DSA Driving Syllabus

All the material in this publication is copyright
Copyright of The Queens Printer and Controller of HMSO, 26 March 2010

Driving Standards Agency
Safe and Responsible Driving
(Cat B)

Syllabus V1.0.0



Contents
Introduction 1
Syllabus at a glance 2
Aim of the syllabus 2
Who is this syllabus for? 2
DSA Learning to Drive units 2
How to use this syllabus 3
Unit 1: Preparing a car/light van and its occupants for a journey 4
Unit aim 4
Learning outcomes 4
Unit content 5
Unit 2: Guide and control a car/light van 16
Unit aim 16
Learning outcomes 16
Unit content 17
Unit 3: Driving a car/light van in accordance with the Highway Code 300
Unit aim 300
Unit content 311
Unit 4: Safe and responsible driving 355
Unit aim 355
Unit content 366

1
Introducing the Safe and Responsible Driving Syllabus - A message from the
Chief Driving Examiner

The Safe and Responsible Driving Syllabus sets out an approach to training drivers in
the skills, knowledge and understanding required to be a safe and responsible driver of
a Category B vehicle. It is based on the DSAs National Driving Standard and will
contribute to DSAs overall objective of reducing the number of people who are killed
and seriously injured on our roads by describing good practice in the field of driver
training as well as providing a benchmark for performance in underpinning lifelong
driver development.

It will be of use to trainers, driving schools, individuals, employers, Sector Skills
Councils and standards setting bodies, regulatory authorities and awarding bodies,
education and training providers and producers of learning materials.

The Safe and Responsible Driving Syllabus relies on the body of research and
consultation which provides a firm foundation for the National Standard for Driving. We
hope it will also provide a bridge between the work of the DSA, the standard setting
organisation for safe and responsible driving, and the providers of driving related
vocational qualifications.

In line with our philosophy of safe driving for life, DSA recognises that the Safe and
Responsible Driving Syllabus will evolve and develop over time. We also recognise
that, in a world of client-centred learning there will be many different, but equally valid,
ways to deliver the desired learning outcomes. We will be engaging with our key
stakeholders to ensure that this syllabus remains up-to-date and brings together
examples of best-practice teaching and training.

TREVOR WEDGE
Chief Driving Examiner and Director of Safer Driving

N.B. The word vehicle has been used in the text to cover all types of cars and light
vans included in Category B

N.B Anybody wishing to undertake training in any element of this Syllabus must
ensure that they fully comply with all legal requirements.

2
The Syllabus at a glance
Aim of the syllabus
This Learning to Drive syllabus is based on the DSAs Safe and Responsible Driving
(Cat B) Standard
TM

and provides the basis for the Learning to Drive training process.
It aims to provide a structured approach to acquiring the skills, knowledge and
understanding to be a safe and responsible road-user in this class of vehicle.
Drivers who fully engage with the programme of study and training that this syllabus
supports will be able to demonstrate:
their knowledge and understanding of the theory of safe driving
their ability to apply their theoretical knowledge and understanding while driving
their ability to reflect on their own driving performance and to recognise the
need to take remedial action if appropriate

Who is this syllabus for?
This syllabus is intended to provide information for:
the learner (provisional and full licence holders)
the trainer.*

*All references in this syllabus to trainer include approved driving instructors (ADIs) and
any competent/ qualified person supporting the learner.

DSA Learning to Drive units
This syllabus is made up of four units, which are listed below.

Unit 1: Preparing a car/light van and its occupants for a journey
Unit 2: Guide and control a car/light van
Unit 3: Driving a car/light van in accordance with the Highway Code
Unit 4: Safe and responsible driving


3
How to use this syllabus
The syllabus is divided into nominally free-standing units. However, the underpinning
research indicates that the process of learning to drive safely and responsibly needs to
be approached in a joined up way if it is to be successful. Therefore it is important that
drivers and trainers do not see these units as boxes that can be ticked-off one-by-
one, and in isolation. While the route taken through the material by each learner may
differ it is important that learners and trainers all understand that a driver can only be
said to be competent when they understand how the content of the units fits together
and is mutually supportive.

Each unit is broken down in the following way
Unit aim
- which contextualises the unit, and gives an indication of the areas to be covered
and why this is important in the lifelong learning-to-drive process.

Learning outcomes
- which provides a brief overview of what the learning outcome will be as a result of
studying the unit.

What you need to be able to do
- to demonstrate that you have achieved the learning outcomes.

What you need to know and understand
- to enable you to demonstrate achievement of the learning outcomes.

Illustrative guidance for trainers
- which provides illustrative guidance for trainers to help them understand more fully
what it is that each element of the syllabus is trying to achieve and how that could
be tackled in the training process.

Supporting Documentation
This syllabus is based on the DSA Safe and Responsible Driving (Cat B) Standard
TM
which is copyright of The Queens Printer and Controller of HMSO, 2008, and is
available at www.dsa.gov.uk.

Detailed information can also be obtained from the following publications:
Department for Transport The Official Highway Code (Revised 2007 edition)
(TSO, 2007) ISBN: 9780115528149
Driving Standards Agency Learning Materials The Official DSA Guide to Driving
The Essential Skills (TSO, 2008) ISBN: 9780115528170


4
Unit 1: Preparing a car/light van and its
occupants for a journey
Unit aim
The overall aim of this unit is that a driver should be able to come to an informed
judgement about whether they, their passengers and their vehicle are fit to undertake a
particular journey
This unit explores how a drivers physical and psychological state, the physical and
psychological state of any passengers and the roadworthiness of their vehicle can be
contributory factors in the causes of crashes. It will ensure that the driver has the
knowledge to assess their own fitness and their passengers fitness and can check that
their vehicle is safe to drive.
The unit will help the driver understand the issues involved in carrying passengers,
loads and animals safely and securely and how to mitigate the risks that this can
generate.
The final learning outcome focuses on the importance of planning a journey before
setting off, taking account of road, traffic and weather conditions as well as the drivers
own fitness and that of their passengers.
The underlying challenge of the unit is to address the attitudes and misunderstandings
that prevent drivers acting on the knowledge and understanding that they have.

Learning outcomes
Learning outcome
On completion of this unit you will:
LO1: Understand when you are physically and psychologically fit to drive and
recognise when you are not fit to drive
LO2: Understand the responsibilities of drivers regarding their car/light van and
the law
LO3: Know how to control the risks associated with carrying passengers, loads
and animals
LO4: Know how to plan a journey using appropriate transport


5
Unit content
Learning
outcome
What you need to be able to do What you need to know and understand Illustrative guidance for trainers
LO1
Understand
when you are
physically and
psychologically
fit to drive and
recognise when
you are not fit to
drive

Understand the negative impact of
drugs on your ability to drive safely
and responsibly performance
Make alternative travel
arrangements when performance
will be impaired by drugs
Know the implications of driving under the influence
of drugs
Know how to recognise the symptoms of drug
impairment.
Know and understand the law relating to driving
while under the influence of drugs
Understand the possible effects of illegal, over the
counter and prescribed medication on your physical
and mental ability
Understand how different medications, which have
no negative impact individually, can combine to
produce negative effects.
Understand that it is not always possible to predict
when the effects of a drug have disappeared from
the drivers system.

Learners need to understand that the
police can pull over a driver and test
for drugs. If caught driving under the
influence of drugs you face the same
penalties as if caught driving under the
influence of alcohol i.e. currently a fine
up to 5,000 or a prison sentence of
up to 6 months. If you kill someone
while under the influence of controlled
drugs you could be sent to jail for 10
years and receive a 2-year driving ban
The challenge here is to contradict
myths such as cannabis reduces
aggression and makes you a better
driver and driving under the influence
of drugs has little affect on crash
involvement or crash severity.
This could be tackled through group
discussion, which would have the
added benefit of addressing peer
pressure issues.
It is also important to contradict the
idea that there is a threshold under
which it is safe to drive with alcohol or
drugs in your system. The important
message is that any amount of alcohol
or drugs can impair responses etc.
Discuss how long alcohol and

6
Understand the negative impact of
alcohol on your ability to drive
safely and responsibly
performance
will be impaired by alcohol
Know the implications of driving under the influence
of drink
Know how to recognise the symptoms of alcohol
impairment.
Understand how alcohol affects men and women
differently and how long alcohol remains in your
system.
Know what a unit of alcohol can look like and its
presentation in terms of product, for example
alcopops, spirits, wines etc.
Know and understand the legal limits which apply
to driving with alcohol in your system. E.g. currently
with breath alcohol higher than 35g/100ml
(equivalent to blood alcohol level of 80mg/100ml)
Know the penalties you will face when caught and
prosecuted.
Understand why zero alcohol levels are desirable
and the benefits of never drinking and driving
drugs can remain in the body, i.e.
up to 48 hours for alcohol and
potentially much longer for some
drugs, and their impact, for
example the ability to drive the
next day. It is important to ensure
that the driver has a clear
understanding of this.
Drivers should also be aware of
the potential multiplying effect of
taking drugs and alcohol together

7

LO1 (cont) Understand the negative impact of
fatigue on your ability to drive
will be impaired by fatigue
Understand the implications of driving while
suffering from fatigue
Know how to recognise symptoms of fatigue
impairment and recognise when you are at risk
while driving
Understand how factors such as poor posture and
extremes of temperature can lead to fatigue
The challenge here is to impart
knowledge but also to contradict
myths such as fatigue only
occurs on long journeys and
there are no consequences for
fatigued driving (for example the
police cannot detect a fatigued
driver).
An approach to tackling these
myths may include a group
discussion, which would have the
added benefit of addressing peer
pressure issues such as driving
whilst tired.
Did you know?
All the evidence indicates that your driving can be
just as badly impaired if you are fatigued as if you
have been drinking or taking drugs.
Understand how emotional states
can have a negative impact on
your ability to drive safely and
responsibly
will be impaired by emotional state
(
Understand the effects of emotional state on driving
performance
Understand how decision making can be impaired
through the whole range of emotions, from anger to
excitement
Understand the role that emotional disturbance
can play in aggravating inappropriate behaviour in
other road-users.

The challenge is to convey that
particular emotional states
outside of the vehicle can have a
direct impact on driving
performance.
Provide examples of emotions,
such as the overwhelming affect
of grief, anger or excitement and
discuss how they can reduce the
drivers ability to concentrate on
the task of driving and the world
around them.


8
LO1 (cont)

Understand the impact of your
physical state on your ability to
drive safely and responsibly
will be impaired by physical state
Understand the effects of temporary physical
impairment, for example a sports injury or illness.
Understand and know how to recognise the effects
of eyesight deterioration
Understand the issues involved in using light
sensitive or tinted lenses to manage eye
conditions, particularly when driving in adverse
weather conditions
Understand the effects of physical and
psychological changes associated with aging (e.g.
slower response times, deterioration of vision and
hearing, loss of muscle strength and flexibility,
drowsiness due to medications, a reduction in the
ability to focus or concentrate, lower tolerance for
alcohol)
The challenge is to ensure the
driver understands the effects of
physical change/aging on their
ability to drive safely and
responsibly but in a way that
empowers them to modify their
behaviour, and to draw on the
positive learning their experience
has brought them, without
becoming fearful etc.
It is important that drivers
understand the evidence on the
relationship between age and
increased risk of being involved in
a crash. However, as being able
to drive is essential for many
older people it is important that
this is treated in an empowering
way.
One approach could be using a
question and answer session, talk
through the various physical
impairments individuals may
encounter, for example the flu, a
sprained ankle or a broken wrist,
and the impact on driving.
.

Did you know?
There are medical conditions that may affect your
ability to drive. For example if your condition is
likely to deteriorate over time, you may only be
eligible for a short-period driving licence. In other
cases you may be required to inform the DVLA of
any changes in your condition.
Details of these conditions and the special
arrangements that you may need to comply with
are available from the DVLA at
http://www.dvla.gov.uk/drivers.aspx

9
LO2
Understand the
responsibilities
of drivers
regarding their
vehicle and the
law

Make routine checks of vehicle
roadworthiness in accordance with the
vehicle handbook, for example:
tyres are in good working order,
legally compliant and correctly
inflated
lights are in good working order
and legally compliant (
engine oil level is correct
water coolant and washer
reservoir levels are correct
there is no damage to vehicle that
would impair roadworthiness
windscreen and other areas of
vision are clear
seat-belts, roll-bars and other
safety devices are in working
order and undamaged where
fitted.

Understand the importance of regular checks as
set out in the vehicle handbook, including any
seasonal variations.
Know how to recognise early warning signs
requiring further investigation, for example
abnormal wear on tyres or smoke in the exhaust
Understand the potential effects of failing to identify
a roadworthiness issue on your ability to use your
vehicle in a safe way, e.g. reduced braking function
or potential catastrophic failure in the engine
Understand the potential effects of failing to
maintain the roadworthiness of your vehicle on your
insurance status, especially when carrying
passengers
Understand the potential adverse impact on the
environment of failing to maintain the vehicle
appropriately, e.g. the effect of excessive exhaust
emissions or excessive noise from an incorrectly
maintained silencer
Understand how to undertake routine maintenance
tasks, e.g. topping up oil levels or make
arrangements for routine maintenance tasks to be
completed by a competent person before you use
your vehicle
Understand your responsibilities in relation to the
appropriate disposal of waste products (for
example used oil, batteries and old tyres) and the
impact of failing to dispose of these items
appropriately
The challenge is to ensure that
drivers understand the
importance of maintaining their
vehicle correctly in terms of safety
and in terms of environmental
impact.
The aim is to challenge
assumptions such as it is ok to
drive an un-roadworthy car for
short distances/on minor roads
and I wouldnt be able to fix any
faults myself, or know what Im
meant to be looking for, so what
is the point of checking for them?
because, in all cases, the driver is
legally responsible for the state of
their vehicle.


10
LO2 (cont)

Check vehicle is prepared for you to
undertake the journey
If vehicle is new to you, familiarise
yourself with its layout,
instruments and controls
Make adjustments to ensure that
you can drive it in a safe and
comfortable way with good all
round visibility as appropriate
Check there is sufficient fuel
Ensure vehicle has basic car
maintenance equipment, for
example spare wheel, jack
Know and understand the layout, instruments and
controls of the vehicle you are about to use
Know where to look to identify the appropriate type
of fuel for the vehicle, for example vehicle
documentation and filler cap signage, e.g. fuel type,
tank capacity, size of reserve tank etc, as set out in
the vehicle handbook, each time you buy or hire a
new vehicle
Know how to familiarise yourself with a new vehicle
e.g. seating adjustments, instrument panel, gears,
width, height and length, handling, brakes/ABS,
ancillary controls such as cruise control control)
Understand the role of the reserve level indicator
for low fuel (petrol/diesel)
Know where basic maintenance equipment is
located and how it can be accessed in case of
breakdown.
Using the vehicle handbook, talk
through key aspects of layout,
instruments and controls and ask
the driver to investigate other
aspects and other vehicle
handbooks they have access to.
Discuss the safety and financial
impact of inappropriate fuel.
Discuss the short term and long
term effects of incorrectly
adjusted driving seats, for
example controlling the vehicle,
back strain, fatigue etc.

11
LO2 (cont) Make sure documentation relating to
yourself as a driver and to your
vehicle meets legal requirements
Ensure driver licence is valid and
signed for the category of vehicle
being driven
Ensure that you have valid
insurance for the vehicle you
intend to use and the
circumstances in which you intend
to use it
Ensure vehicle registration and
vehicle tax are up to date and tax
disc is displayed appropriately in
vehicle
Ensure that the vehicle has a
current MOT certificate (where
applicable)
Understand that you must have a valid, signed
driving licence and be aware of any restrictions that
may be applicable, for example provisional
entitlement, the ability to tow a trailer, drive a
manual car etc.
Know that you must display red L plates (red D
plates in Wales) if you are a learner driver
Know where to check the licence category
entitlement and renewal date of your driving licence
which is separate from your entitlement end date
Know that you must inform the DVLA if your name,
address or medical condition changes.
Understand the importance of keeping the vehicle
Registration Document up to date and the owners
responsibility to ensure that the DVLA are notified
of any change of ownership
Understand the Statutory Off-Road Notification
(SORN) obligations
Know how to apply for, and the various channels of
application for, a vehicle tax disc including renewal
and when and where to display the disc
Understand when an MOT test certificate is
required
Know the requirement for valid and legal insurance
certificate covering at least third party liability
Learner drivers must hold a valid
provisional licence and must
understand the legal
requirements in relation to
accompanying drivers.
Discuss the importance of
compliance with legal
requirements, and the cost and
safety implications of non-
compliance.
Provide examples of situations
when a driver may be asked to
provide his/her documentation.
Challenge assumptions such as it
is acceptable to drive without
insurance/valid MOT/valid driving
licence and emphasise the
importance of informing the
insurance company of any
modifications to your vehicle from
the manufacturers specification.
Discuss what is meant by the
various insurance cover options
e.g. 3
rd
party and clarify basic
language of insurance certificates
etc.


12
LO2 (cont) Understand the factors affecting the cost of
insurance (for example make of vehicle,
performance, engine capacity, age of driver, driving
record, geographical area of driving, purpose of
driving such as personal or business use)
Know that if asked you must be able to produce
your driving licence, valid insurance certificate and
MOT certificate (if applicable) if not immediately
then within seven days to the Police

Did you know?
Learner drivers must hold a valid provisional
licence and be supervised by someone at least 21
years old who has held a licence in that category of
vehicle for a minimum of 3 years.
LO3
Know how to
control the risks
associated with
carrying
passengers,
loads and
animals
Make sure that passengers do not
impact adversely on your ability to
drive safely and responsibly
Understand how passengers can distract a driver
and interfere with their ability to drive safely and
responsibly
Understand that a passenger, who is taking drugs,
who is drunk or whose physical capabilities are
impaired in any way may represent an
unacceptable risk to you and other road users and
be able to take appropriate action to mitigate that
risk.
Know how to communicate safely with passengers,
if necessary..
The challenge here is to fully
explore the risks associated with
carrying passengers, particularly
peer pressure, and to provide
strategies to help deal with this.
Create various scenarios for
discussion, for example driving
home after a party with friends.
Compare driving with friends with
driving with a relative.
Challenge assumptions such as
having passengers in the car
makes you more alert/a better
driver.


13
LO3 (cont) Ensure passengers are correctly
and safely seated
Know the current legal requirements for the use of
seatbelts
Know the current legal requirements for and how to
safely position and fit booster seats, child seats and
carry cots
Understand the importance of head restraints and
know how to make the correct adjustments
Know the passenger carrying capacity of the
vehicle you are driving
Understand the potential danger of carrying too
many passengers or seating them inappropriately
Challenge assumptions such as I
dont need to wear my seatbelt
because she/hes a good driver,
its disrespectful to the driver to
wear a seatbelt or I dont want to
crease my clothes by wearing a
seatbelt. Talk through the
potential safety consequences
and legal implications of not
wearing a seatbelt.
Provide information on how to
keep up-to-date with the current
requirements, for example
carrying babies and children.
correctly positioned head
restraints, particularly in the event
of a rear impact.
Ensure loads are secure and
evenly distributed
Know the legal restrictions that apply to carrying
any load which may project from your vehicle.
Know how to pack and transport loads safely and
be aware of the rules governing the carriage of
hazardous goods, for example fuel
Know the types of load securing equipment and
when to use them appropriately, for example roof
racks, cycle carrying apparatus etc.
Understand the effects of carrying unsecured
loads, for example items left on the back seat or
rear parcel shelf
securing all loads, even ones that
are small and not heavy.
Explain the risks around loose
objects within a vehicle becoming
projectiles in the event of a crash
or heavy braking.
Explain the particular risks, and
legal implications, of objects
carried on the vehicle coming
loose and falling in the path of
other road users.


14
LO3 (cont) Allow for additional or different
vehicle characteristics when
carrying passengers or a load
Manage the effect of additional
weight and its distribution
Manage the effect of reduced
visibility
Understand the different vehicle characteristics
which can affect the carriage of passengers or a
load, for example cornering and acceleration, the
braking characteristics of a fully laden older vehicle,
compared to a modern vehicle with ABS.
Know how to manage the effects of carrying
passengers or loads e.g. by adjusting tyre
pressures
Know how to maximise visibility when carrying
passengers or loads.

Discuss various scenarios, such
as learning to drive in a modern
vehicle and, upon passing the
test, buying an older first car.
Talk through the implications of
differing braking systems and
other vehicle characteristics, such
as power steering etc. Explain the
risks associated with changes in
vehicle particularly when carrying
passengers and loads.
Use the vehicle handbook with
the driver when discussing tyre
pressure requirements.
Discuss methods of maximising
visibility for the driver, such as
distributing passengers/loads to
avoid blind spots.
Ensure animals are secure and
restrained within the vehicle
Ensure that animals in the vehicle
have sufficient air and are not
subjected to extremes of
temperature
Know how to secure animals safely and
appropriately
Understand the particular risks that animals pose
for drivers e.g. interfering with control of the
vehicle, causing distractions or becoming a
physical hazard if it is necessary to brake suddenly
Understand the conditions animals need when
being carried in vehicles (including when left in a
vehicle) for example adequate ventilation, out of
direct sunlight etc.
Discuss the methods of carrying
different animals safely and the
risks around the carriage of
unsecured animals, for example a
dog travelling on the dashboard,
parcel shelf or in the drivers lap.


15
LO4
Know how to
plan a journey
using
appropriate
transport
Choose an appropriate mode of
transport
Understand the comparative
environmental and economic
implications of different modes of
transport
Correctly assess the fitness and
needs of passengers
Understand the potential costs and benefits
associated with different modes of transport such
as walking, taking public transport, car sharing
Know the environmental impact of different types of
vehicle and engines in relation to exhaust gases
e.g carbon monoxide, and the benefits of an
appropriate choice
Understand how changes in your abilities, for
example through age, illness or injury, might affect
your choice of transport

Be aware of the subjective
element within this topic and the
less immediately obvious issues,
such as feelings around personal
security.
Look at options around a
hypothetical journey and discuss
the benefits associated with
various modes of transport.
Discuss whether a journey is
necessary.
Understand the cost and
environmental impact of using a
car/light van for a very short
journey.
Plan an appropriate route and
calculate the time required for the
journey
Choose roads which are suitable
for your vehicle
Choose roads which are not
adversely impacted by weather
conditions, traffic volume or road
works
Choose a suitable alternate route
if appropriate
Choose locations for rest
breaks/refuelling
Memorise key route references
where necessary
Understand how particular road conditions, e.g.
rush hour congestion, may have an impact on your
ability to drive safely and responsibly, given your
vehicle and your level of experience.
Understand the use and limitations of the range of
tools available to help you plan your journey, for
example maps, internet, teletext, weather reports,
GPS facilities and hotlines
Understand the need to build in additional time
factors for adverse circumstances.
Understand the importance of building in regular
breaks from driving, and refuelling stops, and the
dangers of not recognising the onset of dehydration
and the effects of hunger
Understand the impact of traffic calming legislation
such as the congestion charge in London
Help the driver to understand that
having a clear plan well
established in their head enables
them to fully concentrate on the
driving task.
Recognise opportunities to re-
plan where appropriate.
Ask the driver to plan a route
using a range of tools to suit
them.
Challenge assumptions such as if
you use SatNav you dont need to
plan a journey in advance, it is
better to get somewhere quickly
than build in breaks for
refreshment or driving fast can
reduce time pressure.

16
Unit 2: Guide and control a car/light van
Unit aim
This unit focuses on guiding and controlling the vehicle according to road, traffic and
weather conditions. The learner will find out how to complete manoeuvres and then be
expected to carry them out safely and under control. Manoeuvres include moving off
safely, using instrumentation to respond to different environments, accelerating and
braking procedures, steering, using the gears correctly, manoeuvring the car and
coordinating the use of different controls. Although the learner may not experience
towing a trailer or caravan they will learn the principles behind doing it.
Learning outcomes
Learning outcome
LO1: Understand that learning to drive is an ongoing learning experience
LO2: Be able to start, move-off, stop and leave a car/light van safely and
appropriately
LO3: Be able to drive and manoeuvre a car/light van safely on different road
surfaces and in different weather conditions
LO4: Know how to tow a trailer/caravan


17
Unit content
Learning
outcome
What you need to be able to do What you need to know and understand
Illustrative guidance for
Trainers
LO1
Understand that
learning to drive
is an ongoing
learning
experience
Keep up-to-date with changing
rules and regulations
Recognise changes in self and
surrounding environment
Maintain ongoing self-evaluation
of driving performance and adjust
in response to changes in self and
surrounding environment
Seek additional driving
development when appropriate

Know how to access most up-to-date information
on rules and regulations relating to driving and the
use of your vehicle.
Understand the importance of remaining up-to-date
including your responsibilities as a driver, for
example any directives relating to driving at work
Understand that ongoing reflection and self-
evaluation is required to stay safe on the road.
Know how to effectively self-evaluate your own
skills, attitudes and behaviour in relation to driving.
Know how to recognise changes in self and
surrounding environment, such as physical and
psychological changes, and adjust appropriately,
for example when driving abroad, aging and
responding to aggression from other road users.
Understand the importance of ongoing driver
development in supporting safe driving.
Ignorance is not a defence-
discuss with the driver the
implications surrounding this
statement, for example driver and
corporate responsibilities when
driving at work.
Encourage the driver to reflect on
their driving related experiences.
Access an attitude advisor or
similar tool to enable the driver to
self-evaluate knowledge, attitude
and behaviour.
passing the driving test is the
height of achievement, passing
the driving test is the end of the
learning process and I dont
need to do anything more until Im
70.


18

LO2
Be able to start,
move off, stop
and leave a
car/light van
safely and
appropriately

Carry out pre-start checks, in
accordance with the vehicle
handbook and ensure the vehicle
is secure and safe to start
Consider the effects of starting the
engine on vulnerable road users
Know your responsibilities and understand the
importance of carrying out the appropriate checks
prior to starting the engine.
Understand why it is important to have the vehicle
secured and the transmission disengaged when
starting the engine.
Know who vulnerable road users are when starting
the engine, for example elderly
pedestrians/children nearby or closely passing
cyclists or motorcyclists
Explain the importance of the
driver checks and discuss the
implications of not carrying them
out.
Discuss the risks associated with
starting a vehicle in gear or when
not secured.
Discuss the importance of being
aware of potentially vulnerable
road users before starting the
engine.
Monitor instrumentation and
gauges throughout engine start up
Correctly respond to
instrumentation and gauges
throughout engine start up

Know how to use the vehicle manual to identify the
main visual aids on the instrument panel, for
example oil warning light, revolutions counter,
parking brake etc. and how these operate during
start-up
Understand icons may be set out differently in other
vehicles.
Understand what action to take in the event that
any warning light stays on or fails to come on.
Using the vehicle manual, discuss
the set up of the instrument panel
and the actions required.
Start engine using appropriate
method
Know different methods of starting vehicles, for
example key, push button, card etc.
Provide examples from other car
manuals and talk through the
various starting methods.
Switch lights on, if required Know how to use the vehicle handbook to identify
and operate light switches in your vehicle.
Know when you would use the vehicle lights, for
example dipped and full head lights and front and
rear fog lights.
Check the learners knowledge of
the vehicle lights and how to
operate them.
Discuss with the driver when
lights should/must be used.

19
LO2 (Cont)

Move off safely and smoothly
move off smoothly whilst
maintaining control
check brakes when first moving off
recover quickly and effectively if
car stalls
only move off when it is safe to do
so, taking all round effective
observations to include blind areas
move off safely and under control
at an angle from behind a parked
vehicle or obstruction
consider risks to vulnerable road
users.
Understand the use of the biting point when
releasing the clutch pedal in co-ordination with the
accelerator pedal where appropriate
Understand the use of the footbrake when on a
downward incline.
Understand the importance of a rolling brake check
when first moving off.
Understand what causes an engine to stall and
know how to rectify safely and effectively.
Know how to make effective observations including
knowing the location of any blind spots and how to
check they are clear before moving away.
Understand the importance of using a safe and
systematic routine when intending to move off e.g.
observations and appropriate signals
Be able to coordinate the controls to move off
safely and under control in different situations.
Understand who may be particularly vulnerable to
being startled, or in the worst case, injured when
you move-off, e.g. the elderly, deaf or partially
sighted etc

Discuss the importance of a
rolling brake check and what
action to take in the event of poor
response.
Explain the importance of taking
effective observations whilst
controlling the vehicle.
Ask the driver to identify the blind
spots on the vehicle and discuss
the correct procedure for moving
away safely.
Explain the size of the blind spots
and the risks associated with
them.
Discuss the importance of being
aware of potentially vulnerable
road users before moving off.

20
Stop and leave vehicle parked
stop the vehicle in safe, legal and
convenient position
use the parking brake to secure
the vehicle
switch off engine and ancillary
controls
if appropriate, select a gear that
makes sure vehicle is safe when
parked and the engine is turned
off (include park position for
automatic transmission vehicles)
if appropriate position the steering
wheels of the vehicle to increase
security when parked on a
gradient
Leave the vehicle secured
Understand the importance of selecting a safe,
legal and convenient stopping location and
applying the parking brake before leaving the
vehicle
Understand the importance of using a safe and
systematic routine when intending to stop the
vehicle e.g. observations and appropriate signals
Understand why you must switch off your
headlights, fog lights and engine when parking.
Understand the consequences of opening a door
when not safe to do so.
Understand how positioning of the steering wheels
can assist in ensuring the vehicle is secure on a
gradient
Understand the importance of leaving the vehicle
secured, for example luggage out of sight, doors
locked, applying any additional security measures
(such as anti-theft devices, alarm and/or
immobiliser and visible security devices)
Discuss what is safe, legal and
convenient. Provide examples
such as why a driver should not
park on a road at night facing
against the direction of the traffic
unless in a recognised parking
space.
Discuss the environmental impact
of leaving engines running
unnecessarily, for example noise,
emissions etc.
Discuss the risks associated with
leaving vehicles in unlit, remote
areas and leaving objects in the
vehicle in sight.
Discuss the issues relating to
parking a vehicle on gradients.

21

LO3
Be able to drive
and manoeuvre
a car/light van
safely on
different road
surfaces and in
different
weather
conditions
Monitor and respond to
information from instrumentation,
driving aids and the environment
Respond appropriately to gauges
and warning lights when driving
Use switches and other controls in
response to changes in road
surfaces and weather conditions
as required (lights, wipers, climate
and ventilation controls, windows,
demister etc) (

Know the meaning of dashboard warning lights and
how to respond to them appropriately.
Understand the implications of changing road or
weather conditions for the handling of your vehicle
Know how to operate controls in response to
changes in road surfaces and weather conditions
for example demisters, fog lights, traction control
etc.
Know the rules regarding driving in adverse
weather conditions, for example when to use fog
lights if fitted.
Understand the risks of not knowing the location of
switches and controls while on the move.

Allow the driver to practice using
ancillary controls when stationary
and discuss the risks of being
distracted by the operation of
controls whilst on the move.
Discuss operating the controls in
relation to all aspects of driving in
adverse weather conditions, such
as rain, fog, ice and snow.
Explore misconceptions around
the application and capability of
safety devices such as
ABS/Traction Control

22
Employ a safe and systematic
routine such as mirror, signal,
position, speed, look
Make effective use of mirrors, and
other aids, to monitor other road
users and hazards
Understand the use and limitations of internal and
external mirrors and how different types and
shapes of mirror can make an object appear to be
closer or further away than it is
Know how to apply a safe and systematic routine
such as mirror, signal, position, speed and look
Know when and how to check mirrors to monitor
the actions of other road users
Discuss the different images
portrayed on convex and concave
mirrors.
It is important to recognise that
there are other mnemonics being
used to teach correct
manoeuvring discipline e.g.
IPSGA. It is not critical which
one of these is used so long as
the driver is capable of safely
manoeuvring in a systematic and
coordinated way.
Indicate your intentions effectively to
other road users
Understand when and how to indicate your
intentions, e.g. to stop or change direction,
appropriately when driving
Understand how to safely signal your intentions by
means of indicators and arm signals.
Understand how to use other signals, e.g.
positioning on the road, to indicate or reinforce your
intentions to other road users.
Discuss with the learner how to
make the judgement about when
to use/not to use indicators.
Discuss the extent to which
communication of intention is a
two-way process and the benefits
of eye-contact etc, especially
when interacting with pedestrians,
cyclists and motorcyclists.


23
Operate the accelerator smoothly
and effectively to maintain and
change speed

Understand the adverse impact on your ability to
drive safely and the potential consequences of
erratic or excessive use of the accelerator,
especially in slow moving traffic
Understand the adverse impact on the environment
of inappropriate use of the accelerator, e.g.
excessive production of harmful emissions or
excessive noise.
Know when it may be appropriate to allow the
engine to over run by not using the accelerator.
Understand the use of cruise control systems and
their benefits to the environment and potential
adverse effects such as driver fatigue and safety
of over acceleration and benefits
of engine braking when
decelerating.
Discuss the relationship between
the requirements of safe driving
iding and ECO-driving e.g. engine
braking
Discuss the operation of cruise
control systems and how to
engage and disengage them
safely while on the move.

24

LO3 (Cont)

Operate brakes effectively
brake safely using appropriate
braking techniques
stop accurately as and where
necessary
make appropriate use of the
parking brake (
stop the vehicle in an emergency
safely and under control
Know how much pressure to apply to the brakes in
varying road and traffic conditions.
Understand the principles of varying braking
systems, for example anti-lock, and know how to
brake effectively.
Understand how overall stopping distances vary
with different speeds and road and weather
conditions and are broken into thinking distance
and braking distance.
Understand the importance of looking well ahead to
be able to stop within the area you can see to be
clear.
Understand the physical and dynamic implications
of braking on bends
Know how to stop the vehicle as quickly and as
safely as possible in an emergency
Provide examples of stopping
distances using reference
physical points, for example using
a landmark.
progressive application.
Discuss ways to remember safe
stopping distances and ensure
safe separation is maintained,
e.g. two-second gap on a dry
road & a four-second gap on wet
roads.
The tunnel issue derives from EU
legislation. Drivers can be
reminded of the catastrophic fires
which have occurred in European
tunnels in the last decade and
which were made worse by
vehicles leaving inadequate
separation distances.
Discuss brake lights and the role
of hi-level lights.
Discuss the difference between
non and anti-lock brakes and the
different application when braking
in an emergency.
Explain what is meant by the
term aquaplaning and discuss the
risks.
Did you know?
All sorts of vehicles can aquaplane. Aquaplaning
results from driving too fast on wet roads and can
result in total loss of steering control.

25

LO3 (Cont)

Steer your vehicle correctly
hold the steering wheel in a way
which enables full control
use the steering wheel to maintain
a straight course
use steering wheel to corner
safely and appropriately
maintain control of steering wheel
with one hand when changing
gear or operating an ancillary
control
use maximum steering lock where
necessary when manoeuvring
Understand the steering limitations and
characteristics of the vehicle, for example power
assistance and the appropriate steering technique
to suit the conditions.
Know how to steer smoothly and effectively when
driving in varying road and traffic conditions
Understand the potential danger of under steering
and over steering, for example sudden changes of
direction.
Understand the traction limitations of a vehicle to
avoid loss of control and know how to correct a
skid.

Ask the learner to explain the
steering characteristics of the
vehicle and demonstrate their
ability to steer safely and
effectively in varying road and
traffic conditions.
Discuss steering characteristics of
non and power assistance.
Ensure learner understands what
aids to stability e.g. ESP can and
cannot do e.g. in potential skid
situations.


26
LO3 (cont) Use gears correctly
change gears smoothly and in good
time
use a suitable gear for speed and
driving conditions
use automatic gear box effectively if
fitted
Understand the use of gears to progress safely
and efficiently in a variety of conditions and with
varying engines.
Understand and demonstrate selective gear
(block) changing in relation to vehicle speed and
road and traffic conditions.
Understand the environmental impact of
inappropriate use of gears
Understand the effect of vehicle loading and
timely gear selection when ascending and
descending gradients
Understand the use of gear selection when
leaving the vehicle parked on a gradient
Understand the use of kick down to the next
lowest gear on vehicles with automatic
transmission
Understand the use of lock up on automatic
transmissions
Manual drive cars involving clutch operation
only
Know how and when to use the clutch around the
biting point to vary very slow pace of the vehicle
for tight control.
Know how to use of the clutch to enable smooth
operation when moving away, changing gears or
stopping
Understand the problems of not fully releasing the
clutch or riding the clutch during normal driving
Discuss varying gear
configurations and the
environmental impact of poor
gear selection.
Use visual aids to explain the
function of the clutch when
changing gears.
of poor gear selection.
Talk through the use of lock up
in regard to holding a gear when
appropriate, for example
descending gradients.

27
LO3 (Cont)

Manoeuvre vehicle
coordinate the use of clutch, gears,
accelerator, brakes accelerator
and brakes on an automatic - and
steering to undertake manoeuvres
reverse to left within allowed
parameters with due regard to other
road users and awareness of blind
areas
reverse to right within allowed
areas
perform controlled stops with due
regard to other road users
perform parallel forward parking
correctly within controlled
areas
perform parallel reverse parking
correctly within controlled
areas
perform forward parking correctly
within controlled parameters with
due regard to other road users and
awareness of blind areas

Understand the importance of coordinating the
use of clutch , gears, accelerator, brakes, and
steering, and the effects of inappropriate use
Understand the effects of controlled use of the
accelerator in conjunction with the brakes when
manoeuvring a vehicle with automatic
transmission.
Understand the use of vehicle creep and when to
apply it when a vehicle is fitted with automatic
transmission.
Know how to select a safe, convenient and legal
location for manoeuvring
Understand the relevance of a safe and
systematic system such as Mirrors Signal
Position Speed Look routine when preparing
to carry out and during a manoeuvre.
Know how to take effective observation when
executing any manoeuvre with particular attention
to vulnerable road users.
Know the various braking techniques to stop the
vehicle effectively and efficiently under full control.
Know the correct procedure for safely reversing
into a side road on the left
Know the correct procedure for safely reversing
into a side road on the right
Know the correct procedure to safely carry out a
turn in road/U-turn manoeuvre
Know the rules relating to prohibition of U-turns
and why you should not reverse your vehicle
further than necessary

Talk through real world situations
asking the driver to provide
examples of when they would
need to carry out a manoeuvre.
Take some time to consider the
different manoeuvring
characteristics of other type of
vehicle, e.g. motorcycles
Discuss the blind spots on a
vehicle and the importance of
making blind spots checks where
and when necessary before and
when performing a manoeuvre,
with particular attention to
vulnerable road users.
Discuss the importance of multi-
tasking within the car and the
relevance to maintaining control.
Discuss how this can help with
independent driving, for example
driving and reading signs.
Highlight the dangers and
benefits of vehicle creep.

28
LO3 (Cont)

Manoeuvre car/light van (cont)
perform reverse parking correctly
within controlled parameters with
due regard to other road users and
turn in road correctly within
controlled parameters with due
regard for other road users and

Know the correct procedure for safely carrying out
any reverse parking exercise on road and off
road, for example how much space is required if
parking on the road
Know the correct procedure for safely carrying out
a turn in the road
Understand why you should not reverse your
vehicle further than necessary


29
LO4
Know how to
tow a
trailer/caravan

Safely tow trailer/caravan
Correctly and safely couple and
uncouple a trailer/caravan
ensure load is evenly distributed
and secure
allow more time and brake earlier
when slowing down or stopping
allow sufficiently more distance and
time to overtake safely
make allowances for extra length of
vehicles, particularly when turning
or emerging at junctions
Know the rules and regulations regarding towing
trailers/caravans and the specific nose weight and
compatibility of your towing vehicle.
Know how to carry out safe procedures when
uncoupling and re-coupling a caravan/trailer to
include additional mirrors as and when required.
Know how to load and secure the trailer/caravan
safely, understand the changes in vehicle
handling characteristics and how to compensate
for them when towing a trailer or caravan.
Understand the importance of checking whether
height and width restrictions apply to the intended
route
Understand how your ability to make effective
observations may be affected by towing a
trailer/caravan and understand the strategies for
overcoming any problems caused.
Understand how to safely and correctly
negotiate junctions/turnings and roundabouts
taking into account the increased dimensions and
changed geometry of the combined units. Know
how to prepare for the unexpected, for example
the requirement to carry spare wheels and any
other necessary equipment for the trailer and
whether rescue service cover will include a trailer.
Discuss and check the drivers
licence for towing entitlement.
Reference changes to driving
entitlement regulation January
1997.
Discuss the importance of a safe
coupling and uncoupling
sequence.
Talk through the vehicle
characteristics of towing, for
example what snaking is and
how to remedy it and brake fade
when descending gradients.
Discuss speed limits when towing
a trailer/caravan and how to plan
a route when considering the
vehicle height and width.
Discuss the use of additional
mirrors and the need to position
the vehicle abnormally at times.
Safely steer a trailer/caravan in reverse. Understand the principles of steering when
reversing a trailer/caravan.
Discuss the operation of opposite
lock principle when reversing a
trailer/caravan.

30
Unit 3: Driving a car/light van in accordance with the
Highway Code
Unit aim
The aim of this unit is to help you understand why it is important to comply with the
Highway Code and the potential consequences of not doing so. The ultimate
consequence is loss of life either for the driver, the passenger, other road users or the
pedestrian. You will be encouraged to reflect on your own attitudes about the use of the
Highway Code and how it influences your behaviour when you are driving.
The unit also requires you to know the traffic signs and signals that you will encounter
when driving, understand what to do when you see these signals and then be able to
put that knowledge and understanding into practice.
Learning outcomes
Learning outcome
LO1: Be able to negotiate the road correctly in relation to changing road and
traffic conditions
LO2: Be able to comply with signals, signage, markings and traffic calming
measures


31
Unit content

Learning
outcome
Trainers
LO1 Be able to
negotiate the
road safely and
responsibly in
relation to
changing road
and traffic
conditions

Negotiate junctions/roundabouts and
join and leave streams of moving
traffic safely
Carry out procedures safely and
correctly when negotiating
junctions
Interact safely and appropriately
with other road users
Turn left/right and go ahead
correctly
Cross the path of oncoming traffic
safely when turning right
Negotiate cross roads correctly
Negotiate roundabouts correctly
Emerge into the traffic stream
correctly from both left and right
sides

Understand the issues faced when negotiating the
various types of junctions and the rules that apply
in each case e.g. T junctions, Y junctions,
staggered junctions, crossroads and roundabouts.
Know how to go ahead, turn left and right safely at
junctions/roundabouts
Understand the importance of a safe and
systematic routine at junctions and roundabouts
e.g. effective observation and appropriate signalling
of intentions
Know how to join and leave streams of moving
traffic via controlled and uncontrolled
acceleration/deceleration lanes
Know how to cross the path of approaching traffic
safely
Understand the importance of showing awareness
and consideration to vulnerable road users When
negotiating junctions etc.
Understand why some road users position
differently at junctions/roundabouts
Understand how the operation of Active Traffic
Management systems may effect the operation of
particular junctions /lanes

Talk through the various types of
junctions and roundabouts and
their associated risks.
Discuss positioning on approach
to various types of
junctions/roundabouts and the
need of some road users to adopt
a different position, e.g.
articulated vehicles which may
need greater space in which to
turn. .
Use examples from local media of
crashes which happen at
junctions and roundabouts. Talk
through some of the main
reasons why people crash at
these places.
Use visual aids to talk through
various types of slip roads,
highlighting the implications of
different lengths of on and off slip
roads.
Talk through the operation of
active traffic management
systems (ATMs) and the role of
the hard shoulder

32
LO1 (cont)

Maintain correct position on the
road
Keep to the left in normal driving,
unless otherwise dictated
Use correct lane
Maintain correct position in lane
Change lane safely and
responsibly when necessary
Understand the importance of maintaining a correct
road position when driving ahead and when
negotiating bends
Understand the importance of lane discipline and
appropriate lane selection and use, including one
way streets
Know how to make effective observations and
signal intentions clearly and in good time before
changing lanes
Understand the risk factors to take into account
when judging approach speed and positioning on
bends (for example type and conditions of the road)
Know that you must not enter a road, lane or other
route reserved for trams

Discuss the issues around poor
positioning on the road and the
importance of knowing where and
when to position at any given
time, for example lane discipline,
driving around bends etc.
Remembering that position on the
road is in two dimensions, this
section provides a good link
between the discussion of braking
distances at LO3 of Unit 2 and the
discussion of safe driving spaces
at LO2 of Unit 4.


33
LO2
Be able to
comply with
signals,
signage,
markings and
traffic calming
measures
Comply with traffic signals and road
signage when driving
Respond correctly to warning
signs
Comply with mandatory and
prohibitive signs giving orders
Respond correctly to information
and direction signs
Comply with all lights designed to
control traffic
Negotiate all types of pedestrian
crossing legally and safely
Negotiate all types of railway and
tram crossings legally and safely
Know the implications of all signs and lights and
understand the restrictions that apply, for example
on motorways
Know how to respond appropriately to all traffic
signs including warning, mandatory, information
and direction signs
Know how to respond appropriately when
approaching all pedestrian crossings, whether
controlled or uncontrolled
Understand the importance of the speed limits
permitted for the road you are on and your vehicle
approaching all railway/tram crossings, whether
controlled or uncontrolled
An interactive session using the
highway code highlighting the
significance of colour coding and
shapes of signs.
Discuss the risks and regulations
regarding negotiating all
crossings, whether pedestrian,
railway or tram.
Visit the national rail website for
examples of incidents at railway
crossings.
Explain the importance and
operation of maximum and
minimum speed limits, including
temporary restrictions.
Comply with road markings
Comply with all markings on
the carriageway

Know the implications of all road markings,
including segregation markings for buses, tram and
cycles, ghost islands and traffic calming measures
and understand the restrictions that apply
Know how to respond appropriately to all road
markings

The challenge here is to ensure
that the full range of road
markings are covered. Particular
attention should be given to those
markings not frequently
encountered by the driver.
Highlight markings associated
with high accident risk, for
example double solid white lines.
The more the paint the greater
the hazard
Talk through the various reasons
for and methods of traffic calming.

34
LO2 (cont) Comply with signals given by others
Comply with signals given by any
authorised persons including
police officers, traffic wardens,
school crossing wardens,
Highways Agency Traffic Officers
and VOSA officials
Respond appropriately to signals
given by other road users

Know who has authority to stop or direct you on
the road and understand their arm signals.
Understand the importance of stopping when a
school crossing patrol shows a stop for children
sign
Understand the signals given by other road users
and be aware of potential misunderstandings.

Question the drivers
understanding of the authority of
various authorised persons.
Discuss the implications of late,
incorrect or inappropriate signals
from other road users.
Discuss the confusions that can
arise in interpreting other road
users signals.

35
Unit 4: Safe and responsible driving
Unit aim
This unit focuses on minimising risk when driving, defensive and eco-safe driving
techniques and exploring the interaction between road users. This unit will help the
learner understand the issues and implications around their own behaviour and
attitudes, as well as those of other drivers, and the importance of managing
interactions appropriately to be a safe and responsible driver. The final learning
outcome focuses on how to deal with incidents that may occur when driving, preparing
the driver for unforeseen circumstances.
The underlying challenge of the unit is to prepare the learner with techniques and
procedures to support the knowledge and understanding.
Learning outcomes
Learning outcome
LO1: Be able to interact appropriately with other road users in varying road and
traffic conditions
LO2: Be able to minimise risk when driving in varying road and traffic conditions
LO3: Know how to behave appropriately at incidents


36
Unit content
Learning
outcome
Trainers
LO1
Be able to
interact safely
and responsibly
with other road
users in varying
road and traffic
conditions
Communicate intentions to other road
users
Give timely, clear and correct
signals according to the Highway
Code
Position vehicle appropriately to
support signal intention
Use horn and lights correctly as a
means of communication to other
road users
Avoid displaying aggressive or
negative behaviour towards other
road users
Understand the correct use of all signals according
to the Highway Code and know when they need to
be given
Understand the importance of ensuring signals are
cancelled appropriately
Know how to link the use of signals to the
application of a safe and systematic system such
as the Mirrors Signal Manoeuvre routine
Understand how positioning of the vehicle can
reinforce or contradict the signals you are giving.
Know the rules governing the use of the horn and
headlights as an appropriate means of warning.
Know how and when to use hazard warning lights
where fitted and the rules governing their use.
Understand how inappropriate behaviour or
responses on the part of the driver can lead to
further inappropriate responses and behaviour by
other road users
Know how to manage your own behaviour while
driving to avoid aggressive or negative behaviour
towards other road users and to minimise
aggressive or negative behaviour towards you
Know that demonstrating courtesy and restraint
can have a positive effect on others

Discuss the importance of timely,
clear and correct signals.
Discuss the ways in which poor
signalling can contribute to
inappropriate driving behaviour in
others (road rage).
Choose an appropriate occasion
to ask the learner to use arm
signals, for example the slowing
down arm signal.
Discuss strategies for a driver to
manage their own behaviour, for
example if traffic annoys them,
they could plan their journey to
avoid congested areas.
Take the opportunity to discuss
the risks and driver attitudes
associated with driving safely, for
example
others will not be upset by
your bad behaviour
it is acceptable to compete
with other drivers
aggressive driving is
acceptable
other people are rude to me,
so why cant I be?

37
LO1 (cont)

Cooperate with other road users
Allow for others mistakes
Monitor and manage own reaction
to other road users
Show awareness and anticipation
of other road users and give them
sufficient time and space on the
road
Make progress in the traffic stream
when safe and appropriate
Identify and respond to vulnerable
road users correctly
Respond to emergency vehicles
appropriately
Understand how awareness and anticipation of
other road users, and a positive response, can
contribute to a safe driving environment.
Know when and where it is appropriate to make
progress and understand how failing to do so can
lead to negative behaviours in other road users.
Understand the importance of allowing other road
users the time and space they need in varying road
and traffic conditions, for example when overtaking
Understand the particular needs of road users
whose ability to manoeuvre is limited in some way,
e.g. by disability or age or lack of experience
emergency vehicles are on call and how to assist
their safe progress where possible whether
approaching from behind, ahead or from side roads

The challenge here is to get
drivers to understand and accept
how their behaviour may
contribute to negative behaviour
of others leading to conflict or
crashes.
Discuss the various types of
vehicles used for emergency
response and how to react safely
and responsibly in assisting them.
Did you know?
Failure to judge another person's
path or speed is one of the most
common contributing factors in
crashes.

38
LO2
Be able to
minimise risk
when driving in
varying road
and traffic
conditions
Drive defensively
J udge speed and distance
correctly and effectively
Create and maintain a safe driving
space and drive at a speed that
you can stop safely well within the
distance seen to be clear ahead
Ensure the use of a safe and
systematic routine when driving to
include effective scanning
techniques
Identify precursors or clues to
hazards correctly
Anticipate what could happen
Prioritise hazards effectively and
position vehicle to respond
appropriately (
Maintain attention when faced with
distractions
Identify and manage own
physical, psychological and other
condition
Know how to adjust your separation distance and
create a safe driving space for you and other road
users, when on the move and when stationary, in
various road and traffic conditions, for example
driving on wet roads, in traffic queues and in
tunnels.
Understand the importance of relating the vehicles
speed to what can be seen ahead.
Understand the importance of safe and systematic
systems routines
Understand the importance of active scanning and
the role of anticipation in preparing for the
unexpected.
Know how to recognise the clues identifying
potential hazards.
Understand techniques for scanning in a
systematic way
Know what determines the zone of vision in
differing conditions
Understand the impact of distractions on your
ability to drive safely e.g disruption from
passengers etc
Know how to recognise situations which could lead
to a loss of attention or awareness in different
driving situations.
Know strategies for maintaining attention and
awareness in different driving situations.
Provide the driver with various
ways to remember safe stopping
distances and explain various
ways to ensure a safe separation
is maintained, such as a two-
second gap on a dry road, and a
four-second gap on wet roads
e.g. twice as big.
Explain what is meant by the term
aquaplaning and discuss the
risks.
The challenge here is to embed
the effective prioritisation of
driving tasks to enable the driver
to be able to effectively scan and
respond to the environment.
Discuss the role of defensive
driving, in terms of minimising risk
and highlight the benefits.
Explain the potential legal and
safety implications around the use
of mobile phones, eating and
drinking and other sources of
distraction.
Highlight the relationship between
distance travelled and periods of
inattention.

39
Did you know?
Research has proved that a drivers level of
attention is at least as badly affected by using a
mobile phone as it is by drinking.
having my music on loud makes
me drive better.
Discuss the situations that could
lead to a loss of attention e.g.
long journeys, empty roads,
heavy traffic on unknown roads,
being late etc.
Provide strategies for maintaining
attention and awareness in
different situations.

40
LO2 (cont)

Follow principles of eco-safe driving
Remove excess weight including
roof rack/storage from vehicle
when not needed
Plan well ahead
Accelerate, decelerate and brake
smoothly and progressively to
minimise fuel consumption
Use the highest gear appropriate
to the road and traffic conditions
Use cruise control, where and
when appropriate
Make appropriate decisions about
the use of ancillary equipment
Turn engine off, when appropriate
Understand why you should not put eco-driving
techniques above safe driving principles
Understand how carrying unnecessary equipment
or luggage such as roof top boxes can increase
fuel consumption
Know how to forward plan (linked to the early
identification of hazards to avoid harsh acceleration
and braking).
Understand the importance of the smooth
application of all controls, for example smooth
acceleration, minimising unnecessary revving.
Understand the environmental benefits of using the
highest gear possible and recognise when to
change down to avoid engine labour
Know the benefits of using cruise control to
minimise fuel consumption. Additionally how
appropriate engine braking can benefit fuel
consumption/wear and tear
Know the effects of ancillary equipment on fuel
consumption, for example air conditioning, heated
windscreens etc.
Know when it is appropriate to turn the engine off,
for example at a level crossing, traffic queues.
This section covers a number of
issues that have been dealt with
before, e.g. in manoeuvring a
vehicle and provides an
opportunity to revisit these in an
integrated way within the context
of eco-considerations.
The connections between eco-
driving and safe-driving are also
easy to make and reinforce.
Discuss the techniques and the
relationship between finesse and
practical application.
Where available make use of in
car telemetry to gain a better
understanding of the way you
drive and the fuel consumption.
The challenge here is for the
driver to be able to achieve the
correct balance between safety
and economy at all times


41
LO3
Know how to
behave
appropriately at
incidents

Take appropriate action if your vehicle
breaks down
Stop vehicle in safe place to
minimise future risk and switch off
engine
Ensure adequate warning to other
road users to minimise risk
Make sure
passengers/loads/animals are
managed safely
Get appropriate help
Know how to control your vehicle should a
breakdown occur on the move
Understand the importance of selecting a safe
place to stop, switching the engine off and where to
wait for assistance.
Know how to warn other road users, for example
the use of hazard warning lights, warning triangles
etc.
Know how to ensure that you and any passengers
are kept safe, for example leaving the vehicle and
where to wait for assistance.
Understand that, if your car breaks down, you must
leave animals in the vehicle or, in an emergency,
keep them under control on the verge
Know how to contact appropriate help and
assistance
Explain ways to maintain control
of the vehicle in varying
breakdown circumstances.
Discuss importance of positioning
the vehicle and the associated
safety implications, for example
potential fire risk etc.
Discuss the implications of using
roadside telephones as compared
with using mobile phones, for
example the balance between
automatic location and personal
safety.
Take appropriate action when witness
to, or involved in, an incident
Where appropriate, stop vehicle in
safe place to minimise future risk
and switch off engine
Ensure adequate warning to other
road users
Complete legal requirements
accurately and in good time, if
appropriate(
Understand when it is appropriate to stop when
witness to an incident, for example when personal
safety is not at risk, when it is safe to stop etc.
Understand the legal requirements when involved
in an incident, for example the requirement to stop
and share details
Know how to select a safe position to stop the
vehicle, where appropriate
Know how, and when it is appropriate, to contact
the relevant emergency services
Know how to warn other road users, for example
the use of hazard warning lights
Discuss when it may be
appropriate to stop when witness
to an incident.
Explain the legal requirements for
the driver when involved in an
incident.
Provide advice and guidance on
how to deal with unexpected
incidents, for example a guide in
the glove box on what to do,
using mobile phone for camera,
pen and paper for getting details
etc.

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