^^^^le

^^v^w 1^^

.-mt'
m..-';i

'-^Ph$t:^,

..:-^

Jtljata, SJem

^ork

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE

SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND

THE GIFT OF

HENRY W. SAGE
1891

La^Si'-

DATE DUE

MAR2 61951
FEB.

1
]:i^^>

ie?*-4S6e--

Cornell University Library

PJ 6813.H35 1915
Arabic sef-taught (Syrian) with Englisli

3 1924 026 888 945

Cornell University Library

The
tine

original of

tliis

book

is in

Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in
text.

the United States on the use of the

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026888945

tLBOHOUQH'8

SELF-TAUGHT

series.

ARABIC

Co w

^'
For

SELF-TAUGliT.
(SYRIAN.)

TRAVELLERS
MISSIONARIBS

TRADERS
ftc, &e.

AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Vocabularies
Outline of
JExercises
. .

Grammar on the Grammar

.

WITH PHONETIC
PRONUNCIATION.

Conversational Phrases and

Sentences
Travel Talk

.... ....
By

Money, Weights

& Measures

VYTyYrYyYYYTYYyYYYyYYTYyYTYTTYYYYTYyYTYYYYYyYYYYYyyyTYT
A.

HAS SAM.
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY

<

FIFTH EDITION,

REV.

N,

ODEH.

.ONDON:
I.

MARLBOROUQJl.&_a.

INTf MO AT (T*.

HMl

COMPANION VOLUMES: ^^^^^ilBMUllli^ 1^pi

I

Egyptian (Arabic)
BeiriBea

by C. A. Mabbiqxt, D.S.O. Cdntatnlng AI Fhonetid PTonnnciatioD, Vocabnlarivs, Elemental; Grammar, IdtcAtfatlo 1 ConTeraations, Travel Talk, Table-i of Money, Weights and Measnres. tratiou of the Egyptian Coinage.
Self-Taught,
and enlarged by Majob
S.

THIMM.

Fonrth

Sditloii.

Cronn

" We liaTe pleaanze In recomiuending;

Bto., bine wrapper, Si. 6d.; red cloth, 3t. this book." ?firt/}>Kan 0az<tt.

Turkish Self-'f iraght. by C. A. THIIVliil. Bevised and Be^edlted by TBI In XnrklBh and Boman Characters. HioopuN and Fofebbob A. QEOBBinB, B.A. The Dragoman for traTei
Cctntains Yocabnlaries, ^lementary EngliBh Phonetic Pronunciation. Idltimatlo FhraseB and CO^Tersations, Tables of Money with illasferatlon and Tnrldsh Dictionary. Measnres, English Weights and Coinage, Fonrth Bditian. Crown 8X0., bine wrapper, 2s. 6d. ; red cloth: 3s. "Will do as mnoh as any saU-teachlng can io."Army arid Navy Gaze

OR.B:e:K

(JM[odex>iii)

Oreek (Modern) Self-Taught, by Nicolaos ANASTASSIOU. In. Greek and Boman Characters. With Phonetic Fronnneiatlon.

Yooabnlaries, Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues, lillem^ntaTy 'GrammaTi' C Trading, Axchteological and Beligioas Terms, Travel Talk, Photography, Ai Tables of Money with English and American Yalaes, andiUnstratian ot'^Qree

Welsbti and Mnsnres. Third Edition. Crown Iro., bine wrapper, 28. Gd. ; red oloth, Ss. "The book is sound and may be thoronghly recommended to the ordlni ta Oteece." The Oxford Magiume,
.'

PERSIJLN^.
Persian Self-Tanght, by HASAN. With English FhoneUoPronnnciatton. Containing the Persian Alphabet, uoa and Pronnnttlation, Ontllne of Grammar with Persian Characters Yoeabnlarles and OonTersatlbns, TravU Talk, Trade and Commerce, Posi

SHEYKH

Carespondanca, Illnstratlon of the Persian Coinage, Ferstam Handii Nnmerals, Money (with English and American valnes). Weights and Me

"A mast welcome addition to the'Serles.' Those who desire to acqnlre: aaa practloal knowledge ... to all snoh we gladly recommend this book."
'J

.CMwn l*,-blna wnppar, 3b. td

red oloth.

Si.

Mariborough'a TRAVELLERS' PRACTICAL

MKSVA

CONVERSATION
.
.

ijKUBjman abiuitobd AiiPHABBnaiijiTO Containing Txaral Notes, Casaifled ConversationsBaUway, Btaamer. Hot Onatoms, Shopping. Sight-seeing, Motoring, Cycling, *o.. Honey. MmMMXtt. Comprehensive Dictionary of Words in Dally Use. Ma. X. EISLISH, FUHOR, OERaAH and ITALIAH. [In on* book.)

a. a. BmUBH. FUHCH, eSKMAH and DUTCH,

GPOWfi IQmn.

wmnnAK

(in oim book.)

Qb
.

la

Srt

Anf)i

lAt-h

oaI*

Piastre

Bronze CoiN^'

loPfastres

Nickel Coin

TURKISH COINS CURRENT

(Arabic Sclf-Taueht.
I'.O.
..

IN C7 ^

SYRIA.

645a.

Marlborough's Self-Tanght Series.

Rrablc Self-Taught.
(Syrian.)
With

English

Phonetic Pronunciation.
By

A. Hassam.
Enlarged and revised by

The Rev. N. Odeh,

iMe
Chaplain to ihe Rt. Rev. G. F. P. BIyth, D.D., Bishop
in Jerusalem.

Fifth Bditioa.

E. Maelboeotjgh

&

Co., 51

Old Bailey,

LoNiDp^r, El^.

1915.

PEEFACE.
rrHE
J-

present enlarged edition of Arabic

8 elf-Taught

is

to all

and purposes a new work. It lias practically been re-written throughout and much entirely new matter has been
intents

added, whilst those portions of the original English text that have been retained have undergone thorough revision with a view to adapting them to modem requirements.

The Vocabularies and Conversations have been

missionaries, business

carefully

selected for practical use in the daily life of tourists, travellers,

the natives of Syria.

(colloquial)

men, and all who come into contact with The work forms an easy guide to spoken Arabic, and gives the student a practical and
of transliteration here employed, carefully devised

valuable introduction to the thorough study of the language.

The system

to give the phonetic pronunciation of Arabic in accordance with

the scheme adopted by the Congress of OrientaUsts, has been simplified to the last degree, and the key to the vowel sounds,

diphthongs, and hard consonants, given at the foot of the pages throughout the Vocabularies and Conversations, will greatly facilitate the intelligible pronunciation of the Arabic words
at sight.

The new outline of grammar throws much useful light upon the construction of Arabic, and the exercises which follow contain
abundant conversational matter
rules.

illustrative of the

grammatical

The student can thus obtain an intelligent grasp of the words and sentences he learns by heart, and make them his own. In carrying out the work of revision the Publishers have had the assistance of the Eev. N. Odeh, who spent many years in Palestine and Egypt as a missionary and Head Master of St. Mary's School, Cairo, and has since been engaged in teaching
Ai-abic at Oxford.

At

first

sight Arabic letters appear very difficult to learn,

and

this is partly the reason

why

students and travellers fight shy of

difficult to

the language
'

but Eastern tongues are not

'

acquire

by the SELF-TArrGHT method, and any ordinary capacity can

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

The student or traveller, thui master them in a short time. becoming his own Dragoman, will more thoroughly enjoy a sojoun in the East. The best plan for a beginner to adopt is to copy each lette]
untU he has fixed it in his mind foi two or three letters should be dealt with a1 He will be surprised tc a time, and not the whole alphabet. find how soon he begins to understand the characters in theii
carefully

and

repeatedly,

this purpose only

various positions.

Having mastered the alphabet, he may proceed to commit

to

memory

the words given in the vocabularies, pronouncing the

phonetic aloud, and then writLng the words from

memory

in the

Arabic letters, which can be corrected afterwards by reference to the book. In this way he will begin to acqxiire the language as easily as a child learns to speak and write its native tongue. At the same time it may be borne in mind that, if this manual is merely reqiiired as a phrase-book, the labour of learning the Arabic characters is really unnecessary, as most Arabs with whom one comes in contact are quite unable to read
the language.

When travelling it is well to note the sound of the words uttered by the natives, as this helps one to attach the true value
and accustoms the ear to the gutturals and soft aspirants of the Eastern tongue. The ^written or classic Arabic is beautifully constructed. It belongs to the Semitic languages, which include, amongst others, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac. It has indeed survived all the other Semitic languages, and is the most exact in its use of the original root. Many common household words of modern Arabs are not merely similar to, but identical with, those of the ancient Hebrews, and it is not too much to say that an Israelite of old and an Arab Sheikh of the present day would be mutually
to the phonetics used,
intelligible in the expression of their

simple wants.

London, 1911.

CONTENTS.
Illustration of Coinage
[Frontispiece).

The Alphabet and Pkonunciation

The Forms
of the Letters

(pages 7-12).

page
8

Pronunciation of the Arabic Letters

10

Vowels and Orthographic Signs Rules for the Pronunciation of the Vowels Vocabulakibs (pages 13-66).
Animals, Vegetables,
etc.
'
:

....

11

12

Animals and Birds

Fruits

17

38
19

Keptiles and Insects

Vegetables
Colours
Countries, Cities, and Nations

37 48 44 32

House and Furniture Mankind Relations Diseases of the Body

;

22
29 30
34

Dress
"Food, Drinls, and Smoking

Body, The Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities,

Professions and Trades

Human

etc.

...

24 27

42

Parts of Speech
Adjectives

50
57 49

Verbs

Terms Times and Seasons Town, Country, and Agriculture

Religious

20 39
46
47 13 15 16

Travelling

Writing

World and Nature, The Land and Water

Metals, Minerals, etc.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT

Outline ow Gbammar (pages 67-79).

I.

The Nottn
Pronouns
:

Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative

:

Numeral Adjectives
II.
"III.

Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive

ThbVeeb
The Paeticles
:

Prepositions, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections

Syntax (pages 80-6). The Verb in Syntax

EXEKCISES ON THE
1.

GRAMMAR

(pagCS 87-96).
.

2. 3.

The Preterite Tense The Aorist Tense The Imperative Mood

4.

How
The The The

the English Potential and Subjunctive

expressed in Arabic
5.
6.

Participles

....
.
.

... ...

position of
Infinitive

Adverbs

... .... ...

.

Moods

are

7.

Mood

Co.N'VERSATIONAIi

PhBASES AND SENTENCES (pages 97-124).

Useful and Necessary Expressions

Simple and Practical Phrases (grouped alphabetically)

Arrival

...........
....
. .

The Railway The Hotel

Meals

Correspondence, Post, Telegrams, etc

Shopping

An

Excursion

Passages op Aradic with Pronunciation and

interlined
1.
:

Translation

'The Lord's Prayer' (Matt,

Qur'an (Koran), ch.
:

vi,

9-13)

2.

iv,

verse 169, with idiomatic translation

Monet

Turkish Government Currency used in Syria, with the English and American equivalents
English and American Money, with the Turkish equivalents
.

Weights and Measures

Postal Rates

ARABIC SELF-TAtJGHT.
The Alphabet and
The following scheme
and the student
attention
lo
it

Pronunciation.
is

of pxonunciation

the key to the

correct reading of the Arabio words throughout the work,

will

at

the

do well, therefore, to give careful outset, repeatedly copying each

its

character together with

phonetic

transcription,

until

the

eye and the mind be'come so familiar with them that the character immediately suggests the sound.

The method
8,
t,

of distinguishing the hard consonants, h, d,

so simple that these letters will preent

difficulty to the student,

no and the vowel sounds and diphthongs are equally easy to master. The key to all these sounds, given in the footlines on each page of the Vocabularies and Conversational Sentences, will enable any English-speaking person to pronounce the words correct ly
2, is

and

at sight.

The Arabic alphabet

from the right hand

is

composed of twenty-eight

con-^

sonants, all of which are written, as in most Eastern languages,

to the left.
its

Each consonant assumes

position at the beginning,

a different form according to

middle, or end of the word.

each character

On

the next

twa pages the

various forms are placed in separate columns and show

is

how

written respectively

When When

unconnected with any other letter end of a word, or joined only to the letter preceding When connected wiih the preceding and following letters; When at the beginning of a word, or joined only to the
totally

at the

letter following.
(7)

The Forms

of the Letters.

Name.

Name.

Pronunciation of the Arabic Lr-iters.

\

Alif has no sound of

u.

its

own, but

is

pronounced as
it.

a,

i,

accordino- to the vowel above or below

it

Whe

not vowelled

is

only a sign lengthening the prt

ceding vowel.
tj aJ>

Ba
Ta

like the

English

b.

like the

English

t.

<U

T>^a like the

English
t.
'

th in

'thought';

it is

often pre

nounced

like in

_
-1

Jeem

like

'jam

in

Egypt

hai-d like g in.'

garden

Hd

is

always a strong aspirate with friction.

a guttural aspirate like ch in the German ich or th kh alwaj's represents one sounc loch
'
'

Kha
Bal

is

Scotch word
like the

English
'

d.
;

o Dhdl like
J

th in
'

that
',

'

dh'is

always one sound.

Ra

like r in
zai,

rural

always sounded.
z.

j Zd,
(jM

or zain like the English

s

Seen like

in

'

some
'

'.

^J^ Sheen like sh in

^Ja
i_/s
is

sheep

'.

Sad

like a

hard hissing hnrd

^,

s as
'

in
',

'

hiss

'.

Dad

like a

d, as

in
'

rod
'.

Td

like a hard

as iu
z.

toss

1?

Zd
^/

like a dental
is

a guttural, peculiur to the Semitic languages, wliic can only be learned by ear it sounds like the bleatin of a goat (iiidd). When it begins a syllable we sha denote it by a spiritus asper {') before a vowel,
;
(

when silent ufter a vowel. iGhain a hard guttural prQduced;as

,

in the efifort of garglir

^ Fd

and sounds similar

like the

to ghr.

English/.


J
Qd/like a broad a crow.
k,

produced as in imitating the cawing of

k.

CScJ
J Lam

JTd/like the English

like the like the

English

/.

Meem
I

English m.

^^ JSToon

like the English .

'
;

^a

like

if A in 'house used as a grammatical termination it has two dots over it (l), and has the sound of t when followed by a word beginning with vowel sound.
'

Waiv has the sound of the w in

water

',

or of u in

'

put

'.

Yd

sounds like y in

'

yard

'.

When }

i_? are not vowelled, they are then only signs of lengthening the preceding vowel, u or /, or of making the diphthongs au and ai respectively.

and

VowEi.s AND Orthographic Signs.

The Arabs use thiee signs to express shorfr vowels, which are placed either above or below the consonants, namely
(^^) Fatha,

an oblique
'

line over

the consonant, represents

a in

hat
hit

'.

( )
{J-.)

Kasrn, an oblique line under the consonant, represents

i

in

'

'.

Damma,
\

represents

in 'put'.
(as a in
'

Silent

after .^

makes the long vowel a

long vowel
I

father

'),

e.g.

nid (water).
(us
i

Silent

(_?

after -^ miikes the

in.

'

machine
'

'),

e-g-

^5l/^

(in).

Silent

after j_

makes the long vowel u makes the diphthong ou

(as u in

rule

'),

e.g. ji> d/iu (possessor).

Silent J after
e.g.

(as oto in 'cow'),

lau (if).

Silent iJ after

^' makes the diphthong

aj (as ai in

'

aisle

'),

e.g. ,,-i> s/iai (thing).

before
the

AKAbsiu stur-

AUUn
after,

The Vowel

is

always sounded
it is

never

consonant with which

written.

The other reading

-

signs used in Arabic are

letter that

Jazmah, placed oyer a

has no vowel.
'

:t.

Maddah, a sign of prolongation over the

Waslah, placed over
\

to denote that it

forms one

syllable

with the preceding consonant.

Shaddah, signifies doubling a letter.

*-

Ramznh, placed over the

consonant

where
'.

it is

a sounded guttural

transcribed

[N.B. It is not usual to mark all the vowels or signs in writing Arabic; newspaper or book very few, if any, are marked.]

in

Rules for the Pronunciation of the Vowels.

If attention
is

paid as to whether a vowel

is

long or

short,

10 difficulty will

present itself in placing the stress on the

'ight syllable in a
I

word

of

more than one

is

syllable.

When

word has two

short,

or three short syllables, all are pronounced

squally

and no

stress

placed on any of them.

iVhen a double consonant occurs between two vowels, the

irst of

the consonants

is

pronounced

after the first vowel,

;

)ut

the second before the second vowel

'

e.g.

JZ^

kassara

kaa-sa-ra),

he broke to

pieces.'

a short,

like the

sound of a in hat

d long

VOCABULAEIES.
[The Arabic language has only one
'

defiaite article, Jl al,

the,*

which has purposely been omitted in the Arabic column.]

The World and Nature.

14.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.

16

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Metals, Minerals, et

18

ARABIC S^LF-TAUGHT
Bnoush.
Ababio.

Pbonunciation,

hen.

VOCABULARIES.

19

Reptiles
EKaiiiSH.

and
Ababio.

Insects.

ant

bee

bug
butterfly
crocodile
flea

fly

frog

gnat

grasshopper
insect

locust

mosquito

moth
reptiles

silkworm
snail

snake
spider
sting

wasp

worm

20

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

Times and Seasons.

Bays of the week
Ehqush.
Ababio.

Sunday

Monday
Tuesday

Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

Saturday

Months of the year

January

February

March
April

May
June
July

August
September
October

November
December

Mohammedan names of the months

V^s^l Al-Muljarram

jA^ Safar
<Ji^^ f-r^j

Eabi'-l-awwal

VOCABULARIES.
Sha ban
I
<

21

Shauwal

Eamaclan {the

Dhulqa

dah.

month

of fasting)

DiuHiijjali

The Mohammedans count according to lunar years of 354 days, so that _ thirty-four lunar years are equal to ahout thirty-three solar. Their first year began on July 16, 622 a.d.
UNQrjBH.
^

AlUBIO.
.nr.

PnoinmciATioH.

afternoon
age, an

asr qarn,
jll

beginning, the
daily-

al-ibtida

yaumi
yaum,
j>Z.

day
daybreak

aiyam

tulQ -l-nahar

daytime

nahar

day after to-morrow

,,

ba d ghad
fjM^

before yesterday

awwal ams

every day

kuU yaum
al-fajr

3awn
early
3nd, the

^j Si

bakir, badri

al-intiha

3vening (early)
,,

maghrib
isha,

(late)

masa

lull

moon

badr
sa ah, pi. sa at nisf sa

lour
half an hour

ah

eap year

Banat kabis

unar months
nidday, noon
Diddle, the

shuhur qamariyah
al-zuhr

al-wasat

^owel sounds .-haiiiatiiei, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted consonants, h, d, $, t, f, hard.

au=owiiicow.

22
Engmsh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

24
Bngmsh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Aeabic,
PEONtJNOIATIOM*

nephew

ihn-1-akh, ibn-

1-nkht
ibnat-l-akh, ibnat-

niece

1-nkht
yatim,yj.yatimali|!

parents

u^.^^i

walidain
nas,
sitiff.

-;

people
relation
relative

insan

qarabah
qarib

servant

khadim,
fern,

khadimah

sir

(Mr.)

saiyid

sister

ukht
jariyah

slave (female)

son

ibn

uncle (maternal)

khal

(paternal)

amm
armalah

widow
widower
wife

armal
zaujah
imra'ah

woman
youth
youth, a

shabab

shabb

The Human Body.

ankle

ka'b
dhira

arm
back

zahr
eou7ids
:

Vowd

hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ;

au = ow in co^^

Dotted consonants, h, d,

9, t, j,

hard.

BNGlilSH.

beard

26
Ekglish.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

kidneys

knee

VOCABULARIES.
Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc.
ElNQUSB.

27

28
Enqubh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

30
Ekgush.
faintness

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
AIUBIO.

fever
fracture

gout

headache
indigestion

inflammation
illness

jaundice

lame
measles

plague
.

smallpox
sore throat

toothache

wound

apron
boot

button
cap
cloth (cotton)

coat
collar

(wool)

collar of coat, etc.

VOCABULARIES,
EHGIiISH.

31

32
Enoxjbh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

VOCABULARIES.
Ehoush.
carpet

33

(large)

34
English.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababic.

quilt

roof

room
sofa

stable
staircase

table

tenant

towel
-wall

wardrobe
water-closet

well

window

36
Engubh.

ARABIC SELl=^-TAUGHT.

VOCABULARIES.
Enqush.

37

38

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

VOGABULARIES.
BlNOIilSH,

39

40

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

VOCABULARIES.
Bngubh.

41

42
ENQMBH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

44
ENGIilSH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Akabio.

Bervant
slioeniaker
soldier

surgeon
tailor

teacher

watclimaker

watchman

VOCABULARIES.
ENGXiIBB.
AB^13I0.

45

Europe
France

Frenchman
German, a

Germany
Greece Greek, a
India
Italian,

an

Italy

Jerusalem

Jew
Jordan, the

London
Paris

Persia
Persian, a

Eome
Russia
Russian, a

Smyrna
Spain
Spaniard
Syria

Turk
Turkey
Venice

45

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Travelling.
Enomsh.
Arabic.
PEONtTKOIATlON.

arrival
bridle

wusul
lijam
ibl,

camel
,,

jamal

driver saddle

jammal
rahl
qafilah
bisat

caravan
carpet
carriage

arabiyah

donkey
donkey- driver
excursion

himar

hammar
siyaha qasiiah

expenses
fowling-piece
girth

masruf
^'^^V

barudah
hizam, zunnar
rasan
al-darb-1-sultani

>J

halter

highway
horsa
horseshoe

hisan, faras

hidha
'afsh

luggage

money
to change

darahim

money

sarf darahim

mule
muleteer

baghl

mukari
iTrah f aransawlyah

Napoleon (20 fr.piece)

package

huzmah
:

Vowd

sounds

hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ;

au = OW in cow.

Dotted consoiiants, h, d,

9, t, z,

hard.

48
Enqush.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ElIQUSH,

VOCABULARIES.
Enolish,
^

51

52

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

64

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT,
A.EABIO.

PBOIfONOIATIOU.

mut-akhkijJr
late

kaslan
lazy-

nahif
lean
al-aqal3
least

3i\
less

aqall

naiyir
light (bright)

light (not heavy)

little (small)

khafif

saghir

tawil

long
loose (not tight) loose (unbound)

rakhu
mahlul
'ali

loud

(shrill)

low

wati

mad
many-

majnun
kathirta

merry
narrow-

farhan
daiyiq
tabi
i

natural

new
nice
old old

jadld
zarif

qadim

man

shaikh

open
patient

maftuh
abur
anis

pleasant (ma-n^
polite

adib

poor

maskln, faqir

Voivd eounda : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.

au = o-w

in covr.

56
English,

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

68
ENSIilSH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Akabio.
PEOinniOIATION.

ibtada

begin

gaddaq
believe
rabat, imjp- urbut

bind (to
bite

tie)

add
boil {trans.) boil {intrans.)

^}

inghala
iqtarad

borrow
kasar

break
kassar

break to pieces
jab, imp. jib

bring

bana
bnild
haraq[

bnrn
dafan

bury
ishtara

buy
nada
call

hamal
carry

masak
catcb

ghaiyar

change cbange money

*
*

saraf

ghashsh
ikhtar

cheat

choose

nazzaf
clean

climb

tasallaq
ja'a

come
come in
consent
consult
IB

dakhal
qabil

shawar
;

Yomd

rule aisle sounds : hat, father, bit, machine put Potted ccmsonants, h, d, ?, t, ?, tiara.

au =ow in cow,

6a
Bngltsh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

VOCABULARIES.
ENQIiIBH.

61
Peoncnoiation.

Ababic.

leap

natt
ta allam

learn

lend
let
lie

aqrad
khalla
raqad,
shaf,

alone

down

nam

look

nazar

make
meet

a mil

mend
mention

t'
'

sallah

dhakar
khalat

mix

move

(trans.)

harrak
)

move
obey

{intrans

CJ:sr

taharrak
ata
i

object
oblige (favour^

tarad

amil
nal

ma

ruf

obtain
offend
offer
A'X!

agbdab

qaddam
tarak

omit

open open

(trans.)

fatah
infatah

(inirans.)

oppose
order

qawam
amar

paek

hazam
dafa
t
.
-

pay
perspire

ariq

Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted eonsoncmis, h, d, , t, ?, hard.

au = ow in

cow.

62
Ensush,

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ABABIO. PBOKDHOIATIOli

play

C^

la ib

pour
prepare

sabb

haddar

prevent
proceed

mana
taqaddam

promise

wa

ad

pronounce
prosper
pull
pusli

lafaz

najah
jarr

dafa
hatt
(it)

put
rains
raise

tamtur
rafa

read
receive

qara
istalam

reckon

hasib

recommend
refuse

wagsa ala
rafad

reign
rejoice relate

malak
farih

haddatb
baqi

remain

remember
remind
repair

tadhakkar

dhakkar

rammam,
aufa karrar

repay
repeat

Vowel eounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.

au = owi;

ei
Engmbh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

WV^HESUUAmtS.
ENSI/ISH,

translate travel

tread

try

tui* round

understand
use

wait

walk

want

warm
warn

wash
waste (lavish)

watch
water

wear (^ut on)

weigH

wet

whip
whisper
whistle

win
wipe wish

work
worship


66
Fnghsh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
PBOHUNOCLTiON

wound
wrap
write

jarah
laff

katab

yawn
yield (produce)
yield (surrender)

tathawab
antaj

kbada

Vowel sounds : hat, fatlier, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted consonants, h, d, s, t, z, hard.

au = ow in coi

MARLBOROUGH'S SELE -TAUGHT SERIES. Tourists,

and other
visitors to the

traveUei
this Seri

Near East will

find the following

Volumes in

of the greatest service, viz.

Turkish Self-Taught.

Egyptian (Arabic) Self-Xanght.

Greek (Modern)
Self- Taught.
afield there are

In Hue wrapper, 2/- each. In red

cloth,

2/6 each.

For those going further

corresponding Manuals of Persia;

6/-),

Hindustani, and Tamil (each 8/- and 2/6), Burmese (6/- and
(2/-

and Japane

and 2/6)

and other Oriental languages are in course of preparation. an outline of the Grammar of
tl

Most
language

of the books in the Series contain

,

the following, however, are separate

Yolumes of Grammar :
;

Hindustani Grammar Self-Taught.

In ihie ivrapper, 2/,,

red cloth, 2/6

Tamil Grammar Self-Taught.

Japanese Grammar SeU-Taught.

,,
,,

4/4/-

,,

^,

5/. 5/-

,,

,,

The two Volumes

of Hindustani are also

hound in one,

cloth 5/-

similar!

the double Volumes of Tamil and Japanese respectively can be obtained

cloth at 7/6 each.

bound

Of

all Boolcsellem nl

home

or abroad.

Cat aloc/ue free

from

the Publishers-

E. Maulhorouoti

&

Co., 51

Old Bailet, London, E.G.

OUTLINE OF GEAMMAE.
Arabic

grammar

treats of
al-sarf, the soienoe of the formation

Etymology,

i__J>i2ll

of words, and

Syntax, ./srul al-nahu, the seienoe of the formation of sentences.

The Arabs have only three parts

I,

of speech

i^y^ al-ism, the tioun.

II. (JjtsJl al-fl 1, the verb.

III.

(_J.^1 al-harf, the particle.

noun.
'

The
1.

includes the following seven forms

i,Ji\ al-ism, the

.*^,flJl

noun or substantive.

1.
3.

al-damir, the personal pronoun.

*j) istn-1-isharah, the

j.lill

demonstrative pronoun.

4.

ijy^y^W *^11 al-ism-1-mausul, the relative pronoun.

*\.^ii-j^^ .*-j^

5. 6.
7<

ism-1-istifham, the interrogative pronoun.

*ia!i *>jl.ism-l-ifah, the adjective,

t)^l

*.ol

ism-l-'adad, the numeral adjective.

I.

THE NOUN.
:

The Arabs
[a) (i)
(")

classify

nouns as follows

A-l:- t,J\
^yJij.-* t,.J\
JJ-s.'* *-)!

ism jamid, primitive noun.

ism musEtaqq, derived noun (from verbs or nouns).
only,

ism mujarrad, noun of root-letters

ism mazid, noun which
servile
*

{d)

^^'f*

*~j1

is

augmented by one or more

letters,
()

or auxilictry.
al is

Ail

*-ii

ism 'alam, proper noun, to which the article Jl

never prefixed^
'

See page 76.


68 ism

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
*-sl

(/) ij'^s>-

jins,

vommon noun, whicli may be eifher

object,

J^

a-jI

ism ain, noun denoting concrete

or

,X!e

*-j1

ism

ma

na, noun denoting an abstract idea.

Primitive Noun.

A
Js-

primitive noun, whicli

is

is

always a substantive,

is

one

has a pure root-form and

rajul,

not derived from any verbal

-a-j

roo'

man, i5>^

musa, ra%or, J.^

safp/jal, quince.

Derivative Noun.

derivative

noun

is

one which

is

constructed from a verb

letti

noun-root by the addition of one or more of the ten servile

as

jX-^ Islam from *Lj salima (A

is

free from defect), and ma;

either substantive .or adjective.

There are fourteen derive

nouns
1. jiX3.4Jl Mui\

ism-1-masdar, noun of action or infinitive, as

(_

darb, strildng,
ease,

from iLj'^ daraba, he siruch

sahula,
to

<>!

ili suhii

from

iJf^S:

be at ease; jIajCUjI istighfar, as

forgiveness, from^,iAx:i istaghfara, he ashed forgiveness.

2.

JiUIl

^\

ism-l-fa

11,

noun
beats,

of agent or active participh

'jj^
3.

darib, one

who

from

iJi/.<s

daraba, he

beat.

J^*i^i *^1 ism-1-maf'ul, noun

as L_J^)-a^

of object or pasBiTe partiei

madrub, one who

j)

is beaten.

4.

i^Ujji^ (_^LC^I

ism-1-makan wal-zaman, noun of place

time, as t_-,i^ mal'ab, place or time of play, from ,_

la iba, he played.
3.
ill
I

*^1 ism alah, noun of instrument, as J'iU mibrad.

filed;

from jpf he
I
;

^liii^ miftah, key,

from

'JCi fataha

AXLi.^,.

miknasah, broom, from

'

^J^

kanasa, he su

See page 76.

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
6. 'if%Jl

69

*^1 ism-1-marrah, noun of unity, which expresses the

It, is

doing of an action once.

as i.ij^ darbah, one
7.

formed from

triliteral verbs,

Mow, from t_J^ daraba, he strwh,

*^1

(*1

ismrl-nau

noun

of kind
.

and manner, as i^. rikbah,

manner of riding, from

8.

t_--^

rakiba, he rode.
j,

^g^^\ jSta^\

al-ma?dar-l-mimi, noun of action with

m,

as (jla-^ mantiq, speaking,

9.

from

^jlaj

nataqa, he spohe.

^.*)t>aJl *-)!

ism-l-ta?ghlr, diminutive noun, as L.~^lli kulaib,

a Utile dog, from i_-TJi kalb, a dog.

10.

J.U!l A-ib di^2.iiJl iR.^\ al-sifat-1-mushabbahat bism-1-fa'il,

adjective resembling

noun
is

of agent, as

^^i./>&1

hasan, handsome,

from ,%^s>. hasuna, he

C4,&., ^ is ?(?;

handsome

ahmar,

red,

from

jJi-o saiyid,

master, from

jl^' sada, ^

*?(?.

1.

J-,rfiiJl

*j1

ism-1-tafdil,

noun

of superioi'ity for the

(jj"*j-^

commore

parative

and superlative degrees, as

ahsan,

handsome, ^^.=^.^1 al-ahsan, most handsome, both hasan, handsome.

2.

from ^^i>~

<UlL*ll

*-:!

ism-1-mubalaghah, noun of excess (to expreaa

.lai ghaffar, one

intensity), as

who pardons much, from

4^-c

ghaflr, pardoner.
3.

(J**ij

Jyts

fa ul

wa

fa'il.

The two forms may

be. either

noun

of agent, as ii-.i sabur, patient, {j^_j-^ marid, side, or of object, as

noun
4.

J5"0

rasul, apostle,

*=^=r

j^r'^t,

wounded.
is

t-Jj**,;,^' *w;^\

al-ism-1-mansub, relative adjective, which

ij^

formed by affixing
becomes

to the noun, as

J^i

rajul,

man,

rJ^j

rajuli,

manly

^^/^.i shams, sun, becomes

i%ii,i shamsl, solar; J-i^J^ ingliz, English, becomes C\JiSj\

inglizi,

English (adjective).


70

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Personal Pronouns.
Personal pronouns are either separate or suffixed.

The

Sept

Personal Pronouns, <dii^l^^U-.^\, have the folio-wing formi

JSToMiNATivE Case.
Sing.
1

Dual.

Pltjr.

st pers.

2nd

pers. masc.
fern.

3rd pers. masc.

fern.

^^
Accusative Case,
Sing.

Dual.

Pluk.

1st pers.

2nd

pers. masc.
fern.

3rd pers. masc. fem.

The

Suffixed ov to a

Annexed Personal Pronouns, <daj;^^

.;

u
( (

when attached

noun

or preposition denote the genitive

but when attached to a verb they denote the accusative

They have the following forms

noun

Sing.
1st pers. to
.

Dual.

^
_)

to verb

2nd

pers. masc. to both

c.ii

fem.

,,

lLT
.>

3rd pers. masc.

fem.

,,

,,


OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR
The Annexed Personal Fronouns which
are

71

attached to

verbs
:

only have the following forms and denote the nominative case
Sing.

Dual.
\j

Plur.
li

1st pers

iZJ
. .

2nd pers. masc.

fern.

lU CJ
none

3rd pers

ExSmpU of Personal Pronouns

attached
SiNO.

to the

noun li\:^ (book).

Pluk.

Dual.

Ist pers.

2nd pers. masc.

fem.
3rd pers. masc.

fem.

^a \^
is
:

The English of the above

Sing.
1st pers.

Dual;
our
boolc

Pluk.
our look
are

my

look

(when two
'.,

speaking)'
so forth.

(when three and more are speaking)

and

Example

oj Personal

Pronouns attached

to the

verb t_^-^ (he struck),

denoting the Accusative Case.

Sing.
1st "pers.
.
.

Dual.

Pluu.

2nd

pers. masc.

6
U^ ir^

,j.<tf

fem.
3rd pers. masc. fem.

t2

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
The English
1st pars.
of the

above

is

SiNO.

1)CAL.

Vlvr.
'us

he struck

me

he struck

he struck us

and

so forth.

Example of Personal Pronouns annexed

to the

vefh

V,-a

(he struc

demoting the Nominative Case.

SiKG.
.

Dual.

Pluk.

1st pers,

..

''

2nd pers. maso.

fem.
3rcl pers.

"' o

PC

masc.
(pron. understood)

u.

fem.

'^-^{r"

\ii.^

c-v-^
i^^ is the

(pron. understood

CJ
The English
1st pers.
etc., etc.

is

the sign of fem.)

sign of fen

of the

above
struck

is

SiNO.

Dual.

Pluh.

/ have

we have

struck

we have

struck

Example of Personal Pronouns attached

to the

preposition

(froi

S1N8.

Dual.

Pluu.

1st pers,

2nd

pers. masc.

fem.

3rd pers. masc.

fem.

The English
1st pers
etc., etc.

of the

above

is

Sing.

Dual.

Pluk.

from me

from us

from us

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR,
Demonstrative Pronouns.
;

73

This (the near object).

Maso.

'em.

Sing
(

It>

^,

U,

ij,

i^J, iJ

nom
gen., ace.
.

i-'^J

Dual
(
.

,.,lj'

..

^^,
^^ij

^^^J

Plur

J)'i or

41

^j4

or

*l'^
\si>,

This simple demonstrative pronoun

I

may have
as
:

the particle

or oftener the defective

J^,

prefixed to

it,

Maso.

Fem.

Sing
(

IvSiA

l/^*
'^

/i^

nom
gen., aoc

1.)^ j"-*!

LL)^
,
,

Dual
(

'

^<,
Afi.

^^j

^^A
*^|a

Plur
77iai!

^fyS

(the middle and distant object). Maso.

Fism.

Sing
Plur.
.

(Jj\j, tlsJj
.
.

t!XJ,

liyij, l!31?

lLJ;5i/\ or

dSi!\

lL^}}\ or iL'S^l

Relative Pronouns.
fVho, which, thai.

Maso.

Fsm.

Sing
I

s/J>^'l

^^
^i^-w\
iji;'-^''

nom
gen., ace

^^itX-AJl

(j^;!'^-^'

Plur

(^iA^\

^P\

or

J^'r^^

or * ill for both masc. and fem.

74

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Other relative pronouns are
:

^;i he or she

who

thflt

wh

^\

(A*T fem.) he who, she who, whoever;

;

^^V

he who, she

whosoever

\Xj\ that which, whatsoever.

Interrogative Pronouns.

^
''A

who? iSt (iJ\ fem.) whof

what? (and wten

ijl.,

jo

with the demonstrative lo becomes stronger,

what

ther

how much f

Numeral Adjectives.
1.

The Cardinal Numbers.

1

The

cardinal

numbers from
Sxova. 3 to

to 10

have the following

f(

and are declinable.

the
objects

10 they take the fem. form v

gender,

numbered are masc.

and conversely

masc. form

when

the objects numbered are fem.

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
Mabc.

75

13 (ir)


76
11

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
jjLi t^jli (masc), jJAjj
Aj,-^^^ (fern.), etc., etc.

For "

in the seventh year a.d."

you say JjL/jJ ^~j

IS*

^.^v-j

3.

Distributive Numerals
:

have the following forms

two,
'.ilji;*

JI.&-1

om ly one,

^J^

or ^lij twc

c^iiJi or i^Sij

three

by

three,

^j^

or cIjJ /owr

%/

or 'ti.i < Jy <m.

II.

THE VERB.
(

Most

of the

Arabic verbs are triliteral verbs

;

"J))j), i.e. tl

-root-forms have only three letters

quadriliteral verbs

but there are also a good m;

letters
tl

(/LcU

,),

whose root-forms have four

Both have many derived forms, through the addition to

root-form of one, two, or three servile letters (which are ten

number and together form the word

about them).

I^j^Uj

you have asked

All increase in verbs and nouns

is effected

by me

of these letters,

Arab grammarians

have

only three

tenses,

including

imperative, whichjbhey call a tense.

1.

These three tenses are

|_5-t

madi, past

tense,

which European grammarians

perfect or preterite tense.

2.

c ,L.a..

mudari', present
call

or future

tense,

which Europ

grammarians
3.

imperfect or aorist tense.

tense.

j^\ amr, imperative

{a)

Triliteral verbs

(.^ihW

JJ.s.'^l)

have the following

:

measures, giving the above thi-ee tenses

78

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
J^iill:.^ I]\i3."^\

jjii^
none
(c)

d^\
^1^\

''^

i}i^l
JVil;
'^

'^\^

JS^V'l

J^l
only one

The

quadriliteral verb (^^-V/^ "v

^^'^

foi

^^^
((?)

Jisdi;

MsJ

"

Jiki

Jl^^
(/^U^.jl Joj^l) h

The derived
:

quadriliteral verbs

three forms

juk;
^,k;.
Jijti^

^3l^^
jii.^
jiiil4

i!)^"

^"^
jii.rii^

J^H
jji.;i.

jM[
jiixM

j^^l

cM**j

Z^i^l

III.
1.

THE PARTICLES,
Prepositions.

<

>

in, at, hi/.

alllj'

CL> hy (in an oath), as

J
i

to,

for.

iy 'in an oath).
as,
like.

CJ J^

OUTLINE OF GRAMWIAR.
2.
particle of interrogation.

79

Adverbs.
Jj
L5
.Jj

nay. hut.
yes.
there.

ju

and

.'iri

to

express

the

future of the verb in the

aorist tense.

i-j

)sA3 only.

J
"jl

certainly.

bJ

lefore (past

tense\ now

andlJl lo!
liii

or lIXJ Ai

likeioise.

ijl

certainly.
j-'ii
j*i

when
ye.

'i.

Etc., etc.

3.

Conjunctions.

and ti and.

80

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

SYNTAX
The

(ysi}\).

signs of the declensions for the four cases are either vc

or letters.

I.

The Nominative

Case has four

signs

1.

S.

(a) in

the singular of the noun, as J-f^^\

^\^
the

the

man

(5) in
(c)

the irrogular plural, as (J^^^\

*l^

men

came.

in the regular feminine plural, as <_ljli^^\

believers (fern.) came.

cuAs^

id) in
IS

the present-future tense of the verb,

when

not
the

annexed

to its last letter, as (Jsj- Jl ^J-i)

(this

strikes or will strike

being really the

indici

mood).
2
J

(a) in

the regular masculine plural, as

(_^.v,.</Jl

^\s^

helievers came.
(i) in

the following five nouns:

t_ji JatJier,

^1 bro

y^b~ father-in-law, i%i mouth, ^'^ owner; as cLXjI

CJ^ ij-^^ JUjJ.

and thy brother
wealth,

Cjy^^^ lL^s-'; iky father

and
the ownt

and, thy father-in-law

and thy mouth

spoke,

3.

in the dual nouns, as ^jL..^^l >l?- the two believers camt

4.

in the present-future tense of the verb,

when the

pers

pronoun

of

either the

dual,

or

the plural, or

singular of the second person feminine is annexe

the verb;

as ij^-'j^^i

^:>-jl\

the two

men

strik


OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
will strike,

81

^^.-AJ

^^b'>-l.^!l

the tioo

loomen strike or or will strih,

will strde,

Qy^^^

jW"j!'

'^'*

"'** strilce

\^)i^''' I**''

V^

strike or will strike, /J^-waj' iju-jl thou

(fern.) strikest or w?/^ strike.

II.

The Accusative Case has

five signs

1.

() in
(b) in
(c)

the singular noun, as Jr^Jl ui-J^-i I struck the man. the irregular plural, as Jl=r^M

'^^- I struck

the men.

in the present-future tense of the verb,

is

when nothing
influenced

annexed

to its last letter,

and when

it is

by a word which governs the accusative,

he will never strike.
2,

as

Cj^.'

in the regular feminine plural, as

the

C^'L^l, ^L.Jl

lU*-Ij^

women came

riding,
^1, etc.), as LLilii-l "-i^^Jj

8.

in the five

nouns (<j1,

I saw

thy

Iroth&r.
4,

ij

in

the regular
^lr-.!l

masculine

dual
the

and

plural

nouns,

as

Ui^.;lJ

/ saw

ttvo

men, ^^i^/]i i-l^jji

/ saw
5,

the helievers.
in

Suppression of the (^ of the declension

the

five

verbs
^'^i<=^

^_j^,,
become
Usj-.J

uV;"^-''b^.-aJ,
^A(?y

W;y=^

(bi-j-^'
'

^^^

H'-^^-j-^''

^ry^-'j

^i^;*^.-'.

V/^'

^*^
u?'>'*^''
'

^^

<wo

;/?

never return.

Observe" a super-

fluous alif

is

added

to the third

and fourth, called the

alif

guarding
(ii^UJl

alif

(<);_il Ji^.li

cJJl) or the separating

however,
is

i-jilill),

which,

disappears

when

a pronoun is annexed, and

^ratioSelf-TaagM

never pronounced.
^

82
Ill,

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
The
Genitive Case has three

signs

\.-:-{a) in the declinable

singular noun, as <_jii.C\

CJ

/ read
ib) in

in the book,

the declinable irregular plural noun, as JU-_;U c:to tlte

/ said
ic)

men.

in the regular plural feminine noun, as

cpU^.-tU

c:-

l said
2.
-1.

to the believers (fern.).

in the imperfectly declined noup, as Sa.s^'^ <;:^Xi

said

Ahmad.
8.

W
(b)

in

tlie

five

nouns

(i__.'\,

^1,

etc.),

as lL^!o^

CUj

I passed thy

father,

in the dual noun, as ^y.iKW: i-^jj-^

unbelievers.

I passed

the

'.

(e) in

the plural regular noim, as j^-.i...A)u

.ci-*,^.-*

/ jBffs

IV. The Apocopative or Jussive Case

1

^:>-) has three

signi

.'t.

in the present-future tense of the verbs ending with

letters

Btr(

(when not joined

to expressed
(*'

pronouns in
strike.

nominative case), as tl-V*^

2.

-^

^^^ ""^

Suppression of

^ in

the five verbs (see above, II,

5),

as Ij-

do not (ye two) strike.

3..

Suppression of weak letters, ^Yhen verbs end in such and

not joined, to an expressed pronoun in
case, as
(Jodditional
j_/t-J'

the nominal

i-ll

did you not toalkf

partii

'

and imiierative moods, ov verbs following the apooopntive

88

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
1.

The Nominative Case

this case
:

(^J^^-

The following are in

1.

The subject

of the sentence

(1

jiii43l), as

ilv

jj

Ly^\ sleep

is

pleasant.
2.

The predicate

of the sentence (j^^s'l),

as

2\i

Sj j Zaid

is

3. 4.

The agent

of the sentence

J^lill), as Sjj

^l^ Zaid

came.

The substitute

for the agent

ULt^.-i

(Jxlill

i_^'b), subject of

a passive verb, as
5.

5jj

Zaid

loas beaten.

The subject

of i^\i

and

its sisters, as

UUa. JlfJl ^Ji

the

day

was dark.
6.

The predicate

of

^] and

its

sisters,

and
is

of J (the absolute
(j\jl>j\
i!

negative); as

l^\j ^S)\ ^1
coming.

verily

Zaid

riding, fj'.i

thre
7.

is

no

man

The present-future tense when not governed by

particles

nor followed
(Jiu,\!l

by a fem.

^^ or

an emphatic

^;

as jk^^^Ul

l^-.C

the

pupil writes the

lesson.

8.

ITouns or adjectives in apposition to nominatives

^^\y

CjUjij.-*.!!), as

L;S^\ iJ-t}^ *^"

the generous

man

came.

2.

The Accusative Case

(i

^^).
J^/tA-wl),

The following are in the accusative case

1.

Noun

of action as absolute he struoh a striking,

of
i.e.

object (^lk*!l
he assuredly struck.

as

v)>ij

^jl^
Noun

2.
(_,wjl(

object

of

the

transitive

verb

(^J

J^.ti^l),

as

i_l.-i'

he rode the horse, ^c^.j-^ he struck

me (the annexed

personal

pronoun being the objective complement).

84
3.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Adverbial noun of time and place
as
if

(i^

J^xi-*!'),

with
in,

meaning

it

were

preceded by the preposition iS

l^-L^

^\:>-

he came in the morning, (c'*""' (t^\

*^^

^ oame he

the judge, or into his presence.

4.

Adjectival noun of state or condition

Jlsll), which n

always be indefinite and derived, standing at the end of

sentence, as l^^, j-^^^i '\i^ the prince came riding.
5.

Noun

of

specification
is

(t-,-,-Jl)

is

always a common n

explaining something that

relation of a thing, as
Ifl
ii.i
.

uncertain as regards the substanci

,

U-^SJa

i_?,i-il he

hought a pound of br

"JS

Zaid

is

honourable as regards
(^<3U/.!1)

Ms father.
it

6.

Vocative

noun

when

is

proper nc
:

singular, then it is put in the nominative case, as

JiJ

Za

but

when
7.

it is

not

it

takes the accusative, as 1?(td

man /

Noun

of action of cause or reason

Jixi^l), as

bri- he Jled from fright.

8.

Noun

of

object
as

following

having the meaning of

came

(*iX
9.

^J^.^^i.^]\),

fjM.'^s}\'^

J^^l

*U>- the prince

loith the ar

The noun which

is

excepted (^ili^AJl) by means of

;

;ix, ^5-f, !c\c,

except Zaid.
10.

ii, lil^

as SSij

i^ll\

lli

the

peoples

The predicate

of

and

of its sisters, as

1.15

j.^

Zaid was standing.

11.

The subject
Zaid
is

of

j?,|

and

of its

sisters,

as ^i-^lj

IIj:

verily
12.
l.S,

riding.
of
li

The subject
Nouns

the absolute negative, as

f J^ls

,:,l.^3l

of adjectives in apposition to accusatives

c:_,.l
,

hys.:^\), as JJiUll i.yj

I saw Zaid

the teise.

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
3.

85

The Genitivk Case

:

{j4^).
a

Genitive by prepositions

whenever

noun

is

preceded by
:

any

of the following prepositions it is

put in the genitive case

;iy.*'Jl'^^f>
^_5'**-) ,_5^
>

J^.4'

^-j.
;

V' ^'
as jiikll

J'i. ^*'
77

'^-^^ "^^^

^^>
from

^^1 ^^^,

^-il:>-

j^

^* ^^"^ out

the

home.
2.

When two nouns

are

in

construction

(or

annexation),
first,

i.e.

follow each other, and the second depends on the

is

the
;

second

put in the genitive

the look of a

case, J.5f-Jl

i.e.

takes

kusra

( )

as

Jsfj

tL>Vi>

man,

dJ^

the look of the

first

man.

Note that in such a construction or annexation the

.1

noun

never takes the article

3. -lax)'

although

it is

understood.
case,

Nouns

in

apposition to genitives take the genitive

(J.^^1 (4-Jto the look of the great

man.

The Verb
1.

in Syntax.
and has always

The past tense

(preterite) is indeclinable

fatha
2.

{^) over the

last letter, as lLs-^^ he struck.

is'

The imperative tense

(-i.)

also indeclinable
kill.

and has always

jasm
3.

over the last letter, as Jiil

The present-future

tense (aorist) has always one of the four

it.

servile letters \, ^j, (_?, CLJ prefixed to

It is limited to the

present
verb

when preceded by the emphatic

,

the negative

or the

(^11

and

to the future

when preceded by Jw

for the near

future, or

<

i'^ for the remote future.

(_.)

It

is

always in raf

nominative case,

or, as

we should

say,

indicative

mood

as

^L^d^

he writes, or he will

virite,

except when

86

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

influenced by (a) one o the ton accusative particles preceding

which are:
j_jSi.,

^V,I

^}, 0\,

^i

the

of

^^, the negative

and the <-j,j,^\, when preceding the apodosis

tense takes the accusative case, or, as
in the subjunctive

(t^^^
s

when the

we should

when

it is

mood

or (b)

when the

aorisi

influenced
particles,

by jasm i.) preceded by one of the apocopat

:

which are
il

UJ

IJl

ll3I

the

of

command

entreaty, the
l.ijl.

of forbidding
^r^Lff,

and entreaty,

^^\, bi,

^^, U^
and l3V

c/\,

j:.,

^t, J\,
,

UL^, UH,

poetry.

[In a conditional sentence of tTTo clauses, the verb

the protasis, and that of the
sec(

the
)o

first is called )sJMi\ Jjti

JilS

t__>U^, the apodosis.J

To

the

Student.
exercises
to

In order to turn the following

advantage,
it is

the

greai
tl

recommended that the student should learn

by heart, repeating each sentence aloud, with the aid of

phonetic transcription in the third column, until
readily and easily, and the ear has
it

can be spo
to the sou

grown accustomed

Copying the sentences out will greatly

section should in this

facilitate learning.

way be mastered

in turn, and this app

eq^ually to the conversational sentences

on pp. 97-124.
sentences,

After learning a section or group of

the

Eng

words should be written down and the Arabic equivalents ad

from memory.
the book.

The

result can then be checked

by

reference

By

following the

above method, a great amount of

us(

practice will be obtained in speaking, reading,

and writing Ara

whilst at the same time

much

conversational matter of a praot

and valuable character

-will

be acquired.

EXERCISES ON THE GEAMMAR.

The
EHGIilSH.

Preterite Tense.
ASABIO.

Pbonunoiahon.

I Have reeeived a letter

wasalni maktiib
^'^.cImo

He

lost his

watch

cU^I

ada a sa atuh
a tahii lyaha sahibi

His friend gave it to him

You were not diligent

ma kuata

mujtahidE

You have been drinking again

I

udta ila-1-shurb

was about to begin

hamamtu bian
bisafrati

abc

my journey

[horse

He

did not bring the

lam yuhdir-il-hisan

He

has not long left us

ma ghab anna mu(

dah awilah

I was very late

ana kuntu mnt'akliiran jiddan

You

did not

know

of

iaa

kan lak ilm biwi

[ban

his arrival v[abrsent ?

sulihi

How

long wSs he
to

kam
come

labath

aghay

He promised
in an

wa ada an yahdar
ba d sa ah
a-nasiya-

hour [promise ?

Has he forgotten his

She was always punctual

wa dahu ?
i-

^ly

c^\^

^y> hiya ka.nat tura

1-mT ad dayiman

Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted cmsonambs, li, d, 9, t, 7, hard.

au =ow in

cow.

(87)

88
English.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababic.

Pbonunciatios.

We

lived in a house,

sakanna baitan

not in a tent

khaimatan
j-iilU

They have always

resided near the city

A^^lil
<^'tX/*jl

,,L^

kull

iqamathum

^y*
i>\A

qurb mini-l-ma{
'udta ilas-sirqah

You have heen stealing

again
1

<iuyJl

went to (the) church

this

dhahabtu

ila-l-ka

morning
?

sah hadha-s-sab

AVho was there

man kan hunak ?

idicj i^rJa-fll lac.

The bishop

preached

wa az-al-mutran

an eloquent sermon

wa zah

fasilia^

The collection amounted

to ten pounds

balaghat-il-lammi

asharat iTrat
ishtaru bil
-

With the sum they

bought a bell for the
church

mab

jarasan

lil-kanl;

The doctor was not

at

4 L_,^l

^/i

|J

lam

yakun

il-d [bi
f

home

[garden

fil-bait

His wife was in the

kanat zaujatu

Did you

tell

her

to as
?

a-kult laha an tu
il-tabib

send the

doctor

halam!

soon as he returns Tes, and she gave

this medicine

yarja' ?

me

na

am waa

tatni

hadha-1-dawa
well
fa alta hasanan

You have done

What have you done

to-day
?

madha

amilt-al?

yaum
.

Vowd

aoimda

hat, father, bit, machlue, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted consonants, h, 4, $, t, ^, hard.

au = ow in

EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.

English.
Ababio.

Peohunoiation.
hi t bida'ati kulla

I sold all

my

goods
it ?

Has he paid you for

I

haldafa lakhaqqa

have heard a strange

story to-day

ana

samitu-1-ya

from the

qu|ah gharibah

muleteer

min -il-mukari

The
I like riding

Aorist Tense.
ana uhibb-ul-ruku'
anta tufaddil-ul-ma

You prefer walking

He

eats

very

little in

1^*- J-li

J^b

huwa yakul

qalll

the evening

jiddan fil-masa
JJ^J9 SlX^

She sleeps long

*Uj ^Ji hiya tanam mudc

tawllah

[naum
fi

He waUcs

in his sleep

huwa yamshi

We
;

like

our breakfast

nahnu nuhibb-ulfutur fil-khala

in the

open

You will never foHow

anta la tattabi
hati abadan

na

my

advice

I never ride

donkeys

ana

la arkabu-l-han

aslan

[kadi

She hates lies

hiya tabghudu-1-

They will have rainy

weiaither

>\Sls
'-X
.\^-j

sayakun lahum

al-

tO'day

yaum matar huwa yatbukh jaiyi

urid kas

He
I

cooks well

want a glass of water

to drink

ma

Do you wish

_ tXJ

t_JjS*j

Jay

a-turid tashrab qadi

a glass of wine ?

nabidh

Vmoel sounds : hatj father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Doited consonaiUs, h, d, , t, ^, hard.

au = o w in cow

90

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababic.

Pbokdnciation.

She prefers a cup

cofEee

of

hiya tufaddil

fir

[now

qahwah
la yaridii

[i

They

will not dine just

yatghai

I shall not employ

him
'

la

astakhdimhu f

any more
Will you not help
to pitch the tent ?

ba'd abadan

mc

^^
J,J1 J\
<Ji>

halla tusa idni

fl

nasb-il-khaimah

He

-win

go to

the

huwa yadhhab

il

market next -week

suq al-jum a-l-qad

We respect others Why will you not come

with me
?

nahu

riukrim-ul-g]
la

limadha
taji

turld

[you

ma

i?
ala

They

are laughing at

hum yadhaku
ana atba ak

I will follow

you
L-pI'VD

She will remain hehind

When the

^
iU

hiya tatkhallaf
hin taduq-iil-sa ah
sab an sahhini

clock strikes

iUUl J^'c;-^
IJOl
liT*

seven waken

me

She has not finished

her dinner yet
It
is

ma

faraghat min

gbada'iha ba d
^y^\
'J

time to go to had

Ju

sar waqt-ul-naum

(time of sleep)

Tou
She

are strong
is ill is

anta qawi hiya maridah

England
country

a great

bilad-ul-ingliz

ms

lakah azTifiah
like

The Arabs
English

the

aulad-ul-'arab

yahubbun-al-ing

Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted conaonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.

au = ow in

cot

EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.

Engush,
Aeabio,
PBONtrNOIATlON,

91

The camel

is

the

al-jamal huwa-1-

V favourite animal in
Arabia

.h

haiwan-ul-mahhub
fi

arahistan
ila

The road to Jericho

dangerous

is

^'^

L^^ (JiJ^^ al-tarlq

ariha

sIls:*

mukhtirah

You are right

He
is

L_>^^ (JfJ _ l^\ al-haqq ma'ak

^ty-^

in the

wrong

d-^^ al-haqq

'alaih

3.

The Imperative Mood.

Do not

sit

92
Enslish.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.

Ensush,
Pbonunoiation.
la

m
nakhruj

We

oannot go out to-

naqdar

day on account of the

:

al-yaum

bisabab-il-

heavy rain
Can you
milk
?

matar-il-qawi
sour

drink

^'-r'^A

yatara taqdar tashral

laban
like it

You may

rubbama tuhibbuh
to

He may go with me
the
It

yumkinhu

yurafiqni

Mosque
rain

of

Omar

ila-1-hai'am-ish-shai

may

V
come

rubbama tamtur
hiyatastati antasbui

She can wait

Could

have
told
?

a-qadartu an ajT

when I

him

lamma

quit

'

laht

would not

inni la ajT ?

They might reject

advice

my

rubbama j'arfudu
nasihati

You

should

learn

alaik
al-

an

tat allaa

Arabic
It

arabiyah

might help yon

rubbama tanfa ak
kaif tuhmil hadhi-1

Whyshouldyouneglect
this

opportunity

fursah
hal

Can he have told you

the truth
?

min-il-mumfeii

innahu qal laka-1

haqq?
She cannot have seen

ghairmumkin
ra'athu

innalii

him

He might have
a little

eaten

kan yumkiu lahu

ai

more

ya'kul akthar qalila:

Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ;

au = ow

in cow.

Doited consonants, h,

d, s, t, ?,

hard.

94
Ehcush,
If
I
strike

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Arabic.
PEONtTNCIATION.

him

he

in adribhu

yashkuni

will complain of
to the

me

ila-1-Cunsul

Consul

Unless you work better

I

in

lam tashtagil ahsan

will

dismiss
service

you

^^

cJ^M

fa-arfudak min

from

my

khidmati

The
Neglecting
exercise,
to

Participles.
bi-ihmalihilil-riyadaji

take

he hecame ill

sara maridan

Having received two

pounds,
a

ba'd an akhadh

lira-

he

bought

tain ishtara badlah

new

suit of clothes
la:j!)

jadiduh

Grasping my, hand, he

shook
it

^jo

i^Lc f.i-^ biqabdihi

ala

yadi

violently

hazzaha bishiddah

The
Have you
Jerusalem
ever
?

position of Adverbs
Li
(juujjil

seen

hal

zurtum-ul-kuds

qatt?
a
-

Has she never eaten

pomegranates before ?
This
horse

lam

takul

rum-

manan aslan?
hadha
lajl
- 1 -

not

only

hlsan
faqatt

la

kicks, but also shies

J-*=^

J-'

iaJiJ

yarfus

bal

yajfal ai(Jan

He
She

rides

remarkably

cT""

,^-.. -<

>

huwa yarkab

alisan

well
is

Ui-^

ma yakun

[qatan

truly grateful

(UiJisi-

^j-Cii ^Jb hiya

sbakurah haql-

V<nvel

sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle;

au = ow in cow.

EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR,

English,
Ahabic.
?
^juK-JJl
''

95

Pronunciation,

Bo I read plainly

hal aqra bibayan

ti

She dresses beautifully

Jus?

|jJ!>

hiya tujid

fll-libs

He

writes fast

huwa yak tub bisur ah

yauzuruni kull yaum
yadrus bi-ijtihad

TKey see

me

daily

He

studies diligently

7.

The

Infinitive

Mood.

intended to see

you

96
ENGIjISH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.

Pbonunciatios.

To drink beer
heat
is

in

the

shurbu-l-bira fil-harr

injurious to

mudirr bil-sihhah

health

He
She

ought to have paid

dues

u'

i!

,1^

Ls*;^;

kan

yanbaghi" lahu

me my
is

an yufini haqqi
to

supposed

yuzan

fiha

annaha

know how

to cut out
to

ta raf-il-taf sil
.LO- <U\

He

claims

have
in

uXj

yadda'i annahu
ta'allam al-inglizi

learned
six

English

months

-yah

fi sittat

shuhur

To frighten strangers
is

takhwTf-ul-ghuraba

very wrong
steal is sin

khata azim

To

^yJl

al-sirc[ah

haram

To love

one's neighbour

mahabbat-ul- j ar
wasiyat-ul-lahi

is Grod's

command
:

Voioel

hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle;

au = owin cow.

Dotted consonants, h, d,

s, t, z,

hard.

MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TATTGHT SERIES

languages of Europe, so that wherever the tourist

includes

most of the

may go, down the Mediterranean,

through the heart of the Continent, or round the western and northern countries,
with the aid of one or other of the volumes in the Series he can readily make
himself understood amongst the various peoples with

whom

he comes in contact.

Thus, these manuals are guides to the spoken languages of to-day, and they
are of the greatest service to tourists, travellers, students, business

men, holidayetc.

makers, cyclists, motorists, photographers, teachers of languages, etc.,

Of
E.

all Booksellers,

Catalogite free

from

the Publishers

E.G.

Mablbohough &

Co.,

51

Old

Bailisy,

LoxDo>f,

CONVERSATIONAL PHEASES AND SENTENCES*

Useful and Necessary Expressions.
Ababio.

Pbonunoiation.

Allow

me
?

ismah

li

Are you hungry

anta jau an

At

last!

akhlran
a'ti

Be careful

balak
!

Begone
Begone! (out with you!)

imshi
itla

barra

By

all

means

ala
la

kuU

al

Certainly

budd

ma lum
na

am
huna

Come back
Come here

irja'

ta al

Come in

U^^
?

udkhul, kliushsh
anta sami anta arif
.

Do you hear ? Do you know

"
It

? ?

anta ta raf ?
la

Uxouse
Forgive

me me

tuwakhidhni

samihni

From here
Go away
Good-bye Good-bye (answer)

min huna
ruh min huna
bikhatirkum

ma

a-s-salamah

Vowd soumda : hat,

ArabtoSeV-Taught

Dotted consonants, h, d,

father; bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = in cow. *See 'N.B.', p. 12. 9, t, ?, hard.

ow

(97)

98

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

9J

100
BSGLISH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
BNaiiisH.

101

102
ENGI;ISH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
PBONUHCIiTION.

He He
He

is is
is

a clever fellow

hu jada

shatir

a liar

huwa kadhdhab huwa

sakran

drunk
under

He He He He
He

is is

my

orders

huwa taM amri huwa huwa

za'lan kathir
~~

very angry

is ill

aiyan

learned Englisli
told

at allam ingllzi

me

huwa

qal

li

HoH your toilgue

How
>>

uskut, ikhras
kaif halat ?
kaif khatirak ?

do you do
j> )'

How many piastres ? How much do you sell

this for ?

kam
AJli \i

qirsh

bikam tabi hadha ?

How must we go to ? How foolish he is

!

ma

hfi-1-tariq ila

ma ahmaquh
ana mut ajjib
u\ ana rayih

I I
I

am

astonished

am
am

going

t:'j

not ahle
(it
is

ma
not
to)

aqdarsh

cannot

ma yumkinni
ana uhaqqiq lak -ma indi ana
fi.

possible for

me

I assure

you

I have not
I
1
I
I

am
am

angry with you

cold

za

al

ma ak

ana bardan
ana jau an

am hungry
am
not hungry

ana mush jau an

Vowd

sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted consonants, li, d, $, t, ^, hard.

au = ow in cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES
English.
Akaeio.

103
Pbonunoiation.

I J
I I

am

tired

[to it

ana ta ban ana malish 'adah flh

al-haqq alaiya

am not accustomed am wrong

am
right

al-haqq

ma i

I cannot, ain not able

I do not care I do I do

Ut>

.Si\

ma

aqdarsh

JM^
^^J^

la ubali
la

not

kn6w

a rif

not speak Arabic

learn Arabic

ma

atkallam arabi

I cannot"
if

ma

aqdar

at'allam

you speak English

arabi idha

kunt tu-

to

me

kallimni bil-inglizi

have no appetite

ma
ma
UjI

li

qabliyah

lil-akl

I have no passport
I live at

'indi

tadhkara
fl

him
^J.yJJ:^ I.

ana sakin

I never sarw

ma

shuftush abadan
aviz

J want
I I I I

biddi,

want to buy

biddi ashtari

am

not willing

ana mush radi ana ghaltan

altamis ilaika
hi ardak

am mistaken
pray you
ti
-

tj

If

you please

min

fadlak, in shi'ta

Is it true ?

ahadha sahlh ?

I believe not I think it probable

ma

azinn

azunnahu

muhtamalan
It is of

no consequence
|

<fc=;?

J:lL

la tail tahtahu

Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle;

'

au = ow in cow.

Dotted'-conaonants, h, d,

, t, ?,

iiard.

104

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
English.
I
AnABIO.

105
Pbonunciation.

have heard none

time to go
rather cloudy-

ma
i,

sami tu shaian

It is
It is It is

ana-1-dhahab

al-sama

mughimah

a pleasure

hadha wajib
tamsi ala khair
sa-a'ud arak ghadan

I wish

you good-night

I will see

you again
"^

tomorrow
I

hope so

in sha-allah
la yagluhi lishai la ubali
it

It is

good for nothing

^

I don't oare
It is so, really

Lout

hadha hakadhahaqq'in
i^.

I will

make

shift with-

ana astaghni 'annu

la

I beg your

pardon

tuwakhidhni

(excuse
I

me)

beg your pardon

^\

al-

afu

* (forgive

me) /
qarlbil-ihtimal
oE

It

is

very likely

It is a

long

way

masafah ba'idah
bilqurb
hasabi-1_$si.iJ
,

It is close at

hand

Just as usual

adah

Keep to the right

^AX t.l>-i^ khallik ala

yaminak

Knock at the door

Lend
Let
Let

duqq-1-bab
aslifni

me
alone

me me

khallini
khallini

help you

u Tnak

Lift the latch

irfa'i-1-suq'qatah

Light the candle

walli ish-sham ah

Vowd sounds:

hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted eoTisonants, h, 4, ij, t, ?, hard.

au = ow

in cow.

106
English.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

107

108
Engush.
That's enough

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Aeabio.
PEONtlNOIATION.

i^.
Jj'^'*^

yikfi,

bass

There

is

no haj-m

L5
(_Si

jU

ma.fi darar
zai ba da<

They

are all alike

j*^ kuUuhum

hum
This annoys

me

very

^^ ,j^y,. \i>^

hadha yuza
kathJr

ilni

much
They say
so
is

yakulun hakadha
dark
al-lail

The night The moon The

muzlim

shines

al-qamar zahir
ar-rih baxidah

-wind is cool

Take a cloak
That
is

khudh burnus
hadha-1-haqq kullu
al-dubban mukaddir

the whole truth

are trouble-

The

flies

Wait here

[some

usbur buna, istanna

huna
"Wait until he comes

usbur hatta yaji

imshi ala mahlak

Walk

slowly

We

will eat

biddana nakul
ahlan wasahlan
!

Welcome
Welcome
Welcome,
friend
to

you

>
dear

marhaba

fik

my

marhabafikya

sadiqi-

J^J^^

1-azTz
taiyib,

Well, I

am

satisfied

ana

iktafait

We We

can by no means
it

la

naqdar in nadhin
'

permit

bihi-1-battah

have

not

any

ma

lana

min

illat
^

cause to complain

lil-shakwa

Vowd

sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted consonants, h, d, $, t, ^, iiard.

au = ow

in cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

109

no
Bngush.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
EHeiilSH.

111

Akabic.

Tou come with me You

are too

young

Tou must dress well

You must be quick

You
are ready

now

112
Engmbh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Aeabio.

Pbonunciation.

How

mucli

is

the fare

kam -l-ujrah
c"
hntta ?

lilma-

to the station ?

Each person four

piastres

kul
?

shakhs

arba at

[much
porter

qurush
wal- attal

And

the
is

how

kam

He

entitled to ask
piastres,

haqqu qirshain watalib bakhshish., lian-

two

and

is

asking for baqshish.

id-dunya shaub wal'afsh thaqil

because

it is

hot and
is

the luggage

heavy
?

Is the luggage correct

yatara-l- af sh

tamam?

Eleven pieces

ihda shar razma

in
thc'

Tou

left

one

khallait

wahida

fll-

steamer

markab
send
the

You must
porter
to
it

lazim tursilu-1- attal

yas-al anha

inquire

ahout

I quite forgot

it, sir

nasaituha bit-tamal

ya

sidi
lillah.

Thank goodness
one
is

some

al-hamdu

bringing it

now

wahad jayibha

alan

The Railway.
Is the station far ?
HS^je.1

iks^l

lSj'

yatara al-mahatta |

ba Ida

No

a quarter of an kJii (LcLj

t^J

Aj.^

la

masafat rub sa

al'i

hour's distance only

faqat
;

.,|

Vowei sowiuU: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle

au = owiii cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
Enoubh.
Ababic.
PBONTOiaiATlON.

113

Wlen does the train go ?

In hall an hour
ttOW, start
it

mata yusafiru-1-qitar?
ba d nu?s sa ah

will

not
the

ala

kull

hal

ma

hefore

yaqum
l-b5sta
la

qabl in taji-

mails

come
not hurry

We need
[Please

luzum

lil-'ajalah

go and get the

min

fsyilak

ruh

I I

tickets

wajibi-1-tadhakir
flrst-class

want four

ayiz arba
darajaula

mahallat

K
There
is

a ticket short

naqisa tadhkara

wahida
Never mind
!
!

will

ma

alaish

ajib

lak

bring

you another
:

wahida thaniyah
it

And the money

right"?

is

wad - darahim

ahi

tamam
bad
of your

One

piastre is
life

Jlkj

^ij

j:>ji

qirsh wa^id battal

[(By the

wahayat abuk huwa

taiyib

father) I swear, it is

good

You

are right,

it

is

al-haqq

ma ak huwa

only old
I

bass qadim
to

would like

ask

ahubb

as-al

at-tur

the interpreter
I

juman

There
I

is

no need to from
(J*:i~!^

ma

fish

luzum
-

will ascertain

ma

dhalik urid asta

him

all

the same

lim

minhu
au = ow in cow.

Vowd samida hat,

I

father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Doited cpneonanis, h, d, 9, t, j, hard.

drabic Self-Tcntghl

114
Ehqush.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.
al-

Pbonunciation.

The luggage goes without extra charge

afsh yaruh balash

No

haTe paid 15
:

la,

ana dafa

khamsa:

piastres

here

is

the

ta shar

qirsh

ha

receipt

huwa-1-wasl

wish
journey

you

good

ma

as-salamah bihif z-

il-lah

You

are travellers

hadratkum musafirin

How

long

have you,
?

kam

sar

lakum
?

fi

been in Egypt

barr Masr

We arrived only to
Are you
going
?

day

tjij AiJl liLffi

wasalna-l-yaum faqat
yatara

to

ji up
.\i\

'\,
:;

<-jI)

rayihin

ilal-

Jerusalem

u^
there

quds?

We

shdl

stay

iM
'.J'

>r

nuqim

fiha

arba'at

four

days,

waiting

aiy am n antazir sahib

for a friend

lana

It

is'

not enough; you

ma

yakfish yalzamatain

require

two

or three

kum jum

au

weeks at

least
is

thalatha 'alal-aqall
to see

Our intention

qasduna nashuf kull

shai qabl

everything before

we

ma

narja'

go back to England

ila biladi-1-ingilz

Good
see

perhaps I shall

aiyib
j'

insha- Allah

you when you

Beth-

Uj *jCs5^\
i:;"

ashufkum
tarja

lanima
Bait-

return from

min

lehem
Please

ruhm
!

God

a!J1

'L

insha-Allah

Vowd

sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted consonants^ h, d, 9, t, 5, hard.

au

=0W in cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES

115

. .

116
Bhgmsh.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.
Peontiuoiation.

What
times Lunch,

are
?
is

the

meal-

ma

hi sa'at-1-akl ?

at
.

... and
. . .
. .

alghada assa ah
<ul.JI

dinner at

wal asha assa ah

There

is

no fixed time

ma

fl

waqt muqarrar
?

And

breakfast ?
in

wal-futur

Can I dine

my

ayumkinni atghadda
fl

room?

audati?

Where
I

is

the w.c.

fain bait-l-rahah ?

want a warm hath

ayiz

hammam
sabun

sukhun
Give me a piece of soap
Grive
a'tini shaqfat
"
1

me
is

a towel

a tmi minshafah
fain-l-jaras ?

Where
I

the bell

want a candle

ayiz

sham ah

I think of leaving to-

anwi-1-dhahab bukrah

morrow
Call

me

early in the

salihini

badri

fis -

morning
Call

sabah

my

servant
to the station

Take me

i_r"^^ <iLs^

jlj 1-?'

nadi khadimi

L5^

Jk^ khudhni lil-mahLi^tah

Meals.
(For Vocabulary, see p. 34.)

Please bring tea and

cakes

min fadlak

jib

shaii
i

waqa q
^j-Jy
jib

Bring bread and butter

khubz wa-zibdah

Vnwd

nounda: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; Dotted consonants, h, d, s. t. z, hard.

au^owin cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.

117

118
Ehgush,

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.

Pbondhoiatios.

Give

me

little,

please

a tmi shuwaiyah

min

fadlak

Will you pass the

min fadlak
khardal

nawilni-1-

mustard ?
Pass

me

the sauce

nawilni-l-maraqah
ya-sufraji

Waiter, some bread

shuwaiyat

khubz

What wine
take, sir?

will

you

ai

nabidh tashrab ya-

sidi?
list

Show me

the wine

warrini

qayimat - 1

nabidh

Have you English

beer?

Lj-LOi \j^ LLiAii^

fi

indak blra inglizi-

yah?
bottle
?

Open the

iftah-il-qannmah
yatara

Is this water filtered

hadha
?

- 1 -

ma

musafEa
Is
it

good for drinking

^il^.

>

hal yaslah lil-shurb ?

ghaiyir sahni

Change

my plate

Correspondence^ Post, Telegrams,

(For Vocabulary, see p. 47.)

etc.

Have no
for
'No,

letters

come

ma

ia-at

li

makatib?

me ?
none have come
ought to be here
^Ji\

U^
Lb ujl
^.i
^J:
I

la

ma

ja shai

He

yajib an
al-an

yakun huna

by now
I

heard notmng nothing have neara

Vowel sounds :
hat., father, bit,

i^^:,.^xa^

\^ U

ma

sami t snai shai

machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted conaonante, h, 4, 9, t, f, hard.

au = OW in cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
English.
Arabio.
J.

119
PBONnUOIATION.

Has the mail steamer

arrived ?

yatara wasal waburr

ul-bosta ?

Go aad see
is

if

the mail

w
lai:-Js.ia

ruh washuf
<U3~1>J'
fi

in kanat-

in

il-bos^a wa?alat

Are there any letters

for
I

makatib

IT ?

me

[letters

have not received any

ma

istalamt makatib

Please
letters

forward
to
. .

my
.

min fadlak irsil makatlbi ila

.

Please

weigh this letter

IJJS

^jj\

min fadlak uzan

hadha-1-maktub

Howmuch is the postage

,

USB) i(k-jij

!SjS>-\

J,

kam

ujrat

bSstat
?

on these letters

hadhi-1-makatib

Can you lend me a pen?

taqdar tusullifni

qalam ?
Have you a lead pencil ?
^js^j Jj_lLSjc Jjo hal
indak qalam

risas ?
I

want some note-paper

ayiz waraq kitabah

a tini zarf
fain-il-hibr ?

Give ine an envelope

Where
Lend
:

is

the ink
a

me

piece

of

sallifni

-warakat

hlotting-paper

nashshafah
a'tmi ba
bosta
(J

Give

me some stamps

tawabi

Tell
[

him

to wait

qui luh yantazir

reply
ursil-ul-jawab

will
later

send

ba dain
hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted conaanants, h, ^, ^, t, z, hard.

V(Md sounds :

au = ow in cow.

120
Engush.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT
Akabio,
PEONOTIOIATrON.

Can

I send a telegram ?

yatara yumkinniursil
teleghraf
?

I have

received
. .

a
.

wasalni teleghraf

telegram from
I

min

want a postal order

s

ayiz hawalat hosta

The payee

name and
. .

ism-ul-muwadda ilaih
.
. .

address are

-l^KiS

wa- anwannh

huma
I

am

the sender

ana-l-mnrsil

Please cash this

order

money

min fadlak a

tini sarf

hadhi-1-ha walah
is

This letter
registered

to

he

hadha-1-m aktub
lil-tasjtl

Registered letter

>
it

-J

maktub mnsaukar
a tini bihi wasl

Give

me

a receipt for

Shopping.
I

want some
silk is

silk

ayiz shuwayat fcanr

This

very dear

hadha-1-harir

ghali

kathir

This material wears

well
I will guarantee it I don't guarantee it

hadha-l-q[umash

yadum zaman
ana aijmanuh

^awil

ana la admanuh

Please show
gloves
Vowel sounds

me some

min
ala

fadlak

farrijni
,

ba d kuf uf

hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle Dotted consonante, h, d, $, t, 7, hard.

au = ow

in cow.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
ENausH.
I

121

want a

cross

made

12i
ENQI/ISH.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.

can't let

you have

tliem for less

.

I will

buy these

How do you like ttese ?

I don't like any of these

Do you want anything

else?

iyJ

(JjSi

Send the things

hotel

to

my

What name,

sir?

An
Wake me
morning
early in the

Excursion.

We
the

are going to

see

Mount

of Olives

to-morrow

Do you want me

to get

the donkeys ready ?

Perhaps we shall go

in

a carriage, but any-

how we

shall' take

food with us

Tes,

sir

everything

will be all right

You

must take

the

necessaries for tea

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
Enqijbh.
Arabio.
Peohtokjiation.

123

The

teapot, the spirit,

air
^.J^^,

ibriqu-sh
sbiritu,

shai

wal-

matches, and every-

wal-kabrit,

thing must be

wakull shai

lazim

wrapped
I

in paper

yaltaff bil-waraq

have

wrapped

up
it

'^ j^ <-^s

laffait kiill

shai

wa-

everything and put

into the basket

hattaitu fis-salla

We

can buy oranges

-:fj

UL. yumkinna
''ff'.i

nashtari

and melons

on the

i'

u"^}

burtuqan wabattikh

way
Good
;

;/iJl ai

wanahnu
taiyib
la

fl^-tariq

do not' forget

J>-wJl

\J^

tansa-1-

the wine

nabidh
to go

We

want

up the

narid natla lifauqi-1-

minaret
Just as you wish, sir;
it is

ma-dhana
ala

khatirak
;

ya
fl

not

difficult,

but

khawaja
su uba,

ma

it tires

one

walakini-1-

insan yat ab
I will bring a permit
for

ajib

rukhsa likullikiim

you
is

all to

go up

l_yJi^
:j-5.

litatla

This

necessary

,xs

ifAJI)

hadhi druriyah

It will cost

two piastres

J^.
ij.s

thamanha
an

qirshain

each
Is the lady strong,

kuU shakbs
kawiyah

and
?

e:_^l

yatara-1-sit

can she also go up

U.,Uj_lk>-_

wataqdar tatla

[once

kaman

Get the tea ready at

fl^^liJl

yds>-

haddiri-sh-shai halan

Vowel sounde : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; DQttii contowants, h, 4, ?, \, % hard.

au = o w in cow.

124

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
PnOirtJNOIATION.

The horse is goinglame,

and
is

uW'j

'^j'^.

al-hi?an ya ruj

wata

very tired
is

ban kathir

The

driver

beatinfr

u
iX)

al
i.)l"ASI

arhaji

ammal

the horse without any

yadrubu-1-hisan
bidiin sabab

reason

He knows

his business

ya

rif

shughlu
qasi

He

is

not cruel

huwa mush
I
will J'

Another

time

al-m arra-th-th aniy a

take some one else

akhudh wahad ghairu

They

are all alike

kuUuhum mithl
ba dahumi-1-ba d

Have

you

made an \^j^

hal

amilt

hisaba-dilli

account of what you

^\ ^\j^
L'
iJi\Ats.

darahim
taha?

saraf-

have spent
I

have
Turkish
mejidis,
piastres

spent
liras,

three

saraft thalathat lirat

four
fifteen

t^jb

uthmaniyah waarba majidiyat wa-

and

,Aiu*,K~-. (Jub J*^.sr*

khamsat asharqirsh
sir,

I hope
ladies,

you,

the

f^'

asa in hadratkucn ya
sTdi was-sittat

and the

othoi-

wal-

gentlemen have enjoyed yourselves

to-

khawajatu-ththaniyln inbasat-

day

tum-l-yaum
all

We

enjoyed
only
a

our
the
little

kuUuna inbasatna
jl:uJ\
ij

fi

excursion,
ladies tired

LiiJ liiJ

^~^1
IS

satratna
faqalji
-

- 1 -

qasira,

are

i.}-

s - sittat

ta banat

shuwaiyah

Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; Dotted conscmarUs, h, d, 9, t, ;, hard.

au = ow in cow.

Passages of Arabic with Pronunciation and Translation interlined.

1.

"The

Lokd's

Pkater"

(Matt,

vi,

9-13).

kL>^i^]

.SiiliJ

cyl.:;!!!
-s-samawafc
fi

,sT\
-l-ladhi

-s-muka

liyataqaddasi

abana

Thy name hallowed

sUl!
-s-sama'i
fi

be

the heavens

in

which" art our Father

ij,>j'>^i-^

Ui kama mashi'atuka as Thy will

li-Ui

:Ui
litakun

cij'uJ
liya'ti

malakutuka

the heaven in

be done

Thy kingdom

come

Irlkil
a'tina

[jy^
khubzana
us

j>p\
-1-ardi

Ju
'ala

kafafana
sufficient for

kadhalika
so
-^-^

give us

our bread

the earth

upem

^^
we
^sfi

^
forgive

ur Ui
as

boy J
dhtinubana

ITJ

w
us

J^^y
waghflr

II
l.,

nahnu naghfiru kama

lana

-1-yauma
to-day

our trespasses

and forgive

Uli^-iJ -'

'J

tudkhilna
lead us

wn-la

ilaina

asa'a

liman
to

into

and not

against us

trespassed

them who

^.}^
lianna
for that
,;;]W SS-

-sh-shimri
the evil one

mina
from

najjina
deliver us

lakin

tajribatin

but

temptation

ri^-^

wal-majda

wal-quwata

-l-mulka
the kingdom
to

laka

and the glory

and the power

Thee helongeth

arnin

-1-abadi

ila

the eternity

to

(125)

126

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
2.

Qur'an (Koean), chap,

ir,

verse 169.

J
fi

\p
taghlu

^ la

L^^l
-1-kitabi

Jut
ahla

^.

ya

in

commit extravagance

not

of the

book

people

-l-haqqa
the truth

ilia

-1-llahi

'ala

taqulu

wa-la

dlnikumyour religion

except
y'C^

God
f O

of

speak

and not

top ^

L5"
rasiilu
is

the

Maryama apostle of Mary

-bnu
the son

'isa

-1-Masihu
the Christ

innama
for verily

Jesus

Maryama Mary

ila

alqaha
-which He' conveyed

vva-talimatuhu

-1-llahi

into

and his

Word

of Grod

bil-llahi
in

fa

aminu
believe

minhu
from Himself

wa ruhun
-

Grod

therefore

and a Spirit

^ji
thalathatun
a Trinity
tuqiilu

wa-la

-wa-rusulihi

say

and not

and His apostles

Idiomaiio translation of the above

in

people of the Book

commit no extravagance
truth.

your religion

and speak not

of

God except the

is

the son of Mary,

the apostle of

For verily Christ Jesus, God, and His "Word -which He

conveyed into Mary, and a

therefore in

Spirit, proceeding

God and His

apostles,

from Himself. Believe and say not " a Trinity ''.

MONEY.
Turkish Government Currency used in Syria, with
the English and American equivalents.
Gold Coihs.
2i lira Lira 'Uthmaniyali

English,
s.
=

Amebtcan.
--

.....
'

Fiastres,

d,

i i

lira lira

Also in circulation
Lira IngUziyah
'
,

^
.

= = = = =

250 100
SO

about 2

Dollars, 10-91

IS 9 4
=
=

4-36
2-18 1-09

25
110

=
=

4-85
3-88

Lira Faransawiyali

=
SiiTJCE Coins.
Fiastres.

about

d.
.

Dollars.

Majidi
Zihrawi

20 10

about

0-87

Nusf Majidi
. .

9^
1

0-43
0-26
0-21

Rub' Majidi
2 piastres
Piastre
'
.

102

4i
Pnrns.^

0-08 0-04

id
circii

2i
1

Also in
Sbilling

lation

'

20
.
,

0-25
0-19
ol'

Franc

10
(40 paras

In addition niciel coins of 20 and 10 paras and bronze coins

are current.

10 and o paraa

1 piastre.)

N.B.

AH

Government taxes and dues are paid according

to tbis fixed standard,

but the value of tbe above in piastres varies greatly in the different provinces, for all other payments. This applies also to raUway fares.
Credit notes can be cashed in English gold.

English and American

English.

money with

the Turkish

equivalents.

60 25
10
5
s.

d.

128
English.

ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.

For the
''"-.
,

STUDY OF FRENCH.
-'/
rt"""*-'' 7iM>.
:

"'/;;
'

-'rlv-;-'-/;
:

PRICES-.NET.
and BeTised by
' '

fJBJBNCH
By tbo
I

.SEJfcF-TJltljfCM'i'.

'

era:

. bim- '''gPJ*',^^'^';*Eiilari;ed

Kulidial'Hethoci, with'Photratlfiit^onnnclBtioii,

J.LAB?'^WBiB,.4)lrIij(Pi:iiiciplS'iio^Mater Oity,otLaudc>iiicJip61). Oontalliliiig Alphabe<<aiidFiptaaiiciatlon,TlisNaialHaaDd,Notei6ii ArticleB, Mendvi;, Acceut. ftc, Claulfled Voejibdlarin, CmuTeTHatloiial.Ftanui and Smt^DceH, TzaTl 'TtCSk, Conimaroial, Uotoring and Oycling Tstma, Uoney,'Weigbto and UeasnreB, with UluBtration > ol.Frenab Coihag*.
.

'

FHtENCH
'

ByiJ.,

"j^^fViith: if. >euoh Uaatw City or Lonilon Hchoolt. ContaInlirg'Alphabt,'Aec^nt^Ijiiai9on,Ac..UnlMof QrammarrxnipUaeilwltl]Moael Henteuaeti, AuxUlaty Varbsj Bynoptical Table of tka lour CoiijuKiitioiia, Irregular

CKAMMAR

SELF-TAUGHT(Fiioc{pa(

" '"

LAFFITTB,

B.-*ii''Ii.

Verba, fixnroiaea, Alpnabatioal voaa'buliKy.'

<

.>

KEY to Frencb Grammar SelC-Tauifbt. orownSTo. piuawrappn.T*. OlomM. BIu. wrapper. .. FRENCH B y HOME STUDY. Banded
^

Uontalu^ French BeU-TaOKht,

tliijellier.

Qrammar and Key to the Bzerclaaa.

orSS'ioth?...
,

FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT and CKAMMAR with KEY. Three bookkbonnd In pne Tolnma.

<

FRENCH
;.!

PROt>rUNC:iATION

MADE
'

EASY.

ByM. II. ItEBKK'r. Vonrtl) aMtlcB. Ke-nttten and anla>ge<. Containing the Vowel Sonada, the Oonaonante, Accenta and Blgna, the NMal.DlTiaibn of Worda iiitd SyUablf a, tjqnntity, Rhlee on Proper Nonna;, Boadlng Exeroiaea Witt tuterliueil Pbonelio ProDuiKtiatlon. Key to BeadinR Bzerolaeii.

om..i.8.?i!!3rA -..

For the STUDY OF ITALIAN.

PRICES NET.
SELF-TAUGHT, t (Thimm'f Syifam) On. avo. ITALIAN .^^^^-^^^^.^^^.^
I

Bioa wmpnei,

la. at.

He^olotli.,aa

B) the natural method, with Phonetic Fronnodatlon. Enlarged and Kevised by 1). IML'IiA VBCCIIIA. Containing Alphabet and Pronnnciation; Notes on Articlua, (Vendor, Accuni, &c., Classified Vocabularies, Gonversatioiial Phrases and KenCiinoes,' Travel Talk, Commercial, Trading, Naval and Military Terms, Ainnsements, Motoring, Cycling, Photography, Musical [Terms, Tables of Moneys with English and American Values, Weights and Measures, and illustration of Italian Coinage.

ITALIAN
By

GRAMMAR
PANAGULLI

SELF-TAUGHT.
/

Oin.>*o.

biwpp,i..m.

A. O.

(Principal Of the

London School

of Italian).'

Ked oloVB, JB. Contaiumg

Alphabet, the Double Consonants, Brbnnuefation, Accent, the Apostroiihe, the Definite Article; the Use of the Articles ; the Substantive, Gender ; the Adjective; Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers; 'Iiideflnlto Adj.wjtjves and Proiioiins; Aniiliary, Regular, and Irregular Verbs. Synoptiual Table of the Three Conjngations. Re^idine Lessons. Idiomatic ExpteBBions.. AlphabeticiU, Vocabulary.

KEY
with

to Italian Grammiiir Self-JTa nght;

e.o.

biu wrapper.

Td.

ITALIAN SELF-TAUGHT and GRAMMAR

KEY.
Three botika bomid in one volume.
,

^^^^%
,
,.
*

ITALIAN B Y

HOME

STUPlf

'crown gYo. Bin* wrappei.

three bboks, baiided together,: Italian Selt-Xan^U. Grammar, and Kay,

Marlhorongha ITALIAN AND ENGLISH _..Tyjv.

COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE.
(Hftrlboron^h'a Serlei of Foreign Commercial Corraipondenga.)

TOOBSCO and W. OBEVOBrMAUBICE, A'.I.Ii., London.

and Letters, Enqnlriea relating to Goods;

By E. S.ItO^MRKOContaining Model Phri -es

OtFers of Goods, Orders and their Execution, Shipping Correspondence^ Agencies, Situations, Financial Oreditj Insurance of ijuculs. Finance, Market Beports with Phrases, Announcements, Letters of IntrodnotioQ, Commei'Cial Terms and Abbreviations, Tables of Money with English and American

"

Equivalents.

Weights and Measures, Ac.

London

: E.

MARI30R0U6H_ 4_

Co^,

Mlishers,

fil,

Old Bailoy.Tc.

Marlborowgh-s

SAlf-T^^igllf
instances the

SeHeS
a separate' volume.'

Contains classified VocabulaFies, useful Phrases and ConTersations witli the ENGLISH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION of every word so arranged that they may be ieartted AT. A GLANCE, and a siniplified

Grammap.

Income

Grammar

foitni^

PRJlfres
Olbtfa.

NUT.
Wrapper.

ARABIC

ITALIAN

DUTCH EGYPTIAN [Arabic] (With Naval Military Terms) ESPERANTO uFINNISH (With Fishing & Shooting Tei^ms) ZlFRENCH (With Naval & Military Terms) VGRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT 21:- SELF-TAUGHT & GRAmMAR with KEY 4/GERMAN SELF-TAUGHT (With Naval & MUitary Terms) 21GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT 21SELF-TAUGHT & GRAMMAR with KEY ih GREEK (Modern) SELF-TAUGHT 8/' (With Naval & MUitary Terms) HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT 3/SELF,TAUGHT & GRAMMAR s/HUNGARIAN SELF-TAUGHT 3/-;
<Sc
.
.

CHINESE DANISH

BURMESE

[Syrian]

SELF-TAUGHT,..,
(With Commercial & Military Terms) (With Commercial & Trading Terms) (With Fishing iS; Shooting Terms)

3161S/8/3/3/-

5/4/-, 2/6 2/6 2/6 1/3 2/6 1/3 1/3

3/1/3 1/3 3/2/6 2/6 2/6

..

...

...

:..

SELF-TAUGHT &GRAMMAR with KEY JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT (With Naval & MiUtary Terms) ,- GRAMMAR _ SELF-TAU6HT& GRAMMAR LATIN SELF-TAUGHT (With Medical & Dispensing Terms) (With Flsliing, & Shooting Terms) NORWEGIAN (With CbmmeTcial & Trading Terms) PERSIAN ditto ditto PORTUGUESE (With Naval & MlUtary Terms) RUSSIAN (jj^ith Planting & Goi^mercial Terms) SINHALESE
...
(
.

GRAMMAR

(With Naval

&

MUitary Terms)

SPANISH

SWEDISH. SELF-TAUGHT (With Fishing* Shooting Terms) TAMIL. .^ ..,:,!,,, (WithlPiantlng & Commercial Terms) ^ (^RISfMMiAR, SELF-TAUGHT

GRAMMAR SELF-TAtjGHT SELF-TAUGHT & GRAMMAR with KEY 'f,^-.

SELF-Tci&jdHT &

,,

(Vooabnlary for Canary Islands)

TURKISH SELF-TAUGHT

GRAMMAR

(English

& TniMsh Dictionary)

S/214/3/&/7/6 2/3/3/5'3/3/2/214/8/3/8/7/6 8/-

1/3 1/3 3/2/6 4/1/3 2/6 2/6

2/6 1/3 1/3 3/2/6 2/6 4/2/6

ENGLiH
For the f BENCH

SELF-TAtTGHT.
...
... ...

^^'Adglais sans Hattre

GERMANS
ITALIANS
SPANIAiSDS

Der Englische DolmetscheF L'lnglese Imparato da 86 El IngUs para Cada Coal ...

...

2/2/2/2/-

mz
'm

1/3

Otber volamesare to be Issaed, inclnding English tor Yiddish Speahara, &e.

London

:E. MBLBORODGH

&

Co., Publishers.Bl. Old Railp.v

ik

P.O. 646b

..^;

i-r^

"

"-Ax