Introduction

Counselling means choice, no force, no

advice.
 Definitions of Counselling
Webster’s Dictionary
Counseling is consultation, mutual
interchange of opinions,
deliberating together.”
According to ,
James Michael Lee and Nathaniel J. Pattan
Counselling is a relationship between two persons in which
one of them attempts to assist the other in so organizing himself as
to attain a particular form of happiness adjustment to a life
situation, or in short, self-actualization. Counseling always involves
one to one relationship, that is one client and one guidance worker
in a formal or an informal interview situation.”
According to Carl Rogers

A series of direct contacts with

individual which aims to offer him assistant in
changing his attitude and behavior
Willy and Andrew
Counseling is mental learning process. It
involves two individuals – one seeking help and
other a professionally trained person helping the
first to orient and direct himself towards a goal
which leads to his maximum development and
growth in his environment.
 INFORMAL COUNSELING
Important counseling is done by elders for years
without any training, but is done better when
some training is given to the counselor.
 Non-Specialist Counseling
It is the counseling, which is done as part of
the work of professional people such as
Nurses, Doctors.
 PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING
It is given by fully trained professional person usually
known as counselor. This training should consist of a
master’s or a Ph.D. in Psychology or guidance and
counseling with several years of supervised work in
counseling.
NATURE OF COUNSELING
The term counseling is often confused
with a number of related terms which are in
use in educational literature.
COUNSELLING HEALTH EDUCATION
 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN COUNSELING
AND HEALTH-EDUCATION
• Both aim at changing behaviors in order to
reduce risk.
• Both use two-way interactions between
provider and client.
• Both rely heavily on communication skills.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COUNSELLING & HEALTH
EDUCATION
COUNSELING HEALTH-EDUCATION

It is usually initiated by a It is usually initiated by

client who is in need of the educator
help.
It is usually done in oneIt is usually for a small
to one situation or ingroup or large audience.
very small groups
 COUNSELING AND MOTIVATION
• Counseling is more effective than motivation as it is
initiated by the client while motivation means the health
personnel initiates the conversation.
• A motivator highlights the advantages while a counselor
talks of both advantages and disadvantages.
• The motivator often makes the decision while counselor
facilitates the client to take a decision.
 Counseling and Advice
The process of counseling differs from the act
of giving advice. Counseling is a scientific procedure
adopted by an expert whereas advice is a non-
technical procedure which may be used by a teacher,
a parent, a friend or even an acquaintance in the time
of need.
 COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE

Counseling is a part of guidance, not all

of it. It is specialized or individualized part,
which deals with the individual at problems
points. Thus all counseling is guidance, but
all guidance is not counseling.
COUNSELLING PSYCHOTHERAPY
counseling is used for normal It is used for such clients
persons who are troubled by who have neurotic
some problem. problems

counseling is used in psychotherapy is used in

educational, vocational and
personal problematic
situations
It takes the advantage of
educational tests and
techniques and handles the
data so gathered.
therapeutic or medical
situations.
makes use of various
therapeutic techniques such
as suggestion – therapy,
play – therapy,
psychodrama etc.
 ELEMENTS OF COUNSELLING

• It involves two persons –counselor &

counselee.
• Setting for counselling
Counseling is
assistance,
which the
needy
person
receives.
Counseling establishes relationship between
two individuals, one who is beset with
problem, is at receiving end, the other who is
professionally trained, is at the giving end
Counseling
demands
free
expression
of one’s
person.
 Properly done counseling
increases the counselee’s self-
confidence.
Counseling is a personalized process,
which depends upon the dynamics of
inter-personal relationship.
Counseling changes attitudes
and behaviors.
Counseling leads to growth and
development.
RAPPORT
UNDERSTANDING
CHANGE IN FEELINGS AND
EXPRESSIONS:
PLANNING OF COUNSELING INTERVIEW
 PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELLING
According to Hann and Maclean:
• It is strongly dedicated to self-direction and self-
realization of the client or the student.
• Client’s need is to be put first.
• It is preliminary a preventive and remedial
process.
• Avoid dictatorial attitude.
• Maintain relationship of trust and confidence
with the client.
• Let the client make voluntary informed
decision.

• The client’s family members and significant

influencing personnel must be included in
counselling process.

• Maintain dignity of individual as individual

is primary concern in counselling.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELLING
According to, E.W. Failer
• It concentrates on the normal individual.
• It considers breadth rather than depth.
• It involves a wide range of techniques.
• It must be a cooperative affair and the counsellor
must act as a point of contact.
• It should not be solely based upon psychology.
ACTIVE LISTENING
Reflecting.

For example:
Client: “What do you think I should do about my wife’s drinking
problem?”
Nurse: “What do you think you should do?”
Client: “My sister won’t help a bit toward my mother’s care. I
have to do it all!”
Focusing:
Taking notice of a
single idea or even a
single word.
For example: like
you and I can discuss
together.
 OFFERING GENERAL LEADS:
Offers the client encouragement to continue.
For example: yes, I see, go on.
 SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING

For example:
Client: “I can study my mind keeps wandering.”
Nurse: “you have difficulty concentrating.”
Client: “I can’t take that new job. What if I can’t do it?”
Nurse: “you’re afraid you will fail in this new position.”
EMPATHY
Observations
Verbalizing what is observe or perceived.
This encourages the client to recognize
specific behaviours and compare perceptions
with the nurse.
For example
“you seen tense”.
“I notice you are pacing a lot. You seem
uncomfortable when you….”
Analysing Each Option with the Client
The information given should include possible adverse
reactions/failures and ways to tackle them. E.g. to adopt the
family planning method by eligible couple.
The client must be actively involved in this process of checking
out the gains and costs involved in implementation of his/her
decision.
GIVING REASSURANCE
REJECTING
AGREE OR DISAGREE
GIVING ADVICE
PROBING
DEFENDING
USING DENIAL
 Directive Counselling or counsellor centered Counselling

Counselor
competent to
advise

PROBLEM
Client’s inability Client prepared to
to solve the problem find solution
 Steps of Directive Counselling
Synthesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment or Counselling,
follow up.

Analysis
ADVANTAGE OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
• Economical in time
• It emphasizes the problem and not the
individual. The counsellor can see the client
more objectively than the client himself.
• lays more emphasis upon the intellectual rather
than the emotional aspects of the personality
of the individual.
• the methods used are direct, persuasive and
explanatory.
 LIMITATIONS OF
COUNSELLING
• Counselee does not gain any liability of self
analysis.
• The counselee is over dependent on the
counsellor.
• Directive counselling dose not guarantee
that the counselee will not make mistakes
in future.
2. Non-Directive Counseling
• Assumption of non-directive counselling according to Carl R.
Roger.
• Man has dignity, so he is trustworthy. The client has the right
to select the goal of his life.
 Steps of Non-Directive Counselling

• Defining problematic situation

• Free expression of feelings.
• Positive and negative feelings classified.
• Development of insight.
• Termination of Counselling situation.
ADVANTAGE OF NON-DIRECTIVE
COUNSELLING
• It is slow but sure process to make the
individual capable of making adjustment.
• No tests are used in it and thus one avoids all
that is laborious and difficult.
• It removes the emotional block and helps the
individual to bring the repressed thoughts on
conscious level thereby reducing the tension.
 Limitations of Non-Directive
Counselling

• Slow and time consuming process.

• The counsellor is expected to exercise
excessive patience.
• It requires high degree of motivation for
the client.
3. Eclectic Counselling
Eclectic counselling defined as the synthesis and combination
of directive and non-directive counselling. The counsellor first
takes into consideration the personality and needs of the
counselling.
Assumption of Eclectic Counselling
It is possible to maintain a continuum from non-directive to
directive method.
Steps of Eclectic Counselling
• Making a tentative diagnosis.
• Analysis of the problem.
• Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
• Securing effective conditions for counselling.
• Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own
resources.
 Limitations of Eclectic
Counselling

• Eclecticism is not possible because

directive and non-directive concepts
cannot merged together.
• Eclecticism is vague, superficial and
opportunistic.
Types of Counselling
According to Humler of Persons
•Individual counselling
•Group Counselling
.
 Tools and techniques used for individual
counselling.
• Standardized tools/techniques
• Intelligence, Achievement, Aptitude,
Interest and Personality Tests.
• Non Standardized Tools/Techniques
• Questionnaire, Interview, Observation,
Cumulative Record Card, Case Study,
Rating Scale, Sociometric Technique
 GROUP COUNSELLING
• It encourages team spirit and create a
climate of harmony, corporation and
understanding.
• It applied in homogenous group
(6-8 or below 20 members e.g.
adolescents
Phase 5
Termination and follow-up

Phase 4
Interventions

Phase 3
Setting goals
Phase 2
Assessment

Phase 1
Establishing relationship
ALWAYS PUT THE CLIENT’S NEEDS FIRST
G – Good Technical Knowledge
O – Obtains Appropriate Information From Client
O – Objectively Answers Questions
D – Demonstrates Professionalism

C – Confidentiality Maintained
O – Observant (Non – Verbal)
U – Unbiased
N – Non-judgment
S – Sensitive to the needs of the clients
E – Empathetic
L – Listens effectively
L – Lets the client make decision
O – Open minded
R – Respects the rights of the clients
INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT
Educational Background
HEALTH AND PERSONAL
APPEARANCE
Leadership
PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
Professional Dedication
FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELLOR
– Programme of guidance/counselling and its
organization
– Orientation
– Data collection
– Interview and individual counselling
– Outside agencies
– Placement and follow up
Problems in Counselling
• Resistance to Counselling; either by counselee or by faculty.
• Counselee with different cultures – the nursing student will come from
different cultural backgrounds, they will have their own set of values
and expectations.
• Counselling individuals with strong emotions such as anxiety, anger,
depression, intimacy etc. which will hinder counselling process.
• Counsellor burn out – the symptoms such as restlessness, boredom,
irritability, lethargy fatigue, negative feelings, etc. can be managed by
changing work environment, approach taking care of themselves, e.g.
enough sleep, rest, diet, play, entertainment, Accept other’s view.
• Lack of awareness of value of counselling by public.
• Inadequate administrative set up.
• Lack of physical facilities, non-availability of time and tools, dearth of
training facilities for Counsellors.
Reasons for ineffective communication
& Counselling
• Ineffective communication skills used by counsellor.
• Failure to listen on the post of the counsellor.
• Conflicting verbal and nonverbal messages.
• A judgmental attitude.
• Misunderstanding because of multiple meaning of English
words.
• False reassurance.
• Giving advice rather than encouraging the person to make
decisions.
APPLICATIONS OF
COUNSELLING
NURSING
 Employee counselling
Counselling helps improve employee’s mental health, thus enhancing
understanding, self-control
self-confidence and consequently their ability to work effectively
improves upward and downward communication
allows employees to express their feelings to management
individual homes must be kept confidential
irective counselling occurs when counsellor listens to employee’s pro
↓
decides how to solve the problems
↓
tells the employee what to do
• Outplacement counselling
• Outplacement counselling can be used
to minimize the emotional and
professional scarring that results from
being dismissed from one’s position.
 Student counselling

• Adjustment –
Counselling
Crisis – Counselling
VOCATIONAL COUNSELLING
INTERPERSONAL
COUNSELLING
BEREAVEMENT COUNELLING
PROBLEM SOLVING
COUNSELLING
DIETARY COUNSELLING
MOTIVATIONAL COUNSELLING
PSYCHOLOGICAL
COUNSELLING