--------------

-----------------

)(
Steady Electric current
:

v
E = 0
v v
E
.dl = 0

v v
) E.dl
v
( E = 0
.

)( .
.
:

.

N
v
Q V m
s
v
J :
v
v
J = NQV
N )
v

m : J
sec

m3

( Q )

)(c

sec = Amp
m2
m2

v
J
v
v
v
V . Q< J V
Q> .
:

v v
I = J .ds
S

I
.


--------------

-----------------

.
:

) S (V
v v
s = J .ds
s

.
Q

.
t
v v Q
= J .ds
) (
t
v v
J .ds = dv
s
t v
v

v
= .Jdv
dv .J +
dv = 0
V
v
t
t

v
) (
=0
.J +
t
v
v
v

) J J(
.J =
t
v
.J = 0
:

.
Ii =0 :
i

)(
)( )(
) (
.


.
w
) ( E nc
v
Ec


--------------

-----------------

) E nc = E c (
)(

v
v
E nc + E c = 0

v
E nc )( ) ( ) (
v
E c .

) (

v
v v
1 v
V = E c .dl = E nc .dl = electromotiveForce emf
1

v v
Ec .dl = 0
v 1v v
2 v
E
.
d
l
+ E c .dl = 0
c

v v
E c .dl V = 0

v
v v 1v
E c .dl E nc .dl = 0
2

2 v
v
V = emf = E c .de = V1 V2
1

:v v
) J E

v
v
J = E

v
v
J = NQV
v
v
V = E

)(mobility

) ( conductivity

v
v
J = NQE
v
v
J = E
,

= NQ


-----------------

--------------

v v
I = J .ds = EA
s

V
L
V
=
R

=E

L
A

=R

V = RI

V
L

v v
V = E.dl = EL

=I

V
A
L

I =

)(Resistance
:

v v
v v
E
d
l
E
.

.dl
R = = Lv v = Lv v
I
J .ds E.ds
s

v v
v v
D.ds
E.ds
Q

C= = s v v= s r v
V E.dl E L .dl
L

= RC

] , ) (
[.
:
v
E :

C 1
=

v v
E.dl
= 1) R
v v

E
.ds
=G

) (
dl
= R = dR
s
ds
= G = dG
l

= 2) R

dl
= 3)dR
s
ds
= dG
l

: a (b>a) b
.


--------------

-----------------

R S dR
dl
= dR
s
dl = dR

S = 4R 2
b

dR
ba
1
=
=
2
4 R z 4 ab
4 R

R= d R

dR
= dR
4R 2

: ) (h
)
(

V0 :

V =0
2

d 2V
=0
d 2
V = c1 + c 2

c2 = 0
V
c1 = 0

V ( = 0 ) = 0

V ( = ) = V
0
0

V0

= V

v
V
1 dV
E = V =
a = a 0
0r
r d
v
v
V
J = E = 0 a
0r


--------------

-----------------

v v
h b
V0
.( a )drdz
I = J .ds = a
0 a

r
0

V0 h b
ln
I =+
a
0

v
v
ds = a drdz

0
b
a

h ln

V0
=
I

=R

.
.

F = QE

l
w Fl
=V
= QEV
=
,
t
t
t
p = NQEV = EJ
v v
w 3
p = E. J
m
=P

J = NQV
) (

dv = dsdl
v v
P = pdv = E.Jdv

P = VI

p = EJdv = Edl Jds = VI

h s
.

.J =
=0
t
v

.
J
h0
v dv = 0
r v
v v
v v
v r
J .ds = 0 J 1 .ds1 + J 2 .ds2 + J .ds = 0
s

J 1n = J 2 n

sJ1n + sJ 2 n + 0 = 0


--------------

-----------------

J 2t

J 1t

E1t = E 2t

v
J ) ( 2 < 1
.
: 1 , 1 2 , 2
d V0
v v v v
P, D, E , J
d=d+d

v
.J = 0

=0
t

Steady state

) J (

= E2

= E1

J 1n = J 2 n = J

v
d v
d2
d
() . a z dz ) ( E1 a z
) . a z dz
() V = E.dl = E.dza z = ( E 2 a z
0

d2

V0 1 2
) ( a z
1 d 2 + 2 d1

v
=J

d1

d2 +

V0 2
) ( a z
1d 2 + 2 d1

= V0

v
v
E1 = J

v
v
E2 = J

V 0 1

) 2 = 1 d 2 + 2 d 2 ( a z
V0 1 2
V 0 2 1
= D1 = 1 E1
,
= D2 = 2 E 2
1d 2 + 2 d1
1 d 2 + 2 d1
v
v
) v V ( 0
) ( a z
P1 = D1 0 E1 = ( 1 0 )E1 = 0 2 1
1d 2 + 2 d1
v
v
v
) V ( 0
) ( a z
P2 = D2 0 E 2 = ( 2 0 )E 2 = 0 1 2
1d 2 + 1d 2
= a z

V 0 2 1
1d 2 + 2 d1

n
z =0

) V0 ( 2 1 1 2
1 d 2 + 2 d1

s ( z = 0 ) = D2 .n =

= ( z = d 2 ) = D2 D1


--------------

-----------------

= a z

n
z =d

V0 1 2
1 d 2 + 2 d1
v
v
) V (
ps (z = 0) = P1 .n = P2 .( a z ) = 0 1 2 0
1d 2 + 1d 2
v v
) ( ) V0 ( 2 0
ps (z = d 2 ) = P1 P2 = V0 2 1 0
1d 2 + 1d 2
v v v
) V (
ps (z = d ) = P1 .n = P1 .a z = 0 2 1 0
1d 2 + 1d 2
r

= s ( z = d ) = D1 .n

: ) (transient ) (
) (t .
v
v

.J =
= , .E
t

.(E ) =
t
v

.E =
t

t
(t )
t
+ (t ) = 0
(t ) = 0 e
t

) ( ,

1
e

(t = ) = 0

= Re laxationTime

) 0 = (t = 0

goodDielectric

goodConductur

>> 1

<< 1

if
if