Map Reading & Land Nav 4 Ver 1

MAP READING
and
LAND NAVIGATION
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 2
OUTLINE
Definition
Marginal Information
Grids
Scale & Distance
Direction
Elevation and Relief
Navigation Methods and
Equipment
Terrain Association
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 3
Learning Objective
READ MAP, DETERMINE AND
REPORT POSITIONS ON THE
GROUND IN TERMS OF THEIR
LOCATION ON THE MAP AND
PERFORM LAND NAVIGATION.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 4
Reference
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 5
Map Reading
Appreciation and
utilization of MAPS for
military use
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 6
MAP
- is a graphic representation of a
portion of the earth's surface drawn
to scale, as seen from above.
-. It uses colors, symbols, and labels
to represent features found on the
ground.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 7
PURPOSE
PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE
EXISTENCE,
LOCATION
DISTANCE BETWEEN
GROUND FEATURES
ROUTES OF TRAVEL AND
COMMUNICATION.
VARIATIONS IN TERRAIN
HEIGHTS OF NATURAL FEATURES,
THE EXTENT OF VEGETATION COVER.

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 8
SKILLS REQUIRED
READ AND INTERPRET THE MAP
PLOT AND READ COORDINATES
MEASURE DISTANCES
MAP SCALE
BAR SCALE
READ AND PLOT AZIMUTH
PROTRACTOR
COMPASS
IDENTIFY RELIEF FEATURES AND ELEVATION
APPLY THE METHOD OF LOCATING POINTS
NAVIGATE

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 9
PROCUREMENT
UNIT (END USER)
SHEET NAME AND SHEET
NUMBER
DIV (UNIT) G2
MIG 18 ISAFP
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 10
SECURITY
Maps are documents that must
not fall into unauthorized hands.
Turn-in
Destruction
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 11
CARE
PROTECT FROM WATER, MUD
AND TEARING
USE OF PENCIL AND ERASING
MAPS LOCATION DURING OPNS
FOLDING

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 12
CATEGORIES
A. SCALE - the ratio or fraction between the
distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the surface of the earth

B. TYPE - Map categorized according to its
purpose or the manner it was made. Maps
produced by other government agencies or
civilian entities

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 13
CATEGORIES
SCALE
1. SMALL SCALE - 1:1,000,000 & SMALLER
used for general planning and for strategic studies
standard SMALL-scale map is 1:1,000,000.
2. MEDIUM SCALE 1:75,000-1:1,000,000
used for operational planning
standard medium-scale map is 1:250,000.
3. LARGE SCALE - 1:75,000 & LARGER
used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning
STANDARD LARGE-SCALE IS 1:50,000

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 14
1:75,000 & LARGER

1:1,000,000 & smaller

SMALL
1:75,000 1:1,000,000

MEDIUM
LARGE SCALE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 15
1: 14,000,000
SMALL SCALE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 16
1: 200,000 MEDIUM SCALE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 17
LARGE SCALE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 18
1:50,000 LARGE SCALE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 19
1:140,000
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 20
BY TYPE

1. PLANIMETRIC
2. TOPOGRAPHIC
3. PHOTOMAP
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC
5. PHOTOMOSAIC
6. TERRAIN MODEL
7. MILITARY CITY MAPS
8. SPECIAL MAPS
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 21
PLANIMETRIC
MAP
Presents only the
horizontal positions for
the features
represented.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 22
TOPOGRAPHIC
MAP
-Portrays terrain features
in a measurable way
(usually through use of
contour lines)
-Shows both horizontal
and vertical positions of
the features represented.
topographic maps
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 23
PHOTOMAP

A reproduction of an aerial photograph
upon which grid lines, marginal data, place
names, route numbers, important elevations,
boundaries, and approximate scale and
direction have been added.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 24
JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS

Maps based on the format of standard
1:250,000 medium-scale military
topographic maps that contain additional
information needed in joint air-ground
operations

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 25
TERRAIN MODEL

A scale model of the terrain showing
features, and in large-scale models showing
industrial and cultural shapes.
It provides a means for visualizing the
terrain for planning or indoctrination
purposes and for briefing operations.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 26
PHOTOMOSAIC
An assembly of aerial photographs
MILITARY CITY MAP
A topographic map (usually at 1:12,550
scale, sometimes up to 1:5,000), showing
the details of a city
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 27
SPECIAL MAPS
Maps for special purposes, such as
trafficability, communications, and assault
maps
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 28
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 29
MARGINAL INFORMATION
ARE INFORMATIONS AND
INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN ON
THE OUTER EDGE OF THE MAP

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 30
SHEET NAME
TITLE OF THE MAP AND IS NAMED AFTER THE
LARGEST GEOGRAPHICAL AREA PRESENTED
GENERAL TINIO
GENERAL TINIO
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 31
SHEET NUMBER
used as a reference number for the map
sheet
7273 IV
SHEET
7273 IV
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 32
SERIES NAME
Usually includes a group of similar maps at the
same scale and on the same sheet lines or
format designed to cover a particular
geographic area
the name given to the series is generally that of
a major political subdivision.
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 33
MAP SCALE
A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a
map distance to the corresponding distance
on the earth's surface.
1:50,000
1:50,000
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 34
SERIES NUMBER
It is a sequence reference expressed either as a
four-digit numeral (1501) or as a letter,
followed by a three- or four-digit numeral
(S711, S701, etc). In the regional grouping of
allied mapping projects, our map series was
designated S.
SERIES
S701
SERIES
S701
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 35
MARGINAL INFORMATION
Example: S701
S - is for World Series
7 - is for Scale of the map as follows;
8 - 1:25,000
7 - 1:50,000
6 - 1:100,000
0 - is for Sub Geographical area as
follows:
0 - Philippines
1 - Luzon
2 - Visayas
3 - Panay
4 - Sulu
5 - Mindanao
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 36
EDITION NUMBER
Editions are numbered consecutively; the
highest numbered sheet is the most
recent.
EDITION
3-AFPMAC
EDITION
3-AFPMAC
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 37
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
Is a miniature of the map that shows the
boundaries that occur within the map area,
such as provincial and city boundaries.
PHILIPPINES
A. PROVINCE OF NUEVA ECIJA
B. PROVINCE OF BULACAN
B
A
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 38
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM
The diagram usually
contains nine
rectangles that
represents the
adjoining sheets
surrounding your
map. All represented
sheets are identified
by their sheet
numbers.
7174 II 7274 III 7274 II
7173 I 7273 IV 7273 I
7173 II 7273 III 7273 II
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 39
DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Indicates the
angular
relationships
of true north,
grid north &
magnetic
north

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 40
BAR SCALE
Are rulers used to convert map
distance to ground distance
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 41
CONTOUR INTERVAL NOTE
It states the vertical distance between
adjacent contour lines of the map
CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 METERS
SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOUR 5 AND 10 METERS
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 42
SPHEROID NOTE
Spheriods (ellipsoids) have specific parameters
that define the X Y Z axis of the earth. The
spheriod is an integral part of the datum.
SPHEROID -------------------CLARKE 1866
GRID ---------------------------------- - 1,000 M UTM ZONE 51
PROJECTION ------------------TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
VERTICAL DATUM ---------------------- MEAN SEA LEVEL
HORIZONTAL DATUM --------------------- LUZON DATUM
CONTROL BY ------------------------------------NOS AND CE
PRINTED BY--------------------------- -MIG 18, ISAFP (2004)
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 43
GRID NOTE
Gives information pertaining to the grid
system used and the interval between grid
lines, and it identifies the UTM grid zone
number.
SPHEROID ------------------------------------------------CLARKE
GRID -------------- 1,000 M UTM ZONE 51
PROJECTION ------------------TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 44
PROJECTION NOTE
The projection system is the framework of the map. For
military maps, this framework is of the conformal type;
that is, small areas of the surface of the earth retain
their true shapes on the projection; measured angles
closely approximate true values; and the scale factor
is the same in all directions from a point

PROJECTION-------TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 45
VERTICAL DATUM NOTE
Any level surface (for example, mean sea
level) taken as a surface of reference from
which to determine elevations

PROJECTION----------------------TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
VERTICAL DATUM ------MEAN SEA LEVEL
HORIZONTAL DATUM ------------------------- LUZON DATUM
CONTROL BY ----------------------------------------NOS AND CE
PRINTED BY------------------------------ -MIG 18, ISAFP (2004)
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 46
HORIZONTAL DATUM
A geodetic reference point (of which five quantities
are known: latitude, longitude, azimuth of a line from
this point, and two constants, which are the
parameters of reference ellipsoid). These are the basis
for horizontal-control surveys.
VERTICAL DATUM --------------------------MEAN SEA LEVEL
HORIZONTAL DATUM --- LUZON DATUM
CONTROL BY ----------------------------------------NOS AND CE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 47
CONTROL NOTE
Indicates the special agencies involved in the
control of the technical aspects of all the
information that is disseminated on the map.
VERTICAL DATUM --------------------------MEAN SEA LEVEL
HORIZONTAL DATUM ------------------------ LUZON DATUM
CONTROL BY ----------NOS AND CE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 48
PREPARATION AND
PRINTING NOTE
Indicates the agencies responsible in
thepreparation and printing of the map.
PROJECTION---------------------------TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
VERTICAL DATUM --------------------------------MEAN SEA LEVEL
HORIZONTAL DATUM ------------------------------- LUZON DATUM
CONTROL BY ----------------------------------------------NOS AND CE
PRINTED BY---- -MIG 18, ISAFP (2004)
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 49
GRID REFERENCE BOX
Contains instructions for composing a grid
reference.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 50
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 51
UNIT IMPRINT
Identifies the agency that prepared and
printed the map with its respective symbol.
This information is important to the map user
in evaluating the reliability of the map
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 52
LEGEND
Illustrates and identifies the topographic
symbols used to depict some of the more
prominent features on the map. The symbols
are not always the same on every map.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 53
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
REPRESENTS THE NATURAL AND MAN
MADE FEATURES OF THE EARTHS
SURFACE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 54
QUARRY
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
HOUSE BUILDING
SCHOOL
TRAIL
FOOTPATH
BRIDGE
BUILT UP
AREA
TOPO SYMBOLS USED ARE DEPICTED ON THE LEGEND
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 55
STANDARD COLORS OF
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
BLACK.
REDDISH BROWN
BLUE
GREEN
BROWN
RED
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 56
FRED -
depicts
classification
of roads, built-
up areas &
special
featuresF
COLORS USED IN CONVENTIONAL SIGNS
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 57
BLUE Water Features
(Hydrography)
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 58
FGREEN - represents vegetation
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 59
FBLACK -
represents man-made
objects, ie. Buildings,
tower,etc

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 60
BROWN -
depicts
relief and
elevation
such as
contours on
older maps
BROWN -
depicts
relief and
elevation
such as
contours on
older maps
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 76
GRIDS
A SERIES OF STRAIGHTLINES
INTERSECTING AT RIGHT ANGLES FORMING
SQUARES.

COMMON PROPERTIES OF GRIDS:
TRUE RECTANAGULAR GRIDS
SUPERIMPOSED ON THE GEOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
PERMIT LINEAR AND ANGULAR
MEASUREMENTS.

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 77
GRIDS- PERMITS LINEAR OR
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
FROM KNOWN REFERENCE
LINES.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS:
METERS
YARDS
FEET
ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS:
DEGREES
MILS

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 78
EQUATOR
0 km
1665km
90
0
3330km
6660km
0 km
Linear Measurement
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 79
EQUATOR
15
30
90
0
0

60
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 80
GRIDS
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
(LATITUDE/LONGITUDE)
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE
SYSTEM (MGRS)
DETERMINE AND REPORT POSITIONS
ON THE GROUND IN TERMS OF THEIR
LOCATION ON THE MAP
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 81
ONE OF THE OLDEST
SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF
LOCATION
EXPRESSED IN ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 82
REFERENCE LINES
EQUATOR- THE LINE THAT
BISECTS THE GLOBE
HORIZONTALLY

PRIME MERIDIAN IS A
NORTH- SOUTH LINE THAT
RUNS THROUGH GREENWICH,
ENGLAND
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 83
REFERENCE LINES
PARALLEL- THE RINGS
AROUND THE EARTH
PARALLEL TO THE EQUATOR
MERIDIAN THE RING AROUND
THE GLOBE AT RIGHT ANGLES
WITH THE PARALLEL PASSING
THROUGH THE POLES.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 84
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 85
Geographic grids are intersecting lines
drawn on maps and globes
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 86
IS THE DISTANCE OF A
POINT NORTH OR SOUTH
OF THE EQUATOR
LATITUDE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 87
EQUATOR
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
15
30
45
60
75
90
0
LATITUDE
IS THE
DISTANCE
OF A POINT
NORTH OR
SOUTH OF
THE
EQUATOR
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ENGINEER 88
EQUATOR
0
15
30
45
60
75
30
45
15
60
75
90
15
30
45
60
75
90
0
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 89
0

15

GENERAL TINIO-
LAT 15 15 N
1515 N
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 90
LONGITUDE
IS THE DISTANCE OF A POINT
EAST OR WEST OF THE PRIME
MERIDIAN
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 91
PRIME
MERIDIAN
LONGITUDE
0

30

EAST
LONGITUDE
15

45

60

WEST
LONGITUDE
15

30

45

60

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 92
PRIME
MERIDIAN
LONGITUDE
0

30

EAST
LONGITUDE
15

45

60

WEST
LONGITUDE
15

30

45

60

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 93
15
60

45

75

90

105

120

30

135

150

0

30

45

90

165

180
15

30

45

60

75

90

165

15

60

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ENGINEER 94
15

45

60

75

90

105

120

30

135

150

0

30

45

90

165

180
165

15

60

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 95
105

120

0

180
120
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 96
Location of Map
of General Tinio:
Long 12100E
Lat 1515N

equator
Longitude
12100E
Latitude
1515
N
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 105
SYSTEM
THE UTM GRID
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION - 51P
100,000 METER SQUARE ID- TT
10,000 METER SQUARE 1 2
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT) 1020
100 METERS ( 6 DIGITS) 102205
10 METERS (8 DIGITS) 10262053
1 METER (10 DIGITS) 102680537
COMPLETED GC: (15DIGITS) 51PTT102680537

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 106
SYSTEM
FOLLOWING INFORMATIONS FOR
THE MGRS IS INDICATED IN THE
GRID REFERENCE BOX OF
STANDARD LARGE SCALE MAPS:
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION - 51P
100,000 METER SQUARE ID- TT

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ENGINEER 107
51P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
P
51
P
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION
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ENGINEER 108
100,000M
100,000M
100,000M SQUARE IDENTIFICATION
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 109
100,000M SQUARE IDENTIFICATION
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 110
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION
51P
100,000 M SQUARE
IDENTIFICATION
TT UT
TS US
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ENGINEER 111
SYSTEM (MGRS) DATA
Grid zone designation
Example: 51P
100,000 - meter square identification
Example: TT
Grid Coordinates
Nearest 1,000 meters (Four digits)
Nearest 100 meters (Six digits)
Nearest 10 meters (Eight digits)
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 112
SYSTEM
WHILE THE FOLLOWING DATA WILL BE OBTAINED
BY THE MAP USER FROM THE MAP USING THE
PRINCIPLE READ RIGHT- UP:
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT) 1020
100 METERS ( 6 DIGITS) 102205
10 METERS (8 DIGITS) 10262053
1 METER (10 DIGITS) 102680537

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 113
PRINCIPLE IN READING
MAP COORDINATES
READ RIGHT-UP
RIGHT -OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE
TO THE RIGHT OF THE VERTICAL
GRID LINE

UP- OBJECTIVE IS ABOVE THE
HORIZONTAL GRID LINE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 114
PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP
COORDINATES
READ RIGHT-UP
RIGHT -1
ST
HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND
IS THE NUMBER OF THE NORTH-SOUTH
GRIDLINE WHERE THE OBJ IS TO THE RIGHT.

UP- 2
ND
HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND
IS THE NUMBER OF THE EAST WEST
GRID LINE ( OBJ IS ABOVE THE LINE).
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 115
PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP
COORDINATES
READ RIGHT-UP
RIGHT UP
9805
983057
98320579
NEAREST TO 1000 M
NEAREST TO 100 M
NEAREST TO 10 M
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 116
PRINCIPLE IN READING
MAP COORDINATES
READ RIGHT-UP
RIGHT UP
9805
983057
98320579
NEAREST TO 1000 M
NEAREST TO 100 M
NEAREST TO 10 M
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ENGINEER 117
13 14 15 16 17 18
83
84
85
86
86
A
NEAREST TO 1000M
GS: ______ ______
15
85
NEAREST TO 100M
GS: 15___ 85____
6
7
READING COORDINATES:
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ENGINEER 118
13 14 15 16 17 18
83
84
85
86
86
B
GS: ______ ______
16
84
GS: 16____ 84_____
9
3
Example:Reading coordinates
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 119
LOCATION OF
QUARRY:
1000M - 4 DIGITS

100M - 6 DIGITS

15
15____82____
1 8
82
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ENGINEER 120
LOCATION OF
UNMARKED
HILL:
100M - 6 DIGITS

13
7 9
79
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 121
:
100M - 6 DIGITS

13
7 9
79
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 122
13 14 15 16 17 18
83
84
85
86
86
A
NEAREST TO 1000M
GS: ______ ______
15
85
NEAREST TO 100M
GS: 15___ 85____
6
7
READING COORDINATES:
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ENGINEER 123
13 14 15 16 17 18
83
84
85
86
86
c
GS: ______ ______ 16 84
Nearest tom 100m
GS: 16____ 84_____
6
7
Example: Plotting coordinates
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 124
PLOTTING COORDINATES
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94
PLOT THE GRID
COORDINATE:
TT 913109

91
10
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 125
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 126
SCALE AND DISTANCE
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 127
SCALE AND DISTANCE
Map Scale or Representative Fraction
Graphic Bar Scale
Other Methods of Estimating or measuring
distance
TIME-RATE-DISTANCE
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ENGINEER 128
SCALE
IS A REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF)
THAT GIVES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE MAP DISTANCE (MP)
AND THE CORRESPONDING GROUND
DISTANCE (GD).
RF
MD
GD
=
RF
1
50,000
=
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 129
Representative Fraction
The Map scale is 1:50,000 RF = 1/50,000
Map Distance:
A 5 units B
GROUND DIST = 5 x 50,000 = 250,000 units
Formula:
RF = MD/GD
GD = MD x Denominator of RF
MD = GD/Denominator of RF
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 130
Graphic Scale
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 131
Graphic Scale
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 132
Graphic Scale
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 133
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 134
DIRECTIONS
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 135
DIRECTIONS
EXPRESSED AS UNITS OF ANGULAR
MEASURE

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ENGINEER 136
Methods of expressing Direction
Degree - the most common unit of measure
360 DEGREES IN A CIRCLE
Mil - abbreviated as m
used in artillery, tank & mortar gunnery.
circle is divided into 6,400 angles
Grad - is a metric unit of measure
There are 400 grads in a circle.
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 137
DEGREE
360 DDEGREES IN A CIRCLE
1 = 60
1 = 60
0
360

90

180

270

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 138
Base Lines
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 139
15

45

60

75

90

105

120

30

135

150

0

30

45

90

165

180
165

15

60

TRUE NORTH
INDICATED BY
LONGITUDES ON
THE GLOBE
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ENGINEER 140
1515
1530

1515

1530
5
5
10
10
20
25
20
25
12100
1210
0
1211
5
12115
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 141
GRID NORTH -

INDICATED BY THE NORTH-
SOUTH (VERTICAL )GRID
LINES ON THE MAP

MAP READING
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ENGINEER 142
MAP READING
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ENGINEER 143

MAGNETIC NORTH - INDICATED
BY THE NORTH SEEKING
NEEDLE OF THE MAGNETIC
INSTRUMENT (COMPASS)
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 144
15

45

60

75

90

105

120

30

135

150

0

30

45

90

165

180
165

15

60

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 145
AZIMUTH
IS AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE
FROM A NORTH BASE LINE
0
360

90

180

270

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 146
BEARING
IS AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE OR
COUNTERCLOCKWISE FROM A NORTH OR
SOUTH BASELINE
N
0

90 E

0
S

W 90

N 65 E\

S 40 E

N 45 W

S 60 W

65

40
60

45

AZI = 65
AZI = 140
AZI = 240
AZI = 315
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 147
BACK AZIMUTH
OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF AN AZIMUTH
0
360

90

180

270

DIFFERS BY EXACTLY
180 DEGREES
AZIMUTH
BACK
AZIMUTH
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 148
GRID AZIMUTH
AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE BASED ON
THE VERTICAL GRID LINES OF THE MAP
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
determined by using magnetic instruments, such as
lensatic and M-2 compasses.
TRUE AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH MEASURED BASED FROM THE TRUE
NORTH LINES ON THE GLOBE/MAP
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 149
DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Shows the angular
relationship,
represented by
prongs, among grid,
magnetic, and true
norths
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 150
GN
GN
FIG 1
FIG 2
GN - GRID NORTH
GMA - GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE
GC - GRID CONVERGENCE
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 151
GN
FIG 1
CONVERSION
GRID AZI TO MAGNETIC AZI
MA = GA - GMA
= 96 - 8 = 88

8

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 152
GN
FIG 1
CONVERSION
8

MAG AZI TO GRID AZI
GA = MA + GMA
= 199 + 8 = 207

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 153
GN
FIG 2
4

CONVERSION
MAG AZI TO GRID AZI
GA = MA - GMA
= 186 - 4 = 182

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 154
GN
FIG 2
4

CONVERSIONS
GRID AZI TO MAG AZI
MA = GA + GMA
= 186+ 4 = 190

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 155
PROTRACTOR
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 156
READ AZIMUTH USING PROTRACTOR
EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE AZIMUTH FROM
HILL 56 TT9110 TO HILL 68 TT 9414
ELO G W221/OCT 03/VGT-157
44
PLOTTING AZIMUTH USING PROTRACTOR
EXAMPLE: PLOT 263 FROM HILL 56 TT9110
263

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 160
Methods of Point Location
Polar plot
Intersection
Resection
Modified resection
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 161
POLAR PLOT
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 162
Polar plot - a method of
locating or plotting an
unknown position from a
known point by giving a
direction and distance along
that direction line

DISTANCE AND AZIMUTH METHOD
OF LOCATING POINTS
Maptech USGS Topographic Series, Maptech, Inc. 978-933-3000, www.maptech.com/topo Copyright 2001 Maptech, Inc.
NORMTRONICS AUTHOR: SFC NORMAN M. VANCE
POLAR PLOT
ELO F W221/OCT 03/VGT-2
PLOT AZIMUTH FROM A KNOWN POINT.
PLOT DISTANCE FROM THE KNOWN POINT ALONG
THE AZIMUTH LINE.
THE POLAR COORDINATE IS AT THE END OF THE
AZIMUTH/DISTANCE LINE.
POLAR PLOT
PNT 1
STEP 1. PLACE THE INDEX MARK OF THE PROTRACTOR AT THE
CENTER OF MASS ON THE POINT FROM WHICH YOU ARE
MEASURING.
STEP 1. PLACE THE INDEX MARK OF THE PROTRACTOR AT THE
CENTER OF MASS ON THE POINT FROM WHICH YOU ARE
MEASURING.
EX. OBJECTIVE IS 56 AND 4,400 METERS FROM HILL 62 TT9207.
STEP 2. LOCATE THE DESIRED AZIMUTH ON THE PROTRACTOR
SCALE AND PLACE A DOT ON THE MAP AT THIS
AZIMUTH.
STEP 2. LOCATE THE DESIRED AZIMUTH ON THE PROTRACTOR
SCALE AND PLACE A DOT ON THE MAP AT THIS
AZIMUTH.
PNT 1
5
6

EXAMPLE: 56 DEGREES EXAMPLE: 56 DEGREES
STEP 3. REMOVE THE PROTRACTOR AND CONNECT THE POINT
AND DOT WITH A STRAIGHT LINE.
PNT 1
PNT 1
ELO F W221/OCT 03/VGT-7a
STEP 1. SELECT THE APPROPRIATE SCALE MEASUREMENT AND
PLACE A PAPER STRAIGHT EDGE ON THE SCALE.
EXAMPLE: DISTANCE IN METERS IS 4,400 METERS
ELO F W221/OCT 03/VGT-7b
STEP 2. DETERMINE THE DESIRED DISTANCE TO MEASURE FROM
THE SCALE AND MARK THE PAPER AT THIS DISTANCE
USING TICK MARKS.
EXAMPLE: 4400 METERS
STEP 3. ALIGN THE STRAIGHT EDGE WITH THE AZIMUTH LINE.
ENSURE THE FIRST TICK MARK IS CENTER MASS
ON THE KNOWN POINT.
STEP 3. ALIGN THE STRAIGHT EDGE WITH THE AZIMUTH LINE.
ENSURE THE FIRST TICK MARK IS CENTER MASS
ON THE KNOWN POINT.
PNT 1
STEP 4. PLACE A DOT ON THE MAP AT THE SECOND TICK MARK
FROM THE STRAIGHT EDGE ON THE MAP.
STEP 4. PLACE A DOT ON THE MAP AT THE SECOND TICK MARK
FROM THE STRAIGHT EDGE ON THE MAP.
PNT 1
THE POSITION OF THE SECOND TICK MARK
IS THE POSITON OF THE UNKNOWN POINT.
PNT 1
REMOVE THE STRAIGHT EDGE AND DETERMINE THE GRID
COORDINATE TO THE SECOND POINT.
REMOVE THE STRAIGHT EDGE AND DETERMINE THE GRID
COORDINATE TO THE SECOND POINT.
TT 963096
PRACTICAL EXERCISES
QUESTION: What are the polar coordinates
plotted from the SPOT ELEVATION 258
in grid square UT0107 at an azimuth
of 271 degrees and a distance of 5,700
meters?
ANSWER: TT 956080
QUESTION: What are the polar coordinates plotted
from the water tower in grid square TT
9405 at an azimuth of 46 degrees and a
distance of 4,500 meters?
ANSWER: TT 975084
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 175
Polar Plot
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 176
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 177
INTERSECTION
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 178
Four Methods of Point Location
Intersection - is the location of an unknown
point by successively occupying at least
two but preferably 3 known positions &
sighting on the unknown point
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 179
Intersection using map &
compass
INTERSECTION
DETERMINE THE POSITION OF AN UNKNOWN
POINT BY OCCUPYING AT LEAST TWO, BUT
PREFERABLY THREE, KNOWN POSITIONS.
DETERMINE THE AZIMUTH TO THE UNKNOWN POINT
FROM THESE POSITIONS.
PLOT THE AZIMUTHS FROM THE POSITIONS TO
LOCATE THE UNKNOWN POINT BY THEIR
INTERSECTION.
STEP 1. LOCATE YOUR POSITION ON THE GROUND
AND MARK IT ON THE MAP.
POS 1
STEP 2. SIGHT THE UNKNOWN POINT ON THE
GROUND.
POS 1
STEP 1. LOCATE YOUR POSITION ON THE GROUND
AND MARK IT ON THE MAP.
EXAMPLE: ROAD JUNCTION AT TT 922084
POS 1
STEP 3. DETERMINE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
FROM THE ROAD JUNCTION TO THE
ENEMY POSITION.
FROM THE ROAD JUNCTION TO THE
ENEMY POSITION.
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH: 59 DEGREES
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: +0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH: 59 DEGREES
STEP 4. CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A
GRID AZIMUTH.
GRID AZIMUTH.
ELO G W221/OCT 03 VGT-184
EXAMPLE: ROAD JUNCTION AT TT 922084
POS 1
POS 1
STEP 5. DRAW A LINE FROM THE ROAD JUNCTION
ALONG THE 59 DEGREE GRID AZIMUTH.
5
9

POS 2
POS 1
POS 1
STEP 6. MOVE TO, OR PREFERABLY, RADIO A
SECOND POSITION FROM WHERE
SOMEONE CAN SEE THE UNKNOWN POINT,
AND MARK THE POSITION ON THE MAP.
POS 2
POS 1
FROM THE SECOND ROAD JUNCTION
TO THE ENEMY POSITION.
.
FROM THE SECOND ROAD JUNCTION
TO THE ENEMY POSITION.

POS 1
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: 0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH.
GRID AZIMUTH.
118

POS 1
POS 1
POS 2
STEP 9. DRAW A LINE FROM THE OP ALONG THE 118
DEGREE GRID AZIMUTH.
POS 1
POS 2
STEP 10. READ THE GRID COORDINATE OF THE
INTERSECTION
TT 936096
POS 1
POS 2
POS 3
NOTICE THAT THE LINES FROM THE FIRST AND SECOND
POINT FORM A SHALLOW ANGLE.
THIS DECREASES ACCURACY. WHENEVER POSSIBLE,
CHOOSE LOCATIONS THAT WILL GIVE YOU A LARGER
ANGLE (CLOSER TO 90 DEGREES LIKE POSITION 3.)
NOTE: WHEN TRIANGULATING, RECORD THE
CENTER OF THE TRIANGLE AS THE
LOCATION.
NOTE: WHEN TRIANGULATING, RECORD THE
CENTER OF THE TRIANGLE AS THE
LOCATION.
EG16208055
ELO G/W221/OCT 03/VGT-192
PRACTICAL EXERCISE #1
YOUR SQUAD OCCUPIES TWO
OBSERVATION POSTS. THE TEAM AT
THE WATER TOWER IN GRID SQUARE TT
943077 SEES THE ENEMY AT A
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 91 DEGREES.
THE SECOND TEAM, LOCATED
AT THE WATER TOWER IN GRID SQUARE
TT943053 SEES THE ENEMY AT
A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 44 DEGREES.
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE GRID LOCATION OF THE ENEMY?
ANSWER: GRID COORDINATE TT 966076
PRACTICAL EXERCISE #2
YOUR SQUAD IS OPERATING AS AN OBSERVATION TEAM AND YOU
SEE SIX ENEMY HELICOPTERS LAND AND THEN DISAPPEAR FROM
YOUR SIGHT. PRIOR TO THE HELICOPTERS DISAPPEARING, YOU SHOT
A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO THE LOCATION WHERE YOU SAW THEM
LAND. THIS MAGNETIC AZIMUTH IS 140 DEGREES. YOUR LOCATION
IS THE BRIDGE IN GRID SQUARE TS 930987. YOU CONTACT YOUR OTHER
TEAM LOCATED IN THE OP AT HILL 61 TS 9296 . THEY HAVE A SIGHTING OF
SIX ENEMY HELICOPTERS AT A MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF 49 DEGREES. BOTH YOUR TEAMS PERFORM AN
INTERSECTON.
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE GRID LOCATION AND THE TYPE OF TERRAIN
WHERE THE SIX ENEMY HELICOPTERS LANDED?
ANSWER: GRID LOCATION 93609805 Rice field /paddies
INTERSECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP TO THE GROUND.
STEP 2. LOCATE YOUR POSITION ON THE GROUND AND MARK
YOUR POSITION ON THE MAP.
STEP 3. LAY A STRAIGHT EDGE (I.E., PROTRACTOR) WITH ONE
END AT YOUR POSITION AS A PIVOT POINT, THEN ROTATE
THE STRAIGHT EDGE UNTIL YOU SIGHT THE UNKNOWN
POINT ALONG THE EDGE.
STEP 4. DRAW A LINE ALONG THE STRAIGHT EDGE.
STEP 5. REPEAT PROCEDURES 1 THRU 4 AT AN ALTERNATE KNOWN
POSITION.
STEP 6. THE INTERSECTION OF LINES IS THE LOCATION OF THE
UNKNOWN POINT.
STEP 7. AGAIN, CHECK FOR ACCURACY, YOU MAY USE A THIRD
POSITION.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 196
Intersection using straight edge
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 197
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 198
RESECTION
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 199
Resection - the location of the
users unknown position by
sighting on two or three known
features.
RESECTION
DETERMINE THE POSITION OF AN UNKNOWN POINT
BY SIGHTING ON AT LEAST TWO, BUT PREFERABLY
THREE, KNOWN POSITIONS.
DETERMINE THE AZIMUTHS FROM THE UNKNOWN
POINT TO THESE POSITONS.
PLOT THE BACK AZIMUTHS FROM THE KNOWN
POSITONS TO LOCATE YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION
BY THEIR INTERSECTION.
ELO H W221/OCT 03/VGT-200
BACK AZIMUTH
RULE #1: IF THE AZIMUTH IS MORE THAN 180 DEGREES,
THEN SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES.
EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 215 DEGREES
-180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 35 DEGREES
RULE #2: IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR LESS,
THEN ADD 180 DEGREES.
EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 180 DEGREES
+180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 360 DEGREES
STEP 1. LOCATE A FEATURE OR OBJECT THAT IS
IDENTIFIABLE ON BOTH THE GROUND AND
THE MAP AND MARK THE MAP LOCATION.
EXAMPLE: TOWER LOCATED AT TT942077
KP 1
STEP 1. LOCATE A FEATURE OR OBJECT THAT IS
IDENTIFIABLE ON BOTH THE GROUND AND
THE MAP AND MARK THE MAP LOCATION.
STEP 2. MEASURE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO
THE KNOWN POSITION ( CONVERT THE MAG AZI
TO A GRID AZI WHEN NECESSARY)
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: + DEGREES
STEP 2. MEASURE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO THE
KNOWN POSITION ( CONVERT THE
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH
WHEN NECESSARY.
KNOWN POSITION ( CONVERT THE
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH
WHEN NECESSARY.
ADD: - 180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH: 51 DEGREES
STEP 3. CHANGE THE GRID AZIMUTH TO A BACK
AZIMUTH AND DRAW A LINE FROM THE
KNOWN POSITION BACKWARD TOWARD
YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.
KNOWN POSITION BACKWARD TOWARD
YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.
5
1

KP 1
STEP 4. LOCATE A SECOND FEATURE OR OBJECT
THAT IS IDENTIFIABLE ON BOTH THE GROUND
AND THE MAP AND MARK THE MAP LOCATION.
EXAMPLE: ROAD JUNCTION LOCATED AT TT940089
EXAMPLE: ROAD JUNCTION LOCATED AT TT940088
KP 2
KP 1
SECOND KNOWN POSITION (CONVERT
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH
IF NECESSARY).
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE: DEGREES
SECOND KNOWN POSITION AND CONVERT
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH.
SECOND KNOWN POSITION AND CONVERT
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH.
ADD: -180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH: 81 DEGREES
SECOND KNOWN POSITION BACKWARD
TOWARD YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.
81
ELO H W221/
OCT 03/VGT-213
KP 1
KP 2
PRACTICAL EXERCISES # 1
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH FROM YOUR
LOCATION TO SE 107N (TS 9698) IS 239 DEGREES AND
THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO SE 108 TT 9898 IS
129 DEGREES. WHAT IS THE SIX DIGIT COORDINATE
TO YOUR LOCATION?
ANSWER: TS 974989
RESECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP TO THE GROUND.
STEP 2. LOCATE AT LEAST TWO KNOWN POSITIONS ON THE
GROUND AND MARK THEM ON THE MAP.
STEP 3. LAY A STRAIGHT EDGE (I.E. PROTRACTOR) WITH ONE
END AT THE FIRST KNOWN POSITION AS A PIVOT POINT,
THEN ROTATE THE STRAIGHT EDGE TOWARD YOURSELF
UNTIL YOU SIGHT THE KNOWN POSITION ALONG THE EDGE.
STEP 4. DRAW A LINE ALONG THE STRAIGHT EDGE.
STEP 5. REPEAT PROCEDURES 1 THRU 4 FOR THE NEXT KNOWN
POSITION.
STEP 6. THE INTERSECTION OF LINES IS THE LOCATION OF YOUR
POSITION.
STEP 7. AGAIN, CHECK FOR ACCURACY, YOU MAY USE A THIRD
POSITION.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 216
Resection with straightedge
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 217
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 218
MODIFIED RESECTION
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 219
Modified resection is the method of
locating ones position on the map
when the person is located on a
linear feature on the ground such as
a road,stream, etc.
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 220
Modified Resection
YOUR TEAM IS MOVING ALONG CABU CREEK.
YOU SIGHTED HILL 104 TT 9608 AND OBTAINED
AN AZIMUTH READING OF 209 DEGREES .
GIVE THE 8 DIGIT D COORDINATE OF YOUR TEAMS
LOCATION .
209- 180=
29
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 223
ELEVATION AND RELIEF
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 224
Definitions
Datum Plane - it is the reference or start point for
vertical measurement of elevation on a standard
military map

Elevation - is the vertical distance above or below
mean sea level

Relief - the representation of the shapes of hills,
streams or landforms on the earths surface

SLOPE - The rate of rise and fall of the ground
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 225
CONTOUR LINE
REPRESENTS AN IMAGINARY LINE ON THE
GROUND ABOVE OR BELOW SEA LEVEL.
ALL POINTS ON THE CONTOUR LINE ARE
AT THE SAME ELEVATION
USED TO :
IDENTIFY RELIEF FEATURES
DETERMINE ELEVATIONS
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 226
Types of contour lines
Index - starting at zero elevation or mean sea level,
every fifth contour line is a heavier line

Intermediate - the contour lines falling between the
index contour lines

Supplementary lines - resemble dash. They show
sudden changes in elevation

DEPRESSION - An area of low ground sorrounded
by higher ground in all directions or simply a hole
on the ground
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 227
Types of contour lines
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 228
Depression
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 229
Points on Contour Lines
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 230
Types of Slopes
Gentle - evenly spaced and wide apart
Steep - evenly spaced but close together
Concave - closely spaced at the top & widely
spaced at the bottom
Convex - widely spaced at the top and
closely spaced at the bottom
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 231
Gentle
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 232
Steep
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 233
Concave
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 234
Convex
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 235
PERCENTAGE SLOPE
SLOPE DIAGRAM
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (HD)
VERTICAL
DISTANCE
(VD)
% SLOPE =
VD X 100
HD
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 236
A
B
VD = 610 - 480 = 130

% SLOPE =
VD X 100
HD
=
130 X 100
1,600
= 8%
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 237
TERRAIN FEATURES
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 238
Major Terrain Features
Hill
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 239
Saddle
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 240
Valley
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 241
Ridge
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 242
Depression
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 243
Minor Terrain Features
Draw
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 244
Minor Terrain Features
Spur
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 245
Terrain Features
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 246
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 247
LAND NAVIGATION
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 248
NAVIGATION TECHNIQUE AND METHODS

1. THE LENSATIC COMPASS
2. COMPASS HANDLING
3. USING A COMPASS
a) CENTER-HOLD TECHNIQUE
b) COMPASS-TO-CHEEK TECHNIQUE
c) PRESETTING A COMPASS
d) BY-PASSING AN OBSTACLE
4. FIELD EXPEDIENT METHODS
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 249
Land Navigation
Lensatic Compass
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 250
Using a compass
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 251
Compass to cheek technique
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 252
MOVEMENT AND ROUTE SELECTION
A. WHERE AM I ?
B. WHERE AM I GOING?
DIRECTION AND AZIMUTH TO OBJ
DISTANCE
TYPE OF TERRAIN OR MAN-MADE
FEATURERS AT THE OBJ
LENGTH OF TIME
TYPE OF GENERAL TERRAIN IN THE AREA

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 253
C. HOW DO I GET THERE FROM HERE?
EXAMINE BOTH MAP AND TERRAIN
CONSIDER TACTICAL ASPECTS OF MSN
COVER AND CONCEALMENT
PLAN ALTERNATE ROUTES

MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 254
A. TERRAIN ASSOCIATION
ATTACK POINTS
COLLECTION OF FEATURES
CHECKPOINTS
B. DEAD RECKONING TECHNIQUE
STARTING POINT (OWN LOCATION)
DISTANCE (PACE COUNT OR OTHER
METHOD)
AZIMUTH (DIRECTION)

NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES
THANK YOU
and
GOOD DAY!
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 256
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 257
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 258
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 259
MAP READING
5/9/2014
ENGINEER 260

Map Reading & Land Nav 4 Ver 1

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Map Reading & Land Nav 4 Ver 1