,

:

Hugh Young
,

,

=

,

.


.


.

.

.

=cos

E = EA

=cos

E = E A
1 m2/C
(
)
.

dA

E = EcosdA = E dA = E dA

 (..
)

sec. dV/dt.


.

dV
= A
dt




(
)
,

dV
= dA
dt

, ,

dV
= dAcos
dt

dA

r
n

dA = n dA
,

0,10 m
n 300
2,0x103 N/C
) ;
)
;
)
;

) =cos=(2,0x103 N/C)(0.0314 m2)(cos)=54

Nm2/C
0

=
90
cos = 0 E = 0
)

) =cos=(2,0x103 N/C)(0.0314 m2)(cos0)=63 Nm2/C


3,0 C
0,2 m
.
.

r :
6
1 q
9
2
2 3,0 10 C
5
E=
=
(9,0

10
Nm
/C
)
=
6,75

10
N/C
2
2
4 0 r
(0,2m)

.

E = E

 E = E dA = E dA = EA = E 4r 2 = (6,75 105 N/C) 4 (0,2m) 2

= 3,4 105 Nm 2 /C

1 q
q
2
E = EA =
4r =
2
4 0 r
0

 GAUSS




1 q

q
E = E A =
4r =
2
4 0 r
0
2

,
Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss

: 30 , 1777
Brunswick ()
: 23 1855
Gttingen, Hanover
()


GAUSS
R
2R, Coulomb

.
()
().

.


dA.
4dA.
.


.
dA
,
.

r r
E dA = E dA = E cos dA

cos dA

l x d=dA

lcos
lcos x d=l x dcos=dAcos

dA ()
( )
dAcos
dA
EdAcos


,
EdAcos




,
q/0

E =

q
E dA =
0

.
, cos
900,
.

E =

E dA = 0

 GAUSS

Qencl q1 + q2 + q3 +........
=
E = E dA =
0
0

Qencl=0 =0
GAUSS
COULOMB.


.
A,B,C D

 C:

E = 0

E 0

E 0

D:

E = 0



(= )

.




Gauss


,
.
E

.

r R
()
r .
Gauss

q
E dA = 4r E =
0
2

1 q
E=
4 0 r 2

 ,
r=R,
1 q
E=
4 0 R 2

=0

Coulomb
Gauss. .


( )

.
()
.

.


.


r, l
( ) .

Qencl=l



.
dA
,

2rl

l
(E)(2rl) =
0

E=

2 0 r

.
.
,
()





.



,

(
).






,
E =

=2,

2EA =

E=
2 0

A
0

E=
2 0

,
.





,

.




,

.



(..

a c), E =
2

0






( a c)

,



( )

, ,
,
,

,

:

E=
0

R. Q
,
r .

r
R

Q
4 3
R
3

V=4/3r3.
Q encl

4 3
r3
= V =
r = Q 3
4 33
R
R
3
Q

,

E = E A = EA =

Q encl

Qr 3
E 4r =

3
0R
2

E=

Qr
40 R 3

QR
Q
E=
=
3
40 R
40 R 2

(
)

.

( Gauss).

,
. ,
0.


,
7nC.
-5nC, .
, .


+5 nC Gauss .
7 nC,
+2 nC (5 nC + 2 nC = 7 nC)

 FARADAY

MICHAEL FARADAY
: 22 ,
1777 Newington, Surrey
()
: 25
1867

 VAN DE GRAAFF




( )

Gauss

 VAN DE GRAAFF

Gauss.

 FARADAY

,

.
Gauss

 -
FARADAY
Faraday

,

,
...
X



(
)

,
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Faraday_cage.gif#filehistory



Q.
Q.
;

-Q

-Q

Q =
Q =

-Q

-Q

Q = Q = Q + Q
Gauss
(
):



( )

Q = +Q

Q = 2Q



+Q .
.

-Q

-Q

. +Q

Q encl Q Q + Q Q
E =
=
=
0
0
0


2 m.
2C
. -1C.
5 m 1
m. ,
.

-1 C

2m
2 C

) E 4r 2 =
-1 C

Q encl

Q encl

E=
2
4r 0
2m

6
2 1
2
2 10 C
E = (9,0 10 ) 2 Nm /C

2
5
m
9

2 C

E = 0,36X103 N / C

) E 4r 2 = Q encl
0

Q encl
E=

2
4r 0
2
E = (9,0 10 ) 2
1
9

E = 18X103 N / C

2
2 10 C

Nm /C
2
m

-2 C.
-1 C
+1 C
( )

1 C .
-2 C

.

 23-7

0,180 m
1300 N/C ;

23-2
+ x
=6x103 N/C.
)
, 0,8 m
370 ;
B)
;

 23-10
q .

b c.

)
r
r<a
a<r<b
b<r<c
r>c
)
r r= r=2c

 23-13

1

2 .
1=3,5x104 N/C 2=5x104 N/C.

.
;
(:
)

E = EcosdA = E dA = E dA
9 Gauss
Coulomb.
9 Gauss

.
9
.