Ch07-Data Collection and ZigBee

WirelessSensorNetworks
Dr.Ing.VoQueSon Email:sonvq@hcmut.edu.vn
Telecomm.Dept. FacultyofEEE
WSN2013 HCMUT
Content
Chapter7:Datacollection/Dissemination,ZigBee
ZigBeearchitecture DataCollection Dissemination OverTheAirProgramming
Chapter8:IPv6and6LoWPAN
ChallengesinWSNsandIP IPv6addressing Fragmentation 6LoWPANHeadercompression Bootstraping
Telecomm.Dept. FacultyofEEE WSN2013 HCMUT
CommunicationinWSNs
Localneighborcommunication(1tofew) Dissemination(1tomany) DataCollectionandAggregation(manyto1) PointtopointTransfers(1to1)
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DataCollectioninConcept
2 2 1 2 0
2 2 1
June2008
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DataCollection
Needaroutingprotocol:CTP,DSR, LinkQualitybasedDataForwarding
Wirelesscommunicationlinksareextremely unreliable ETX:tofindhighthroughputpathsonmultiple
SleepLatencyBasedForwarding
DutyCycling:sensornodesturnofftheirradios whennotneeded Idlelisteningwastemuchenergy
SleepLatencyinLowDutyCycleSensorNetworks
Sleep now. Wake up in 35 seconds B 57s latency A Sleep now. Wake up in 57seconds D
35s latency
C Sleep now. Wake up in 13 seconds

13s latency
4s latency
E Sleep now. Wake up in 4 seconds

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UnreliableRadioLinks
D 70% 90%
A 50% E
95%
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StateoftheartSolutions:ETX
ETX = 1/0.5 + 1/0.5 = 4 B ETX only considers link quality 50%, 100s
50%, 100s
Sole link cannot help reduce E2E delay in extremely low-duty cycle A D Expected E2E sensor networks!
delay is 50s 40%, 10s C ETX = 1/0.4 + 1/0.4 = 5
Expected E2E quality based delay is 400s solutions
40%, 10s
StateoftheartSolutions:DESS
Delay Efficient Sleep Scheduling DESS = 10 + 10 = 20s DESS only considers sleep latency 10%, 10s
B 10%, 10s
Sole sleep cannot help D A reduce E2E delayExpected in extremely low-duty cycle E2E sensor networks!delay is 40s
100%, 20s 100%, 20s C
Expected E2E delay is 200s solutions latency based
DESS = 20 + 20 = 40s
DataDissemination
How?
Usingbroadcast Usingtrickle UsingP2Prouting(RPL) DHV,DIP,Deluge
Purposes
Codeupdate,OTA Control/Managesensornodesbysending commands
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ZigBee
ZigBeeisatechnologicalstandarddesignedfor controlandsensornetworks BasedontheIEEE802.15.4Standard CreatedbytheZigBeeAlliance OperatesinPersonalAreaNetworks(PANs)and devicetodevicenetworks Connectivitybetweensmallpacketdevices Controloflights,switches,thermostats,appliances, etc.
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ZigBeeAlliance
Organizationdefiningglobalstandardsforreliable, costeffective,lowpowerwirelessapplications Aconsortiumofendusersandsolutionproviders, primarilyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthe 802.15.4standard Developingapplicationsandnetworkcapability utilizingthe802.15.4packetdeliverymechanism
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Characteristics
Lowcost Lowpowerconsumption Lowdatarate Relativelyshorttransmissionrange Scalability Reliability Flexibleprotocoldesignsuitableformany applications
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Applications
monitors sensors automatio n control monitors diagnostic s sensors TVVCR DVD/CD Remote control mouse keyboard joystick
INDUSTRIAL& COMMERCIAL
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
ZigBee
LOWDATARATE RADIODEVICES
PC& PERIPHERALS
PERSONAL HEALTHCARE
consoles portables educational
TOYS& GAMES
HOME AUTOMATION
security HVAC lighting closures

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ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4
Application API Security
32 /64 /128bitencryption
Customer ZigBeeAlliance thesoftware Network,Security&Applicationlayers Brandmanagement IEEE802.15.4 thehardware Physical&MediaAccessControllayers
Network
Star/Mesh/ClusterTree
ZigBee Alliance
MAC PHY
868MHz/915MHz/2.4GHz
IEEE 802.15.4
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ZigBeeArchitecture
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ZigBeeNetworkTopologies
Mesh Star
ClusterTree
PANcoordinator FullFunctionDevice(FFD) ReducedFunctionDevice(RFD)
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ZigBeeNetworkLayerOverview
Threekindsofdevicesinthenetworklayer
ZigBeecoordinator:responsibleforinitializing, maintaining,andcontrollingthenetwork ZigBeerouter:formthenetworkbackbone ZigBeeenddevice:mustbeconnectedto router/coordinator
Inatreenetwork,thecoordinatorandrouters canannouncebeacons. Inameshnetwork,thereisnoregularbeacon.

Devicesinameshnetworkcanonlycommunicate witheachotherinapeertopeermanner
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AddressAssignment
InZigBee,networkaddressesareassignedtodevicesbya distributedaddressassignmentscheme ZigBeecoordinatordeterminesthreenetworkparameters
themaximumnumberofchildren(Cm)ofaZigBeerouter themaximumnumberofchildrouters(Rm)ofaparentnode thedepthofthenetwork(Lm)
AparentdeviceutilizesCm,Rm,andLm tocomputeaparameter calledCskip

whichisusedtocomputethesizeofitschildrensaddresspools
1 Cm (Lm d 1),ifRm 1(a) Cskip(d ) 1 Cm Rm Cm RmLm d 1 ,Otherwise(b) 1 Rm

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AddressAssignment
Ifaparentnodeatdepthd hasanaddressAparent thenth childrouterisassignedtoaddress: Aparent+(n1)Cskip(d)+1 nth childenddeviceisassignedtoaddress: Aparent+RmCskip(d)+n Example:
Rm=4;Cm=4;Lm=3
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ZigBeeRoutingProtocols
Inatreenetwork
Utilizetheaddressassignmenttoobtaintheroutingpaths
Inameshnetwork:
RoutingCapability:ZigBeecoordinatorsandroutersare saidtohaveroutingcapacityiftheyhaveroutingtable capacitiesandroutediscoverytablecapacities Thereare2options:
Reactiverouting:ifhavingroutingcapacity Treerouting:ifhavingnoroutingcapacity
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ZigBeeTreeRouting
Whenadevicereceivesa packet,itfirstchecksifit isthedestinationorone ofitschildenddevicesis thedestination Ifso,acceptthepacket orforwardittoachild Otherwise,relayitalong thetree Example:
38 45 38 92
Cm=6 Rm=4 Lm=3 Addr = 125
Addr = 64, Cskip = 1 Addr = 92
Addr = 30
Addr = 63, Cskip = 7 Addr = 0, Cskip = 31 Addr = 126
Addr = 1, Cskip = 7
A
Addr = 31
B C
Addr = 38 Addr = 39
Addr = 32, Cskip = 7 Addr = 33, Cskip = 1
Addr = 40, Cskip = 1
Addr = 45
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ZigBeeMeshRouting
RoutediscoverybyAODVlikeroutingprotocol
Thecostofalinkisdefinedbasedonthepacket deliveryprobabilityonthatlink
Routediscoveryprocedure
Thesourcebroadcastsarouterequestpacket Intermediatenodeswillrebroadcastrouterequestif
Theyhaveroutingdiscoverytablecapacities Thecostislower
Otherwise,nodeswillrelaytherequestalongthetree Thedestinationwillchoosetheroutingpathwiththe lowestcostandthensendaroutereply

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WirelessSensorNetworks

C Sleep now. Wake up in 13 seconds

E Sleep now. Wake up in 4 seconds

Expected E2E quality based delay is 400s solutions

Expected E2E delay is 200s solutions latency based

consoles portables educational

security HVAC lighting closures

Customer ZigBeeAlliance thesoftware Network,Security&Applicationlayers Brandmanagement IEEE802.15.4 thehardware Physical&MediaAccessControllayers

PANcoordinator FullFunctionDevice(FFD) ReducedFunctionDevice(RFD)

Inatreenetwork,thecoordinatorandrouters canannouncebeacons. Inameshnetwork,thereisnoregularbeacon.

AparentdeviceutilizesCm,Rm,andLm tocomputeaparameter calledCskip

1 Cm (Lm d 1),ifRm 1(a) Cskip(d ) 1 Cm Rm Cm RmLm d 1 ,Otherwise(b) 1 Rm

Cm=6 Rm=4 Lm=3 Addr = 125

Addr = 64, Cskip = 1 Addr = 92

Addr = 63, Cskip = 7 Addr = 0, Cskip = 31 Addr = 126

Addr = 32, Cskip = 7 Addr = 33, Cskip = 1

Addr = 40, Cskip = 1

Otherwise,nodeswillrelaytherequestalongthetree Thedestinationwillchoosetheroutingpathwiththe lowestcostandthensendaroutereply

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