JUNE 2010 BIO UNIT 4

1) A) 1) When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, it excites electrons

2)Oxygen is produced when water molecules are split in the process of photolysis
3)The products of the light-dependent reactions that are used in the light-independent reactions are
reduced NADP and ATP
B) structures in a chloroplast that are involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Light dependent stage takes place in thylakoids in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts has a double membrane. The
inner membrane is folded into stacks called grana. This contains thylakoids. And thylakoids contain
chlorophyll. There are two forms of chlorophyll. P
680
found in PS2 and P
700
in PS1.

(iii) Suggest two advantages of growing crops of wheat in glasshouses with
artificial lighting rather than growing them in open fields.
Crops can be grown all year around.
Less physical damage- animals weather
Pest control is easier
Temp, humidity water control can be controlled.

2) (a) (i) Explain how increases in carbon dioxide and methane, released into the
atmosphere, may be contributing towards the estimated changes in mean temperature.
C02 and CH4 are green house gases. They absorb IR which are reradiated from the earths surface. Temp of
the earth rises.

3)
(a) Explain the difference between abiotic and biotic factors
Biotic- living, abiotic- non living
b) 1)apparatus for obtaining the data for the density of the periwinkles quadrat
(ii) Explain how this piece of apparatus would be used to obtain the mean
density of the two species of periwinkle in each area.
take many readings using random quadrat positions. Sampling technique- random sampling.count the
number of individuals in each quadrat. To get the mean density: total number of species /total area

(iii) Suggest one abiotic factor and one biotic factor that may influence the
distribution of the periwinkles on the seashore.
Abiotic- light intensity / light duration / availability of oxygen(in rock pools) / length of exposure (to air) /
length of submersion / temperature / presence of toxic chemicals
/ height above sea level / slope/ aspect / wave action / pH

Biotic- predators / availability of food organisms / disease /parasites / competition for a named resource
(i) Explain what is meant by the term gene mutation.- change in the structure of a DNA by addition,
duplication , deletion or substitution and etc.

5) A) (i) enzyme used in the
process used to amplify the DNA in the small sample of blood taken from the crime scene.-
polymerase
2)the process that could be used to separate DNA fragments to create the profiles- electrophoresis
3) (b) Explain why evidence from DNA profiles may not be absolutely conclusive
DNA profiling has many stages. Contamination can occur at any stage. Only a small portion of DNA is
analysed.identical twins show the same DNA profile.
(c) Suggest how DNA profiling could be useful to scientists who examine fossils of
animals and plants.
Comparisons can be made between DNA fossils and other organisms. You can find out how closely related
they are.used in classification. Can understand evolutionary lines to determine common ancestor.

6) (a) State how the genetic material in HIV differs from the genetic material in the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes TB.
HIV is a virus- has RNA, TB is a bacterium- has DNA.
Linear DNA in HIV, circular DNA in bacterium.
HIV has no plasmids but bacterium has plasmids.

(b) One of the ways in which HIV may enter the blood is through the use of infected
needles. Explain why unbroken skin is an effective barrier against HIV infection.
Skin is made of keratin. It is hard and impenetrable.

*(ii) Explain the change in numbers of CD4 T-lymphocytes during the first 6 weeks
after infection with HIV.
Glycoprotein called gp120 located on the virus surface bind to the CD4 receptor on the surface of the T
helper cells and infects them.viral RNA enters the lymphocyte. Virus reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA in
to viral DNA.intergrase inserts the viral DNA into the host DNA. New viruses are formed.lymphocytes are
destroyed when the new viruses bud out of the cell. T killer cells destroy T helper cells.

(iii) Suggest one effect that this change would have on one other component of the infected persons blood.
B cells not activated. Fewer antibodies. An increase in killer cells.

7) a) 1) bond that would need to be broken during the digestion of cellulose in cattle.
Hydrogen and glycosidic
(ii) Name two types of plant fibre that may be present in the material eaten by cattle.
Xylem, cellulose, sclerenchyma.

(b) The first stage in the decomposition of a cow pat is known as putrefaction. Explain how carbon dioxide and
ammonia are formed during this stage of decomposition.
Caused due to the action of microorganisms. They respire aerobically or anaerobically. Converts organic compounds
to co2 and nitrogen compounds to ammonia.
c) suggest why the time taken for a cow pat to decompose changes at different times of the year.
Different times of the year have different temperatures and water availability. Water logging reduces oxygen
availability.there are more decomposers in the summer. Therefore rate of metabolism is high.
8) (a) Explain what is meant by the terms bacteriostatic antibiotic and bactericidal antibiotic.
Antibiotics are used to control, kill or prevent reproduction of bacteria. Bacteriostatic prevent the growth of the
bacteria. Bactericidal kills the bacteria.
(iii) Suggest why the rate of MRSA infection in hospital D (low MRSA rates) differs from the rates in the
other hospitals.
-stricter hygiene practices

-hand washing regimes for doctors nurses and medical staff when dealing with open wounds and
etc.
-suitable clothing
-antiseptic conditions readily available.(gels alcohol rubs)
- isolation of suspected cases.
- fewer patients/ visitors passing in and out.