آلة الموحدين لكشف خرافات الطبيعيين

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264
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274
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277

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278

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!

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279
280
supernatural -
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281
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282
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283
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284
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286
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287
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288

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289

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290
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297
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298

Scientific
Theorization

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299

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300
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302
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306

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309

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310
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311
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312

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313
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!

314
!

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315
)( !
Probabilistic
Reasoning
Blasting the Foundations of Atheism
highly

) improbable (
!
!
contingent
existence
) (
necessary existence

)( !
) (
) ( Ontological contingency
Epistemic contingceny

.
316
) Humean
Induction () (
)
(!
.

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:-

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(!
!
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317
!
.

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!
!

!

!
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318
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_ ` k j i h g f e d cb a
xw v u t sr q p o nm l ].[ :
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po n ml k j i hg f e d cb a
ts r q ].[ - :
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!

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319
: N M L K J I H G F E D
ba ` _ ^ ]\ [ Z Y X W V UT S RQ P O
ed c ].[ :
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WV U T S RQ ].[ :
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320
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321
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322

) (

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323

.scientific method

) (

) ( .
) (
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324
!(
:

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!
!

.
325
.
.
] [ : .

Fallacies of relevance :
326
)( )( )(.
)( ) ( )(.
)( )( )(.
)( . )( : )
( )(
.
) Ad Hoc
( )(
!
-
!
327
!
.
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.

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(
Reason

)( !
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328
!
.

: !
329
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:

:
330

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(!

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331
: . ):(
.
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!(

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: ):
.
- .

) : (Straw man

!

)

(

)(

Sagan
Sagan Carl. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a candle in the Dark.
Mitchigan: Random House
House 1995
1995 pp. 214.
)(1
332

! :
! :-

!

333

* ) . :
:
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(.
!
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!
334
! :

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:

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!(

!
)( ) (
!
335
)
(
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(.

: !
! :

.. !
:

!!

Omnipotence Paradox

) (
Paradoxes

336

!
: :
337

*

) . :
!! :
!

! :
!(
:
)
:
( ) ( )
(
-

! )
! :
338
339

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!(
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340
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!
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(
!

!
341
!

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!(
..
342
)(!

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: !
!
%
% %
%

!) (
) ( : T S R Q P O N

VU ] [ :
=
343

% (
) %

!
:
)
(!

Posthuman

=

: !" / .- , + * ) ( ' & % $ #
[
32 1 0 ] :

!

.
344
) (

!

!
-
... !
345
!
! - -

..
.
) (

346

multidisciplinary

!

)
: (
-
347

!

.
348

* ) :

(.
!
) (!
:

349
.. )

!

) (

Consequentialism
350
) (

!
-

)( !

)(
!

)( )!(

)(

=
351
(! )(
.
-

) (
!

-

-
!
352

* Correlation
) causation :

!

:

)
(.
353
) (
causation
correlation
)( )(
)( )(
)( )(
)( )( )(

)( )(
)(
!
) (!
354
)

(

Helmuth Nyborg

)IQ(

IQ
)( Agnostics
! ) (.
:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosity_and_intelligence
(
) /
)(1
355
) (

) (
)( Religosity
..
) ( IQ

)( !

- !
)(

) (
!

=
=
356
Statistically Significant
!

!

!
)
(
Blind
Determinism )!(
=
!

) (

.
) ( ) ( :
.
357

!
-

) (
!
) (

358

! .
359

*
)( ) :

:-
(.
: ) (

) (

)( !

!
)(
) (
!
360
) (
-

)
361
: !

! :

) (

- -
362
) (
) ...-(
) (!

363

* ):

:

.

! :

!

364
- -
- )
: ~ } | { z y x w v

] [ : :

) (

) (

: :
-

:
:

.
365

-
!

)(
) (

Expelled

!

:
: :

:
=
366
....................................................................................
=
!
Querry
Organized religion

Life Style
:
!

! )( )(
)(
)(
agnosticism
367
....................................................................................
=

!

-
!
!
Abiogenesis
-
)
( Pseudoscience
Astrology !

:

!

!
naturism Scientism

368

!

!

-
-
)
=

-
!
369
: | } ~
] [ :
) (

) (
) (
370

* ) Weasel Words :

)
Polica
Action Armed Incursion

Protective reaction Strikes Pacification
Safeguarding American Interests
Operation
.Just Cause Euphemisms

:
371
!(
( coginitive Process
!
Rationalization Self Justification

cognitive dissonance
372
!
: ! " ( '& % $ #
) * -, + ] [ :
!
) (

!
!
!(
))!( =

)(
! :

!

) (

* , +
10 / . ] ![ :

:

!
373
!
) (

!
)( )(
!
) : ) = (
) (

!

!

!
) (

!

!
374
) = () ( (
!
)( )!(
Triune )( )(
)(
) (Trinus Ununs
)(
)(
!

)
(
) (

.
375
) (

)(
) ( !
- -
!
!
376
)

(

:
)(

..
) (

) (
! :
377

!

) !(
) (
Relativism

!

-

)
( !

!
=
378
] [ : :
] [ : :
] [ :
!
()

=

.
) (
!

!
379

) (

))
( : :
:Liberty
!
)(
) (
) Quid Pro Quo (

: !
) Plutocracy
(
-

) ( .
) (

380
:

) (
)

(
!
) (

()
) (

!

) (
=
381
) (
!
=
382
(

-
) Paradox
: (.
)(
Deep Paradoxes
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/Sagan-Time-Travel.html
(
-
) /
)(1
383
Granfather
Paradox :
* Apparent
inconsistency

Paradox
)
() (
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paradox
(
-
) /
)(1
384
paradoxum Para : )
Doxum ) Doxus
( Doxum
) Logical
(paradox Chain of Argument
) ( )(
)(

) (
Self-Refering Statements:
: .
)(
! )(
)(
)( )(
)( !
)(
William Hughes
Hughes Jonathan Lavery
Lavery Katheryn Dora: Critical Thinking: An
Introduction to the Basic Skills
Skills Broadview Press
Press Canda
Canda 2010
2010 pp. 387
)(1
385

!
:
) (
:

!
! .
:
-
)( .
- )( .
)(
)(
:

)(!
: Liar Paradox Epimenides
Paradox : .
386
) (
) ( !
!
Semantics
-Grelling-Nelson Paradox .
Semantic fallacy .
) (
Autology Heterology

monosyllabic

Heterological : )(
)(
Long
Discrimination Individualization
Michael Clark: Paradoxes from A to Z
Z Second Edition
Edition Routledge
Routledge NY
NY USA
USA
2007 pp. 91.
2007
)(1
387
Heterological .
: Heterological
Autological Heterological Heterological
!Autological Autological

! .Paradox
monosyllabic -

!
)(
)(
) (!
!
Heterological
Predication Levels
388
) (

!
Currys Paradox
Self-referential
.Semantics :
: )( ).(
)(
! unknowable

) Barber Paradox
( .
)(
: :
)(
) ( ).( :
.(
.(
) ( ).( :
) (
Nave Set Theory
R :
Member of itself

R

=
389

!

False Rule False Factual Claim

!

!

!

!
R ! )

( = R
(

) /( !
) (

!

.
390
omnipotence

paradox :

.
! Paradox
..Irrationality Logical inconsistency Impossibility

!

:
! : !
!
391

()

)(
Quantum Model
.Relativistic Model
)(
) (

!

!
-

!
) (
(
! ))( =

)
( )-
!(Subatomic
392
....................................................................................
=

Improbable

Impossible )(

!Improbable

!

Epistemic Ambiguity

!Ontological Necessity
A-Posteriori A-priori
!
Causality
!Probability
Michael Heller Philosophy in Science: An Historical Introduction
:

unambiguous

)( =
Probability
393
) standard events

: (

=
Probabilistic laws
.:
Heller
Heller M.: Science as Philosophy: An Historical Introduction. Springer
Springer Poland
Poland
2011 pp. 142
2011

)(
)(

Sufficient Condition
.Necessary Condition
)(
)( !

:

!

394
)(
=
!

:
)
) ( )
( !

Time Dilation

) (
.
)(
)(
)( .
395
- !
!

-

!
)(
) (

!

! :
!

396
ontological facts Epistemical properties
.
modeling )
)(

)( )(
)(
) (

) (
!) ( -
) (

.

!

.
397
398
)( )
399
(!

!
)) Time-Space Continuum (Spacetime (

) (

400
!) (
) (

. ) (

Worldline

!
singularities

!
interpretation

Rational contingency !
contingency

GR

) ( .

.Quantum Gravitation

)
(Closed Timelike Curve

Axioms
.

=
401
....................................................................................
=

) ( Paradoxes
-
Dialetheists

-

.Wormhole :

A-priori
!

mathematical model

:

402
: (
!

!

Paradoxical !
403

!

= :
Paradoxes
Weasel words
Paradox
Paradox Fallacy

.

) (
) (

:
=
404
)!(
:
=

![
]! :

) (

!
405
!
!
!
!
)
(Butterfly Effect
!
) (
!
406
)(

!
!
!Alternate universes

)(
- Causal
-
) Determinism (
)Logical determinism
( .

.

Free will

.

407
)
(!

) (

) (

!Real Science
408
) (

!
Probabilistic Reasoning
)
(
Anthropic principle

!
-

) (
!

!
409
!) (
Multiverse
)( )( M. Tegmark
The Ultimate Ensemble
Primordial Pool / Soup
) Anthropic Principle (

Anthropic -
- ) (
) (
Sample Space Fallacy

) ( )(
!
)(

)(
.
410
:

.

) (

Fine-Tuning

) (
(
! )
)
(
) (!
!
!

) (
411
)
( Uncertainty Principle
) -(
!

) Empirical Observation
(
Verification by observation
412
! )
(!
):(
:
*

...

...

..

) () http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid = 247468 :
(.
413

- )(
) (

) ( Indeterminism
)(
- Wavefunction Realism
)

- ) (

) (

Wavefunction
) ( wavefunction Collapse

.

!Schrodingers Cat

414
Probability
!!()(
=

-

!
!

)(

superimposed )

(

!
:

! .:
Erwin Schrdinger
Schrdinger Die gegenwrtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The
)present situation in quantum mechanics
mechanics) Naturwissenschaften (translated by
)John D. Trimmer in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
:

!
:

) ( Probability Wave
=
415
....................................................................................
=

)
(
:

) ( !

)
( !
:
)(
...

:
http://www.spaceandmotion.com/physics-quantum-mechanics-max-born.htm
) (

!

) (!
:

)( )

( .

=
416

Reality Split

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Van Wezel
Wezel J. Quantum Mechanics &The Big World: Order
Order Broken Symmetry
And Coherence in Quantum Many-Body Systems. Leiden University Press
Press 2007.
)(1
442
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Colin B. Schrodingers Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum. USA: Joseph
Henry Press. 2004
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Carter
Carter B. Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in
Cosmology in: Longair
Cosmology
Longair M. S. (ed.)
(ed.) Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with
Observational Data
Data Dordrecht: Reidel
Reidel 1974
1974 pp. 291-298. Reprinted in: Modern
Cosmology & Philosophy
Philosophy J. Leslie ed.
ed. 2nd ed. (Amherst
(Amherst NY: Prometheus Books
Books
1998) pp. 137
)1998
.(
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450
! -
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( ):(
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Barrow
Barrow J. D. The Constants of Nature. From Alpha to Omega: the Numbers That
Encode the Deepest Secrets of the Universe. New York: Vintage Books
Books 2002
2002 pp.
65.
)(2
451

) (

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!( ()
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452

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453
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Postmodern Physics !

!
*Nambu
*Nambu Y.
Y. Directions of Particle Physics in M. Bando
Bando R. Kawabe and N.
Nakanishi (eds.)
(eds.) The Jubilee of the Meson Theory. Proceedings of the Kyoto
International Symposium
Symposium Kyoto
Kyoto August 1517
1517 1985 (Progress of Theoretical
)Physics Supplement
454
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Letter by Albert Einstein to Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider

Rosenthal-Schneider Princeton
Princeton 13 October
1945 as quoted by Barrow
1945
Barrow The Constants of Nature
Nature pp. 40.
)(1
461
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.
B. J. Carr M.J. Rees
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(
Carr
Carr B. J. & Rees
Rees M. J.
J. The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical
world Nature
world
Nature vol. 278 (12 April 1979)
1979) pp. 605-612.
)(1
463

)(

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Dicke
Dicke R. H.
H. Diracs Cosmology and Machs Principle
Principle Nature
Nature vol. 192
192 No. 4801
4801
4 November 1961
1961 pp. 440-441. Reprinted in: Modern Cosmology & Philosophy
Philosophy
J. Leslie ed.
ed. 2nd ed. (Amherst
(Amherst NY: Prometheus Books
)Books 1998
1998) pp. 127-130.
)(1
468
( T
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Collins C. B. & Hawking
Hawking S. W.
W. Why is the universe isotropic?
isotropic? The Astrophysical
)Journal vol. 180 (1973
Journal
(1973) pp. 317-334
)(1
469
:G. Whitrow

*

contingent
Necessary

).(
!

-
- ..
) (

!
!
Whitrow
Whitrow Gerald. Why physical space has three dimensions
dimensions The British Journal
for the Philosophy of Science
Science Vol. 6
6 No. 21. (May
)(May 1955
1955) pp. 13-31
)(1
470

) Strong Nuclear Force
(
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471

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472
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zy ] [ : : ! " * ) ( ' & % $ #
; : 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 0 / . - , +
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!
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Carter
Carter B. The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution
evolution
in: McCrea
McCrea W. H. & Rees
)Rees M. J. (eds
(eds) The Constants of Physics
Physics The Royal Society:
London 1983
London
1983 pp. 137
)(1
473
)(
Heliocentric

!(
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(

Doctrine of Naturalism !
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!
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474
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( ) ( :
!

! =
475
) (
! )
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(!
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.
Barrow
Barrow J. D. & Tipler
Tipler F. J. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
Principle Oxford:
Clarendon Press
Press 1986.
)(1
476
) ( ) Pure Accident
(

!

)(
) (
!
)

(Neo-atheists

!Climbing Mount Improbable
.
477
!(

Scientific American
*

.
..
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A-priori
Tegmark
Tegmark M. Parallel Universes
Universes Scientific American
American volume 288
288 number 5
5 pp.
42
)(1
478
!
=

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)(
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)
(! :
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Inflation
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479
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: Fractal

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http://www.stanford.edu/~alinde/ )) (
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)

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!
480

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!

E. Tryon :Nature
*
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) (
Tryon
Tryon E. P. Is the universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?
Fluctuation? Nature
Nature vol. 246
246 No. 5433
(14 December 1973)
1973) pp. 396-397. Quoted by: Leslie
Leslie J. (ed.)
(ed.) Modern Cosmology
& Philosophy
Philosophy NY: Prometheus Books
Books 1998
1998 pp. 224
)(1
481
Fluctuations
)!(
Observational
) Selection Bias(
)
!(
!

!
) (
! !

) ( .
Bostrom
Bostrom N. Observational Selection Effects and Probability
Probability doctoral dissertation
dissertation
London School of Economics
Economics Department of Philosophy
Philosophy 3 July 2000.
)(2
482
)(

!

!
Probabilistic Explanation
Fallacy Arguments for Design
Explaining Away
) Theists
( )(

)( !Multiverse Scenario
)(
!
!
Natural Theology
Inductive argumentation
) (
Chandler J. & Harrison V. Probability in the Philosophy of Religion U.K: Oxford

University Press. 2012.
)(1
483
!
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.
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484
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:

485
Fine-Tuning
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Chandler J. & Harrison V. Probability in the Philosophy of Religion U.K: Oxford

University Press. 2012. Pp. 103
)(1
486
)(
(!

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487
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488

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489

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!

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490
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491
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492
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493
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494
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495

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/Sagan-Time-Travel.html
.(
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496
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:
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497
conjecture
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498
wormholes
!

.
):(

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Causality violations finite
.Curvature Singularities
Hawking
Hawking S. W.: Chronology Protection Conjecture
Conjecture In: F. L & Ruffini
Ruffini R. (Ed.s):
Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes
Holes Advanced Series in Astrophysics and
Cosmology Vol. 8
Cosmology
8 World Scientific press
press Singapore
Singapore 1993
1993 pp. 304.
)(1
499

hypothetical
entities

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500
!Logical coherence

The question of Origins
Observational Prediction !

501
conjecture !
: 8 7 6 54 3 2 1 0/ . - , +
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503
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504

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!

505
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506
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507
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!
508
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509
! ! :

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!
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!
510
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Backward Causation
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)( )( )(

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Time Dilation
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) (

!
511
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512
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513
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515
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priori
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516
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!

!
517

) (
) (
) (

! )
)(

518
Falsification
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Purpose
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)(

)( !
!
- -
CTC )
(

!
519
Chronology protection/
censorship )
(

)
!(
!
)
!(
conjectures

Probabilistic position
):(

*
.Cosmic Censorship Conjecture

.
- -

Hawking
Hawking S. W.: Introduction
Introduction in: Zhi
Zhi F. L & Ruffini
Ruffini R. (Ed.s): Hawking on the
Big Bang and Black Holes
Holes Advanced Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology
Cosmology Vol.
press Singapore
Singapore 1993
1993 pp. 1.
)(1
520

!
)(
)(
contingent low )(
situational
)( )(

) (
!self-contradiction
)
(
) (

.
*
.
521
)(

arumentum ad
! :
ignorantiam
.

!
CTC

):(
Chronology Protection
:Conjecture
.Closed Timelike Curves

*
Hawking
Hawking S. W.: Chronology Protection Conjecture
Conjecture In: F. L & Ruffini
Ruffini R. (Ed.s):
Hawking on the Big Bang and Black Holes
Holes Advanced Series in Astrophysics and
Cosmology Vol. 8
Cosmology
press Singapore
Singapore 1993
1993 pp. 311.
)(1
522
!
:
) (
Interpretations

*

.
523
) (
Reductio ad Absurdum :

)(
)(

.reduction
!(
)
524
.Novikov self-consistency principle/conjecture

!P = 0

!Self-consistent

!

!
!

.

!Polchinski Paradox

!
!
Travesrable wormhole

525
) (
Earlier Self
)(

)(
! :
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(

)( )( )(.

)( Younger Self

)( Self-consistent

Novikov
Novikov I. D.: 2001: A relativistic Spacetime odyssey
odyssey World Scientific Publishing
Ltd. Singapore
Ltd.
Singapore 2003
2003 pp. 95-96.
)(1
526

!
!
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)
(
!
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.(
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527
inherent property

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!

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!
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( )(
528
) (

)( )(
Collision courses
)( )(!
)(
)( ! )
Younger Self
Older Self

) ( Impossibility
The limits of science and the science of limits J. Barrow():

Barrow
Barrow J. D.: Impossibility: The limits of Science and the science of limits. Oxford
University Press
Press UK
UK 1998
1998 pp. 137
)(1
529
Probability
) (

Levitation

) (
.
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(Extremely low Probability
!
) ( Levitation

530
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) .Physically possible
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531
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991005114024.htm
) (.
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532
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533

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.

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) (

!
!

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=
534
! Probability

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)
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!

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) ( !
!

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535
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)( ! =

! )
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(

536

Michael Shermer

Baloney Detection )(

Scientific
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Human Discource
)(
.
)
!( Skeptic Magazine
.

!
Astrology
540
)
( !

!
.
541
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!

Naturalism

!

!

!
=
542
Scientific Method !
Outrageous Reductionism

! -

Null-
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=

spiritual element

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)
(
:
= !
543
(Scientific method

)!(
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Innate
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544
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545

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546
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!

.
547

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Baloney Detection Kit

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.(
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548
Absolute
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! !
549
)
(
(
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! :

550
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Source Reliability
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Daniel Kevles
Scientific
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551
In-Discipline Frauds Out-Discipline Frauds .
552

quantum world
!

553
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556

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559

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560
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561
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563

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565
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568
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571
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574
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575

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578
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579
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!
580
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581
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582
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583

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586
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Evans
Evans J. & Over
Over D. (1996): Rationality and Reasoning
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)(1
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609

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Hardwig J. (1985): Epistemic Dependence
Dependence The Journal of Philosophy
Philosophy Vol. 82
82 No.
)7 (Jul. 1985
1985) pp. 335-349. .
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615
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616
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617
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618
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!
Ultimate Meaning Moral Values)!(
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Gould
Gould S. J. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York:
Ballantine Books
Books 2002.
)(1
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620
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:

.
.Science
.
.
:
Shermer
Shermer M.
M. The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and
Conspiracies How we construct Beliefs and Reinforce them as truths
truths USA: St.
Martins Press. 2012

!
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!! -
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629

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630

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!

!

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=
632
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wishful thinking
confirmation bias
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633
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-
ETI
Contact !

: ) * ((
) ((--

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)(
Hanslmeier
)Hanslmeier A. (2009
(2009) Habitability and Cosmic Catastrophes
Catastrophes Berlin: Springer
Springer
)(1
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634
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635
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counter-argument !
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636
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Hanslmeier
Hanslmeier A. (2009)
(2009) Habitability and Cosmic Catastrophes
Catastrophes Berlin: Springer.
)(1

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637
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!

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638

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639
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640
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beliefs

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scientific scrutinization

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642
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query (hypothesis
643
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644
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.
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645

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=
647
....................................................................................
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!

!

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648
....................................................................................
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650

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651
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(

-
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652
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(

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.
!

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653
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.
654

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655
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665
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HIV
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Causal Agent
666
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Scientific Skepticism

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(

-
-

Funding capitals

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Culshaw
Culshaw R. Science sold out: Does HIV really cause Aids? USA: North Atlantic
Books 2007.
Books
667
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:

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Peer
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668
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)(

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rationalizations
669

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fuzzy fractions
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670

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671
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( !
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672

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Guardian
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Fiona M. Scot Martin

Extreme Political Determinism

.Argument from the Big Bang

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Perfect Cosmological Principle

Hasty Generalization Fallacies

.Argument from Big Bang

The (Big Bang) argument for the existence of

Universal Law ()Statistical Law

formal argument )Universal Generalization (Law

Begging the Question .

E. T. JAYNES. PROBABILITY THEORY AS LOGIC Ninth Annual Workshop

) Blasting the Foundations of Atheism(

.gravitational potential energy

Action Armed Incursion

Safeguarding American Interests

.Just Cause Euphemisms

Rationalization Self Justification

(paradox Chain of Argument

: Liar Paradox Epimenides

Autological Heterological Heterological

..Irrationality Logical inconsistency Impossibility

ontological facts Epistemical properties

)) Time-Space Continuum (Spacetime (

The Ultimate Ensemble

Primordial Pool / Soup

) Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI

!The Mathematical Universe Hypothesis

Experiment ) Qunatum Suicide

http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jul/16-is-the-universe-actually-made-of= math/article_view?b_start:int = 0&-C

Schrodingers Rabbits: The Many Worlds of

Letter by Albert Einstein to Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider

B. J. Carr M.J. Rees

Fallacy Arguments for Design

Chandler J. & Harrison V. Probability in the Philosophy of Religion U.K: Oxford

).Inductively more Probable(

Chandler J. & Harrison V. Probability in the Philosophy of Religion U.K: Oxford

The question of Origins

Earman Stachel (Norton

.Closed Timelike Curves

.Novikov self-consistency principle/conjecture

The limits of science and the science of limits J. Barrow():

(Rationally possible (Consistent

Logical Consistency Knowledge claim

Baloney Detection Kit

In-Discipline Frauds Out-Discipline Frauds .

.mainstream academic thought

Myth Plausible knowledge claim

Blasting the Foundations of

10 / . - , + * )( ' & % $ # ].[ :

The Believing Brain

Argument from scale

SETI Cosmic biology

) Belief that is not based on proof(

!Academic Discipline / Subdiscipline

far less remarkable

)bang-creator (retrieved on August 55 2012

) The Fabric of the Cosmos (

! " / . - , +* ) ( ' & % $ #

....................................... Currys Paradox

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