Reservoir

[5-2] Summer 2013 Hydrology Dr. Mohammad N.
Almasri

Runoff 1

Reservoirs
[5-2]

Dr. Mohammad N. Almasri
http://sites.google.com/site/mohammadnablus/Hom
e
Hydrology
[5-2] Summer 2013 Hydrology Dr. Mohammad N. Almasri

Runoff
Flow Mass Curves
The flow-mass curve is a plot of the cumulative volume of
discharge against time plotted in time order

The ordinate of the mass curve, V at any time t is thus

where t
0
is the time at the beginning of the curve and Q is
the discharge rate
2
V = Qdt
t
0
t


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Flow Mass Curves
3

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Flow Mass Curves
Since the hydrograph is a plot of Q versus t, it is easy to
see that the flow-mass curve is an integral curve
(summation curve) of the hydrograph

The slope of the mass curve at any point represents the
rate of flow at that time

The slope of the line joining the starting point and the
last point of a mass curve represents the average
discharge over the whole period of the plotted record
4

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Flow Mass Curves
Calculation of Storage Volume
Consider a reservoir on the stream whose mass curve is
known

The mass curve of cumulative demand is given as well

The maximum amount of water drawn from the
storage is the difference between cumulative supply
and cumulative demand volumes
5

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Flow Mass Curves
Calculation of Storage Volume
The storage, S which is the maximum cumulative
deficiency in any dry season is obtained as the
maximum difference in the ordinate between mass
curves of supply and demand

The minimum storage volume required by a reservoir
is the largest of such S values over different dry
periods
6

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [1]
7
Month In Out
Jan 10 10
Feb 10 10
Mar 4 10
Apr 2 10
May 6 10
Jun 8 10
Jul 10 10
Aug 10 10
Sep 10 10
Oct 10 10
Nov 10 10
Dec 10 10
Total 100 120

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [1]
8
Month In Out + Diff - Diff Cum In Cum Out Cum Diff
Jan 10 10 10 10 0
Feb 10 10 20 20 0
Mar 4 10 6 24 30 -6
Apr 2 10 8 26 40 -14
May 6 10 4 32 50 -18
Jun 8 10 2 40 60 -20
Jul 10 10 50 70 -20
Aug 10 10 60 80 -20
Sep 10 10 70 90 -20
Oct 10 10 80 100 -20
Nov 10 10 90 110 -20
Dec 10 10 100 120 -20
Size = 20

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [2]
9
Month In Out
Jan 10
10
Feb 10
10
Mar 4
10
Apr 2
10
May 6
10
Jun 8
10
Jul 14
10
Aug 18
10
Sep 18
10
Oct 10
10
Nov 10
10
Dec 10
10
Total
120 120

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [2]
10
Jan 10 10 10 10 0
Feb 10 10 20 20 0
Mar 4 10 6 24 30 -6
Apr 2 10 8 26 40 -14
May 6 10 4 32 50 -18
Jun 8 10 2 40 60 -20
Jul 14 10 4 54 70 -16
Aug 18 10 8 72 80 -8
Sep 18 10 8 90 90 0
Oct 10 10 100 100 0
Nov 10 10 110 110 0
Dec 10 10 120 120 0
Size = 20

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [3]
11
Month In Out
Jan 10 10
Feb 10 10
Mar 16 10
Apr 18 10
May 14 10
Jun 12 10
Jul 10 10
Aug 10 10
Sep 10 10
Oct 10 10
Nov 10 10
Dec 10 10
Total 140 120

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [3]
12
Jan 10 10 10 10 0
Feb 10 10 20 20 0
Mar 16 10 6 36 30 6
Apr 18 10 8 54 40 14
May 14 10 4 68 50 18
Jun 12 10 2 80 60 20
Jul 10 10 90 70 20
Aug 10 10 100 80 20
Sep 10 10 110 90 20
Oct 10 10 120 100 20
Nov 10 10 130 110 20
Dec 10 10 140 120 20
Size = 20

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [4]
13
Month In Out
Jan 10 10
Feb 10 10
Mar 16 10
Apr 20 10
May 17 10
Jun 12 10
Jul 5 10
Aug 5 10
Sep 5 10
Oct 5 10
Nov 5 10
Dec 10 10
Total 120 120

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [4]
14
Jan 10 10 10 10 0
Feb 10 10 20 20 0
Mar 16 10 6 36 30 6
Apr 20 10 10 56 40 16
May 17 10 7 73 50 23
Jun 12 10 2 85 60 25
Jul 5 10 5 90 70 20
Aug 5 10 5 95 80 15
Sep 5 10 5 100 90 10
Oct 5 10 5 105 100 5
Nov 5 10 5 110 110 0
Dec 10 10 120 120 0
Size = 25

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [5]
15
Month In Out
Jan 10 8
Feb 10 8
Mar 2 8
Apr 1 8
May 4 8
Jun 6 8
Jul 12 8
Aug 19 8
Sep 8 8
Oct 8 8
Nov 8 8
Dec 8 8
Total 96 96

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [5]
16
Jan 10 8 2 10 8 2
Feb 10 8 2 20 16 4
Mar 2 8 6 22 24 -2
Apr 1 8 7 23 32 -9
May 4 8 4 27 40 -13
Jun 6 8 2 33 48 -15
Jul 12 8 4 45 56 -11
Aug 19 8 11 64 64 0
Sep 8 8 72 72 0
Oct 8 8 80 80 0
Nov 8 8 88 88 0
Dec 8 8 96 96 0
Size = 19

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [6]
17
Month In Out
Jan 10 8
Feb 10 8
Mar 2 8
Apr 1 8
May 4 8
Jun 6 8
Jul 12 8
Aug 25 8
Sep 17 8
Oct 8 8
Nov 6 8
Dec 4 8
Total 105 96

Runoff
Flow Mass Curves
Case [6]
18
Jan 10 8 2 10 8 2
Feb 10 8 2 20 16 4
Mar 2 8 6 22 24 -2
Apr 1 8 7 23 32 -9
May 4 8 4 27 40 -13
Jun 6 8 2 33 48 -15
Jul 12 8 4 45 56 -11
Aug 25 8 17 70 64 6
Sep 17 8 9 87 72 15
Oct 8 8 95 80 15
Nov 6 8 2 101 88 13
Dec 4 8 4 105 96 9
Size = 30

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [7]
19
Month In Out
Jan 3 8
Feb 13 8
Mar 14 8
Apr 2 8
May 0 8
Jun 6 8
Jul 12 8
Aug 25 8
Sep 12 8
Oct 4 8
Nov 3 8
Dec 2 8
Total 96 96

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [7]
20
Jan 3 8 5 3 8 -5
Feb 13 8 5 16 16 0
Mar 14 8 6 30 24 6
Apr 2 8 6 32 32 0
May 0 8 8 32 40 -8
Jun 6 8 2 38 48 -10
Jul 12 8 4 50 56 -6
Aug 25 8 17 75 64 11
Sep 12 8 4 87 72 15
Oct 4 8 4 91 80 11
Nov 3 8 5 94 88 6
Dec 2 8 6 96 96 0
Size = 25

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [8]
21
Month In Out
Jan 8 8
Feb 8 8
Mar 2 8
Apr 1 8
May 3 8
Jun 21 8
Jul 21 8
Aug 3 8
Sep 1 8
Oct 4 8
Nov 2 8
Dec 22 8
Total 96 96

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Flow Mass Curves
Case [8]
22
Jan 8 8 8 8 0
Feb 8 8 16 16 0
Mar 2 8 6 18 24 -6
Apr 1 8 7 19 32 -13
May 3 8 5 22 40 -18
Jun 21 8 13 43 48 -5
Jul 21 8 13 64 56 8
Aug 3 8 5 67 64 3
Sep 1 8 7 68 72 -4
Oct 4 8 4 72 80 -8
Nov 2 8 6 74 88 -14
Dec 22 8 14 96 96 0
Size = 26

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Droughts
Drought is a climatic irregularity characterized by
deficit supply of moisture

This may result from subnormal rainfall over large
regions causing below normal natural availability
of water over long periods of time

Drought phenomenon is a hydrological extreme
like flood and is a natural disaster
23

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Droughts
24

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Droughts
25

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Droughts
Classifications of Droughts Meteorological drought
26
It is a situation where there is more than 25% decrease in
precipitation from normal over an area
2
5
%

-

5
0
%

(
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
)

>

5
0
%

(
s
e
v
e
r
e
)


Runoff
Droughts
Classifications of Droughts Hydrological Drought
If meteorological
drought
prolonged then
this results in
hydrological
drought with
marked
depletion
(drying) of
surface water
and groundwater
27

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Droughts
Classifications of Droughts Hydrological Drought
28

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Droughts
Classifications of Droughts Agricultural Drought
This occurs when the soil moisture and rainfall are
inadequate during the growing season to support healthy
crop growth to maturity
29

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Droughts
Classifications of Droughts Agricultural Drought
As an indicator of possible moisture stress
experienced by crops, An aridity index (AI) is used
AI is defined as:
AI = 100(PET AET)/PET
AI is computed on weekly or bi-weekly basis
30
AI Severity class
0 Non arid
1 25 Mild arid
26 50 Moderate arid
> 50 Severe arid

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Droughts
Management of Droughts
31

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Water Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or
accumulating and storing of rainwater and taking
measures to keep that water clean (in case of
drinking or municipal use)

In addition, water harvesting considers at a large
scale the capturing of the runoff at the outlet of a
surface catchment
32

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Purposes of Water Harvesting
Traditionally, rainwater
harvesting has been practiced
in arid and semi-arid areas, and
has provided:
Drinking water
Domestic water
Water for livestock
Water for small
irrigation
33

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How Much Water Can Be Harvested?
The total amount of rain water that is received over a collecting
area is called the rainwater endowment of the area

Out of this, the amount that can be effectively harvested is called
the water harvesting potential

Water harvesting potential = Rainfall (L) x Collection area (L
2
) x
Collection efficiency (-)

The collection efficiency accounts for the fact that all the
rainwater falling over an area cannot be effectively harvested,
because of evaporation, spillage, the first-flush wastage, etc.
34

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Consider a building with a roof of an area of 100 m
2
.
Assume that the average annual rainfall is
approximately 600 mm

This gives a volume of rainfall over the area =
60010
-3
100 = 60 m
3

Assuming that only 60% of the total rainfall is
effectively harvested

Volume of harvested water = 60 0.6 = 36 m
3
35

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If we consider that the per capita daily water
requirement is 100 liter and the average size of the
families is 7 persons, then the harvested water will
suffice for 51 days
36

Reservoir

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[5-2] Summer 2013 Hydrology Dr. Mohammad N.

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