Jeremy Fialkow

English 101
Annotated Bibliography

Delia Hendrie, et al. "Retail Alcohol Monopolies, Underage Drinking, And Youth
Impaired Driving Deaths." Accident Analysis & Prevention 38.6 (2006): 1162-1167.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Oct. 2013.
Delias article examines the connection with underage drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol-
related driving deaths. The author conducted surveys on adolescents grades 6
th
through 10
th
who
drank alcohol recently, if they had been binge drinking, and what type of alcohol they drank
(beer, wine, hard liquor). Delia compared these facts with a census of motor vehicle fatalities by
drive BAC. This source does not seem to present any bias. However, the author did not conduct
surveys on adolescents aged 17 to 20 which could skew the facts regarding underage drinking
and alcohol-related driving deaths. I plan to use this article to examine the extent to which
underage drinking and alcohol-related car accidents connect.

Little, Robert, and Kenneth Clontz. "Young, Drunk, Dangerous And Driving: Underage
Drinking And Driving Research Findings." Journal Of Alcohol & Drug Education 39.2
(1994): 37. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Oct. 2013.
The purpose of this article is to summarize major research findings concerning underage
drinking and driving. The article concludes the fact that the number one cause of death for the
age group of fifteen to twenty-four is fatal vehicular accidents resulting from drunk driving.
There is a section of the article that will be useful in my research regarding the issue if raising

the drinking age saves lives or not. I will use this source to discuss if raising the legal drinking
age from 18 to 21 saves lives or not.

O'Connell, Mary Ellen. "Underage Drinking." Issues In Science & Technology 21.2
(2005): 82-85. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Oct. 2013.
OConnells article examines the numbers regarding underage drinking. This article presents the
numbers of how many adolescents drink underage and the long-term trends of adolescents
drinking underage. OConnell presents the numbers regarding underage drinking. I will use this
article as a starting point for me to grasp the larger concept of my topic. Understanding the larger
concept of my topic will help me to question my topic more extensively, and thus, be able to
back my stance on this subject.

Toomey, Traci L., Toben F. Nelson, and Kathleen M. Lenk. "The Age-21 Minimum
Legal Drinking Age: A Case Study Linking Past And Current Debates." Addiction
104.12 (2009): 1958-1965. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Oct. 2013.
Toomeys article discusses the debate over the United States legal drinking age. She begins the
article by examining the history of the debate regarding the drinking age dating all the way back
to the 1970s. The author explains the reasoning for changing the drinking age on numerous
occasions. This leads into the author discussing the recent debate over the current drinking age.
This article is fairer than others because it is stating history and the current event of the debate
over the national drinking age. For my research, this article will be used to discuss why the
current drinking age is 21. It is necessary for my audience to know why the current drinking age

is 21 because the change of age is designed to protect the younger generation from alcohol-
related incidents.

"Underage Drinking." Underage Drinking-Why Do Adolescents Drink, What Are the
Risks, and How Can Underage Drinking Be Prevented? N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2013.
<http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA67/AA67.htm>.
This article focuses on why adolescents drink underage, what the risks are of underage drinking,
and how underage drinking can be prevented. Reasons why adolescents drink underage include
risk-taking, expectancies, sensitivity and tolerance to alcohol, and environmental aspects. The
risks of underage drinking include brain effects, liver effects, and other dangers. Raising the
price of alcohol, stepping up enforcement of laws, and enacting zero-tolerance laws could
prevent underage drinking. This article loses a little credibility because the government
published it, thus presenting an obvious bias. As a result, the article will support a more
conservative and supportive view regarding underage drinking. This article will help me to
discuss why adolescents drink underage, and the dangers surrounding it.

"Drinking Age ProCon." Drinking Age. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
<http://drinkingage.procon.org/>.
The website procon.org has a specific article featuring the pros and cons of the drinking age. The
article features pro and con arguments regarding the question, Should the drinking age be
lowered from 21 to a younger age? Arguments favoring lowering the drinking age include, 18
is the age of adulthood in the United States, and adults should have the right to make their own
decisions about alcohol consumption and arguments favoring a drinking age of 21 include,
MLDA 21 reduces traffic accidents and fatalities. This article looks at each side of the

argument objectively. I plan to use this page in depth because it breaks down the opposing
argument of my topic

McCartt, Anne T., Laurie A. Hellinga, and Bevan B. Kirley. "The Effects Of Minimum
Legal Drinking Age 21 Laws On Alcohol-Related Driving In The United States." Journal
Of Safety Research 41.2 (2010): 173-181. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
This article supports the argument that the minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one is
protecting the younger generation from alcohol-related driving. In addition, the article also
argues that the current drinking age reduces underage drinking and problematic drinking in
general. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that lowering the minimum legal
drinking age to twenty-one will ignore the public health benefits of a minimum legal drinking
age of twenty-one and will also highway death crashes among young people. Although the
article uses less statistical data then most, it still makes its point clear. However, I think I could
use arguments from this essay to effectively persuade my audience into believing that the current
drinking age protects the younger generation from underage drinking and driving.

Norberg, Karen E., Laura J. Bierut, and Richard A. Grucza. "Long-Term Effects Of
Minimum Drinking Age Laws On Past-Year Alcohol And Drug Use Disorders."
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 33.12 (2009): 2180-2190. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.
Norbergs article examines the relationship between the minimum legal drinking age and health
problems. However, the health problem that Norberg examines with the minimum legal drinking
age is alcoholism. Through a natural experiment study design, controlling for demographic and

social backgrounds, Norberg successfully examined alcohol use disorders among adult subjects
exposed to different minimum legal drinking age laws, particularly 18 and 21. Norberg came to
the conclusion that Exposure to a lower minimum legal purchase age was associated with a
significantly higher risk of a past-year alcohol or other substance use disorders and frequency or
intensity of drinking in late adolescence may have long-term effects on adult substance use
patterns. I believe this text will help me gain a deeper understanding of the health problems
related to underage drinking and minimum legal drinking ages.

Saylor, Drew K. "Heavy Drinking On College Campuses: No Reason To Change
Minimum Legal Drinking Age Of 21." Journal Of American College Health 59.4 (2011):
330-333. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.
In this article, Saylor opposes an argument created by the recent Amethyst Initiative. The
Amethyst Initiative argues that the MLDA (minimum legal drinking age) of 21 has created a
culture of binge drinking on college campuses. Thus, changing the drinking age needs to be
taken into consideration. Saylor acknowledges the Initiatives argument, but provides evidence
that the drinking age should remain at 21 for other reasons. Such reasons include, a deleterious
ripple effect in related legislation because MLDA 21 works in conjunction with other drinking
laws. This source acknowledges both sides of the argument regarding the issue of the drinking
age. The author does a good job of explaining the other argument, but also refuting the argument
with other evidence. I think this text will help me gain a deeper sense of the issue I will be
arguing because it acknowledges the opposing side of the argument, in addition to supporting
why the latter argument (my side) is better.


Wechsler, Henry, and Toben F. Nelson. "Will Increasing Alcohol Availability By
Lowering The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking And Related
Consequences Among Youths?." American Journal Of Public Health 100.6 (2010): 986-
992. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
Wechsler and Nelsons article examines the trends in alcohol use and alcohol related problems
among those under the age of twenty-one. In addition to examining such trends, this article also
provides research on the minimum legal drinking age, expert assessments on the minimum legal
drinking age, and thus why the minimum legal drinking age should remain twenty-one. In this
writing, the authors establish their ethos incredibly well. The authors establish ethos by including
an excessive amount of facts, charts, and assessments of the issue by experts in the field. I will
use this article to support my argument with facts and expert opinions so that I may also establish
ethos to my audience.

Engs C., Ruth. "Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered." An Opinion `Based
Upon Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/cqoped.html>.
Ruth C. Engs wants the drinking age lowered to 18 or 19 and allowed in controlled
environments such as restaurants, taverns, and pubs. It is through role modeling and educational
programs that responsible drinking will be taught. Ruth Engs proposals are based upon 20 years
of research she has done. Teens abuse drinking because it is rebellious and a sign of being an
adult. National Prohibition was repealed because it was unenforceable and caused social
problems; something that will be helped in lowering the minimum age. Young people learn from
home and their childhood environments how to handle alcohol in a responsible manner. This

article refutes my stance on the argument however these statistics are seemingly irrelevant. Each
of these statistics were pulled from a study 25 years ago. In addition, there is no information
provided that states that lowering the drinking age will in fact lower the abuse of alcohol. People
abusing it will just be doing it legally rather than underage.

Tracy, Sam. "Is the National Drinking Age Doing More Harm Than Good?"
Huffington Post. N.p., 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-tracy/ national-drinking-age-doing-more-
harm_b_4629417.html>.
People under 21 cant legally purchase or consume alcohol yet that group makes up 17.5% of
consumer spending on alcohol nationwide. In addition, 90% of that alcohol is consumed in binge
drinking. The writer used to be an RA at a university and realizes enforcing the ban on underage
drinking is seemingly impossibly. People who are old enough to elope, gamble, and join the
military are being told that they arent old enough to drink responsibly. This article again refutes
my side on the topic however, the drinking age of 21 is one the most research-based laws enacted
in the United States. Just because drunk driving does not account for the majority of alcohol
related deaths, doesnt mean we should essentially disown the drinking age law. It is a
nonsensical expectation to say deaths will be lowered and abuse will be lowered if the minimum
drinking age is lowered.