c u im l n
gin ta ch vic ct bt pha theo thi gian thc ca h thng da
vo hot ng iu khin ca vi iu khin theo thi gian thc ca
h thng m ta ci t.Ngoi ra phng php ny cn gp phn
nng cao tui th ca cc bng n do ta gi m thi gian chiu
sng ca mi bng.y l phng php thng hay dng nht t
xa n gi tit kim nng lng.
Nhc im ca phng php ny:
Phng php ny kh cng nhc khng linh hot lm trong khi
vn hnh h thng chiu sng do cc n vn sng vi cng sut
nh mc ca n,cha k lc in p li tng cao nht l lc v
m khi ph ti gim,nh hng khng tt n cc bng n do
in p cao qu nh mc ca bng c khi ln n 230V d gy
chy bng.Ngoi ra do ta ng ct xen k cc pha do lng nh
sng phn b khng u gy mt m quan th,mt phn c th
gy nguy him cho nhng ti x li xe ng di ban m do c
ch sng ch ti d gy khut tm nhn rt d xy ra tai nn khng
mong mun
2.2 Phng php i u p cho c 3 pha:
y l phng php rt hay v mi,mang tnh thc tin rt
cao.c bit l khi nc ta ngy cng pht trin,h thng c s h
tng,giao thng ngy cng m rng phc v cng cuc pht trin
t nc.Thay v phn pha chng ta c th linh hot thay i
sng bng n c ba pha mt cch ng u mang li hiu qu cao
trong qu trnh vn hnh.
C s ca phng php iu p ny l ta thay i gc m anpha
kch m triac,t thay i c in p hiu dng t vo ti
bng n dn n gim c sng ca cc bng n do cng sut
tiu th ca n gim.in p li ca ta l 220/380V.Mi pha c
in p l 220V,gi s ph ti phn b u cho c 3 pha.Khi in
p t vo mi pha c dng l:
2 2 * 1* U U Sinu = vi u = t e = 2 f t vi f l tn s li in xoay chiu
f=50Hz.Vi gc m anpha ta c gi tr in p hiu dng t vo
mi pha l:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 1
2 2 * 1* 2* 1 *
2 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 2 ( 2 ) |
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 Sin 2 ) 1 ( 2 Sin 2 )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 sin 2
1 ( Sin 2 ) 1
2
U
U U Sin d U Sin d Sin d
U Cos U U
d Cos d Sin
U
Sin U Sin
U U
t t t
o o o
t t
t
o
o o
u u u u u u
t t t
u
u u u u u
t t t
t t o o t t o o
t t
t o o
t o o
t
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= + = +
+
= + =
} } }
} }
2t

Vy gi tr in p hiu dng t vo mi pha ng vi gc m
anpha iu khin triac l:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+
(V) (2.1)
V ti bng n thun tr v mc hnh sao c dy trung tnh nn
gi tr dng in mi pha l
2
2
U
I
R
= (2.2)
vi R l gi tr in tr tng ca mt pha.
Cng sut mi pha l:
P2=U2*I2=
2 2
2 1 2 2 sin 2
*
2
U U
R R
t o o
t
+
= (W) (2.3)
T cng thc 2.1 ta c nhn xt quan trng sau:
- Khi ta thay i gc m anpha t 0 n 180 thi in p u
ra gim t U=U1 v 0 V
- ng vi gc m anpha=0 th in p u ra l U=U1 nh
mc
- ng vi gc m anpha=180 th in p u ra U=0
Vy khi ta thay i gc m anpha t 0 n 180 th tng ng cng sut
tiu th ca mi pha gim t P=Pm n P=0.
Cng sut tiu th ca c 3 pha l:U3pha=3*U1pha=
2
1 2 2 2
3 *
2
U Sin
R
t o o
t
+
(W)
(2.4)
Thnh phn sng hi dng in khi ta phn tch Fourier:
Mc d ti bng n l ti thun tr.Tuy nhin khi ta phn tch Fourier
dng in ti th ta s thy thnh phn sng c bn ca dng in vn lch
pha chm sau in p ngun cung cp mt gc ph thuc vo gc m
anpha iu khin Triac.
Dng in ti khng sin tun hon theo chu k ta s tin hnh phn tch
theo chui Fourier.Phn tch Fourier i n p t vo ti:

2
1,3,5 1,3,5
n n
n n
u A Sin t B Cos t e e

= =
= +

(2.5 ) Vi
1
0
2
( ) ( ) ( )
n
A u t Sin n t d t
t
e e e
t
=
}
(2.6)

1
0
2
( ) Cos( ) ( )
n
B u t n t d t
t
e e e
t
=
}
(2.7)
in p ti
1
u trong sut na chu k u l
1
u = U1
m
Sin t e U1 vi t o e t < < (2.8)
Thay th
1
u t 2.8 vo 2.6 v 2.7 ta c:

2 1 1
( ) Sin( ) ( ) [Cos(n 1) t (n 1) t] ( )
1 ( 1) ( 1)
[ ]
1 1
m m
n
m
U U
A Sin t n t d t Cos d t
U Sin n Sin n
n n
t t
o o
e e e e e e
t t
o o
t
= = +
+
=
+
} }
(2.9)
V
2 1 1
( ) Cos( ) ( ) [Sin(n 1) t (n 1) t] ( )
1 Cos( 1) 1 Cos( 1) 1
[ ]
1 1
m m
n
m
U U
B Sin t n t d t Sin d t
U n n
n n
t t
o o
e e e e e e
t t
o o
t
= = +
+
=
+
} }
(2.10)
Vi 1 2 1
m
U U = ,U1 l gi tr hiu dng in p ngun cung cp.
c c cng thc 2.10 ta ch vi n=1,3,5, Cos(n+1) t =1 v Cos(n-
1) t =1
Gi tr bin nh ca thnh phn sng hi bc n max
n
U v pha dao ng
ca n c c bi cng thc sau:
max
n
U =
2 2
n n
A B + (2.11) v
1 n
n
n
B
Tan
A

= (2.12)
Tng t ta c: max
n
n
U Max
I
R
= =
th
n (2.13)l bin thnh phn sng hi
bc n dng in ti.
Cc cng thc t 2.9 n 2.12 c th c s dng nh gi bin thnh
phn sng hi 3,5,.N khng th c dng tnh ton cc thnh phn
c bn v vic thay th n=1 trong cng thc 2.9 v 2.10 dn n biu thc
khng xc nh.Cc thnh phn c bn m c tn s nh nhau nh ngun
cung cp c th,tuy nhin c th t c t cng thc 2.6 v 2.7 bng cch
thay th n=1 v cho u2 t iu kin 2.8.
2
1
1 2 2
1 ( ) [ ]
2
m
m
U Sin
A U Sin td t
t
o
o
e e t o
t t
= = +
}
(2.14)
1
1 2 2 1
1 ( ) [ ]
2
m
m
U Cos
B U Sin tCos td t
t
o
o
e e e
t t

= =
}
(2.15)
Do gi tr bin v gc pha ca thnh phn sng c bn l.

1
2
2 2 2 2 1
1 1 1
1
1
2 2 1
{ } { }
2 2
m
m
m
E m Sin Cos
E A B
E
I
R
o o
t o
t
(
= + = + +
(

=

Vi
1 m
I l bin ca thnh phn sng hi dng in c bn(thnh phn sng
hi bc 1.
1 1
1
1
B
Tan
A

=
1
2 1
2 2( )
Cos
Tan
Sin
o
o t o
(
=
(
+

Vy ngay c khi ti ca ta l ti thun tr th n vn tiu th mt phn cng
sut phn khng t li in vi c trng gc lch pha gia thnh phn sng
hi c bn ca dng in vi in p ti.
Ta c nhn xt:
ng vi gc m anpha khc nhau th gi tr gc lch pha khc nhau
Vi gc m l 0 th lc gc lch pha gia dng v p bng 0 v cos0-
1=0
Trc y khi cc thit b in t s cha pht trin,vic iu chnh thay
i gc m anpha c thc hin bng mch tng t,c bit l vic s
dng TCA780 v TCA785 ca Siemens vi cc khu ng b pha.to p ta
so snh to xung ra iu khin gc m anpha.Ngy nay vi s pht trin
mnh m ca cc thit b in t s th vn iu chnh gc m anpha tr
nn d dng v linh hot hn rt nhiu,mm do hn trong thao tc i u khin
bng chng trnh vi mt thut ton thch hp nhng vo trong cc con vi
x l,vi iu khin.Ta ch vic khi pht hin im zero ca in p ngun
bng mch Zero Crossing Detect Circuit,sau a vo cc chn ngt ca vi
iu khin cho c 3 pha vi iu khin x l v to tr kch m Triac
iu khin p ra cp cho ti theo gc m mong mun rt linh hot.
Xt ch vn hnh iu p c 3 pha:
ch ny,vic iu chnh in p c thc hin theo ma.T thng 1
n thng 7 v t thng 8 n thng 12.
a/Ch t thng 1 n thng 7:
Trong khong thi gian ny th tri thng nng nhiu hn ma n tri ti
tr c khi n 6h ti tri vn cn sng trng cn bui sng khong 5h th tri
sng r,cho nn ta t ra ch vn hnh nh sau.
1. T 18h n 20h th c 3 pha iu p vi gc m 20 .ng vi gc
m ny th ta c in p t vo mi pha nh sau: T cng thc xc
nh in p hiu dng t vo ti vi gc m anpha ta c:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+


2. T 20h n 22h th mi pha iu p vi gc m 40 .Lc in
p t vo mi pha nh sau:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+

3. T 22h n 0h th mi pha iu p vi gc m 60 .Lc in p
t vo mi pha nh sau:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
3 3
220
2
t t
t
t
+

t vo mi pha nh sau:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
4 4
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+

t vo mi pha nh sau:
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
2 2
220
2
t t
t
t
+

b/Ch t thng 8 n thng 12:
Trong khong thi gian ny th tri ma nhiu hn nng,tri hay ti sm
nhng li sng tr nn ta phi thay i ch iu p sao cho thch hp
hn bng vic bt n sm hn nhng ng thi tt n tr hn m
bo hot ng giao thng i li din ra an ton v thun li nht.
1. T 17h30 n 19h th iu p cc pha vi gc m 10 ,khi in
p t vo mi pha nh sau.
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
18 18
220
2
t t
t
t
+


2. T 19h n 21h th iu p cc pha vi gc m 20 ,khi in p
t vo mi pha nh sau.
2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+

3. T 21h n 23h th iu p cc pha vi gc m 40 ,khi o in p
t vo mi pha nh sau.

2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+

4. T 23h n 1h th iu p cc pha vi gc m 60 ,khi in p
t vo mi pha nh sau.

2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
3 3
220
2
t t
t
t
+

5. T 1h n 3h th iu p cc pha vi gc m 80 ,khi in ap
t vo mi pha nh sau.

2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
4 4
2 2* sin 2*
9 9
220
2
t t
t
t
+

6. T 3h n 5h30 th iu p cc pha vi gc m 90 .khi in p
t vo mi pha l:

2 U =
2 2 sin 2
1
2
U
t o o
t
+

=
2 2* sin 2*
2 2
220
2
t t
t
t
+


Nhn xt v u v nhc im ca phng php ny.
u im:
- Phng php ny v c 3 n u sng nn lng nh sng phn b
u hn.To m quan th p,ng thi lng nh sng phan b
ng u gip cho vic giao thng i li thun li hn rt nhiu
- Vic iu p,nht l v m khuya rt c li cho tui th ca cc
n do khi v m khuya th ph ti gim do in p li thng
cao hn 220v c khi ln n 230 240v do vic iu p lm gim
in p ny gp phn nng cao tui th cho cc bng n khi m
in p t vo cc bng cao hv son 220v.
- V ta iu p trong mt khong rng do m in p t vo mi
pha cng gim u lm cho cng sut tiu th mi pha gim dn n
cng sut tiu th gim,gp phn tit kim nng lng mt cch
hiu qu.
Nhc im:
- Phng php ny i hi vn u t ban u kh cao,v cc thi t b
in t cng sut ln kh t tin cng vi u t cht xm cao cn
phi c i ng trnh cao tham gia thit k,ch to.
- Tuy nhin so vi lng in nng tit kim c hng nm gp
phn lm tng ngn sch nh nc th y vn l mt phng php
kh hiu qu do nc ta h thng cc n si t halogen,n si
t natri,thy ngn vn cn rt nhiu nu thay th c mt h thng
n mi th vn u t rt l cao vi li cc bng tho ra gy lng
ph v kh khn cho vic x l,tiu hy.


Chng 3:GII THIU TNG QUAN V VI IU KHIN
PIC 16F877A V SIM 900A
3.1:Gii thiu tng quan v vi iu khin 16F877A.
PIC l mt h vi iu khin RISC c sn xut bi cng ty Microchip
Technology. Dng PIC u tin l PIC1650 c pht trin bi
Microelectronics Division thuc General_Instrument. PIC bt ngun t ch
vit tt ca Programmable Intelligent Computer (My tnh kh trnh thng
minh) l mt sn phm ca hng General Instruments t cho dng sn phm
u tin ca h l PIC1650. Lc ny, PIC 1650 c dng giao tip vi
cc thit b ngoi vi cho my ch 16 bit CP1600, v vy, ngi ta cng gi
PIC vi tn Peripheral Interface Controller (B iu khin giao tip ngoi
vi). CP1600 l mt CPU tt, nhng li km v cc hot ng xut nhp, v v
vy PIC 8-bit c pht trin vo khong nm 1975 h tr hot ng xut
nhp cho CP1600. PIC s dng microcode n gin t trong ROM, v mc
d, cm t RISC cha c s dng thi by gi, nhng PIC thc s l mt
vi iu khin vi kin trc RISC, chy mt lnh mt chu k my (4 chu k
ca b dao ng). Nm 1985 General Instruments bn b phn vi in t ca
h, v ch s hu mi hy b hu ht cc d n lc qu li thi. Tuy
nhin, PIC c b sung EPROM to thnh 1 b iu khin vo ra kh
trnh. Ngy nay rt nhiu dng PIC c xut xng vi hng lot cc
module ngoi vi tch hp sn (nh USART, PWM, ADC), vi b nh
chng trnh t 512 Word n 32K Word.
3.2.Cc dng PIC v cch la chn vi iu khin PIC
Cc k hiu ca vi iu khin PIC:
-Pic12xxxx:C di lnh 12 bit.
-Pic16xxxx:C di lnh 14 bit.
-Pic1Fxxxx:C di lnh 16 bit.


C:PIC c b nh EPROM(ch c 16C84 l c EEPROM).
F:L PIC c b nh Flash
LF:Pic c b nh Flash hot ng in p thp.
LV:Nh LF nhng y l k hi u c.
Bn cnh mt s vi iu khin c k hiu xxFxxx l EEPROM,nu co
ch A cui l Flash(V d PIC16F877 l EEPROM v PIC16F877A l Flash).
Ngoi ra cn c thm dng vi i u khin PIC mi l dsPIC.
Vit Nam ph bin nht l h vi iu khin PIC do hng Microchip sn
xut.
Cch chn mt vi iu khin PIC ph hp:Trc ht cn ch n s chn
ca vi iu khin PIC cn cho ng dng cn thit k.C nhiu vi iu khin
PIC vi s lng chn khc nhau,thm ch c vi iu khin ch c 8
chn,ngoi ra cn c vi i u khin c 28,40,44,chn.Cn chn mt vi iu
khin c b nh Flash c th np v xa chng trnh c nhiu ln
hn,tip theo cn ch n cc khi chc nng c tch hp sn trong vi
iu khin,cc chun giao tip bn trong v sau cng cn ch n b nh
chng trnh m vi i u khin cho php.
3.3 Vi iu khin PIC16F877A.
3.3.1:S chn vi iu khin PIC16f877A


Hnh 3.1:S chn vi iu khin PIC16F877A

Hnh 3.2:Hnh dng thc t ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A
3.3.2.Chc nng cc chn vi i u khin PIC16F877A.
Chn Tn Chc nng
1 /V
PP

- : Hot ng
Reset mc thp
- V
PP
: ng vo p lp
trnh
2 RA0/AN0
- RA0 : xut/nhp s
- AN0 : ng vo
tng t
3 RA1/AN1
- RA1 : xut/nhp s
- AN1 : ng vo
tng t
4 RA2/AN2/V
REF-
/CV
REF

- RA2 : xut/nhp s
- AN2 : ng vo
tng t
- V
REF -:
ng

vo in
p chun (thp) ca
b A/D
5 RA3/AN3/V
REF+

- RA3 : xut/nhp s
- AN3 : ng vo
tng t

- V
REF+
: ng vo in
p chun (cao) ca b
A/D
6 RA4/TOCKI/C1OUT
- RA4 : xut/nhp s
- TOCKI : ng vo
xung clock bn ngoi
cho timer0
- C1 OUT : Ng ra b
so snh 1
7 RA5/AN4/
/C2OUT
- RA5 : xut/nhp s
- AN4 : ng vo
tng t 4
- SS : ng vo chn
la SPI ph
- C2 OUT : ng ra b
so snh 2
8 RE0/ /AN5
- RE0 : xut nhp s
- RD : iu khin vic
c port nhnh song
song
- AN5 : ng vo
tng t
9 RE1/ /AN6
- RE1 : xut/nhp s
- WR : iu khin
vic ghi port nhnh
song song
- AN6 : ng vo
tng t
10 RE2/ /AN7
- RE2 : xut/nhp s
- CS : Chip la chn
s iu khin port
nhnh song song
- AN7 : ng vo
tng t
11 V
DD

Chn ngun ca PIC.
12 V
SS

Chn ni t
13 OSC1/CLKI
Ng vo dao ng
thch anh hoc xung
clock bn ngoi.
- OSC1 : ng vo dao

ng thch anh hoc
xung clock bn ngoi.
Ng vo Schmit
trigger khi c cu
to ch RC ; mt
cch khc ca CMOS.
- CLKI : ng vo
ngun xung bn
ngoi. Lun c kt
hp vi chc nng
OSC1.
14 OSC2/CLKO
Ng vo dao ng
thch anh hoc xung
clock
- OSC2 : Ng ra dao
ng thch anh. Kt
ni n thch anh
hoc b cng hng.
- CLKO : ch
RC, ng ra ca OSC2,
bng tn s ca OSC1
v ch ra tc ca
chu k lnh.
15 RC0/T1 OCO/T1CKI
- RC0 : xut/nhp s
- T1OCO : ng vo b
dao ng Timer 1
- T1CKI : ng vo
xung clock bn ngoi
Timer 1
16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
- RC1 : xut/nhp s
- T1OSI : ng vo b
dao ng Timer 1
- CCP2 : ng vo
Capture 2, ng ra
compare 2, ng ra
PWM2
17 RC2/CCP1
- RC2 : xut/nhp s
- CCP1 : ng vo
Capture 1, ng ra
compare 1, ng ra
PWM1
18 RC3/SCK/SCL
- RC3 : xut/nhp s
- SCK : ng vo xung

clock ni tip ng
b/ng ra ca ch
SPI
- SCL : ng vo xung
clock ni tip ng
b/ ng ra ca ch
I2C
19 RD0/PSP0
- RD0 : xut/nhp s
- PSP0 : d liu port
nhnh song song
20 RD1/PSP1
- RD1 : xut/nhp s
- PSP1 : d liu port
nhnh song song
21 RD2/PSP2
- RD2 : xut/nhp s
- PSP2 : d liu port
nhnh song song
22 RD3/PSP3
- RD3: xut/nhp s
- PSP3 : d liu port
nhnh song song
23 RC4/SDI/SDA
- RC4 : xut/nhp s
- SDI : d liu vo
SPI
- SDA : xut/nhp d
liu vo I2C
24 RC5/SDO
- RC5 : xut/nhp s
- SDO : d liu ra SPI
25 RC6/TX/CK
- RC6 : xut/nhp s
- TX : truyn bt ng
b USART
- CK : xung ng b
USART
26 RC7/RX/DT
- RC7 : xut/nhp s
- RX : nhn bt ng
USART
- DT : d liu ng b
USART
27 RD4/PSP
- RD4: xut/nhp s
- PSP4 : d liu port
nhnh song song
28 RD5/PSP5
- RD5: xut/nhp s
- PSP5 : d liu port
nhnh song song

29 RD6/PSP6
- RD6: xut/nhp s
- PSP6 : d liu port
nhnh song song
30 RD7/PSP7
- RD7: xut/nhp s
- PSP7 : d liu port
nhnh song song
31 V
SS

Chn ni t
32 V
DD

Chn ngun ca PIC.
33 RB0/INT
- RB0 : xut/nhp s
- INT : ngt ngoi
34 RB1
xut/nhp s
35 RB2
xut/nhp s
36 RB3
- RB3 : xut/nhp s
- Chn cho php lp
trnh in p thp
ICPS
37 RB4
- xut/nhp s
- Ngt PortB
38 RB5
- xut/nhp s
- Ngt PortB
39 RB6/PGC
- RB6 : xut/nhp s
- PGC : mch vi sai
v xung clock lp
trnh ICSP
- Ngt PortB
40 RB7/PGD
- RB7 : xut/nhp s
- PGD : mch vi sai
v d liu lp trnh
ICSP
- Ngt PortB

3.3.3:Mt vi thng s vi iu khin PIC16F877A.
y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC16Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c di
14 bit.
Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc hot ng ti
a cho php l 20 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh chng trnh

8Kx14 bit, b nh d liu 368x8 byte RAM v b nh d liu EEPROM vi
dung lng 256x8 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 33pin I/O.
Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gmcc khi chc nng sau:
Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit.
Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc nng m da
vo
xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch sleep.
Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler.
Hai b Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung.
Cc chun giao tip ni tip SSP (Synchronous Serial Port), SPI v I2C.
Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9 bit a ch.
Cng giao tip song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) vi cc chn iu khin
RD, WR,
CS bn ngoi.
Cc c tnh Analog:
8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit.
Hai b so snh.
Bn cnh l mt vi c tnh khc ca vi iu khin nh:
B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln.
B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln.
D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm.
Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm.
Np c chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit Serial
Programming)
thng qua 2 chn.
Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong.
Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh.
Ch Sleep.
C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.
3.3.4:S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A.


Hnh 3.3:Cu trc bn trong ca PIC16F877A.

Nh ni trn , vi iu khin PIC c kin trc Harvard, trong
CPU truy cp chng trnh v d liu c trn hai bus ring bi t,
nn lm tng ng k bng thng so vi kin trc Von Neumann
trong CPU truy cp chng trnh v d liu trn cng mt bus.

Vic tch ring b nh chng trnh v b nh d liu cho php s
bit ca t lnh c th khc vi s bit ca d liu. PIC 16F877A,
t lnh di 14 bit , t d liu 8 bit.
PIC 16F877A cha mt b ALU 8 bit v thanh ghi lm vi c WR
(working register).
ALU l n v tnh ton s hc v logic, n thc hin cc php tnh
s v i s Boole trn thanh ghi lm vi c WR v cc thanh ghi d
liu. ALU c th thc hin cc php cng, tr, dch bit v cc php
ton logic.
3.3.5: T CHC B NH
3.3.5.1.B NH CHNG TRNH
B nh chng trnh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A l b nh flash,
dung lng b nh 8K word (1 word = 14 bit) v c phn thnh
nhiu trang (t page0 n page 3) .Nh vy b nh chng trnh c
kh nngcha c 8*1024 = 8192 lnh (v mt lnh sau khi m ha
s c dung lng 1 word (14bit).
m ha c a ch ca 8K word b nh chng trnh, b m
chng trnh c dung lng 13 bit (PC<12:0>).
Khi vi iu khin c reset, b m chng trnh s ch n a
ch 0000h (Resetvector). Khi c ngt xy ra, b m chngtrnh s
ch n a ch 0004h (Interruptvector).
B nh chng trnh khng bao gm b nh stack v khng c
a ch ha bi b m chng trnh. B nh stack s c cp c
th trong phn sau.


Hnh 3.4: B nh chng trnh ca Pic

3.3.5.2. B NH D LIU
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhi u
bank. i viPIC16F877A b nh d liu c chia ra lm 4 bank.
Mi bank c dung lng 128 byte, bao gm cc thanh ghi c chc
nng c bit SFG (Special Function Register) nm cc vng a
ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc ch chung GPR (General Purpose
Register) nm vng a ch cn li trong bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR
thng xuyn c s dng (v d nh thanh ghi STATUS) s c
t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip thun tin trong qu
trnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. S c th
ca b nh d liu PIC16F877A nh sau:

Hnh 3.5: B nh RAM ca PIC


3.1:Gii thiu tng quan v Sim900A.
3.1.1:Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng GSM.
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Anh: Global System
for Mobile Communications; ting Php: Groupe Spcial Mobile;
vit tt:GSM) l mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng.
Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v
vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php c th
roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc
mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii.

Hnh 3.6:Cu trc mt mng GSM hon chnh.

GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii.
Kh nng pht sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph
bin trn th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h
nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn
hiu v tc , cht lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD
th h th hai (second generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n
c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ng v pha
quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc gi tt hn,
gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh mng l
kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh i u
hnh mng c th sn sng dch v khp ni, v th ngi s dng c th s
dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii.

Ging nh mt in thoi di ng GSM,mt modem GSM yu cu
mt th sim vi mt sng mang Wireless hot ng.
y,Vi iu khin PIC s s dng tp lnh AT m ta lp trnh
sn iu khin vic nhn v gi tin nhn ca modem cng nh c
th gi in hoc nghe in thoi thng qua mt MicroPhone. Tt c
cc loi Chip SIM u s dng chung mt tp lnh AT Command
chun.Tuy nhin ty loi Chip SIM khc nhau m t p lnh ny c
th khc nhau cht t.
tin hnh giao tip vi module sim900A ta c th giao tip
thng qua my tnh hoc thng qua vi iu khin,c 2 giao tip ny
u hot ng theo chun truyn thng ni tip khng ng b TTL-
RS232.
3.1.2Tm hiu v tp lnh AT Command.
3.1.2.1Tp lnh AT l g?
Lnh AT l mt loi tp lnh do Dennis Hayes pht minh ra vo nm
1977.Lnh At khng nhng c th truyn d liu t mt im u cui ny
ti mt im u cui khc m n cn c th thc hin lnh iu khin ti
mt modem duy nht.
Nh s n gin v kh nng thc thi vi chi ph thp ca n m b lnh
AT nhanh chng c s dng ph bin v rng ri trong cc Modem ca cc
nh sn xut khc nhau.
Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc cng ngh,chc nng v
tch hp ca cc Modem ngy cng tng theo thi gian.Tp lnh AT ngy
cng p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi.N c s dng
truyn d liu,Fax,Voice,cng nh cc ng dng cao ca Module GSM.
3.1.2.1S dng phn mm Terminal Test Sim900A.
s dng phn mm Terminal cho vic kim tra hot ng ca Module
SIM900A,gi cc lnh AT ti in thoi di ng hay MODEM GSM/GPRS ta
cn phi thc hin theo cc bc sau:
-Cho m th sim vn cn gi tr vo trong Modem GSM/GPRS.
-Kt ni Modem vi my tnh v ci t Driver ca Modem Wireless tng
ng ca n.
-Chy chng trnh Terminal v chn cng COM tng ng vi modem
GSM/GPRS ang c kt ni.

V d:Ta chn cng COM kt ni ti Modem l port COM1.Sau th nhn
nt OK.
-i khi s c hn mt PORT trong khay connect using. bit port
COM no c s dng vi modem GSM/GPRS ta thc hin nh sau:
Trong Window XP hay trong Win7.
-Kch chut phi vo My Computer-> Device Manager sau kch vo
Port(COM&LPT) mt hp thoi hin ra nh sau:

Hnh 3.7:Tng qut v cng COM ang dng

y ta thy khi cm cng chuyn i RS232 to USB vo th n mc nh
cng COM l COM4 sau ta thi t lp li cc thng s cho cng Com ny
sao cho ph hp.
Trong th Port Setting ta thit lp li tc truyn thng mong mun cng
nh cu hnh li khung truyn thng sao cho hp l.

Hnh 3.8:Thit lp cc thng s cho cng ni tip.
-G AT trong khung ca s mn hnh chnh.Mt phn hi OK s c gi
t MODEM SIM900A nh sau:


-Lnh AT+CPIN? dng kim tra xem modem SIM900A c yu cu 1
PIN hay khng.Su khi g AT+CPIN? ta nhn c kt qu nh
sau:

Kt qu tr v l +CPIN:READY ngha l module sim sn sng hoat
ng. OK
By gi ta c th g cc lnh AT khc trong tp lnh AT COMMAND
iu khin hot ng ca Module sim.Thng thng nu ch giao tip module
sim thng qua cc tin nhn th ta khng cn phait bit tt c c lnh AT m
ch cn bit vi lnh v tin nhn nh gi tin,xa tin,c tin,kim tra trng thi
module SIM v mt vi lnh c bn khc.
3.1.2.2S dng phn mm Terminal Test Sim900A.
Gi tin nhn SMS t MODEM GSM SIM900A.
-S dng lnh AT+CSMS xem th cc tin nhn SMS c ngun gc t mobile
c c h tr hay khng. Ta nhn c +CSMS: 1,1,1 OK
Nh vy ch vic gi cc tp lnh AT n sim900A ta c th bit c n c
hot ng tt khng,t s dng n giao tip vi vi iu khin PIC mt
cch d dng qua chun USART truyn thng ni tip khng ng b gi
tin nhn cnh bo cc s c trong h thng in nh ngn mch,qu p m ta
s thc hin chng sau.Ngoi ra ta c th gi tin nhn t in thoi v
iu khin sng ca n theo mun mt cch linh hot nht.Lm tng
tnh mm do trong thao tc vn hnh h thng n ng chiu sng cng
cng v nhng khu vc quan trng.

Thc thi cc hot ng test xem liu cc lnh AT+CMGW hay CMSS c
c h tr khng.
Nhn v c cc tin nhn t vng lu tr tin nhn.
Kim tra xem Modem c h tr cc tp lnh sau hay khng.
Lnh AT+CNMI thng bo c tin nhn ti PC bt k khi no c tin nhn
n


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