‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍ – ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻦ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﻰ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺳﻤﻜﺔ" ﺭﺳﻤﻮﺍ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻐﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ " ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺱ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ " ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻘﻴﺔ" )ﺃﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻃﻴﻘﻴﺔ )ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ؟‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1799‬ﻡ ﻋﺜﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺣﺠﺮ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ" ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ "ﺭﺷﻴﺪ" ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬
‫‪ 196‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‬‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ"ﺣﺠﺮ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ" ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻧُﻘﺶ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ "ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻃﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻚ ﺃﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺠﺮ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﻰء ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1798‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﺜﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ "ﺣﺠﺮ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻤﻠﻮﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ "ﺷﻤﺒﻠﻴﻮﻥ" ‪ Jean François Champollion‬ﻓﻚ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣﻜﻦ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍً ﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
 ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺼﺮﻯ ‪ Scribe‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ "ﻧﺒﺎﻣﻮﻡ"‪ Nebamum‬ﺑـ"ﻃﻴﺒﺔ" )ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ 1400‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺑﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ – ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻧﺴﺦ "ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ" ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـ‪) 19‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1310‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫"ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ "ﻫﻮ‪-‬ﻧﻴﻔﺮ"‪ Hu-Nefer‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻰ(‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻃﻘﻮﺱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺳﺮﻣﺪﻳﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺁﺩﺍﺑﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ )ﻫﺮﻡ "ﺃﻭﻧﺎﺱ" ﺑـ"ﺳﻘﺎﺭﺓ"( ﺍﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﻧﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﻬﻰ ﻋﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﻨﺠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ "ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ" ﻭ"ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻃﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻰ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻳﺎﻣﻬﻢ )ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫"ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﻓﻰ )ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﻖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺬﻳﺒﻰ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﻭﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﻭﺻﺎﻳﺎ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫"ﺑﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﺘﺐ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ "ﺁﻧﻰ" ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺢ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺩﺏ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺒﻄﻮﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺼﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺟﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺃﻣﻨﻤﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻫﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ "ﺳﻨﻮﺳﺮﺕ" ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﻋﺪﻭﺍً ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻞ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﻪ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﻪ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﺼﺮ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﻭﻗﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻇﻞ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ" ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﻴﺨﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺣﻨﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﻋﻔﺎ ﻋﻦ "ﺳﻨﻮﻫﻰ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺮﻣﻪ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻼﻃﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﻖ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﺼﻰ ﺧﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺤﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﺎً ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺎً ﺭﻛﺐ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺒﺖ ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻏﺮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺭﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﻄﻮﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺜﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺛﻌﺒﺎﻧﺎً‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 300‬ﺫﺭﺍﻋﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻤﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﻤﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺷﻬﺮﺍً‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ )ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ(‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﺯﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﺠﺒﺎ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪" :‬ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺳﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫"ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ" ﻭ"ﻧﻔﺘﻴﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺝ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺘﻪ "ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺝ "ﺳﺖ" ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺘﻪ "ﻧﻔﺘﻴﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ‬
‫"ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﺣﻜﻤﺎً ﻋﺎﺩﻻً ﻓﺄﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ "ﺳﺖ" ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻳﺮﺍً ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻫﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻣﺘﻸ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﺣﻘﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ‬
‫"ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﺪﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻪ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﻣﻤﺴﻜ ًﺎ ﺑﻌﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ )ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺨﻄﺎﻑ( ﻭﺻﻮﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﻬﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﺎﻡ "ﺳﺖ" ﻭﻟﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ "ﺳﺖ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻮﺗﺎً ﻣﺰﻳﻨﺎً ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻛﻬﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ "ﺳﺖ" ﻗﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻨﺎﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻮﺕ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﺎء‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﺪ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺭﻉ "ﺳﺖ" ﻭﺃﻋﻮﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻟﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ "ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ" )ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ "ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ" ﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﻧﺖ ﺣﺰﻧﺎً ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﻭﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺘﺪﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﺒﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺏ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻨﺪﺍء "ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ "ﺳﺖ" ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺰﻕ ﺟﺜﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺑﺄﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ "ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ" ﻗﺪ ﺃﻧﺠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﻃﻔﻼً ﻫﻮ "ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺲ" )ﺣﻮﺭﺱ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻦ "ﺳﺖ" ﻭﺣﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺭﻳﺲ" ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻓﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻰء ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ :‬ﺃﺑﻴﺪﻭﺱ ﻭﺩﻧﺪﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻭﺇﻳﺴﺔ‬

 ‫"ﺇﻳﺰﻳﺲ" ﺗﺮﺿﻊ "ﺣﻮﺭﺱ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍ – ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﻨﺔ "ﻫﻠﻴﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺲ" ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺴﻤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺍً‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 360‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻘﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ "ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻰء"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺁﻻﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟـ‪ 17‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ )ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ‪ 3700‬ﺳﻨﺔ( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴّﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﻣﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ ًﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ – ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ‬
 ‫ﻣﻮﻣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻴﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪. I Seti‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻃﺒﺎء ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻸﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻋﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺤﺘﻔﻈﺔ ﺑﻤﻈﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻃﺒﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ "ﺇﻳﻤﺤﻮﺗﺐ" ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ "ﺍﻧﺨﻤﺎ‪-‬ﺣﻮﺭ" ‪ Ankhma-Hor‬ﺑـ"ﺳﻘﺎﺭﺓ" ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ – ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺒﻐﻮﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻋﻮﺍ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍ – ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً ﺃﻭ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻰ ﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻮﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﻢ ﻏﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺻﺨﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ "ﻃﻴﺒﺔ" )" ﻭﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ "(‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﻘﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺃﻣﻨﺤﻮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ" ﺑـ"ﻭﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ" ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺍﻣﻨﺤﻮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ" ﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ 18‬ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ " ﺗﺤﺘﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ "‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻬﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ‪ .‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠّﺒﻦ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻄﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺮﻡ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﻃﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ "ﻃﻴﺒﺔ" )"ﺁﻣﻮﻥ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺿﺨﻢ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻃﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ "ﺣﺘﺸﺒﺴﻮﺕ" ﺑـ"ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ" ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺒﺪ "ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺴﻴﻮﻡ" ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫"ﺭﻣﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ "‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺿﺨﻢ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ "ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺴﻴﻮﻡ" ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺭﻣﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ"‬

‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻫﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﺨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻜﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻋﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻰ ﻧﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ًﺎﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﻛﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺗﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺦ ﺁﻣﻮﻥ"‬
 ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ "ﺭﻣﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ" )‪ 1151 - 1182‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻪ‬
‫"ﺣﻮﺭﺱ" )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‪ 730 - 950‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ "ﻣﻨﻨﺎ"‪) Menena‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1567‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﺑـ"ﻃﻴﺒﺔ"‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻋﻮﺍ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻮﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻔﻈﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ "ﻃﻴﺒﺔ" ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﺮﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ )ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1400‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺗُﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺄﺩﺑﺔ ﻏﺬﺍء ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻼء ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬