Raneem Obeidi 9B

History of the periodic table.

Mendeleev was the first to organize the periodic table.
According to the increasing of atomic mass.
Mosley arranged it according the atomic number.


The three principles:
1. Afbau: you start filling the electrons from the lowest
energy level.
2. Pauli: no 2 electrons can have the same spin in one
orbital. Why? Its because to avoid repulsion.
3. Hund; you start filling the orbitals with the electrons of
the same spin then with the different spins.

The blocks!
S P D F
2 6 10 14
1 3 5 7


The exceptions!
Cu and cr and the elements under it.

Some definitions:
Valence: electrons that are on the outer shells.
Isoelectronic: atoms that have the same number of electrons.
Ground state: the lowest energy state of an atom.
Isotopes: atoms with the same elements, same atom atomic
number but different mass number.







Raneem Obeidi 9B
ATOMIC RADIUS
Atomic radius: the distance between 2 nuclei.

Trends:
1. As you go across a period, the radius decreases and the
attraction increases.
2. As you go down a group, the radius increases and the attraction
decreases.

IONIC RADIUS
Cation: a positively charged ion.
Anion: a negatively charged ion.

Cations are smaller than the original atom because they loose
electrons. But the anions are bigger because they gain.
Trends
As you go across a period, the ionic radius decreases but the
attraction increases.
As you go down a group the ionic radius increases but the
attraction decreases.

if you compare a cation with the atom of the same element, the
cation will be smaller because It will loose electrons.
And if you compare a anion with the atom of the same element,
the anion is bigger because it gained more elections than the
original atom.

Nuclear force: is the attraction between the protons and the
neutrons in the nucleus.
Nuclear attraction: the attraction between the protons and
the electrons in an atom.

IONIZATION ENERGY
Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
The ionization energy increases as you go across a period.
The ionization energy decreases.
What is the first ionization energy?
It is the energy needed to remove the first electron from another
shell that is closer to the nucleus.

Raneem Obeidi 9B
An easy way to find for example the 6
th
ionization energy by
looking at their valence electrons. Ex: what it the fourth
ionization energy for: B C N O F? it is B because if you remove
that one electron, it will require more energy because its closer
to t he nucleus.
You can find the number of valence electrons from the group
number. (1-8)
The period in the periodic table represents the number of
shells.


EXCEPTIONSSS!!


















Ex: whats he lowest ionization energy between mg and al:
Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2.
Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

(mg) (al)



so Mg requires more energy because it is fulfilled ( fullfilled and half
filled require more energy) = they are the most stable.


Raneem Obeidi 9B

Electon Affinity.
It is the energy needed to gain an electron.
(it has the same trend as the ionization energy)