Objective

What is a matrix?
A =

2 1 7 8
0 2 5 1
1 1 3 0

1 1
Lecture 1 Matrices
Definitions.
matrix
def
= rectangular array of numbers or symbols
matrix
def
rows and columns

= (, ) entry
def
= number in the th row, th column.
1 1
Example.
A =

2 1 7 8
0 2 5 1
1 1 3 0

A is 3 4

23
= 5
1 2
Write
A =

11

12

1

21

22

2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1

2

A = (

)
Say
size (order) of A is .
1 3
More definitions.
square matrix
def
A is
A =

11

12

1

21

22

2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1

2

the diagonal of a square matrix

def
=
11
,
22
, . . . ,

1 4
diagonal matrix
def
A is ,

= 0 if =

11
0 0
0
22
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0

def

= 0 if =
1 5
diagonal?

3 0 0
0 2 1
0 0 1

0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 2

(
2 0 0
0 1 0
)
1 6
Operation definitions. For A =
(

)
, B =
(

)
,
A =

11

12

1

21

22

2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1

2

B =

11

12

1

21

22

2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1

2

equality 1 , 1
A = B
def

1 7
addition 1 , 1
A+B
def

scalar multiplication
A
def
=
(

)
1 8
Examples.
(
2 1 3
1 5 2
)
=
(
2 1 3
1 2
)
=
(
2 1 3
1 5 2
)
+
(
0 1 2
2 1 3
)
=
3
(
2 1 3
1 5 2
)
=
1 9
matrix multiplication A is B is
AB = C =
(

=
1

1
+
2

2
+ +

1 10
AB
row

1

2

2
.
.
.

column

= row of A, column of B (scalar product)

What size is C = AB?
1 11
C is .
AB exists

number of columns of A = number of rows of B.

1 12
Example.
AB =

1 1 1
2 0 1
1 2 4
2 2 1

2 0
1 1
1 3

=
1 13
In general
AB = BA
1 14
1) Not dened: BA in the previous example,
BA =

2 0
1 1
1 3

1 1 1
2 0 1
1 2 4
2 2 1

NOT
DEFINED
1 15
2) Dened, but dierent sizes,
A =
(
2 1 3
1 2 1
)
B =

3 1
1 0
1 1

AB
is ?
2 2
BA
is ?
3 3
1 16
3) Dened, same size, still dierent.
Try 2 2 matrices,
1 17
Question. AB = AC. Is B = C?
Example,
(
0 0
1 1
)(
1 1
3 5
)
=
1 18
What can we do with matrices so far?
A, B,
equality addition scalar multiplication
A, B,
matrix multiplication
Can we use algebra on matrices?
Can we solve 3A+ 2B = 2(BA+C) for A?
1 19
Matrix Rules of Algebra
A+B = B+A addition is commutative
But matrix multiplication is not!
AB = BA in general.
1 20
(A+B) +C = A+ (B+C)
(AB)C = A(BC)
(AB) = (A)(B) = A(B)
associative laws
1 21
A(B+C) = AB+AC
(B+C)A = BA+CA
(A+B) = A+ B
distributive laws
1 22
If A is , what is AA = ?
For example,
(
1 2 3
3 4 5
)

(
1 2 3
3 4 5
)
=
( )
If A is , what would the matrix I look like if AI = A ?
For example,

1 2 3
3 4 5
7 8 9

1 2 3
3 4 5
7 8 9

1 23
Need:
Definitions.
zero matrix, 0
def
= matrix with all entries zero

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 0 0

identity matrix, I
def
= diagonal matrix with

= 1

1 0 0
0 1 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 1

1 24
A+0 = A
AA = 0
0A = 0 A0 = 0
additive identity
AI = A IA = A multiplicative identity
Proofs from the denitions.
1 25
What can you do with these rules?
Solve for A
3A+ 2B = 2(BA+C)
1 26
addition, scalar multiplication
These operations have inverses.
A+B = C A = CB 3A = C A =
1
3
C
What about matrix multiplication?
Can you solve A
(
1 2
3 4
)
=
(
0 1
1 1
)
for A?
Is there a multiplicative inverse?
. . . sometimes
1 27
Definition. A
A is invertible

there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I

The matrix B is called the inverse of A and denoted A
1
.
1 28
Examples
A =
(
1 2
3 4
)
A
1
=
(
2 1
3
2

1
2
)
CHECK:
AA
1
=
(
1 2
3 4
)(
2 1
3
2

1
2
)
=
A
1
A =
(
2 1
3
2

1
2
)(
1 2
3 4
)
=
1 29
Solve B
(
1 2
3 4
)
=
(
0 1
1 1
)
for B,
BA = C
1 30
The matrix
(
0 0
1 1
)
is NOT invertible:
For
(
0 0
1 1
)(


)
? = ?
(
1 0
0 1
)
1 31
Theorem. A
1
is unique.
Proof.
Question. AB = AC. A
1
exists. Is B = C?
1 32
What have we seen?
matrices
equality, addition, scalar multiplication
with the usual algebraic properties
matrix multiplication
which in NOT commutative
inverses of matrices - when they exist!
1 33
More Definitions.
A,
What do we mean by,
A
2
= ?
A
3
= ?
How are these related?
B =

3 1
1 0
1 1

=
(
3 1 1
1 0 1
)
1 34
A ,
A

= AA . . . A


A =
(

)
, A ,
transpose of A = A

def
=
(

)
th row of A = th column of A

is
1 35
Examples
A =
(
2 3 1
4 1 0
)
A

=
b =

3
1
2

=
( 1 2 3 )

=
In text write (1, 2, 3)

(use commas to separate entries for clarity)

(3)

=
A 1 1 matrix can be identied with its scalar entry.
1 36
A is symmetric
def
A = A

1 37
If A is symmetric:
A = A

A =

1 4
2
5 3

1
7

= A

1 38
Properties of Inverse If A
1
, B
1
exist
(A
1
)
1
= A
(A)
1
=
1

A
1
(AB)
1
= B
1
A
1
Proofs by the denition.
1 39
Properties of Exponents A , ,
(A

)
1
= (A
1
)

= A
+
(A

= A

Proofs by the denitions.

1 40
Properties of Transpose
(A

= A
(A)

= A

(A+B)

= A

+B

(AB)

= B

(A

)
1
= (A
1
)

Proofs by the denitions.

1 41
Definition
An 1 matrix
def
= a vector,
or a column vector
v =

2
.
.
.

1 42
In
3
:
v =

w =

addition and scalar multiplication:

v +w =

1
+
1

2
+
2

3
+
3

v =

1 43

v =

2
.
.
.

w =

2
.
.
.

addition and scalar multiplication:

v +w =

1
+
1

2
+
2
.
.
.

v =

2
.
.
.

1 44
For a xed positive integer ,
{vectors, with operations of addition and scalar multiplication}

, Euclidean -space
1 45
Two vectors: v =

2
.
.
.

w =

2
.
.
.

The scalar product (inner or dot product):

v, w =

2
.
.
.

2
.
.
.

=
1

1
+
2

2
+ +

1 46
In matrix notation,
v

w =
(

1

2

2
.
.
.

= (
1

1
+
2

2
+ +

)
Identify
1 1 matrix scalar entry
v

w =
1

1
+
2

2
+ +

= v, w
The scalar product in matrix notation,
v, w = v

w
1 47