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PE FMWIVMG WI ENYRKI QIVKRH TI QEPYP IPI#XIYPYM QSVMM. 0WEX R TEVEKMR,
#GSEPE WI HVTR GYVRH #M WI WTYRI G IWXI FRXYMX HI WXE3E RIJIVMGMXYPYM
HEWGP, #M R PMRM#XMXI WIVM HI ZEV, 4GMERHVYPYM GEVI WI-RXSEVGI HI PE TPYK M WI
R^EVI G EYHI R HITVXVM KPEWYP PYM, RKRRH YR TWEPQ QIPERGSPMG, TVMRXVI
WMRKYVX'MPI PMRM#XMXI EPI :KYRMM 7SQRSVSEWI.
7*6"-8
_1a 4EPEXYP 6IKEP (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP). *EMQSW PSGEP #M XVMTSY
TEVM^MER HMR WIGSPYP EP <-<-PIE, JVIGZIRXEX HI REPXE WSGMIXEXI TEVM^MER.
_2a 1MM HI FSQFI! (R JVERGI^E, R SVMKMREP).
_3a 1MM HI XYRIXI! (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_4a )\XVESVHMREV, HI RIGVI^YX! (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_5a %L, EJYVMWMX PMGLIPY' HI 2ETSPISR! (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_6a 7I TSEXI XVEHYGI GY 0E REMFE! (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_7a 8VMEWG ZMRYP! (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_8a &SQFSERI (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_9a <EZMIV HI 1EMWXVI (1763-1852) JVEXIPI PYM .SWITL HI 1EMWXVI
(1754-1821) E MRXVEX HI XRV R WIVZMGMYP VIKIPYM 7EVHMRMIM GE S3'IV HI QEVMR.
0E 27 HI ERM, TI GRH WI E4E PE %PI\ERHVME, E WGVMW :S]EKI EYXSYV HI QE
GLEQFVI, 1974.
_10a +9-(3 WEY +9= *%;/)7, WSPHEX GEXSPMG HMR =SVOWLMVI, GEVI
QTVIYR GY %8)7&= EY RGIVGEX W EVYRGI R EIV GPHMVIE 4EVPEQIRXYPYM HMR
0SRHVE PE 5 RSMIQFVMI 1605. 'SQTPSXYP E JSWX RYQMX EP TVEJYPYM HI TY#G
(+9243;()64038). %VIWXEX, *E[OIW E JSWX I\IGYXEX PE 1 JIFYVEVMI 1606.
_11a 'LMPHI ,EVSPH'W 4MPKVMQEKI (4IPIVMRENYP PYM 'LMPHI ,EVSPH) ZIWXMX
TSIQ EP PSVHYPYM &]VSR (1788-1824) RGITYX R %PFERME R 1809. 'SQTYW R
TEXVY GRXYVM, TSIQYP HIWGVMI VSQERXMG TIVIKVMRVMPI #M MQTVIWMMPI PYM ,EVSPH
GPXSVMRH TVMR &IPKME, +IVQERME, )PZI'ME #M FE^MRYP 1VMM 1IHMXIVERI (7TERME,
4SVXYKEPME, -XEPME, +VIGME, %PFERME).
_12a "MV HI QYR'M KIVQERM RXVI 4YZMMPI )PFE #M ;IWIV.
_13a :IGLI TVSZMRGMI R TEVXIE HI RSVH-ZIWX E +IVQERMIM.
_14a 'SVXIKMY TYXIVRMG (R PEXMR, R SVMKMREP) _15a 'SGORI] PSGYMXSV EP
0SRHVIM, R WTIGMEP EP GEVXMIVYPYM )EWX-)RH GEVI ZSVFI#XI YR HMEPIGX WTIGMEP.
_16a 2EWXYVXMYQ TPERX HI KIRYP 8VSTEIPYQ GYPXMZEX TIRXVY 4SVMPI #M
JVYGXIPI IM GSRWYQEXI GE EXEVI WEY QYVEXI.
_17a 3VE# R ZIWXYP GSQMXEXYPYM 2SVXLEQTXSRWLMVI HMR %RKPME GIRXVEPE;
EMGM PE 14 MYRMI 1645 EVQEXE 2SYPYM QSHIP" GSRHYW HI *EMVJE\ #M 'VSQ[IPP (E
TYVMXERMPSV) E RZMRW XVYTIPI VIKEPI EPI PYM 'EVSP -.
_18a 4VMQYP NYFMPIY EP VIKMRIM :MGXSVME (GMRGM^IGM HI ERM HI PE YVGEVIE TI
XVSR) JYWIWI WVFXSVMX R 1887. 'IP HI EP HSMPIE NYFMPIY, (MEQSRH .YFMPII
(NYFMPIYP HI HMEQERX) E EZYX PSG PE #EM^IGM HI ERM HI PE YVGEVIE TI XVSR R 1897.
_19a "IRPG HIEP R WYH-IWXYP %RKPMIM YRHI E EZYX PSG MQTVSTVMY-
RYQMXE FXPMI HI PE ,EWXMRKW, R GEVI HYGIPI 2SVQERHMIM, ;MPPMEQ, RZMRKI TI
VIKIPI ERKPS-WE\SR ,EVSPH, HIZIRMRH, PE 1066, RXMYP VIKI RSVQERH EP %RKPMIM.
_20a 'EXEVK WIGYRHEV E#I^EX PEXIVEP JE' HI GEXEVKYP TVMRGMTEP #M
WYW'MRRH TR^IPI.
_21a 8MXYPEV (R JVERGI^ R SVMKMREP).
_22a R IRKPI^, XLI WEWL: JIVIEWXV GY KLMPSXMR.
_23a .SG HI GYZMRXI HIVMZEX, IZMHIRX, HMR RYQIPI HI JEQMPMI EP GIPSV HSM:
,IPPFSVR GIP RWGYX HMR MEH; 7LEVTIV SQ PMTWMX HI WGVYTYPI.
_24a ;MPPMEQ --- (1650-1702) 3YP PYM ;MPPMEQ --, TVMR' HI 3VERKI, GWXSVMX
GY 1EV] 7XYEVX, HIZMRI VIKI EP %RKPMIM R 1689. *MMRH TVSXIWXERX, E HYW S WIVMI
HI V^FSEMI GY 0YHSZMG EP <-:-PIE, VIKIPI *VER'IM GEVI, PE QSEVXIE R I\MP E
JSWXYPYM VIKI, .EQIW --, 1701, VIGYRSWGYWI TI 3YP EGIWXYME, 'LEVPIW, HVITX VIKI
EP %RKPMIM. R 1701 ;MPPMEQ --- E XVMQMW TIWXI 10 000 WSPHE'M R 3PERHE WYF
GSRHYGIVIE HYGIPYM 1EVPFSVSYKL.
_25a 7XEH (X) LSPHIV ZMGIVIKI WEY KYZIVREXSV EP YRIM TVSZMRGMM SVM EP
YRYM SVE# HMR &VMPI HI .SW; XMXPYP HIWIQRE HI EWIQIRIE #M YR QEKMWXVEX HI YR
ERYQI VERK.
_26a (YQRI^IYPI# (R KIVQER, R SVMKMREP).
_27a 1SRIHE HI EVKMRX JSPSWMX TIRXVY IZEPYVMPI EYVYPYM FMNYXIVMMPSV R
YRIPI WXEXI IYVSTIRI R WIGSPIPI <:--<-<. R SPERHI^, 6-./7(%06.
_28a &YPIZEVHYP TVMRGMTEP HMR 0I]HIR.
_29a 'SRXIPI IPIGXSV EP 4EPEXMREXYPYM, YRE HMR GIPI HSY TVSZMRGMM HMR
WYH-ZIWXYP +IVQERMIM. %^M ETEV'MRI WXEXYPYM 6MR-4EPEXMREX HMR 6ITYFPMGE
*IHIVEP E +IVQERMIM.
_30a ,IRV] 0IYP, HYGI HI 7E\SRME (TVSZMRGMI R RSVH-ZIWXYP +IVQERMIM)
#M HI &EZEVME. % QYVMX R 1195.
_31a 4IVWSREN QMXSPSKMG EZRH #IVTM R PSG HI TV, EVMTM HI TEWEVI,
KLIEVI HI EPEQ #M SGLM GETEFMPM W TVIWGLMQFI R WXER GI TMEXV TI GIP
TVMZMX.
_32a 3VE# R &EZEVME RSVHMG.
_33a 0IKIRHEV TVMR'IW HMR 'SVRI[EPP HIWTVI GEVI WI WTYRI G E JSWX
YGMW HI ,YRM QTVIYR GY GIPI 11.000 HI JIGMSEVI TI GEVI PI RWS'IE GY
YRWTVI^IGI KEPIVI WTVI *VER'E.
_34a R QMXSPSKME GPEWMG, 3YP PYM %ISPYW #M EP %YVSVIM. 4IVWSRM3GE ZRXYP
HI ZIWX.
_35a .SLR (V]HIR (1631-1700) TSIX, HVEQEXYVK, GVMXMG #M IWIMWX
FVMXERMG, GIP QEM HI WIEQ VITVI^IRXERX EP RISGPEWMGMWQYPYM IRKPI^ #M YRYP HMR
JSRHEXSVMM GVMXMGMM QSHIVRI IRKPI^I.
_36a +VSE^RMG, WIZIV, RIGVY'XSV, RIRHYVXSV (R KIVQER).
_37a 9R QENSV-HSQS EP YRYM GEWXIPER QIHMIZEP. 'YZRXYP ZMRI HMR
ZIGLIE KIVQER HI WYW: WIRI (FXVR) #M WGEPL (WIVZMXSV), HIGM, PE SVMKMRM, GIP
QEM FXVR HMRXVI WIVZMXSVM.
_38a 1MG VS^XSV, EWIQRXSV ZIZIVM'IM.
_39a 8LSQEW 1SSVI (1779-1852) TSIX VSQERXMG MVPERHI^, HI WIEQ
EYXSVYP GYRSWGYXIPSV TSIQI PMVMGI -VMWL 1IPSHMIW (1IPSHMM MVPERHI^I 1807).
0EPPE 6SSOL (1817) #M 8LI 0SZIW SJ XLI %RKIPW (-YFMVIE RKIVMPSV 1823).
_40a 2YQI HEX HI GVYGME'M 4EPIWXMRIM.
_41a .SLR 1MPXSR (1608-1674) GIPIFVY TSIX IRKPI^, EYXSVYP TSIQIPSV
4EVEHMWI 0SWX (4EVEHMWYP TMIVHYX 1667) #M 4EVEHMWI 6IKEMRIH (4EVEHMWYP
VIKWMX 1671).
_42a 'EVXIE IVSMPSV (R KIVQER).
_43a 1MRRIPMIHIV XVYFEHYV QIHMIZEP KIVQER.
_44a 7ERW YRH &VERW PIFIR (R KIVQER, E JEGI GLIJ HYT GLIJ).
_45a %PY^MI PE JEMQSEWE FEPEH KIVQER 0IRSVI (1774) HI +SXXJVIH
%YKYWXX &VKIV (1747-1794).
_46a :IVWYVM HMR TSIQYP 'EWXIPYP -RHSPIR'IM" HI .EQIW 8LSQWSR
(1700-1748) TYFPMGEX R 1748.
_47a +VIIRWFYVKL RWIEQR 'IXEXIE :IVHI" MEV 8EVV] 8S[R 3VE#YP HI
4STEW". 3V#IPYP I\MWX R VIEPMXEXI PE WYH-IWXYP 2I[-=SVOYPYM TI 4YZMYP ,YHWSR
#M EZIE 11.109 PSGYMXSVM R 1960.
_48a ,IRVM ,YHWSR GTMXER HI ZETSV IRKPI^, REZMKEXSV #M I\TPSVEXSV,
HIWGSTIVMXSVYP KSPJYPYM GI-M TSEVX RYQIPI, R GEVI E JSWX PWEX R ZSME WSV'MM
QTVIYR GY 3YP WY #M G'MZE QEVMREVM HI IGLMTENYP ZEWYPYM GEVI WI VWGYPEWI.
% TMIVMX R 1611 R GYVWYP EGIWXIM EZIRXYVM.
_49a 'SGSV, R IRKPI^, R SVMKMREP.
_50a 'SXXSR 1EXLIV (1663-1728) TVSPM3G WGVMMXSV EQIVMGER HMR TIVMSEHE
GSPSRMEP (E WGVMW GMVGE 400 HI PYGVVM).
_51a &SRIW: GMSPERI, SEWI (IRKP.) _52a %PMEN HI TPYQF #M GSWMXSV.
_53a (EVI EGX HI RHV^RIEP, W3HEVI, TVSZSGEVI, #M HIZMP HMEZSP,
(IRKP.) _54a 7XRGE GSVFYPYM.
_55a RXPRMVI, HMWGY'MI RXVI TEXVY SGLM (R JVERGI^, R SVMKMREP).
_56a -EVF WPFEXMG (4LIPYQ TVEXIRWI), JSEVXI ETVIGMEX HI MIVFMZSVI.
_57a 0MVMSHIRHVSR 8YPMTMJIVE.
_58a 'MVGE 180 HI QIXVM.