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661220
269
1376
654551
265
1377

14785
14995
15240

1375 (1379) 1377 -2 126

-1 :

1376 1377
19 + % 271
.
19

51

1376
1377

835821
308382

121779
451300

957600
759682

-
.




/ TSR KEDEM

) .(Bavarsad, 1997





.

)
:(1378
-1
-2

-3 " "
-4
-5 ) - (
-6
1346
1347 dwt 42888 .
1358
1378 106
. 1998 150 ) 2 (
dwt 5670242 23

-
.
) .(Review of Maritime Transport 1999, p. 29
1370
52

 )
1371 .(46

) (
)( .
1369

.


. 2 .
No of shis

Figure 2: Grow th of National Merchant Fleet in Iran

Journes
DWT
2600
2400
2200

)DWT(000

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600

83 86

85

83

83

83

80

82

80

80 81

69

76

69 73

59

400
200

40 42
38

42

No. of ships/journeys

2000
1800

480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0

1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377
Year

20
7/14 700000 %8/4 ,
. %1/4



.
20

53

1376

4/13

431

./6

55

./6

30

1377

4/8

310

./7

59

4/2

80

7/1
4
5/1
1

516
449

.



- -
" "
.
1367 1377
2/3 4/5
83 86 .
1362 10 :

" 39-40 1000 19000 .

. )
( 57 700
58 400 59 300
.

3

- .
Figure 3 IRISL own and affliated types of ships in 1372
46

50
45
40

33

35
25
20

Num ber

30

Reefer

Container

Veg. oil
carrier

Passenger

15
10

5
Combined

General
cargo

Bulk carrier

Type of ships

: )" (1373 "1372 316

54

 -3 .1 .3

.

.

-1

.

.

.
)
(
.

.

.
.



.

.


.


.


.
.
55

 4000
180000 ) (1375 45
.
)(
.
.


.
1370-1365
6 %5/20 %4/34
. )
(1379


21 .
21 1378 -1368
1378
1368

197
) 27 170
(
589
) 176 413
(
2/85% 1/8% 2%/ 5 16618
) 3/29% %7/70
(
9/76% 1/23% 13600 %8/18 1714 %3/10 809 %4/ 9 534 :
534 72 56 8/4% 5/41% 7/52% 5/59%

390
) 97 293
(
1293
) 621 672
(
75% 1/14% 6% 38466
) 3/52% %7/47
(
2/64% 8/35% 1/68% 5/19% 6/9% 1209 :
883 212 114 1/12% 9/31% 56% 74%

-
56


.


1377
1377 2/2 1378 2/3
) 1379-1371 .(54


1200 .


.


.
) 108(

-

1379 26 6 (


.

.

1362



.

.



.

57


.

.



) 199 .(24

-2

) 280 39 12
24000 ( .


.

.
)" " ) ((Port agent "
" ) (Routine services

.



.


.
" " ) (Special services




.
58





.



.


.

-3 .1 .4

.

.

-1

.




.
...



.




59

( 2)
.

. 22 .
Table 22: Type of port and management in most landbridge ports
Landbridges

Ports

Port ownership

Operation
management

Landbridge operators

Imam

Port Authority

Port Authority

Islamic Republic Iranian Shipping Line

& other national and international
operators

Abass
Vostochney

Port Authority

Port Authority

Same as Imam

Port Vostochney

Port Vostochney

Nakhodka

Vladivostok Commercial
Port Corporation

Vladivostok
Commercial Port
Corporation

SOTRA & different other national and

international companies
Same as Vostochney

ISLB

2 TSR

San Peters burg

New York/New
Jersey
3 USA

Houston
San Francisco
Seattle
Philadelphia
Halifax
Toronto

4Canada

5Turkey

Montreal
Vancouver
Mersin
Trabzon
Izmir
Lianyungang

Port Authority

Same as Vostochney

Port authority of
New York &
New Jersey
Port of Houston
Authority
Port of San
Francisco
Port of Seattle

Eight different terminal

operators

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

2 private terminal
operators
One stevedoring
terminal operator
Six terminal operators

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Philadelphia Regional
Port Authority
Halifax Port Corporation

Two terminal operators

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Halifax Port Corp & two

terminal operators

Toronto Harbour
Commission
Port of Montreal
Vancouver Port
Corporation
Turkish State Railways

Toronto Harbour
Commission
Five terminal operators
Three terminal operators

Canadian Pacific(CP) and Canadian

National (CN) Railways & Various
shipping and NVOCC operators
Same as Halifax

Turkish State Railways

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Turkish Maritime
Organisation
Turkish State Railways

Turkish Maritime
Organisation
Turkish State Railways

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Lianyungang port
Container Co.

Lianyungang port
Container Co.

Trans-Chinese Railways, Chinese

National Shipping Line & Various
shipping and NVOCC operators
Same as port Lianyungang

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Same as Halifax
Same as Halifax

Various shipping and NVOCC operators

Shanghai Harbour
Shanghai Container
Bureau
Terminals Ltd
Source: 1. Containerisation Yearbook (1995), London: Emap Business Communications Ltd. 2. Hicks (1994), Janes Containerisation Directory
for 1994-1995, (Ed), Twenty-sixth Edition, Janes Information group Inc., 1340 Braddock Place, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314-1651, USA. 3.
for San Petersburg, Vostochney and Nakhodka are based on Peters (1993, p. 290).

6China

Shanghai

.
)
.(1378
:
-2 -1
-4 -3
-5
. -6
60

-2



.

.


.


.


.
.
Figure 4 Oil Revenues in Iran

20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

- 4

-1

.
-
.

.


61


.
-2


-
.

.
-3
-

.


.
.

.
-4 -



.


.
-5


)
( .



.
-6
" "
62


.
-7
-
.
-8


-
--


.

.

.


.
-9 -1 : -2 --3
-4

.
-10
"

.
300

. .
-11






63

 ) 500-1000(
.
-12


.
-13
-





.
3
) 5/14
6/17( )
( .
-14

.


.
-15

.

.
-16
.



.
)(
.
-

64

 :



.
.
-17 -
.



.

.
-18
. 1375 3334
%5/1
.
.
-19


.

.
.
-20

.
16 10

.
-21

.

15


.

65

 ) 2/8 5/10( .


.
-22
1960
-
.

.


.
) (3


3
.
-23

.


)(

.

.
-24


/
. 8 15 5

47/9 .
-25 2
-


66

 %./062 %./46
%./012 %./18 1375 1376 1378 1374 .


.
-26


/ .

- ) 7(
. ---
-
. -
.
-27

.

.
.

--
.

.
-28

.


.
-29


-


67

 /
.
- 30




.
-31 1346
1347 dwt 42888
1378 106
dwt 5670242 23

-
.
1369
.
-32


.

.


- .
-33
.


.
.
- .
-34
.

-
.
68




.

.


.

.
-35
.


.
4000 180000 )
(1375 45 .

.
-36 1370-1365
6 %5/20
%4/34


.

.

.
-37
.
.


.
-38

.
69






.

.
-39




.
-40
.



) (

.
.


.
-41



.


-
.
-42
.
...

70


.
-42

.

-1 : -2
-3
-4 -5
-6
.
-43

.


.

.

:
71-70 1379 96 6322 29/1/1380 15
1379 - 8 - 3
5 1379 22-20 ) 1377 ( 92 .7
1377 42 ) 14 1377 42 14
71

 " 1379 "

. 1379
73 15 1379 " : .199 1379 "
- 751 1379 15 74 1379 65
66 77-76 1379 - Arlt, H. W. (1987) Information requirements in strategic planning in the ports industry: so
pecification and management of a data base, Maritime Policy and Management, vol. 14, No. 1, pp.
49-61.
- Bavarsad, p. (1997) Irans potential as a landbridge for former USSR Republics: a scenario
approach, A Ph.D thesis, University of Plymouth, England. Unpublished.
- Schut, M (1977) Aspects of tracing hinterlands especupially with regard to seaports, International
Journal of Transport Economics, Vol:17, No. 3. pp. 288-289.
- Goss, R. O. (1990), Economic policies and seaports: 1. The economic functions of seaports,
Maritime Policy and Management. Vol. 17, No. 3. p. 208.
-Hoyle, B. S. and Pinder, D. A. (1992, p.3) European port cities in transition, Belhaven Press
London.
-Thoresen, C. A. 1988, "Port Design:Guidlines and Reccomendation", p. 30, TAPIR PUBLISHER
- Chen, X. (1995), The Evolution of Free Economic Zones and Recent Development of CrossNational Growth Zones, in: Int. Journal of Urban Regional Research, Vol 19, No. 4,.

72