Ground Water

:
/
/
/
/
-

:
. /
- -

-1 :
-2 :
-3 :
-4 :
-5 :
-6 :
-7 :

:
1-1

.





.
G
) :
( ) (21

.
.


.


.






.


Numerical Models
System Analysis
Exploration
Evaluation
. Exploitation

2-1
1-2-1


.

.( recharge
) (



:

: .
: .

:
.
3-1

-1 :
Perrault Marriott

-2 : -Wolger 1877

-


.

.
-3 : Zius
)(



.



.
-4 :
Anderson) (1908


.

-5 : Safarnysky


.

) (1- :

) (1
: .%59
: .
: .
4 .1 Types of aquifers
: -:

):(2-

) (2

-1 : .

Mezer .
.

.
-2 :
.
-3 :


.
-4 :

.
.
: -:

-1 ) (:

Unconfined Aquifer

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ )\ (1\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ .\ \
.

:1

-2 ) -(:

Confined Aquifer

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \
\ \ Artesian Aquifer
) (2 \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\

.

:2

-3 Semi Confined Aquifer :

.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(3

:3

-4 :

Perched Water

\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
.
-5 Connate Water
\ \ \
.

5-1
: \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \
.
\ 44 44 : \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
. \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
) ( : \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
: \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
:

10

1,338,000,000

321,000,000

--

96.5

24,064,000

5,773,000

68.7

1.74

23,400,000

5,614,000

--

1.7

10,530,000

2,526,000

30.1

0.76

12,870,000

3,088,000

--

0.94

16,500

3,959

0.05

0.001

300,000

71,970

0.86

0.022

176,400

42,320

--

0.013

91,000

21,830

0.26

0.007

85,400

20,490

--

0.006

12,900

3,095

0.04

0.001

11,470

2,752

0.03

0.0008

2,120

509

0.006

0.0002

1,120

269

0.003

0.0001

1,386,000,000

332,500,000

100

: . . . .
2 828 - 817

11

6-1

:
:



.
:





: :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

.
:
-1 :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
-2 :


. table water

12

) (
7-1

: - -
.
:



.
:



:

:
.

.

13

8-1 -:

-:

14

)(Aquifer Characteristics
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
)( . \ \ \ \ \ \
) (unit cube ) (Prism\ \ \
).(1-2

): (1-2

)(Property

)(Unit Cube of Material

)(Hydraulic Conductivity, K

)(Transmissibility, T

)(Available Storage

)'(Specific Yields

)'(Storage Coefficients

)(Unit Prism of Aquifer

)(Transmissive Capacity

\\ \\ \\ )\\ (1-2 \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

)(1-2

15

1-2 ):(Porosity

) (2-2 :

)(2-2

Vv

*100 = (1 b ) 100
VT
m

=n

:
: N )(Total Porosity) (%
: V v ) = (L3 .
: VT )(L3
: b .
: m .

16

-14 4 ) : (Particle size\ \ \ )\( \ \

) (fine grained .
-24 4 ) : (Particle packing\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ )\ 3- 1( \ \ \ \ \ ) Packing of
(spheres Cubic\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ %47.65\\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
120 60 )\
3-1( \ ) Rhombohedral packing of
(speres .%25.95
\\ \\ \\ \\ %25\\ %35\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ ) (Total Porosity \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (2-2\\ \\ \\\
.

) :(Total Porosity:
-1 \ \ \ \ ) (VT\ \ \ \ 105 \ \
.
-2\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
-3 = = .Vv

-4 ) (n ):(1-2

Vv
VT

=n

) : (2-2 ) (1998

)(Soil Type

(Porosity) %

)(Clay

55-45

)(Silt

50-40

)((Medium to Coarse Sand

40-35

)(Uniform Sand

40-30

)(Fine to Medium Sand

35-30

17

)(Soil Type

(Porosity) %

)(Gravel

40-30

)(Gravel and Sand

35-20

)(Sand Stone

20-10

)(Shale

10-1

)(limestone

10-1

2-2 ) (Specific Yield ):(Specific Retention

\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
)( )(
) (Well
) (Spring\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
)( \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (Surface tension
.
:

18

: ) (gravity \ \
) (Specific Yield ).(Sy
) (Specific Yield
\ \ \ \ \ .
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\
).(Effective Porosity, ne
:

Vd
*100
Vt

)(2-2

= ne = sy

:
: n e ).(%
: Vd ).(L3
: VT ).(L3
) (Effective porosity:
-1 ).(W0
-2 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(Ws
-3 \ \ )\( \ \ \ \ \
).(Wr
-4 :

Ws Wr Vv
V V
V
= 100 d v = 100 d
Ws Wo VT
Vv VT
VT

n e = 100

Sv ).(0.3 0.1


) (Specific Retention ).(Sr

19

Vr
*100
VT

)(4-2

= Sr
:

: Sr ).(%
: Vr ).(L3
: VT ).(L3
) (Sy )) (Sr
(4 -1 :
)(5 -2

n = Sy + Sr

20

)(4-1

21

: 3-2 ) (
)(Hydraulic Conductivity

)(5-1

.
:

dh
dL

Q = K.A.
= K.A.i

)(6-2
:
: Q .
: A .
:I

22

:K

.

dh
) (Q ) ( dl
) (laminar
).(5-1
) (6-2 :

m 3/d

Qd1
= m/ d
A.dh

=k

m2

) /(
) : (Q
) ( ) (m/m
) (m2 .


.

4-2 ):(Transmisivity

) (T
) (K ) (b )(6-1
).(T
:
)(7-2

T= K.b

23

3-2 ) -
(Conductivity

Hydraulic

)(5-1

.
:

dh
dL
)(6-2

Q = k.A
= K.A.i

:
: Q .
:A .
: i .
: K

.

24

) (8 -2 ) (T
\ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ ) (W\ \ \\ ) (8- 2
:

Q dh
) (/
W dL

)(9-2

=T

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (b
).(b
) (T )(m2/sec
\ \ \ \ \ \
:
T1

T2
T3
.
.
.
Tn
T = Ti = T1 + T2 + ......Tn

)(10-2

5-2 )(Ss Specific Storage

\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( \\ \\ \\ \ \\
:

Ss = !Error
h
1
Ss ) ( L \ \ \ 0.0001\ \ \ \

6-2 ):(Storage Coefficient

\ \\ \\ ) (S\\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(7-1

25

)(7-1
) (dimensionless \ \ \ \ \
.
m3
m3
=
(m 2 )(m ) m 3

S =!Error

\ \ \ \ \
\
\ \ \ ) (1-8\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ .\ \\
\
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\
.

)(8- 1
) (S :

26


S = S s b

)(11 -2

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
):(1-2
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) 123\\ (2\\
) (0.13 ) 0.23(.
:
V w = SA H
= 0.13 123 10 0.23
= 3.68 106 m 3

):(2-2
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (0.0005 .
:
H

V w = S .A

= 0.0005 123 10 0.23

= 1.41 104 m 3

27

)(Ground Water Movement
\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\
).(Streamlines
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \

) ( \ \ \ \ \
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) (1-3\\\ \\\
\ \ \ \ \
.

)(1-3
1-3 :
):(Effect of Toporaphy on Ground Water Movement

28

\ \ \ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (spring \ \ ) (seepage\ \ \ \ \
.

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (2-3 \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
) (Flow nets \
.

)(2- 3

29

2-3 ):(Velocity of Ground water Flow

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
. \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
.
1 -2 -3 :
)(Experimental Verification of Darcy's Law
\\ \\ 1856\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (h1
) (L ) (3-3 \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
.

)(3-3

30

Q \ \ )(h
\\ \\ \\ ) (L\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
) (A :
) Q (h
h
Q
L
QA
h
Q A
L

:
h
Q =K A
L
dh
Q = K A

dL

)(1-3
:
:Q .
:K \ \ \ \ \
.
:A\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(Q
dh
dL
:

(Q=A.V) :

dh
AV
. = K A

dL
dh
V = K

dL

)(2 - 3
" "V )( \ \ \ \ \
.
.

31

2-2-3 ):(Actual Flow Velocity

\\ ) (2-3\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ .\ \ \
) (2-3 ) (Va:

)(3-3

dh
Va = K

ndL
V
=
n

\ \ \ ) (n=0.25\ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(Seepage Velocity
3-2-3 ):(Validity of Darcy's Law
\
.
)(4 -3

V .d
1
V

= Re

:
: Re .
: V ) .(Cm/sec m/sec
:d ) ( ).(d10
Q \ \ )(h
\\ \\ \\ ) (L\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
) (A :
) Q (h
1
L
QA
Q

h
Q A
L

:
h
Q =k A
L
h
Q = K A
L

)( 1-3
:

32

: Q .
: K \ \
.
:A\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(Q
dh
: dL .

(Q= A.V) :
dh
AV
. =K A

dL
dh
V = k

dL

)(2 -3
3-3 ):(Permeability
1-3-3 ):(Intrinsic Permeability
)\( \ \ \ \ \
.
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) Internsic
(Permeability, Ki :
)(5 -3

K .
g

= K i

g )(2 -3
:
)(6 -3

V.
dh
g
dL

= Ki

33

)(7 - 3
L FT
2
V.
= K
= T L = L2
M L
dh
g L3 T 2
dL
i

) (Ki \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
Ki ) (7 -3
) (U.S Geological Survey Ki
) ( square micrometer , m2 m 2 = 1012 m 2
\ \ ) (Ki\ \ \ ) (Darcy\ \ \
.
= 10 12 0.987 = 10 9 9.87
) m2

12

(1Darcy = 0.987 10

Ki
2-3-3 ):(Hydraulic Conductivity
\ \
\ \

\ \ \ \
\ \
) /(.
3-3-3 :
): (Hydraulic Conductivity of Geologic Materials

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (unconsolidated
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
)( .

34

4 -3 :
): (Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity

) (K \ \ \ \ \ \
.

1-4-3 ):(Formulas
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \
b :
K = cd 2

)(8 - 3

) (C .
K = f sf a d 2

)(9 - 3
:
: fs .
: fa .
:d

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
1
k
) ( v \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
:
Vi
Vi

)(10-3

Ki = Ki

ki , Ki t t .
):(2 -3
2
\ 15 20 \ 10 1.14\/ 2
2
10 / \ 15 \ 20
/ 20.

1.14 *102
= 20 1.14 = 22.8m / hr
102

K 20 = K15

35

2-4-3 ): (Laboratory Methods

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \

\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ ) Constant head
(permeameter \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (2-10\ /\ \
) (falling head permeameter
) (5- 10 2- 10 / ).(7- 3

-1 ):(Constant Head Permeameter

\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

K \
K.
L A \ \ \ \
) (h k .
cm
)
sec

)(11 -3

V.L
A.t.h

=K

V ) (3 ) t(.

) : (7-3
) : (a (b)

36

-2 ):(Falling Head Permeameter

\ \ \ \ \ \
.
)) (hi\ \ (t= 0\ \ \ )\
\\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (h2\\ dt\\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ L\\ \\ \\ dc\\
K:
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) \ ( t\\ ) ( h\\ \\
V :
h
t

V =

) (a

a = d 2t
4

h
t

Q = av = a.

:
h
L

Q = k.A.

A = d c2
4
h
h
a. = k.A.
t
L
h2

k.A t
= a. h
t
h
L 0
K.A t
h
= a ( In h )h
( t )0
L
K.A
= ] a [ In h 2 Inh1
L
K.A.t
= ) a ( In h1 In h2
L
h K.A.t
= a In 1
L
h2
1

37

a.L
h1
= K
) (.In
A.t
h2

L d 2 h1
K = 2t .In
t d c h2

)(12-3
):(3-3

\
15 25 2 \ \ \ \ 5\ \
100 \ 12\ .\ \
).(m/day

h
L
(100 ) 15 = 1 cm / sec
VL
= K
=
Ath 25 5 12 60 60
= 14.4m / day
Q = K.A.

):(4-3
) (silt 10\ \ 15\ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 2\\ \\ \\ 5\\ \\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ 4.5\\\ \\\ ) (527 min\\\ \\\ k\\\
) (cm/sec ).(m/min

h
L d 2t
) K = 2 .In ( I
t dc
h2

15
22
5
=k
( 2 )In ( ) = 4.36 *105 cm / sec
(527 60) 10
0.5
= 3.76 *102 m / day
):(5-3
\ \ \ \ \ 20\ \ 10\ \ \ \ \ \
3 8\ \ \ \ \ \ 1 .\
\ \ \ ) (m/day) (Cm/sec \ \ \ 8
.

38

20
3
1
( ) 2 In( ) = 1.3*104 cm / sec
8* 60 * 60 10
8
= 0.112 m / day

=k

):(6-3
) (0.84 mm
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 30\\
\\ 5\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 20 \\
3

1.005 10 / 998.2 / 2 \
\ \ \ \
= 12 /.

:
) (1:

V.d V.d.
=
V

.R
1.005 10 3 1
= max
= 3
= 0.0012 m / sec
d. 10 0.84 998.2
=103.56 m / day
=R

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

kdh
103.6
dL
V.dL 103.56 *30 /100
\ \ dh
=
= 2.6m
K
12
=

):(7-3

5 200 3 \ 15\ \
\ \ \ \ \ \

39

h
A
L
)V.L (200 cm3 ) (30 cm
= K
=
2
A.t.h
(5) *15* 60 *5
4
= 0.0679 cm / sec = 58.7 m / day
Q= k

QVmax = 103.6 m / sec

)Vmax dL 103.6 (30 / 100
=
= 0.53m
K
58.7
= 53cm

\\ dh

3-4-3 ):(Tracers

.
\ \ \ \ \ \
.

) (8-3

40

) (8-3 \ \ \ \ \
A B A\ \ \
.B
A B :

K.h
n.L

= Va

)(13-3
:
:K .
:n.
:h ).(B,A
:L ).(B,A
: Va :
)14-3

L
t

= Va

t
):(14-3) (13 -3

)- 3

L K.h
=
T n.L
n.L2
= k
ht

(15

:
.1 \ \ \ \
.
.2 \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ B\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
.3 \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

41

:(8-3) :
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 20\\ \\ 3\\
\
0.5 %15\
\\ \\ 1\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ k\\ /\\ /\\
\ \ \ \ \ 27\ \ \ 0.008
. ) 1 = 1 / 2(.

:
0.15 202
=k
= 36m / hr = 864m / day
0.5*3.333
V.d
=R

h
0.5
V = k.
* 36
= 0.9 m / hr = 21.6 m / day
L
20
0.025* 0.1
= 0.3125
=R
0.008
):(9-3
\ \ \ \ \
20 \ \ \ \
\ \ \ 18.4\ 17.1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ 167\ .\ \ \ \ \ \
.0.25

n.L2
0.25* 202
=k
=
= 11.1 m / day
)h.t 1.3* (167 / 24
4-4-3 ):(Auger

.

42

) (9-3
) (Screen
).(Shallow
) (9-3 \ \
K :

C dy
864 dt

=k

)(16-3
:
dy
dt\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(Cm/sec
: C ).(Todd,2005) (1-3

43

) : (1-3 C
\\ \\ \\ C\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ :\\
)( .\ y\ \ \ \

dy
dt
: 5-4-3 ):(Pumping Tests of wells

K \

.
5-3 ):(Anisotropic Aquifers
\ \ \ \ \
\
\
) (homogenous
).(heterogeneous

44

\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) (isotropic\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
).(anisotropic
\
).(10-3

) : (10-3

) (q1
:

)(17-3

q1 = K1 i z1

:
:i .
:K1 ).(1
:Z1 .
i
):(qh

)(18-3

) q h = q1 + q 2 = (k1z1 + k 2 z 2

45

)(19-3

q h = k h (z1 + z 2 )i

\\ kh\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (19 - 3 18-3
:

k1z1 + k 2 .z 2
z1 + z 2

= kh

)(20-3
n :

)(21-3

k1z1 + k 2 .z 2 + .......... k n .z n
z1 + z 2 + ..........z n

= kh

\ \ \ \ ) (vertical flow\ \ \ ) (10-3\ \

qv :

dh1
z1

)(22-3

q v = k1

dh1 . \ \ \ \ \
:

z1
qv
k1

= dh1

)(23-3
:

z2
qv
k2

= dh 2

)(24 -3
) (dh2+dh1:

z1 z 2
) +
kl k2

(dh1 + dh2 = qv

)(25 -3
) (qv :

46

dh1 + dh 2
)
z1 + z 2

( qv = kv

)(26-3
qv \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:

z1 + z 2
)q v
kv

( = dh1 + dh 2

)(27-3
) (25-3 ) (27-3 :
) (z1 + z 2
z1 z 2
+
k1 k 2

= kv

)(28-3
n :
) (z1 + z 2 + .......... + z n
z1 z 2
z
+ + .......... + n
k1 k 2
kn

= kv

)(29 -3
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
2 10
).(100
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
k \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ " " \

( :

1 cos 2 sin 2
=
+
k
kh
kv

)(30- 3
k
.

47

):(10 -3
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 10 \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (K1\\
11.6/ 4.4 ) (k2 4.5
/ 6.2 \ \ \ ) (K3\ 2.2 /
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
45 .

k1z1 + k2z3 + k3z3 10 11.6 + 4.4 4.5 + 6.2 + 2.2

=
z1 + z2 + z3
10 + 4.4 + 6.2
kh = 7.250m / day
= kh

20.6
= 4.42 m / day
10 4.4 6.2
+
+

11.6 4.5 2.2

)1 cos 2(45) sin 2(45
=
+
= 0.182
k
7.25
4.42
k = 5.49 m / day

= kv

):(11-3
K 15

Ki )k i = 2.7 103 (Darcy

k = ki

: 15 :
= 0 .9 9 9 0 9 9 g rm / cm 3 , = 0 .0 1 1 4 0 4 p o ise , 9 8 0 cm / sec 2 .
1 D arcy = 9 .8 7 * 1 0 9 cm 2
1 p o ise = 1 D ain .sec / cm 2
1 D yn e = 1 g.cm / sec 2
1 P o ise = 1 g / cm .sec
) ( 2 .7 1 0 3 9 .8 7 * 1 0 9 C m 2 )(0 .9 9 9 0 9 9 g m / C m 2 )(9 8 0 cm / sec 2
) (0 .0 1 1 4 0 4 P o ise
k = 2 .2 8 8 * 1 0 6 cm / s ec
= k

48

6-3 ):(Groundwater Flow Rates

:
).(hydraulic conductivity,K
).(hydraulic gradient, dh/di
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (alluvial\\\\\\ \\\\\\ \\\\\\ \\\\\\ ) (K=75m/day\\\\\\ \\\\\\
).(dh/d1=10 m/1000 m = o.01

):(2-3
dh
v = k
= 75(0.01) = 0.75m / day
dL

)(31-3
\ \ \ ) (0.5 mm/min\ \ \ \ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (11-3 :

)(11-3
Q = A.V = 50(1000)(0.75) = 37.500m / day

)(32-3
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) 0.43
(m3/sec .

49

\ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ ) (2m/year\\ ) (2m/day\\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

) (12-3
) (aquitard ) (unconfined aquifer
) (leaky aquifer

.

)(12-3
):(12-3
hB \ \
)(12-3
:
\ \ A\ B\ \ \
:

50

dh
hh
= 10
dL
dL
27 h
=10
27

V=k

B C :

dh
h + 5 30
= 0.2
dL
5

V=k

h B = 26.80 m, v = 0.07 m / day

7-3 ):(Groundwater Flow Directions
1-7-3
)(Head and Hydraulic Gradient in Ground Water Flow

)(13-3
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\
"" \ \ \
\ \ \ \
.
\ \ \
\\\ \\\ ) (4-3\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) \\\ \\\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\

51

\( \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\
\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ ) total
(head \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ )\ \

( \ \ \ \ )\( ) + (z\ \ ) +( P / \
) (V2/2g \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) + (Position head ) (Pressure head
\ \ \ \ \
) (Ht:

Ht = z + hp

:
P
+z

= )H(, y, t

)(32-3
:
) :H (, y, t \ \ \ \ ) (X,y\ \ \
t "."m

P
: )(m
: Z )(m
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

H
) ( L\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

.
\ \ \ \ ) (1\
) (2:

)H (100 15) (98 18

5
m
=
=
=
L
780
780 m
\ \ \ \
/ .

52

m\ km \

5000
m
5m
780m 6.4 = 780 = km /.
) (32-3 ) (h

) ( hp = p / ) (z
) (L ) (d
) (A
)(h
) ( mz = 150 d = 75 m L = 300 m

) (h = L d + z

) ( h = 300 75 + 150 = 375m

) (h ) (d
).(h=450-75=375m
) (B ) (450m \ \
) (d=150m ).(h=450-150=300m
\\\ \\\ )-14-3( \\\ \\\ ) (h\\\ \\\ \\\ ) (E.C\\\ ) (375 m
) (D ) (h ) (400m ) (F,B ) (h ).(300m
\ \ \ \ \ \
)-
) (Piezometric surface \ \ ) (view Plan\
14-3( ) (E,C,A ) (equipotential line\
) (375 m \ \ \ \ ) (300 m\ ) (F.B\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (isotropic\\ \\ \\ \\ ) lines
(flow
).(flow net

) (15-3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
).(flow net

) (15-3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ ) (dh\ \ \
) (ds \
).(dm
) (i:

dh
ds

=i

)(33-3

53

) (15-3
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\ \\ \\ \\
( :

dh
.dm
ds

q = k.

)(34-3
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) =ds
(dm ) (34-3:

q = k.dh

)(35-3
\ \ \ \ ) (h\ \ \ n\
:

h
n

= dh

)(36-3
) (m
:

54

k.m.h
n

= Q = m.q

)(37-3
:
:Q .
:K .
:m ) (.
:h .
:n .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \
).(37-3
:
- .
- .
- .
- )

(.
\\ ) (18-3) (17-3) (16-3\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (earth dam ) (dam with sheet pile \
).(vertical sheet pile

55

) : (16-3

) : (17-3

) : (18-3

56

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(Todd, 2005

):(13-3
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (16-3\\ 7.5\\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ 6.2\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 2.2\\ \\ \\ 72\\
4- 10 6.1 / \ \
.

:
cm
= 0.527 m / day
sec

k = 6.1 10 4

= h

:
h = 6.2 2.2 = 4.0 m
\ \ \ \ \ \ )\ \ \
( = 6 ) (m = 6
= 21 ).(n=21

K.m.h
Dam Length
n
m
0.527
6 4m
day
=
72
21
= 43.2m 3 / day

=Q

3-7-3 (
)(Flow in Relation to Groundwater Contours
1-3-7-3
):(Contour Map of Groundwater
) (impermeable boundary\
\ \
) (water table \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

57

) 32-3 p=0 \ \ \ \
( \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (Contour map\\ \\ \\ \\
) (groundwater basin
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

) (19-3 .

) : (19-3
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (convex contours\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) concave
(contours \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (19-3\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (1 ) (2:

q = w1 .v1 = w 2 .v 2

)(38-3
\\ V :\\ W \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
:

58

W1 .K1i1 = W2 .K 2 i 2

)(3-93
:

K1 W2 .i 2
=
K 2 W1 .i1

)(40-3
K I

\\ ) (i2/i1) (W2/W1\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ ) (19-3\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (W1=W2 ) (40-3 :

k1 i 2
=
k 2 i1

)(41-3

\ \ \ \
) ( \
) ( \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\
\ ) (19-3\ \
) (2 ).(1
2-3-7-3 :
):(Determination of Groundwater flow direction

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
):(20-3
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

59

)(20-3
) (21-3 :
.1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(2
.2 \
.

.3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ )(2
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
-4
.
-5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

60

)(21-3
):(14-3
) (22-3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

)(22-3

61

) (23-3 :
.1 )(1
.2 \ \ ) (1\ ) (2\ \ \ \ \
).(3255m
.3 \ \ \ \ \ \ )(2
\ \ \ \
.
.4 \
.
.5
:

32.55 m 32.41 m
= 0.0012
115.93

=i

)(23-3
4-7-3
):(Groundwater flow Across a Water Table
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (boundary :\ \ \ \ \ \
) (deeb percolation
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (impermeable boundary\ \
.

62

) (Vu\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ ) (Vs\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ )\ (24-3\ \ \ ) (dh\ \ \ \

) bs.tan ( +
) (24-3

) :(24-3
)(42-3

dh
)bs tan( +

Vs = K.i = K

)(dh = bu.tan

)(43-3

b u .tan
)bs tan( +

Vs = K

) ( b u .v u = bs vs:

)(44-3

Vs .tan
)Vu tan( +

Vs = K

) (44-3 :

= tan 1
tan
Vu

63

\ \ \\ \ \\ \ ) ( Vu 0\ \\ \ \\ \ \\
) ( 90 \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) ( Vu = 0\\\
) ( = 90 Vs .
):(15-3
\ \ \\ ) (1.6m/year\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\
) (9.3m/day \ ) .(0.01\
.

:
i = 0.01,
Vu = 1.3m / year = 4.38 103 m / day,
K = 9.3 m / day,and
= 0.573

tan = i = 0.01

):(45-3
K

= tan 1 tan
Vu

9.3m / day

= tan 1
0.01 0.573
4.38 10 m / day

= 86.73
:
= 90 (+ ) = 90 (0.573) = 2.7
5-7-3

):(Groundwater Flow Across a Hydraulic Conductivity Boundary

\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\
K1 .K2
\\ ) (25-3\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
:

64

n1 = n 2
or
1 cos 1 = 2cos 2

)(46-3

dh1
dh
cos 1 = K 2 2 cos 2
dL1
dL 2

K1

1 , 2 1 , 2

)(25-3
\ \ b\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
b .

dL1
dL 2
=
sin 1 sin 2

=b

)(47-3

dL1 .sin 1 = dL 2 .sin 2

) (47-3 ) (46-3 dh1 = dh 2 \ \

:

K1 tan 1
=
K 2 tan 2

65

\ \ \ k1
K2 \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
) (26-3

K2
= 10
K
.( 1
)

)(26-3
):(16-3
) (4.5 m/day\

\ \ \ \ \ ) . (0.052m/day \
\ ) ( 5\ \ \ \
) (27-3 . 2

66

)(27-3
:
k1 tan 1
=
k2 tan 2
0.052 tan 5
=
4.5
tan 2

2 = 82.5
.

67

)(Methods of construction & Design of water Wells
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\

\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ ) (dug wells \ \ ) (bored wells
\\\ ) (driven Wells \\\ \\\ )\\\( \\\ \\\ \\\ )wells
.(Jetted
\\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( \\ ) (Cable tool \\ \\ \\
) (rotary method \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
1-4
-1 Shallow Wells : 50
-1

-2 :
-3 :

Deep Wells

50

Artesian Wells
Natural Springs

-4 ) : ( Infiltration Gallaries

: -:
\ \ ) \ \ ( \
\

:
-1
-2

: .

68

: -:
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
-1 :
\ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
50 -:

69

-2 :
:
( Free flowing ) :
\ \ \ \

( Non Free flowing ) :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
.

70

:










:
-1 .
-2
.
: Artesian Wells - :
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Artesian
well\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
Artois\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\.
:
- :
- :

71

: :
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

.
-1

-2

-3

72

:
- Depression Springs
Water
Table

Gravity Overflow Spring

Gravity Depression Spring

- Gravity Overflow Spring & Contact Springs

.
.
Artesian Springs

.
.

- Fractured Springs
.

73

Thermal Springs

) ) Geyser
.

Thermal Springs

74

: -:

) (

-:

Classification Of Wells

:
-1 : .
-2 : .
-3 :
.
-3 : .

-:
-1 Dug Wells :
-2 Driven Wells :
-3 :

board Wells

-4 :

Drilled Wells

-5 :

Horizontal Wells

75

- 1 ):(Methods of constructing shallow wells

1-1-4 ):(Dug Wells
\\ \\ \\ 20\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
1 10
\ \
\ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (Casing\ \ \ \
) (curb \ \ \ \ )\ (1-5
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 2500\ 7500 / 3\
500 / 3.

.

) : (1-5 )(
.

76

2-1-4 ):(Bored Wells

\ \ \
) (unconsolidated \ \ \ \
.
\ \ )\( \ \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
20 15.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1\ \ \
30.
) (2-5\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(removable plug

) : (2-5
\ \ \ \
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
: 3-1-4 ):(Driven Wells

\ \ \
(3-4 ) (drive point
.

77

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3\ 10\
15 20.
) (suction-type pums
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
3 5
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
100 250/3.

)( \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) well-point
(systems \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
. ) (4-5 \ \ \
.

) : (4-5 ) (well- point system

) (boring ) (driving
3 \ ) (screens\ \
\

.
: 3-1-4 )( ):(Jetted Wells
)( \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
3 10 ) \

78

30( \ 15\ \ \
\\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\
) (unconsolidated
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
) (5-5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \
\ \
.

) : (5-5
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ ) (jetting nozzle\\ \\ \\ \\ ) (6-5\\
\
.

) (6-5

79

2-4 ):(Methods of Constructing Deep Wells

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) \ (Cable tool \ \
\\ ) (rotary method\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
.
1-2-4 ):(Cable Tool Method
\\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( ) (Cable Tool\\ \\ \ \\ \\
) (Percussion ) (7-5 \
) (bailer \
8 60 600 \ \ \ \ \ \
\
) (bailer
\ \ \ \ \ \
\


.
2-2-4 ):(Rotary Method

40 .
\

\ \
\ \\ \ \ \\ \\ \ ) (drilling bit\\ \ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \

.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \


\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ ) (rotoary- percussion method\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ 10\ 15\ \
0.3\ /\ \ \ \
\ \
.

80

\
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ )\( \ \ \
.
\ \ \
) (8-5
\ \ \ \ \
\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\

\ \ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
.
\ \ ) (air rotary method\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
150\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \\
.

) :(8-5

81

: -:

: -:


-:

82

:

) ( :
.

:

:
.

:

:

:

:.

3-4 ):(Well Completion



.

: 1-3-4 ):(Well Casing

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\

83

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\\ ) (welded
) (threaded \
) (Cable Tool Method
) (rotary method \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ ) (Polyviny chloride\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\\
.
2-3-4 ):(Cementing
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
/ \ \ \
)( \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
3-3-4 ):(Screens
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ ) (Cable Tool Method\
\\ \\ \\ ) (Pullback\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
) (rotary method \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
).(1-5
) : (1-5 ) (U.S.Bureau of Reclamation

) / 3(

)(

< 270

270 680

10

680 1900

15

84

) / 3(

)(

1900 -4400

20

4400 7600

25

7600 14000

30

14000 -19000

35

19000 -27000

40

\ \

).(2-5
) (2-5 \ \
:

c..d s Ls p

)(1-5

= s

s Q c \ \ )\ \ 0.5
\\ \\ \\ %50\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
( ds Ls p \ \
) (.
\
.
) : (2-5 )(Walton,1962

) / 3(

)(

< 250

3.7

250

3.4

200

3.0

160

2.7

120

2.4

100

2.1

80

1.8

60

1.5

40

1.2
85

) / 3(

)(

20

0.9

< 20

0.6

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (epoxy \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

\\ )\\ \\ \\( \\ \\ \\ 5\\ \\ \\ \\ \\
%40 %50 . \ \ \ 5
%30 %50 \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
4-3-4 ):(Gravel Packs
\
:
-1
-2
-1

-4
.
\ \ \
) ( .
4-4 ):(Well Development
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
.
\ \
\
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \

86

\ \ \ \ \
) (surge block
.
\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

\ \ \ \
.
5-4 ):(Wather- WELL DESIGN
\ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \
)(9-5
:

.

.

.

.

.


\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ )\ \(
) ( \ \
15 30
%10.

87

) : (9-5
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

.
\ \ \ \ \ \
) " "( \ \ \ \ \ \ 6
/ ) 1.8 /( \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ 6\\ /\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
%100 - %50 .
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
.
\ )\ \( \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \

88

.
\ \ \
.

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\

\ \ \
.
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %30\ %40\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ %70\\ %80\\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
6 -4

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Steady State Flow\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ )\ (1\ \ \
2x Y \ \ \ \ \
:

rw
re

he

r
YY
w

Y2

hw

x1

x2

:1 ) (
Q = A.V
) (1

89

:
)A = 2xY ......(2

:
dy
)....(3
dx

=I

) 2 (3 ) (1 :
dy
).2xY .....(4
dx

Q=k

) (4 :
Y2

x2

2 k
). YdY ...................................................................(5
Q
Y

)...........................................................(6

dx
= x
x

x 1 k
=
Y2 2 Y12
x1
Q

ln

" :"Thiem

k
)Y2 2 Y12 ...............................................................(7
x
ln 2
x1

=Q

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (T1 , T2 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
" :"Dupuit

)........................................(8

).....

hw

(h

k
r
ln e
rw

=Q

\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ ) (re\ \\ ) (he\\
.
) (
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (D\\ \\
\ )\ (2 \ \ \ \
) (x ) (2 Dx \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:

90

)Q = KIA..............................................................................(9
:
dY
.2Dx
dX
)...............................................................(10

Q=k

:
dx 2kD
=
dY
x
Q
)........................................................(11

2k
D dY
Q
Y1

Y2

)...........................................(12

x2

dx
=
x
x1

x
2 kD
= ln 2
) (Y2 Y1
x1
Q
).................................................(13

" :"Thiem

)..........................................(14

2 kD
) (Y Y1
x2 2
ln
x1

=Q

" :"Dupuit

2kD
)(h hw ) .............................................(15
re e
ln
rw

=Q

\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ ) (re\ \\
\ \ \ \ \
re

rw

).(he

he
Y2

YY

x1x
x2
)(

91

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \.
\ \ \
) ( \ \ \ ) (R\
) (dx \ )\ (3\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
) (A:
)A= 2xdx.......................................................................(16
:
)dq= -2xdx.R.......................................................................(17

) dq = 2xdx. R ...............................................................(18
:
)q= - x2R+C.........................................................................(19
rw
re

he

Q+dQ

hw
x
) (
x = 0 q = Q
) (C q = C ) (19 :
)q= - x2R+Q........................................................................(20

92

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (x ) (Y :
dY
)Dx ......................................................................(21

q = 2xkY

) (20 ) (21 :
dY
)Dx ............................................................(22

x 2 R + Q = 2 xkY

dY
: dX
dx
= 2 kYdY
x
)........................................................(23

xRdx + Q

) (23-2 :
h

)....................................(24

hw

re

e
dx

xRdx
+
Q
=

x h 2kY dY
rw
rw
w

he

)..................................(25

re

re
R 2 e
2
2 x + [Q ln x] rw = kY
rw

r
R 2
re rw 2 + Q ln e = k h e 2 h w 2
2
rw
)...............................(26

).........................(27

k 2
R 2

he hw 2 +
re rw 2

re
2k

ln
rw

=Q

:
\ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\
\ \ ) (Zt\ \ \ \ \
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (4 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
)Zt = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 ..(28
+.Zn

93

:
= Zt
= z1+z2+z3+zn 1 2 3 n
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:

Q1

Q2

r
Qi
. ln ei
2kD
)ri .....................................................(29

= Zt = h e h i
i

:
= ri ) (i )(Zt
= rei ) = Qi (I )(i
= hi \ \ \ \ \ \


Qi rei
ln = Ci
k ri
).........................................................(30

= he h 2i
2

:
)h i = h e 2 C i ....................................................................(31

:
)Zi = he - hi ........................................... (32
) (33 hi ) (32 :
Z i = he he Ci
2

)................................................................(33
:

94

) Z t = Z i = ( he he Ci
2

)...............................................(34

) (Muskat :
( )(
-1 )
( ):(B
) 2 kD( h e h w

)............................(35

re 2

ln
rw . B

................

= Q1 = Q 2

-2 ) (B
:
) 2kD(h e h w
)................................................(36
re 3

ln
2
r
.
B
w

= Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3

Q1
B

Q2

Q3
B

-3 ) (B :
:
Q2

Q3

Q1
B

......

)................(37

B
2 kD( he h w ) ln

rw

= Q1 = Q3
r B

B
r
2 ln e ln + ln
ln e
2 rw rw
B rw

).......(38

B
2 kD( h e h w ) ln

2 rw

.................
= Q2

B re
r B
2 ln e ln + ln
ln
B rw
2 rw rw

95

)Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3...........................................(39
1

15 10
\ \ \ 12 \ \
400 20/ \
2 .
.
:
rw=10/5 = 5cm = 0.05m
B=12m
re=400m
k=20m/day
D=15m
:
s=he-hw=2m
) (37 :
) .(he hw

2kD
re 3
ln
r .B 2
w

)2 (20 15 2
= 235.76m 3 / day
3
400

ln
2
0.05 12

= Q1 = Q2 = Q3

= Q1 = Q2 = Q3

) (15-2
:
2kD
) .(he hw
re
ln
rw

=Q

) 2 (20 15 2
= 419.73m 3 / day
400

ln

0.05

=Q

-4 ) (B :
Q2

Q3

Q1
B

Q4

96

) 2 kD( h e h w

).........................................(40

r 4

ln e
3
2 rw B

= Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3 = Q 4

\ \
:
B

Q1

Q2
B

Q3

Q5

Q4

2kD(he hw ) ln B

2 rw

)...(41

2 re B
re B

ln
+ ln

ln
B
2 rw
rw 4 2 rw

4 ln

= Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4

he
(he)2/2D hw
.(hw)2/2D

-6

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ )\\ (5\\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
. \ \ \ ) (Kozeny\ \
:
-1 ) (
:

97

r
h
1 + 7 w .cos s
2h s
2h e

)....................................(42

k h e 2 h w 2
Qp =
r

ln e

rw

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
:
)..............................................(43

Qp 2
hs 0.2
+
. ln

4k hs
2rw he

= he hw

-2

2 kh ( h h )
r
h
s
e
w
1 + 7 w .cos s
Qp =
r
2h s
2D

ln e

rw

)...................................(44

:
Qp 1
r
hs 0.1
+
. ln e
. ln
2k hs
2rw D
2D
).......................................(45

= h2 he hw

:
=Qp
= he
= hs
=h2he \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.he

Qp
2rw
)(
he

Qp
2rw
)2he(

2he

hs

h2he

hD
s

hw

:5 )( )(

98

-7
) (6 \ \ \ \ \
hs \ \ \ \
) (Qs :
)............................................................(46

) Q s = 2k. rw ( h e h w

:
) 2kD( h e h w
r
ln e
rw
)..............................................................(47

=Q

:
re
rw

rw ln
D

)..............................................(48
) (48 :

) Q s 2 krw ( h e h w
=
=
) 2 kD( h e h w
Q
r
ln e
rw

).................................................................(49

Q s rw re
=
.ln
Q
D rw

2rw
Q

hw

:6

99

:2
\\ \\ \\ ) (rw\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 10\\ \\ \\ \\
) (re 100 ) (D 20
.
) (49 :
Qs rw
1
=
. ln 1000
Q D
30

\ \ \ \ \ \
30 \ \ \ \ \
.


\ \

\\ \\ \\ \\ ) ( y\\ \\ \ \\ ) ( x\\ \\ \\ \\

100

: \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
: \ \ \ \ \ \
.
: .
: .
: \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
:
.

101

) Hydraulics of
( artisian Well

) : ( Q
) : ( k
) : ( H\\ \\ \\ \\
) (
) : ( h\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\

) : ( R
) : ( r
) : ( m\\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\

102

): (3
\\ \\ \\ 60\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 8.00/3/2\\ .\\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
4 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 24\ \ \ \
200 .

)(4
1800/3\ \ \ \ \
: \ \ \ \ \ \ = 50\ ,\
= 40 . \ \ \ = 200\ .\ \
= 12 . = 40 .

103

:



.

.

) < 50(.




.
:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

\
\
:







\\\ \\\ \\\ )\\\(

104

\\\ Size\\\ \\\ Slot
\
.
:
. : \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \
\ \ \
:
-

\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

.
.

.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \.
\ \ \ \ \ \
.10
.
) (
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
. \ \ \
. . \ \
:
) 80 ( .
Q=A .Vf
:

=Q 25
=Vf 0.03/
k \ k
5/ 100/

105

:
Vf=65 k1/3
=A\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 20\\

A=0.2 DL
:
=L
=D
=k
-:
. \ \
.
. \ \ \ \ \ \
.20
.

) (casing :
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
:
\ 7.5\ \ 5\ \
. .
. \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
) ( Protection Of Wells From Contamination
-:
50 2 2 50 5 \ \
-: \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) \\ \\ \\ (
)( 15 . )( 30 . )( 50 .

106

. \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .
-

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .
- .

( Wells Disinfection ) :
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) \\ \\ \\ \\ ( \\ \\

) ( % 25 -:
\\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \
:
.

107

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

.
\ \ \

\
.

\ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
% 25\ 20\ \ \ \ \ 400\ \ .
10 15 . \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \

\ \ \ \ \
.
. \ \ \\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\

.
-:
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

. :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

:

.
-: -1 ) PH ( 7 .
-2 \ \ \ 1000\ \
.

108

-3 \ \ \ 300
.
-4 .
-5 .
-:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) ( water softening\
\ \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \\
.
-:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
.
\ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \ 80\ \
. :
-1
\
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

24.
-2

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
: \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) \\ \\ \\ \\\\\ \\\ ( \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \.
.
: \ \ \ \ \\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

109

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\
. \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
-3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
. .
:
\ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \\ .\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ )\ \\(

\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
-1 : \ \
.
-2 :
-3 : \ \
+ .
-444 444 444 :\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
.
-5 : \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
-6 ) :(H \ \ \ \
.

) (

110

:
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
. -:
-1 :
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .\ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
.

111

:
:
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ .
. \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ .
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
. :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
0 \ \
:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \-\ \ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ .
\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\.
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
. 70
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (H .

112

50

0.8

)(%

)(

60

60

40
0.6
0.4
0.2

1.0

70

40

30

30

20

20

10
0

10

100 120 140 160 180 200 220

0.0

50

1.2

70

)(

1.4

80

80

1.6

90
90

80

60

40

20

)/(

:
\ \ \ \
:
-1

-6

-2

-7

-3

-8

-4

-9 ) (

-5

\ \
./ ./ \ \ \
\ \
76 . :
) :(WHP \
:
QH

)............................................................(53

..

76

= WHP

:
=WHP
= 1

H
Q

=
= /

\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ ) (BHP\
\ \ \ \ \ \
.

113

= )(E
) (53 :
QH

= BHP

.........................................
)........(54
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
76 E

:
= )(
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ ) (D\ ) (L\ \ \ \ \ \
) ( f \ \ \ \ \ \
:
L v2

)................................................................(55
D 2g

hf = f

=hf
= V ) 1.5 2.5/ (
= g ) 9.81/ (2
.

\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
:
)................(56

........................................

NQ 0.5

(gH )0.75

n s = 284

=ns

=N

=Q /3

=H

=gEE EE EE EE9.81
/2

114

=284

:

\ \ \ \

-\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\

- \ \ \ \ \ \ )
( .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .

H2

H1

Q2

)(5
:
-1 7/ ) 0.007/3(
-2 80
-3 \ \ \ \ \ 5\ \ \ \ )\ \
5 = hs(
-4 20 \ )\ \
20 = hd(
-5 2.5 = ds ) 63.5(
-6 3 = dd )76.2(
-7 = 10
-8 = 100
-9 0.038 = f
:

\ \ \)= (H\ \ \ +\ \ \+
+
= 5

116

= 20
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
:
=vs
0.007
Q
=
A
(0.0762)2
4
= 1.54m

=v

vs 1.54/
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
L v2
hf = f
D 2g
10
)(1.54

0.0762 2 9.81 = 0.6 m

2

h f s = 0.038

0.6 = hfs
:
0.007
Q
=
= 2.21m / sec
2
A
)(0.0635
4

=v

2.21/
:

100
(2.1) = 15 m

0.0635 2 9.81
2

h f d = 0.038

15 = hfd
:

v
(2.21) = 0.25 m
=
2 g 2 9.81
2

= hv

20+ 5 + 0.25 + 15 +0.6 = H

= 40.85

15 :
47 = 1.15 40.85

117

:
7 47
= 5 .4
0.8 76

= BHP

6
hd = 20m
L=100m

hs =5m

-2 ( Deep well turbine pump ) :

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 30\ \ \ \
.
:
\ \ \
\ \ \ \
.
:
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
-3 :
. \
\\\. \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
. 250 .
\ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \

118

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .\ \
-:

-4 :
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \. \ \
. \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

119

:


:


.

.


1.35 0.8/ ) D( ) Q/3( :
)D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q .............................................................(57

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\
:
)(

50

75

100

125

150

)/3(

60-30

100-60

140-100

180-140

220-180

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
:-
-1\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\
-2\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\,
-3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

Net positive suction head NPSH

120

NPSHA =NPSHR

NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head Available

NPSHR = Net Positive Suction Head Required
NPSH
:
\ \ \ \ \ \ 25\
. \ \ \ \ \
10 5
-:
.

:
) (
) ( water softening
.
) (
.
) (
.



.

121

.
) (
.

.

.
:
:

.
:


.
.
) (



.


.
:
) (

122

.
) (
.





.
:
-1
-2
-3



.

.






.

123

) 10 5 .
-
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ )\ ( \ \
) ( \ \
\ .\ \ \
\ \ \ \

.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \


\ \ \ \ \
.

-:
-1 154 4 1004 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
444 444 444 444 10444 444 444 444 444 444 444 8
/ 250 .:
:
: 4 4 4
.
:
D = 15 m
rw = 0.5
he - hw = 10 m K = 8m/day re = 250 m
-

) (

) ( thiem
1213.8 m3 / day

) Q = 2.73 K D ( he -hw
) log 10 ( re / rw
=

) ( 2.73 * 8 ) ( 15 ) (10

) log10 ( 250 / 0.5

124

Qs rw re
= . ln
Q D rw

=
= 0.207 = 3.11/15

= Qs
123.8 0.207 = 251.50 m3 / day
) (

-2 60 4 4 4
6/
.:
- .
- .
- 4 4
- .
.

27 m

25

28

20 m
10 m
100
150

:
y2= 28 m

y1=27 m

D = 10 m

x2= 150 m
K = 6 m/ day

X1=100 m
rw = 0.3 m
he=30 m

thiem

-
) 2.73 K D ( y2-y1
) log 10 ( x 2 / x1

= Q

125

) 2.73 ( 6 ) ( 10 ) (1

) log 10 ( 150 / 100

= 930.2 m3/day
-
= Q
) 2.73 K D ( he-y1
) log 10 ( re / x1
930 .2 = 2.73 * 6 * 3 * 10

) log (re / 100

re = 337.5 m
re / 100 = 3.375
- )

( hw = 2/3 he

hw = 20 m
) Qmax = 2.73 K D (he-hw

) log 10 ( re / rw
) 2.73 ( 6 ) ( 10 ) ( 30 20
=

= 536.84
) log 10 ( 337.52 / 0.3

m3/day
-

) ln ( 337.5 / 0.3
10
m3/day

Qs rw re
= . ln
Q
D rw

0.3

= Qs

930.2

Qs = 196.06

126

-1 80 \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ 10/\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ .\\ \\ \\
\ \
250.
:
- .
- ..

20

30

15 m
-2 70 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
20/ \
.:
- .
- .
-\ \ \ \ \ \
- \.
.

19

17 35 m
28 m
12 m

50
-3\\\ \\\ \\\ 30\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ 15 \\\ \\\
9/ 12 )
\\ \\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 35 \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 30 \ \
200 . :
. .
. .
. 2he .
. .

127

-4 80 \ \ \ \ \
500/2 \ \ \
\ \
200 .
:
- .
. 2he .
. .

15

40 30 m
50 m

-5\\ \\ \\ 60\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 400

/2 . \ \ 25 \ \ 20 \ \ \
\ 80 \ \ \ \ \ 35
. \ \ \ \ \ \
45 . 300.
:
. .
. 2he .
. .
. .
-6 50 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 50 \ \
20 \ \ \ \ \ 90/3\
40 \ \ \
25 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 250 \ \
:
- .
- .
- .
- \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 10\/

) 90/3( .

128

-7 20
40\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ 50
350 \ \ \ \ 12/\ \ \
3 :
. .
. .
-8 100\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
400/2 \ \
. .
:
- 150.
- 150 .
- 150 .

25 45
50 m

400
-10 80\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
300/2 \ \
. \ \ . \ \ \ \ \ \ \
100
:
- .
- .

20 35 m
30 m

250

129

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
2 \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \

) :(1-6

) (SI )

130

1000/1 0.001\\ \\ \\ 1000/1\\ \\ \\ \\ 1\\ /\\

1 (3 \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (PPm\\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ 1\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ 1\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
999.999 1 .
\
\ \
".
1-5 ):(Pollution of Groundwater
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
" ".

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\

\ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (toxicity\\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \

.
\ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

).(2-6

131

) :(2-6

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \
\ \ \ \
)\\( \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\
.
\ \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \


\ \ \ \ \
:
/ .
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
.

132

2-5 ):(Supply- Well problems

\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
1-2-6 )(Decline Well Yield
:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
)\
( \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ ) (Screened Wells\ \ \ \ \
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) open-hole
(fractured- rock wells\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ )\( \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \\ \ \ )\\ \ \ \\( \ \ \\ \ \\
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \

)( .

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

133

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
-1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
-2 \ \ \ \
.
-3 .
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
.

2-2-5 )(Deterioration in eater Quality

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\ \\ \\\
) (biological quality\\\ \\\ ) (chermical quality\\\ \\\
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ ) (inorganic\ \ \
3\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

.
)(
"\"
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
20 ) 6( .
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) (3-6\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (NaCI\ ) (NO3\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
.

134

) : (3-5
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

) (septic tanks ) (feedlots
).(3-6
\ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \


.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

.

135

\ \ \ \ \ "\"
\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (
.
3-5 ):(Protection of supply Wells

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) ( \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \

:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \
).(4-6

136

\ \ \ 100\ )30
( 50 ) 15(
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 20\ ) 6\( \
20 )6
\\( \\ \\ \\ ) (4-6\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

) :(4-6

\ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ ) \ \ \( \ \
4 ) 10( \ 3\ ) 1\( \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ 6\ ) 15\( \
\ ) (4-6\ \ \ \ \ \
1 ) 2.5( )(

137

) (Watertight \ \ \ \
.

\
)( \ \ \
\
\ \ \
) (impermeable .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

.

138

)(Methods of Groundwater Investigation
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \
) (
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
)( ) Logging Geophysical
(Well \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\

\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
.
1-6 ):(Geologic Methods
\


.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (subdurface investigation\ \
\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

139

\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
) (boundaries .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \

.
2-6 ):(Maps
1-2-6 ):(Topographic Maps
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \
.
2-2-6 ):(Geplpgic Maps
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \
.
3-2-6 ):(Geohydrochemical Maps

)(1-7
) (1-6 ) (2003

Ca++
++

Cg

Na+

)(Na + + K

140

CHO3
Co3

SO4

SO4

Ca++
++

Cg

Na+

)(Na + + K
Ca++
Cg++
Na+

)(Na + + K

4-2-6 :
)(Aerial photographs and Remote Sensing

) (Aerial Photographs ) Remote

(Sensing\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\
) (Satellites 35 .
\ \ \ \ \
\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\
).(moraines
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ ) (Linear Features\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
.

141

3-6
): (Surface Geophysical Exploration
\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \\ )\ \\ \ \ \\ \ ( \\ \ \\
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
.
.
.
\ \ \ \ \
.
.

.
:
1-3-6 ):(Electrical Resistivity Method
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
)( \ \ \ \ \
\ R\ \ A
L :

R.A
L

)(1-6

\ \ / 2 \ ) (ohm-m\

\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ 102\ 108
4

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 10\\ 10 \\ \\ \\ \\

142

\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
) (formations relatively porous\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ ) (unconsolidated\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\
). (Permeable alluvial aquifers
).(2-7
) (2-6 ) (1998
) (

) (

150 -10

600 -150

5000 600

30000 5000

1000-400

5000-1000

50000 -5000

80000 - 1000

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ \
)(.
\ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ ) (1-6\ \ \ \
) (Current electrodes
\ \ \ \ \ \
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) Potential
(electrodes \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (C\
) (P .

143

)(1-6
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \

.
\ ) (electrodes\ \ \ \ ) (metal stakes\ \ .
\ \ )(Wenner
) (Schlumberger \ \
.
- ):(Wenner Method
) (1-6 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ).(L
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
:

V
)(2-6
I
a L v
a = 2.L.

I .

144

) (1-7 )(Wenner
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

C C P = P P =C P = L

1 2
1 1
1 2 2 \ C2 \ \ \
C2 C1 ) P2 P1 (Current electodes
(V) (Potential\\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\ )\\\\\
)electrodes
(A) (Voltameter ) .(Ammeter

- ):(Schlumberger
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(2-7

) (2-6 )(Schlumberger

145

)(2-6

(L / 2) 2 (a / 2) 2 V
a = .
a
I

a. L .
\ \ \
\ ) (electrodes\ \ \

.

\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \

.
\ \ \ \ \

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
2-3-7 ):(Seismic Methods
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \
)\ \ 5\
15( \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 30\\ 50\\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ 100
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\\ \\\ \\\ ) (Geophones\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\ \ \ \
\\\\\ \\\\\ "\\\\\" " "Seismograph \\\\\ \\\\\

146

\ \ \ \ \ \
) (2-6 )(3-6

) :(3-6
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
) (3-6

147

) : (3-6 )
(1998

610-305

915-457

1830-610

2740-915

1680-1430

1520-1460

3960-1830

6100-2130

5180-4270

5790-4570

7010-3050

3-3-7 ):(Gravity and Magnetic Methods

. \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (subsurface\ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ ) (Gravimeter\ \ \
).(Airborne
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\\

\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

148

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

) : (3 )(Gravimeter
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
)\( \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

149

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
Magnetometer
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\


\
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
4-6 ):(Subsurface Investigations
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ ) (Subsurface Investigations\\\\ \\\\
) (
) (
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
1-4-6 ):(Test Drilling Methods
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
\ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
:
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ) (Hand tool
) (jetting rig\\\ \\\ ) (Gable tool\\\ \\\
\\\ \\\
) (Rotary rig\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \\
\ \ \
.
2-4-6 ):(Logs
\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
) (Casing\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) (Screen\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ "\\" ) (Logs\\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \

150

) (deillers\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ )\\( \\ \\ \\ \\
.
-1 )(Drillrt's log
\ \ ) (Drillers\ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\
\\ \\ \\ ) (Rig\\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\
.
-2 ):(Geologic Log
) (microscope \ \ \
) (geologic log \ \ ) (Driller's log \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.
-3 ):(Geophysical log
\ \ \ \ \
:
- ):(Electrical log
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ ) (borehole\\\ \\\ \\\
\
\ \ \ \
\ \ ) (borechole\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
) (Spontanous Potential, sp
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (sp \ \ \ \ \ \
) (SP
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(4-7
\\ \\ \\ ) (apparent resistivity\\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
) (single- point electode\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \

151

\ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
).(4 -7
- ):(Gamma Ray Logs
\ \ \ \ \ \
) (gamma-ray logs .
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
).(hydraulic rotary method
\ \ \ \ \
\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \ \\ \\ \\
\ \
\ \ \ \

.

)(4-7

152

)(saline Water Intrusion in Aquifers
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ \\
\ \ \
.
1-7 ):(Occurrence of saline Water intrusion
\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
:
.
.
\ \ \
.
.
.
.

\ \ \ \
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\ \ \\
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

153

2-8 :
)(Ghyben-Herzberg Relation Between Fresh and saline Waters
\ \ \ \ \
\\ \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ) ( s\\ \\ \\ \\
) ( f \ \ )\ \( \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
.
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ -\\ )Ghybe-
(Herzberg 40
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ -\\
).(Ghybe-Herzberg
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
U ).(1-8
.
)(1-7

)s .g.z = .g(z + h

\ s\ \\ \ f \ \\ \ g \ \\ h f z\ \\
\\\ \\\ \\\ ) (1-8\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ Z\\\ \\\ \\\
.

)(2-7

f
h f = G.h f
s f

=Z

154

f
s f
s 1.25 / f 3 1.00 /
=G

3 ) (G= 40 :

Z = 40 h f

)(3-8

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ U\ \ \ \ \ \
) (2-8 hf \ \ \ z \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ -\ \ \ \ \ \ \
.
)\ \ \ \( \ \ \ \
).(2-8

)(2-8


\ \ \ \ )(1

155

(2)
.
- ) (Lusczynski
\ \ \ \ \
:

f
f
hf
s f
s f

)(4-8

=z

h f \ \ \ \ \ f\ \ \ Z

h f f

Z \ ) (3-8\ \ h s = 0\ \ \ \ \
) (4-8 ).(3-8

)(3-7
):(1-7
500 \ \ \
43 .

:
f 1.25 / f 3 1.00/

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 3\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z = 40 h f\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z=??????m\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

156

z 43
=
= 1.075
40 40

= hf

1.075\ \ \

.
3-8 :
)(Shape of Fresh Water Interface
\ \ \ \ -\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (q=m3/sec :

2q..G
K

)(5-8

=Z

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
).(2-8
- ) (Glover
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
:
2

)(6-8

2q..G G.q
=Z
+

K
K

x z ) K (4-8 \ \
q \ \ \
:

)(4-7

157

) :(1-7 )(2-7
Hf

Hf

)(

) -(

)(

) -(

)(7-8

)(3-8

)(6-8

)(5-8

0.33

0.33

14.00

13.28

20

0.46

0.47

19.30

18.79

40

0.57

0.58

23.43

23.01

60

0.66

0.66

26.93

26.57

800

0.73

0.74

30.03

29.70

100

1.04

1.05

42.24

42.01

200

1.27

1.29

51.64

51.45

300

1.47

1.491.49

59.57

59.41

400

1.64

1.661.66

66.57

66.42

500

1.80

1.821.82

72.89

72.76

600

1.94

1.96

78.71

78.59

700

2.07

2.10

84.13

84.02

800

2.20

2.23

89.22

89.11

900

2.32

2.35

94.04

93.93

1000

)(6-7

158

\ \ \ \ \ ) (Water table profile\ \

z
-\ \ \ \ 40

= hf

\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
20 \ \ \
.
):(3-7
80 \ 27.5
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
11.8 / \ \ \ \
) ( .

:
:
2q..G
K
)2q.(80m)(40
)(11.8m / day

=Z

= 27.5

q = 1.394m 3 / day / m

:
2

2q..G G.q
=z
+

K
k

2
2q.(80m)(40)
40q
+
(11.8m / day) 11.8m / day

= 27.5

(11.491)q 2 + (542.373)q 756.25 = 0

q = 1.394m3 / day / m

.
):(4-7
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
1.6/2\ / \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ 8.6 /\ \\
57 \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

159

2q..G G.q
=Z
+

K
K

2 (1.6m3 / day / m ) ()(40) ( 40 ) .(1.6m 3 / day / m )

= 57
+

)(8.6m / day
8.6m / day

Z
) G.q ( 40 )(1.6m3 / day / m
=
= 7.66m
K
) (8.6m / day

= Z

4-7
)(Contorl of Saline Water Intrusion
\
\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \\
.
) (2-8
\
%2 \ \ \ \

.
) :(2-8 ) Todd,
:(2005

160

)(upconing

-1 )(Modification of pumping pattern

\ \ \ \ )\ \( \
\ \ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \ \
.
-2 ):(artificial Recharge
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (surface spreading \ \ \ \
) (recharge Wells \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
.

-3 ):(Extration Barrier Method

\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
) (8-8 \ \ \ \ \

161

) (brackish
.

) : (8-8

-4 ):(Injection Barrier Method

)(
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
) (9-8
\ \ \
.

) : (9-7 )(
.

162

) ( subsurface Impermeable Barrier

) .10-7
) ( Sheet Piles ) clay Puddle
( ) ( Emulsified Asphalt .
\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\
.

163