Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 1

Sensitivity to climate in continental basins: a continuum of processes and facies from lakedominated to aeolian-dominated basins.

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 2

HUMID
Fluvial

Lacustrine

Aeolian

ARID

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 3

Lacustrine environments

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 4

Lacustrine

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 5

Lacustrine environments

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 6

Lacustrine environments
Clastic lakes have coarser deposits in shallower water and finer deposits in the deeper lake

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 7

Lacustrine environments
Lake delta and shoreline deposits

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 8

Lacustrine environments
Thermal stratification in a freshwater lake

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 9

A sedimentary log of clastic freshwater lake deposits Shallow lake deposits. Beach and/or lake delta sands

10s metres

Shallow lake deposits. Muds and wave-rippled sands

Deeper lake deposits. Laminated dark shales and thin turbiditic sands and silts.

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 10

Aeolian

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 11

Depositional environments in arid regions

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 12

Graphic sedimentary log of arid-zone environments

Aeolian sand dunes. Wellsorted cross-bedded sands

10s metres

Alluvial fan deposits. Matrixsupported conglomerates deposited by debris flows

Ephemeral lake deposits. Thinly bedded couplets of mudstone and evaporite

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 13

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian ripples form by sand grains saltating

Laminae show slight inverse grading May show crinkly lamination in a wet desert

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 14

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian ripples form by sand grains saltating

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 15

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian dunes form by grain fall and grain flow processes

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 16

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian dunes form by grain fall and grain flow processes

Cross-bed laminae show slight inverse grading Sands are well sorted, well-rounded, and typically < 1 mm diameter

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 17

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian dunes form by grain fall and grain flow processes

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 18

Characteristics of aeolian environments Aeolian dunes form by grain fall and grain flow processes

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 19

Rivers show a spectrum of forms that include braided and meandering character Fluvial

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 20

Meandering rivers: modern planform and sediment body form

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 21

Braided rivers: modern planform and sediment body form

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 22

HUMID
Fluvial

Lacustrine

Aeolian

ARID

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 23

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

lake dominant

River

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 24

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

lake dominant

River Shallow lake

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 25

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

lake dominant

River Shallow lake

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 26

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

increasing river influence

River Shallow lake

Lake delta

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 27

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

increasing river influence

River Shallow lake

Lake delta

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 28

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

increasing river influence

Shallow lake

Lake delta

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 29

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

increasing river influence

Shallow lake, shoreline retreating

Lake delta, floodplain expanding

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 30

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

river becoming dominant

Shallow lake, shoreline retreating

Lake delta, floodplain expanding

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 31

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

river becoming dominant

Shallow lake, shoreline retreating

Lake delta, floodplain expanding

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 32

Climate-controlled depositional model

humid

river becoming dominant

Shallow lake, shoreline retreating

Lake delta, floodplain expanding

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 33

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Lake becomes ephemeral

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 34

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Lake becomes ephemeral

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 35

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Lake becomes ephemeral Ephemeral lake delta

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 36

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Ephemeral lake delta

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 37

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Ephemeral lake delta.Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 38

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river becoming dominant

Ephemeral lake delta.Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 39

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river dominant

Ephemeral lake delta.Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 40

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river dominant

Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 41

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river dominant

Floodplain periodically wet

Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 42

Climate-controlled depositional model

semi-arid

river dominant

Floodplain periodically wet

Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 43

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Floodplain periodically wet

Aeolian reworking

Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 44

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Floodplain periodically wet

Aeolian reworking

Distributive Fluvial System

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 45

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Aeolian reworking

Distributive Fluvial System retreats

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 46

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Aeolian dune fields

Distributive Fluvial System retreats

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 47

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Aeolian dune fields

Distributive Fluvial System retreats becomes ephemeral

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 48

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Aeolian dune fields expand

Distributive Fluvial System retreats, becomes ephemeral

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 49

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence increasing

Aeolian dune fields expand

Distributive Fluvial System retreats, becomes ephemeral

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 50

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence dominant

Aeolian dune fields dominant

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 51

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence dominant

Aeolian dune fields dominant

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 52

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence dominant

Aeolian dune fields dominant

Minor fluvial activity

Gary Nichols Climate 1 - 53

Climate-controlled depositional model

arid

aeolian influence dominant

Aeolian dune fields dominant

Minor fluvial activity