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Quantity
12
..
.
( ) ( )
( )
.
..
: : Geometrical Geodesy
.
: : Phyaical Geodesy
2211 Cassini
2291 .
: : Plane Surveying
151
.
.
) :
.
) :
11
)
)
)
)
)
.
21111 : 2 ( 211111 : 2 ) 15111 : 2
.
.
-1 :
( 511 : 2 ) 2111 : 2 1511 : 2 : 2
5111 .
.
) ( ) : 1511 : 2 5111 : 2
.
) ( ) : 511 : 2 2111 : 2 2
5111 :
.
:
)
(
)
.
) :
.
.
.
.
....
Accuracy
Adjustment
Altimeter
Altitude
Angle of Depression
Angle of Elevation
Angular Misclosure
Astronomical Latitude
19
Astronomical Longitude
Astronomical Triangle
Atmospheric Refraction
Azimuth
Azimuth Angle
.
Azimuth Closure
Back Sight
Barometric Levelling
vector
Baseline
.
Base net
Base Points
Base Control
.
Bearing
Bench Mark
BM.
Best Fit
Blunder
.
.
IERS
Bureau International de
l'Heure
BIH
Cadastral Survey
Calibration
.
x
Cartesian Coordinates
x, y
.
z
Cartesian System
Celestial Equator
.
Celestial Pole
11
Celestial Sphere
Central Meridian
y
.
.
Chain
Chained Traverse
Chart Datum
Zo
Chi-square Testing
Chronometer
Circle Position
Circuit Closure
Closed Traverse
Collimation
Collimation Error
Confidence Level
.
Conformal
Contour
Control
Control Densification
Control Monuments
Control Point
Control Survey
Control Traverse
Conventional Terrestrial
Pole CTP
BIH
Coordinate Transformation
Cross Sections
Curvature
.
Datum
Declination
)(
Deformation Monitoring
Departure
15
Differential GPS
.
Differential Levelling
Direction
.
Direct Levelling
.
Distance Angle
Dumpy Level
].
Earth-Centered Ellipsoid
.
.
Easting
Eccentricity
Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM)
].
EDM
Elevation
Ellipsoid
WGS
ellipse
Ellipsoidal height
.
.
Error
Error Ellipse
Error of Closure
].
Fixed Elevation
Foresight
Frequency
Geodesic Line
].
Geodesy
Geodetic Control
Geodetic Coordinates
.
Ellipsoidal Height
Geodetic Latitude
.
.
12
Geodetic Height
Geodetic Leveling
Geodetic Longitude
).
Geodetic North
Geoid
.
Gravimeter
Gravity
Greenwich Meridian
.
.
Grid Azimuth
y(
Grid Inverse
.
.
Grid Meridian
y)
Gyrotheodolite
Horizontal Control
Hour Circle
Index Error
.
Indirect Leveling
Interior Angle
International Foot
International System of
Units SI
Intersection
.
Interpolation Method
Intervisibility
].
).
Invar
Laplace Azimuth
Laplace Equation
Laplace Station
Least Count
Length of Closure
:
)
Level
Level Datum
].
Level Net
Line of Sight
Local Datum
Loop Traverse
Magnetic Bearing
Magnetic Meridian
Major Semi-Axis
Map
.
Map Accuracy
.
Mean Sea Level Datum
].
Map Scale
Metric Unit
SI
Micrometer
].
Minor Semi-Axis
Misclosure
Monument
Nadir
.
.
Network
Non-SI units
SI.
Northing
.
.
Open Traverse
Optical Micrometer
.
12
Optical Plummet
.
Order of Accuracy
Origin
.
Orthometric Height
H
.
Parallax
Photogrammetry
Picture Point
Planetable
.
Plumb Line
Positional Error
Precision
: Precision and
Accuracy ]
Accuracy
Prime Meridian
).
Prime Vertical
.
.
Project Datum
Projection
).
Random Error
Reciprocal Leveling
Rectangular Coordinate
Systems
Redundant
Measurements
].
Reference Point
.
.
Refraction
Relative Accuracy
Resection
Sexagesimal System
.
]
Set-up
Spheroid
.
12
Spirit Level
Stadia Constant
Stadia Traverse
.
Standard Error
Systematic Error
Strength of Figure
Subtense Bar
].
Topographic Map
Transformation
Transverse Mercator
Projection
Traverse
Triangulation
Tribrach
Trigonometric heighting
Trilateration
].
Variance-Covariance
Matrix
].
Vertical Angle
Vertical Circle
Vertical Datum
WGS
Zenith
Zenith Angle
Zenith Distance
* =
* = (-)(-)(-)
= =( + +) 1
( , ,)
* = =
=
* =
* = .199 = 9
=
91
(=
=
=
* =
A=E2-N2
B=E1-N1
* A B
)E2-E1)+(N2-N1) = Dist
* AB = E
N
*
E = E2 DIST X SIN A
N = N2 DIST X COS A
E2 N2
211
*
*
=
(=
A / SIN A = B / SIN B = C / SIN C
A- B- C
** :
AC =(AB)+ (BC)
( )
BC=(AC)/ (AB)
AB= ( AC)/ (BC)
)(C =) (C (AB)/)(BC
(A) : : C&B 221
:= )(<A (BC)/)(AB
:
:
AA= B +C*1BCCOS
A
92
) )0 :
, . . .
= 21 , = 9 ( 92) , = 5,5 , = 11 ( 111 , 221)
( ) = 2 , 2221 , 5121 , = 9.
( ) = 2 , ( ) = 211
= 211 .
= 212
= 2121.
= 2122,2.
= 2.25 .
) (5 :
= 2 = 2122
= 221 = 1211 .
= 211
= 91,15 .
= 211 .
) ( 1 :
= 2111
= 211
= 211
= 21.
= 21
= 2111 .
: :
1551
151151
91512
159112
152211
252129
251522
151212
152922
151112
2259222
151129
152212
152121
1259125
151592
:
:
: 1,15 ( 2111 (
: :
159292
151912
9259212
951212
251292
15212
15255
2152292
25222
15122
15122
9559212
25912
251522
151952
151112
91
: :
-0 -:
-
.
.
-5 -:
*** :
) -:
( )
( )...
) :
( 155 155 )
( ) :
= ( )1
: .
) :
()
:
= ( + +......................... + )
) :
()
:
-0 -:
:
-5 :
()
() :
= 155 ( + 1 + )
:
= = .
99
-0 :
-:
= = .
-2 () .
-1 .
-9 ( )
.
: -:
:
= .
:
91
: :
) :
.
= ( ) .
:
5 .
) :
( )
( ) :
= " "
=
:
2 2
2 511 : 2
:
95
) :
-:
= " "
:
21 2255 21
2255 = 251 21 = 251
()
:
92
.
( ) -:
:
:
:
: .
:
:
:
() () :
= { 155 ( 2 1 + ) 5 ( 1 9 + (2 ( 9 1 + )1( 1 5 + ) 9( 5 2} (1
:
-:
-2 () ()
.
:
-1 .
-9 .
-1 .
-5 :
92