( : )

( : )

DNA 30 Total Station
Topcon GTS 502N Topcon GTS 023 Leica TC 0033 Leica TC 0533 - Sokkia SET 003

( : )

AutoCAD 5D
Surfer
AutoCAD Land Desktop
LisCAD
CIVIL 0D
Quantity

12

..
.
( ) ( )
( )
.

..

: : Geometrical Geodesy






.
: : Phyaical Geodesy



2211 Cassini
2291 .
: : Plane Surveying

151
.


.
) :
.
) :

-2 : ( 15111 : 2 51111 : 2 ) 211111 : 2

-:
)
) ...
)

.

11

)
)

)
)
)

.

21111 : 2 ( 211111 : 2 ) 15111 : 2
.

.

-1 :
( 511 : 2 ) 2111 : 2 1511 : 2 : 2
5111 .

.
) ( ) : 1511 : 2 5111 : 2
.
) ( ) : 511 : 2 2111 : 2 2
5111 :

.

:
)

(
)
.
) :

.




.

.

.

....
Accuracy
Adjustment
Altimeter
Altitude
Angle of Depression
Angle of Elevation
Angular Misclosure
Astronomical Latitude

19

Astronomical Longitude
Astronomical Triangle
Atmospheric Refraction
Azimuth
Azimuth Angle
.
Azimuth Closure
Back Sight
Barometric Levelling

vector

Baseline

.
Base net
Base Points
Base Control
.
Bearing
Bench Mark

BM.

Best Fit
Blunder

.
.

IERS

Bureau International de
l'Heure
BIH

International Earth Rotation Service

Cadastral Survey
Calibration
.
x

Cartesian Coordinates

x, y
.

z
Cartesian System
Celestial Equator
.
Celestial Pole

11

Celestial Sphere
Central Meridian

y
.
.

Chain
Chained Traverse

Chart Datum

Zo

Chi-square Testing
Chronometer

Circle Position
Circuit Closure
Closed Traverse

Collimation

Collimation Error

Confidence Level
.
Conformal

Contour

Control

Control Densification
Control Monuments

Control Point

Control Survey
Control Traverse

Conventional Terrestrial
Pole CTP

BIH

Coordinate Transformation

Cross Sections
Curvature
.

Datum
Declination

)(

Deflection of the Vertical

.
Deflection Traverse
].

Deformation Monitoring
Departure

15

Differential GPS
.
Differential Levelling

Direction
.
Direct Levelling
.
Distance Angle
Dumpy Level

].

Earth-Centered Ellipsoid

.
.

Easting
Eccentricity

Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM)
].

EDM
Elevation

Ellipsoid
WGS

ellipse
Ellipsoidal height
.
.

Error
Error Ellipse

Error of Closure
].
Fixed Elevation

Foresight

Frequency

Geodesic Line

].

Geodesy

Geodetic Control

Geodetic Coordinates

.
Ellipsoidal Height

Geodetic Latitude

.
.

12

Geodetic Height

Geodetic Leveling

Geodetic Longitude

).

Geodetic North

Geoid
.
Gravimeter

Gravity

Greenwich Meridian
.
.

Grid Azimuth

y(

Grid Inverse

.
.

Grid Meridian

y)

Gyrotheodolite

Horizontal Control

Hour Circle

Index Error
.
Indirect Leveling

Interior Angle

International Foot

International System of
Units SI
Intersection

.
Interpolation Method

Intervisibility

].
).

Invar
Laplace Azimuth

Laplace Equation

Laplace Station

Least Count

Least Squares Adjustment

].
12

Length of Closure

:
)

Level
Level Datum
].
Level Net

Line of Sight

Local Coordinate System

Local Datum

Loop Traverse

Magnetic Bearing

Magnetic Meridian

Major Semi-Axis

Map
.
Map Accuracy
.
Mean Sea Level Datum
].
Map Scale

Metric Unit

SI

Micrometer
].
Minor Semi-Axis

Misclosure

Monument

Nadir

.
.

Network
Non-SI units

SI.

Northing

.
.

Open Traverse
Optical Micrometer

.
12

Optical Plummet
.
Order of Accuracy

Origin
.
Orthometric Height

H
.

Parallax

Photogrammetry
Picture Point

Planetable
.
Plumb Line

Positional Error

Precision

: Precision and
Accuracy ]

Accuracy
Prime Meridian

).

Prime Vertical

.
.

Project Datum
Projection

).

Random Error

Reciprocal Leveling

Rectangular Coordinate
Systems
Redundant
Measurements

].

Reference Point

.
.

Refraction
Relative Accuracy

Resection

Sexagesimal System

.
]

Set-up
Spheroid
.

12

Spirit Level

Stadia Constant

Stadia Traverse
.
Standard Error

Systematic Error

Strength of Figure

Subtense Bar
].
Topographic Map

Transformation

Transverse Mercator
Projection

Traverse

Triangulation

Tribrach

Trigonometric heighting

Trilateration

].

Variance-Covariance
Matrix

].

Vertical Angle

Vertical Circle

Vertical Datum

World Geodetic System

of

WGS

Zenith

Zenith Angle

Zenith Distance

* =
* = (-)(-)(-)
= =( + +) 1
( , ,)
* = =
=
* =
* = .199 = 9
=
91

(=

=
=

* =

A=E2-N2
B=E1-N1
* A B
)E2-E1)+(N2-N1) = Dist
* AB = E
N
*
E = E2 DIST X SIN A
N = N2 DIST X COS A
E2 N2

211
*
*

=
(=

A / SIN A = B / SIN B = C / SIN C
A- B- C
** :
AC =(AB)+ (BC)
( )
BC=(AC)/ (AB)
AB= ( AC)/ (BC)
)(C =) (C (AB)/)(BC
(A) : : C&B 221
:= )(<A (BC)/)(AB
:

:
AA= B +C*1BCCOS
A

92

) )0 :
, . . .
= 21 , = 9 ( 92) , = 5,5 , = 11 ( 111 , 221)
( ) = 2 , 2221 , 5121 , = 9.
( ) = 2 , ( ) = 211
= 211 .
= 212
= 2121.
= 2122,2.
= 2.25 .

) (5 :
= 2 = 2122
= 221 = 1211 .

= 211
= 91,15 .
= 211 .

) ( 1 :
= 2111
= 211

= 211

= 21.
= 21

= 2111 .

: :

1551
151151
91512
159112
152211
252129
251522
151212

152922
151112
2259222
151129
152212
152121
1259125
151592

:
:
: 1,15 ( 2111 (

: :

159292
151912
9259212
951212
251292
15212
15255
2152292

25222
15122
15122
9559212
25912
251522
151952
151112

91

: :
-0 -:
-

.

.

-5 -:
*** :
) -:
( )
( )...

) :

( 155 155 )
( ) :

= ( )1
: .
) :
()
:

= ( + +......................... + )
) :

()
:

-0 -:

:

-5 :

()
() :

= 155 ( + 1 + )
:

= = .

99

-0 :
-:

= = .

-2 () .
-1 .
-9 ( )
.
: -:

:
= .
:

91

: :
) :


.

= ( ) .
:
5 .

) :

( )

( ) :
= " "
=
:

2 2
2 511 : 2
:

95

) :






-:

= " "
:

21 2255 21
2255 = 251 21 = 251

()
:

92

.

( ) -:
:

:

:
: .
:
:
:

() () :

= { 155 ( 2 1 + ) 5 ( 1 9 + (2 ( 9 1 + )1( 1 5 + ) 9( 5 2} (1
:
-:
-2 () ()
.

:
-1 .
-9 .
-1 .
-5 :

92