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Analisis Instrumen I
Signal danNoise
A. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
Pengukuran analitik terdiri dari 2 komponen, yaitu:
respon instrumen
fluktuasi random (noise)
Noise - fluktuasi random dari perulangan pengukuran yang terjadi
pada suatu basis kontinyu.
- standard deviasi (s atau s) dari suatu sinyal instrumen.
s
x
N
S
deviation standard
signal mean
RSD N
S 1
i
Time
0
Filtered Data
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
1) Hardware Devices for S/N Enhancement
c. Band Pass Filter
menghilangkan semua frekuensi kecuali frekuensi yg
diinginkan.
merupakan gabungan dari low pass filter dan high pass filter.
High Pass Low Pass
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.01
0.1
10 1.0 100 1000 10,000
Frequency, Hz
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
Band Pass
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.01
0.1
10 1.0 100 1000 10,000
Frequency, Hz
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
Band Pass
Filter
High Pass Low Pass
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.01 0.1 10 1.0 100 1000 10,000
Frequency, Hz
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
1) Hardware Devices for S/N Enhancement
Modulation mengkonversi low frequency atau sinyal
DC dari tranducer menjadi high frequency.
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
Yang umum digunakan adalah :
a. Ensemble averaging
b. Boxcar averaging
c. Digital filtering
1. Fourier transform
2. Least-squares polynomial smoothing
Metode ini diterapkan menggunakan kecanggihan komputer
yang digabungkan pada suatu insrumen.
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
a. Ensemble Averaging
n
S S
N
n
S
S
n
i
i x
n
i
i
x
1
2
1
) noise rms ( AND
Dimana S
x
= average signal (point)
S
i
= individual measurement of the signal
n = number of measurements
sehingga:
n
i
i x
x
n
i
i x
x x
S S
S
n
n
S S
S
N
S
1
2
1
2
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
a. Ensemble Averaging
Average of Sixteen Spectra
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
S
i
g
n
a
l
S N S/N
0.90 0.070 12.81
A Single Spectrum
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
S
i
g
n
a
l
S N S/N
0.91 0.289 3.14
56 . 12 14 . 3 16
N
S
n
N
S
1
1 x
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
a. Ensemble Averaging
Contoh :
pH dari suatu sampel cairan diukur berulang dengan
hasil sebagai beikut:
7.034, 7.047, 7.012, 7.041, 7.026, 7.038
Hitung S/N untuk data pengukuran tersebut!
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
a. Ensemble Averaging
Jawab :
No. S
i
S
x
-S
i
(S
x
-S
i
)
2
1 7.034 -0.001 0.000001
2 7.047 -0.014 0.000196
3 7.012 0.021 0.000441
4 7.041 -0.008 0.000064
5 7.026 0.007 0.000049
6 7.038 -0.005 0.000025
= 42.198 = 0.000776
033 . 7
6
198 . 42
n
S
S
i
x
6
000776 . 0
2
n
S S
N
i x
011372 . 0
4 . 618
011372 . 0
033 . 7
N
S
x
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
b. Boxar Averaging
digunakan untuk sinyal
kompleks yg berubah cepat
terhadap waktu.
Arie BS
2) Software Methods for S/N
Enhancement
Analisis Instrumen I
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
c. Digital Filtering
Fourier Transform mengkonversi data waktu menjadi frekuensi.
Arie BS
Analisis Instrumen I
Arie BS
Signal-to-Noise
C. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT
2) Software Methods for S/N Enhancement
c. Digital Filtering
Least-squares polynomial smoothing
Mereduksi high frequency noise menjadi bentuk low frequency.
Arie BS