ltAatL af}4wd{sf] Oltxf;

HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN TIBET

MILAN SHAKYA
Chakupat, Lalitpur

ltAatnfO{ To; b]zsf jfl;Gbfx¿n] ef]P eGb5g\ . o; b]znfO{ lxpFsf] b]z jf 3fª\5]g klg
elgG5 . k|fu P}ltxfl;s sfnb]lv clxn];Dd u/L ltAatdf hDdf # j6f wd{x¿ km}lnPsf] kfOG5
. tL x'g\ M != dg'io wd{ -ld 5\of]P cyf{t k|fs[lts wd{_, @= af]g wd{ -emfqLwd{_ / #= lbJo wd{
jf af}4 wd{ .

ltAatdf a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ klg b'O{ P}ltxfl;s r/0fdf ljeflhg ug{ ;lsG5 . != a'4
wd{sf] klxnf] k|rf/ k|;f/, @= a'4 wd{sf] bf]>f] k|rf/ k|;f/

a'4wd{sf] klxnf] k|rf/ k|;f/ M ltAatdf a'4wd{ Nxfyf]yf]/L Go]g\5]g\sf] kfnfdf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof]
eg]/ ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;g\ !&# df hGd]sf Nxfyf]yf]/L of/n'ª\ eGg] 7fpFdf /fHo ub{y] . logsf
j+zsf] gfd g} of/n'ª\ j+z lyof] . elgG5 ls pgL ;f7L Ps ;f7L jif{sf] pd]/df pgsf] b/jf/sf]
sf};Ldf cfsfzaf6 Pslbg sf/08Jo"x h:tf af}4 u|Gy, s]xL kljq cl:ywft'x¿ / Pp6f kljq
;Gb's v;]sf] lyof] . u|Gy ;+:s[tdf n]lvPsf] x'Fbf /fhfn] To;sf] Ps cIf/ klg a'‰g ;s]gg\ .
t}klg efjL k':tfnfO{ sfd nfUg]5 egL /fhfn] tL ;a rLhx¿nfO{ a8f] lxkmfhtsf ;fy ;fFr]/
/fv] .

Nxfyf]yf]/Lsf] ;dodf a'4wd{sf] k':ts / s]xL kljq cl:ywft'x¿ dfq ltAatleq l5/]sf] lyof] t/
a'4wd{sf] vf;} ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . t/ Nxfyf]yf]/Lsf] kfFrf} k':tf ;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf]sf] ;dodf
a'4wd{ ltAatdf ;kmntfk"j{s k|j]z u/]/ lgs} ljsl;t klg x'g k'Uof] . of/n'ª\ j+zs} /fhf
;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf]n] cfˆgf l5d]sL d'n's h:t} ef/t, g]kfn, rLg OToflb b]zdf a'4wd{sf] lgs}
ljsf; eP/ tL ;a} b]zx¿ Psbd ;Eo / ;d[4zfnL ePsf] b]Vbf cfˆgf] h+unL c;Eo
dflg;x¿n] el/Psf] b]zdf klg af}4wd{ km}nfpg'k¥of] / b]znfO{ ;Eo / ljsl;t kfg'{k¥of] eGg]
p2]Zo lnP/ ;f]ª\ rf]ª\ uDkf]n] g]kfnsL e[s'6L / rLgsL j]ª\r]g\ s+hf]l;t ljjfx u/] . oL b'O{hgf
>Ldlt jf /fgLn] ltAatdf a'4wd{ km}nfpgdf /fhf ;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf]nfO{ lgSs} ;xfotf u/]sf lyP .
Tof] a]nf w]/} af}4 dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf{0f eof] / /fhfn] klxnf]kN6 af}4 lzIff cg';f/ /fHosf] sfg'g
g} agfP/ zf;g rnfP . pgn] cfˆgf dGqL yf]GdL ;Def]tfnfO{ ef/t k7fP/ ToxfFsf] k|sf08
ljåfg k08Ltx¿;+u ;+:s[t efiff / a'4wd{ klg l;s]/ cfpg cfb]z lbP . tbg';f/ yf]GdL
;Def]tfn] ef/tdf ;+:s[t ljåfg b]jljBfl;+x;+u ;+:s[t l;s] . ToxfFsf c¿ af}4 cfrfo{af6
a'4wd{sf] klg lzIff k|fKt u/] . To;kl5 ltAat kms]{/ yf]GdLn] ;+:s[t lnlksf] cfwf/df ltAatL
1
lnlk tof/ kf/] . ToxL lnlksf] k|of]u u/]/ klxn] uf]Ko /flvPsf] sf/08Jo"x ;"qsf] ltAatL efiffdf
cg'jfb u/] . To;/L ef/taf6 NofOPsf y'k|} af}4 u|Gyx¿sf] klg cg'jfb ul/P . o;/L ltAatdf
a'4wd{sf] Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ eof] / ToxfFsf afl;Gbf klg lj:tf/} lj:tf/} ;Eo x'Fb} uP .

ltAatsf csf{ wd{/fh 7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ lyP . pgsf] /fHo sfn O{=;+= &%% b]lv O{=;+= &(& ;Dd
/Xof] . pgsf] sfndf af]g kf]x¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL lyof] . lsgeg] pgsf df;fª\ gfd u/]sf ;a}eGbf
k|efjzfnL dGqL g} af]g wd{sf] cg'ofoL lyP . ;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf] h:t}, /fhf 7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\n] klg
a'4wd{sf] lgs} 7"nf] cg'ofoL lyP . ;f]ªrf]ª\ uDkf]df lgs} ljsl;t x'gk'u]sf] a'4wd{ km]l/ pxfFsf]
d[To' kZrft af]gkf]x¿sf] xfnL d'xfnL ePsf sf/0f a'4wd{ cf]em]ndf kg{ uof] . To;f] x'Fbf /fhf
7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ ltAatdf a'4wd{nfO{ km]l/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg rfxGy] . ToxL p2]Zo lnP/
cfˆgf] dGqL df;fª\nfO{ yfxf glbOsg ;'t'Ss /fhfn] ef/taf6 Pshgf w'/Gw'/ af}4 kl08t
zfGt/lIftnfO{ ltAatdf cfpg lgdGq0ff k7fP . ltAatdf cfO;s]kl5 zfGt/lIftn] ltAatdf
ljxf/ / leIf'x¿ ePkl5 dfq ToxfF a'4wd{sf] lbuf] k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g]5 eg]/ /fhf;+u cf1f lnP/
ltAatdf ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ yfn] . Tof] ljxf/nfO{ ;fDo] u'Daf elgG5 / ToxL ljxf/ ltAatdf
;a}eGbf klxn] ag]sf] ljxf/ xf] . t/ af]gkf]x¿nfO{ a'4wd{ k6Ss} dg k/]sf] lyPg To;}n] Tof]
ljxf/ aGg gkfpFb} tL af]gkf]x¿ / logLx¿n] efsn ug]{ b]jtfx¿n] /flt /flt cfP/ e6\sfpg]
sfd ug{ yfn] . zfGt/lIftnfO{ cfˆgf] zfGt ldhf;n] af]gkf]x¿ t/ nfUb}g h:tf] nfu]/ g]kfndf
Wofg u/L a;]sf kb\d;DejnfO{ g} ltAatdf af]nfpg'k¥of] eg]/ pgn] ljrf/ u/] . kb\d ;Dejn]
af]g\kf]x¿nfO{ bdg u/]/ ca b]lv a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/df s'g} klg afwf k'¥ofpg]5}g eGg] ;ky
u|x0f u/fOlbP / To;sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿nfO{ a'4wd{sf] /Iff ug]{ wd{kfn agfOlbP . kb\d;Dejn]
Tof] a]nf ltAatdf jh|ofg a'4wd{sf] v'a} k|rf/ k|;f/ u/] . kb\d;Dej, zfGt/lIft / l7;f]ª\
8]5]gn] k|rf/ u/]sf] a'4wd{ kl5 lgª\df ;Dk|bfosf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g yfNof] . To;} a]nf w]/}
ef/tLo af}4 cfrfo{x¿ ltAatdf cfP / y'k|} af}4 u|Gyx¿sf] ltAatL efiffdf cg'jfb eof] .

ltAatsf csf{ wd{/fh /fNkf5]g lyP . pgsf] /fHo sfn O{=;+= *!% b]lv O{=;+= *#* ;Dd /Xof] .
Tof] a]nf klg af]gkf]x¿ k"/} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] lyP . pgsf] efO{ nfª\bf/df g} af]gkf] lyP .
/fNkf5]g klg lgs} >4fjfg\ af}4 cg'ofoL lyP . pgsf] ;+/If0f kfP/ af}4 ;+3 lj:tfl/t x'Fb} uP /
pgsf] kfnfdf klg lgs} w]/} af}4 u|Gyx¿sf] cg'jfb ul/of] . af}4 u|Gyx¿ ltAatL efiffdf
cg'jfb ubf{ ;xL zAbsf] k|of]u xf];\ eGgfsf] nflu dxfJo"Tklt gfds af}4 zAbsf]ifsf] lgdf{0f
ul/of] . pgsf] kfnfdf klg w]/} ef/tLo af}4 k08Ltx¿ ltAatdf cfP / a'4 wd{ lgs} kmNof]
km'Nof] . of] ;a s'/f pgsf] efO{ nfª\bf/dfnfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . h;/L xf];\ zf;g cfˆgf] xftdf
kf/L af]g wd{nfO{ ltAatdf km}nfpg] p2]Zo lyof] nfª\bf/dfsf] . To;}n] a8f] nfª\bf/dfn] cfˆgf]
bfh'nfO{ ;'lt/x]sf] a]nfdf df/]/ cfkm" ltAatsf] /fhf ag] .

nfª\bf/dfsf] zf;gsfn -O{= ;+= *#* b]lv *$! ;Dd_ nfO{ ltAatL af}4wd{sf] nflu sfnf] o'u
elgG5 . nfª\bf/df ;Qfdf cfPb]lv g} p;n] a'4wd{nfO{ bafpg] sfddf s'g} s;/ afFsL 5f]8]g .
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p;n] leIf'x¿nfO{ ha/h:tL rLj/ Tofu u/fO{ ljjfx u/L u[x:y hLjg latfpg afWo u/fof] .
w]/} af}w dlGb/x¿ Wj:t kfl/P . nfª\b/dfsf] aj{/ cft+sn] ql;t ePsf af}4 ;fwsx¿ ltAatsf]
ljleGg efux¿df cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg efUg yfn] . To;}a]nf s'g} u'kmfdf Wofg u/L a;]sf
Pshgf Nxfn'ª\ k]NuL bf]/h] gfd u/]sf ;fwsn] cfˆgf] Wofg;lQmdfkm{t /fhfnfO{ vQd u/]/ o;
jj{/tfnfO{ t'?Gt} /f]Sg'k5{ eGg] ;+s]t k|fKt u/] . To;}n] pgL Wofgaf6 p7]/ Ps r6sL b]vfpg]
dfG5]sf] e]if wf/0f u/L /fhfsf] b/jf/df uP . g[Tosf] clego u/]/ Nxfn'ª\ k]NuL bf]/h]n]
nfª\bf/dfnfO{ cfkm"n] n'sfP/ NofPsf] jf0f xfg]/ ToxL dfl/lbP . To;a]nfb]lv ltAatLdf
l/Qmsfnsf] ;'?jft eof] .

l/Qmsfn cjlwe/ ltAatdf Ps b'O{ hgf s]xL 9f]+uL kl08tx¿ afx]s sf]xL klg af}4 kl08t
cfrfo{x¿ ef/taf6 ltAatdf cfPg . tL tLly{s -caf}4_ wd{ dfGg] kl08tx¿n] ;f]emf ;femf
ltAatLx¿nfO{ unt kf7 l;sfP/ kye|i6 kfl/lbP . ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf], kb\d;Dej, zfGt/lIft /
l7;f]ª\ 8]5]gn] :yfkgf u/]/ uPsf] ;4d{ o;/L cf]em]ndf kg{ uof] . wd{sf] gfddf dflg;x¿
hyfefjL sfo{ ug{ yfn] . o:tf] sfnf] cjlw !$! jif{;Dd oyfjt sfod /Xof] elgG5 . To;a]nf
klg Ps b'O{ hgf wd{ ;fws / cg'jfbsx¿ g/x]sf xf]Ogg\ t/ tL ;a} lqmofzLn gePsf sf/0f
gu0o a/fa/ g} lyP . o;/L To;a]nf ;4d{sf] gfdf]lg;fg g} x/fP/ uof] eGbf klg clQo'Qm
gxf]nf .

t/ klZrdL ltAatsf] Uo'u] eGg] k|fGtdf ;4d{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf nflu Psk6s km]l/ 7"nf] nx/
b]lvg yfNof] . Tof] ;fgf] Onfsfdf /fhf o]z] xf]Pn] /fHo ub{y] . o:tf] s7Lg kl/>dåf/f klxn]sf
/fhf / ljåfg, u'?x¿n] :yfkgf, ljsf; u/]/ uPsf] ;4d{ o;/L cf]em]ndf kl/ k'/f ltAatsf]
cj:yf etfe'Ë ePsf] cfˆgf] cfFvfn] b]v]kl5 /fhfsf] dgdf c;fWo} 7"nf] rf]6 k¥of] . To;kl5
/fhfn] km]l/ h;/L ePklg cfˆgf] Hofgsf] afhL yfk]/ ePklg Tof] ;4d{nfO{ k'/fg} cj:yfdf
k'¥ofpg] c7f]6 u/] . tL ;a ;kgf ;fsf/ ug{sf] nflu ef/taf6 s'g} Pshgf w'/Gw/ af}4 kl08t
ltAatdf af]nfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] /fhfnfO{ /fd|f] x]Ssf lyof] . t/ :ki6 s'/f xf] ls ef/tLo
kl08t, ljz]if u/L To;a]nf lgs} Voflt sdfPsf ef/tLo kl08t ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgnfO{
ltAatdf af]nfpg] aftfj/0f tof/ kfg{sf] nflu w]/} vr{ nfUg]5 eGg] s'/f klg /fhfnfO{ /fd|/L
yfxf lyof] . To;}n] /fhfn] w]/} 7fpFx¿df rfxf/]/ w]/} kl/df0fdf ;'g hDdf u/] . t/ 3'Dbf 3'Db}
/fhf zq'sf] Onfsfdf cfOk'u] . ToxfF pgnfO{ aGbL agfOof] . z/L/sf] tf}n a/fa/ ;'g NofP/
r9fPsf] v08df dfq /fhfnfO{ l/xf ul/g] zt{ /flvof] . To;kl5 /fhfnfO{ e]6\g pgsf] elthf
Hofª\5'j\ xf]P Tof] 7fpFdf cfP . /fhfn] Hofª\5'jnfO{ cfb]z lbP, …d t To;} a'9f] eO;s]F, h]naf6
5'6]kl5 klg slt g} lbg afFr'nf / < a?, d}n] hDdf u/]sf] ;'gn] ef/tdf kl08t ctLznfO{
af]nfpg dfG5] k7fpg" . To;}n] d]/f] af/]df lrGtf gug"{ . of] b]znfO{ d]/f] Hofg eGbf a? wd{sf]
Hofbf vfFrf] 5 . dnfO{ Tolt k'0osf] sfd ug{ b]pm elthf .Ú /fhfaf6 o:tf] cfb]z kfPkl5 dg
gnfuL gnfuL Hofª\5'j b/jf/lt/ kms]{/ uP / cfˆgf] sfsfsf] cf1f adf]lhd ;a} ;'g lbP/ s]xL
;+:s[t hfg]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ef/tdf k7fP . Tolta]nf df]6/, xjfO{hxfh lyPg, Tolt nfdf] b'/L
3
k}bn lxF8]/ g} to ug'{ kYof]{ . To;/L af6fsf] sl7gfO{n] ubf{ w]/} hgf ef/t k'Ug' cufj} d/] .
ef/t;Dd b'O{ hgf dfq ;s'zn k'Ug ;kmn eP . To;a]nf ctLz gfnGbf ljZjljBfnosf
åf/kfn kl08t lyP . tL b'O{ hgf ltAatLx¿n] ctLznfO{ ltAatdf wd{k|rf/sf] nflu af]nfpg
s;/L /fhfn] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] cfx"lt lbP eGg] s'/f ;a} ;'gfPkl5 ctLz ltAat hfg /fhL eP .
ltAatdf ctLz bLk+s/sf] cfud0f b]lv ;4{dsf] bf]>f] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] o'usf] ;'?jft eof] .
ctLzn] ltAatdf wd{sf] gfh's cj:yf b]lv;s]kl5 b'Mv, clgTo, b'Mv, sd{kmn, af]lwlrQsf]
pkb]z Jofks dfqfdf km}nfP/ ltAatdf Psrf]l6 km]l/ a'4wd{sf] lju'n km'lslbP . To;a]nf
ctLzfn] unt cy{ nufOPsf] jh|ofgsf] klg ;lx cy{ / cEof; atfP/ kb\d ;Dejn] lj:tf/
u/]sf] jh|ofg cEof; km]l/ z'4 ¿kdf ltAatdf km}nfP . ctLzn] leIf' leIf'0fL rof{nfO{ lgs}
hf]8 lbP/ km]l/ leIf' leIf'0fL k/Dk/f ltAatdf k'g{:yflkt u/] . o;/L a'4wd{nfO{ hu}b]lv
k'g?Tyfg u/]sf] sf/0f ltAatdf ;'?b]lv g} pkb|j dRrfO/x]sf af]gkf]x¿n] To;a]nfb]lv
a'4wd{nfO{ 5'g' t s] 6fpsf] p7fP/ klg x]g{ ;s]g, pgLx¿ ;bfsf] nflu k/f:q eP . To;sf/0f
ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgsf] sf/0fn] ltAatdf ;4d{ cyf{t a'4wd{n] k"0f{t kfof], eGg'sf] cy{,
ltAatdf tLg}j6f ofgx¿, >fjsofg, dxfofg / jh|ofgsf] Pss[t 9Ën] s'g} lj/f]wfef;lagf g}
cEof; ug{ yflnof] . To;kl5 ctLzsf] lzio 8«f]gtf]Gkfn] sf8Dkf eGg] ;Dk|bfo v8f u/]/
ctLzsf] pkb]znfO{ cg'z/0f ug{ yfn] .

a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] bf]>f] o'u M ctLzn] o;/L ltAatdf a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg u/]/ uPb]lv
a'4wd{sf] cWoogsf nflu ltAatLx¿ km]l/ ef/tdf hfg] qmdsf] ;'?jft eof], / ef/tLo
k08Ltx¿ klg ltAatdf cfP . ef/tdf Tof] a]nf jh|ofg k/Dk/f pTsif{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyof] .
ef/tsf ljleGg af}4 jh|ofg u'?x¿sf lzio eP/ ltAatLx¿n] ToxL k/Dk/f ltAatdf leq\ofP .
Tolta]nf ltAatdf klxn] g} a'4wd{sf] k|yd k|rf/ k|;f/ x'Fbf v]/L g} lGoª\df k/Dk/f :yfkgf
eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ bf]>f] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] o'udf ctLzsf] cfud0f kl5 sf8Dkf k/Dk/f klg
:yfkgf eof] . / kl5 klg ef/taf6 o;/L ljleGg k/Dk/fx¿ ltAatdf lelq;s]kl5 ltAatdf
hDdf cf7cf]6f k/Dk/fx¿ eP . tL cf7 j6f k/Dk/fnfO{ cf7 dxf/y (Eight Great Chariot)
elgGYof] . tL k/Dk/fx¿ lyP M != lGoª\dfkf, @= sf8Dkf -kl5 gof sf8Dkf jf u]n'Ukf df
ufFlePsf], #= zfSokf, $= df/kf sfUo'kf, %= ;fª\kf sfUo'kf, ^= lzh] / rf]P, &= hf]/b's / *=
bf]/h] ;'d UoL Go]g\b'|k . t/ tL ;a} k/Dk/fsf cEof;x¿ kl5 d'Votof rf/j6f k/Dk/fdf
ufFleP/ clxn] ltAatdf d'Vo¿kn] rf/j6f k/Dk/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M != lGoª\df, @=
;fSof, #= sfUo', $= u]n'u\ . kl5 cfP/ a'4wd{sf pkb]z nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ ;'wfl/Psf] Zj]t
af]gnfO{ klg ltAatdf :yfg lbg yflnof] . To;}n] clxn] Zj]t af]g ;d]t u/]/ kfFrj6f k/Dk/f
eP M rf/j6f af}4 k/Dk/f / Ps Zj]t jf]g k/Dk/f .

;fSof k/Dk/f M ltAatdf sf8Dkf k/Dk/fkl5 ag]sf] klxnf] k/Dk/f ;fSof k/Dk/f xf] . ;fSof
eGg] ltAatL k|fGtdf /x]sf] ;fSof u'Dafs} gfddf ;fSof k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{
:yfkgf ug]{ ltAatL ;fwssf] gfd vf]g sf]g5f]u UofNkf] -hLjg sfnM ;g\ !)#$ b]lv !!)@
;Dd_ lyof] . ;fSof ;Dk|bfosf] k/Dk/fut ;'?jft ef/tLo af}4 l;4frfo{ lj?kfaf6 ePsf] lyof]
4
. lj?kfaf6 of] k/Dk/f l;4 8f]lDakf, cnnjh|, jgk|:y, b'h{orGb|, j}/jh| x'Fb} ltAatdf 8«f]UdL
nf]rfjf;Dd k'Uof] . 8«f]UdLaf6 of] k/Dk/f vf]g sf]g5f]u UofNkf];Dd k'Uof] . of] k/Dk/fnfO{ kfFr
k/Dk/fwf/L cfrfo{x¿ h:t} != ;fr]g s'ª\uf lGoª\kf], @= ;f]gfd 5]df], #= 8«fUkf UofN5]g, $=
;fSof k08Lt s'ª\uf UofN5]g / %= 5\of]Uofn kmfUkf n] lg/Gt/tf lbFb} nu] . kl5 af¥xf}F
ztfAbLlt/ d+uf]lnofn] k"/} s]lGb|o Plzofsf w]/} h;f] e"efux¿ cfˆgf] cwLgdf kf/]/ Psbd
zlQmzfnL ;fd|fHojfbL /fi6«sf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg yfNof] . ltAatdf klg d+uf]lnofn] w]/}
k6s xdnf u/]sf] lyof] t/ ltAatnfO{ cfˆgf] cwLgdf eg] kf/]g t}klg ltAatnfO{ cfTd;dk{0f
ug{ w]/} k6s ;Gb]z k7fO/xGYof] . To;a]nf cfTd;dk{0f ug{sf nflu zfSo kl08tnfO{
d+uf]lnofdf af]nfOof] t/ ;fSof kl08tsf] pkb]zn] d+uf]lnofsf Tolta]nfsf ;d|f6 uf]bfg vfg
lgs} k|efljt eof] / ;g\ !@$) df ;fSof kl08ts} k|of;åf/f ltAatL af}4 ;fwsx¿ d+uf]lnog
/fhfx¿sf] wd{u'? x'g'kg]{ zt{ /flvof] To;kl5 ltAatdf cfqmd0f ug]{ d+uf]lnog /0fgLlt Tofluof]
. To;a]nf b]lv ltAatLx¿ wd{u? x'Gy] eg] d+uf]lnog /fhfx¿ ohdfg x'Gy] . o:tf] wd{u'?–
ohdfgsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl5 s'ljnfO{ vfgn] klg lg/Gt/tf lbP . ;g\ !@%# df ;fSof kl08tsf]
elthf 5\of]Uofn kmfUkf s'ljnfO{ vfgsf] wd{ u'? ag]/ ltAatdf /fHo u/] . To;a]nf g} ltAat
Ps :jtGq /fHo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;Demf}tf u/]/ :tDe g} uf8\g nufOPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf
s'ljnfO{ vfgn] rLgnfO{ klg cfˆgf] cwLgdf kf/L cfˆgf] /fhwfgL a]OlhËdf ;f/]sf lyP . oxL
unt lgx'n] rLgn] kl5 …ltAat xfd|f] xf]Ú eg]/ ha/h:tL !(%( df ltAatnfO{ cfˆgf] cwLgdf
kf/] h;df s'g} dfGo sf/0f 5}g . To;f] t ha/h:tL g} ug]{ xf] eg] d+uf]lnofn] To;/L bfjL
ug'{kg]{ lyof] . t/ d+uf]lnofnfO{ Tof] ;lGwsf] af/]df /fd|/L yfxf 5 h;df ltAat Ps :jtGq
d'n's xf] eg]/ n]v]/ vDaf g} ufl8Psf] 5 . ;fob\ Tof] vDaf aa{/ sDo'lgi6 rLlgof ;}lgsx¿n]
gi6 ul/lbO;s] xf]nfg\ .

sfUo'kf M sfUo'kf ;Dk|bfo ;fSof k/Dk/f kl5 ltAatdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . sfUo'kf ;Dk|bfosf]
k/Dk/fut ;'?jft ef/ts} dxfl;4 ltnf]kf -O=;+= (**–!)^(_ af6 ePsf] lyof] . ltnf]kfaf6 of]
k/Dk/f qmdzM ef/tLo dxfl;4 gf/f]kf x'Fb} ltAatdf df/kf;Dd cfOk'Uof] . df/kfaf6 klg
qmdzM ldnf/]kf x'Fb} uDkf]kf;Dd k'Uof] . uDkf]kfsf rf/hgf lzio lyP . tL dWo] Ps k|yd sdf{kf
klg lyP . rf/hgf lzion] rf/}j6f zfvf ;Dk|bfo vf]n] . tL zfvf ;Dk|bfo lyP M != sdf{ sfUo',
@= 5fNkf sfUo', #= af/fd sfUo' / $= kmfU8«" sfUo' . kmfUdf] 8'kfsf cf7 lziox¿ lyP . cf7}hgf
lzion] cf–cfˆgf] k/Dk/f :yfkgf u/] . tL k/Dk/fx¿ x'g\ M != l8s'ª sfUo', @= tfUn'ª sfUo', #=
ofD;fª\ sfUo', $= y|f]km' sfUo', %= z'uz]j sfUo', ^= o]Nkf sfUo', &= df;fª sfUo' / *= 8'Ukf
sfUo' . sfD5fª sfUo' jf sdf{ sfUo' k/Dk/f g} clxn] sfUo'kfsf] ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL ;fvf
k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] sdf{ sfUo' sf !& cf}+ 6'Ns' pu]{g l7Gn] bf]h]{ x'g'x'G5 . kmfU8«"sf
sfUo'sf ;+:yfks kmfUdf] 8"kf x'g\ . kmfUdf] 8"kfsf] xftdf klg ltAatL zf;gsf] afu8f]/ cfOk/]sf]
lyof] . s'anfO{ vfgsf] d[To' kZrft d+uf]n zf;gsf] cGt h:t} ePsf] lyof] . ;fSof zf;g klg
ToxLa]nf b]lv cGt eof] . ;fSof zf;gd} s+h'/ / t+h'/ ltAatL lqlk6s klg ag]sf] lyof] . ;fSo
zf;g kl5 ltAatdf zf;g ug]{ afu8]f/ kmfUdf] 8'kfs} xftdf kg{ uof] . kmfUdf] 8'kf / pgsf
5
pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] !#) jif{;Dd ltAatdf zf;g rnfP t/ kl5Nnf k':tfx¿df k|zf;gdf Tolt
Hofbf 1fg / cg'ej gePsf sf/0f !#) jif{ leq} kmfUdf] 8'kfsf] j+zsf] zf;g ltAatdf ;dfKt
eof] . pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf ltAatsf] zf;g ug{ l/a'ª\ hf] kmfUdf] 8'kfsf dGqL lyP sf 5f]/fx¿ cfP
. kl5 l/a'Ë a+z klg ltAatdf Tolt w]/} ;do;Dd rn]g . pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf ;g\ !%^% df 5fË
k|fGtdf /fHo ul//x]sf /hf}6fx¿n] ltAatdf zf;g rnfpg yfn] . pgLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ ltAatnfO{
PsLs/0f u/]/ /fHo rnfpg yfn] .

u]n'Ukf k/Dk/f M kGw|f} ztfAbLlt/ sf8Dkf k/Dk/fsf cg'ofoL rf]ª\vfkf -;g\ !#%& b]lv !$!(
;Dd_ n] ufG8]g eGg] ljxf/ :yfkgf u/] / ufG8]Gkf eGg] 5'§} k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf u/] . kl5 ToxL
k/Dk/f u]n'u\kfsf] gfdn] kl/lrt x'g yfNof] . rf]ª\vfkfsf] /fhgLltk|lt Tolt cle?rL lyPg g t
pgsf k|f/lDes lziox¿df g} cle?rL lyof] . t/ ;dosf] cGt/fnkl5 u]n'u\kf k/Dk/fsf] k|efj
ltAatdf a9\b} uPkl5 lj:tf/} pgLx¿ pRr cf]xbfsf] k/Dk/f x'g yfNof] . rf]ª\vfkfsf] lzio
klxnf] bnfO{ nfdf u]G8'g\ 8'kf lyof] . t/ bnfO{ nfdf eGg] kbjL u]G8'g\ 8'kfsf t]>f] cjtf/L jf
lgdf{0fsfo ;f]gfd Uof5f]nfO{ d+uf]lnog ;d|f6 cNtfg vfgn] lbPsf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv km]l/
ltAatdf ohdfg–wd{u'?sf] ;DaGw ;'?jft eof] klxn] h:t} d+uf]lnog /fhfx¿ zlQmzfnL lyPg
. kfFrf} bnfO{ nfdfn] ;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo zlQm cfˆgf] xftdf kf/] / k"/} ltAatdf zf;g hdfpg
;kmn eof] . kfFrf} bnfO{ nfdfn] g} kf]6fnf b/jf/ agfPsf lyP . To;a]nf b]lv g} ltAatdf
bnfO{nfdfsf Ps kl5 csf]{ lgdf{0fsfon] zf;g rnfpg yfn] . !$ cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf klg ;g\
!(%( df rLlgofx¿n] ltAatdf cfqmd0f u/];Dd ltAatdf wd{/fhsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eP .
clxn] !$ cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf ef/tsf] w/dzfnfdf lgjf{l;t hLjg ljtfO/xg'ePsf] 5 .