IGCSE: c) Forces, movement, shape and momentum

1.9: Describe the effect of forces

between bodies.

Forces can cause objects to:
-Change direction
-Change velocity
-Change shape
-Change density
1.10: identify different types of force
such as gravitational or electrostatic.

1.11: distinguish between vector and
scalar quantities.

Vector: magnitude + direction (velocity,
momentum, force)
Scalar: magnitude (speed)
1.12: Understand that force is a vector
quantity.

Magnitude: measured in N
Direction: drag, push etc.
1.13: find the resultant forces acting upon a line.
Resultant force: the overall force acting upon an object in a
direction.
Same direction: force a + force b
Opposite direction: great force small force
1.14: understand that friction is fore
that opposes motion.


=
1.15: know and use the relationship
between unbalanced force, mass, and
acceleration.


f = resultant force (N)
m = mass (KG)
a = acceleration (m/s
2
)

greater resultant force = greater the
acceleration

bigger mass = greater force needed
=
1.16: know and use the relationship
between weight, mass and g


w = weight (force of gravity) (N)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s
2
)

1.17: describe the forces acting on
falling objects and explain why
falling objects reach a terminal
velocity.

When an object is falling it is
acceleration due to the force of
gravity, and when the drag force
increases it slows down. When the
drag force becomes equal to the
force of weight it has reached its
terminal velocity. (Maximum
speed)
IGCSE: c) Forces, movement, shape and momentum

1.18: describe experiments to investigate
the forces acting on falling object.

Drop a parachute at a certain height, to
show gravity is acting upon it. Then drop
it and record. Repeat with different sized
parachutes to prove air resistance.
1.19: describe the factors affecting
vehicle-stopping distance.

Stopping distance = thinking distance +
braking distance

- The speed of the car
- Mas of the car
- Weather conditions
- How used the brakes/tires are
- Condition of the driver
Note:

Stopping distance =

Distance it travels during the thinking
distance + the distance it travels under
the braking force (braking distance)

Thinking distance =

Is increased if driver is under alcohol or
drugs

Braking distance =

Is increased by multiple things

1.20: know and use the relationship
between momentum, mass and velocity:

momentum = mass x velocity

all moving objects have momentum. The
greater the mass and the greater the
velocity of an object, the greater the
momentum.
1.21: Use the idea of momentum to
explain safety features.
1.22: use the conservation of
momentum to calculate the mass,
velocity or momentum of objects.

Law of conservation = whenever
objects interact, the total momentum
(before) is equal to the total
momentum (after).


1.23: use the relationship between
force, change in momentum and time
taken:

force = change in momentum / time
taken.

When a force act on an object
(moveable) its momentum changes.

For the change, the longer time taken
for the change in momentum, the
smaller the force that acts.

IN a collision the momentum changes
as a result of the acting force.
1.24: demonstrate an
understanding of Newtons third
law.

Most commonly put a 'each force
has an equal and opposite force'
the principle of this law is that two
bodies interacting are both exerting
a force on each other.
1.25: know and use the relationship
between the moment of a force and
its distance from the pivot.
moment =
force x perpendicular distance from
the pivot
IGCSE: c) Forces, movement, shape and momentum








1.26: Recall that the weight of a body
acts through its center of gravity.
1.27: Know and use the principle of
moments for a simple system of parallel
forces acting in on a plane.
1.28: Understand that the upward forces
on a light beam, supported, vary with
the position of a heavy object placed on
the beam.

http://goo.gl/S7Ad3e

1.29: Describe experiments to
investigate how tension varies with
applied force for helical springs, metal
wires and rubber bands.

- Attach a spring to a newton meter
- Then add weights
- Record the length of the spring
- Add more weights.
1.30: Understand that the initial region of a
force-extension graph is associated with
Hookes law.

A force-extension shows how much a material
stretches under a certain amount of force.
The initial linear region is a straight diagonal
line, which shows the relationship between
force and extension (hookes law). When it
curves it means it has reached its elastic limit.
1.31: Describe elastic behavior as the
ability of a material to recover its
original shape after the forces causing
deformation have been removed.

When a force is released from an
object it will return to its normal shape
however when the force overcomes its
elastic limit, we say it has no more
elastic potential.