1

Operacije sa racionalnim algebarskim izrazima

Najvei zajedniki delilac i najmanji zajedniki sadralac polinoma


NZD polinoma P i Q je polinom D koji ima najvei stepen medju polinomima koji su
delioci i polinoma P i polinoma Q.

NZS polinoma P i Q je polinom S koji ima najmanji stepen medju polinomima koji su
deljivi i polinomom P i polinomom Q.

Primer 1: Nadji NZS i NZD za polinome:


2 3 ) (
2 ) (
4 ) (
2
2
2
+ =
=
=
x x x R
x x x Q
x x P


Prvo moramo svaki od njih rastaviti na inioce (naravno , upotrebom postupka
navedenog u fajlu: Transformacije algebarskih izraza).


) 2 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 2 3 ) (
) 1 )( 2 ( ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 2 2 ) (
) 2 )( 2 ( 2 4 ) (
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
= = + = + =
+ = + = + = =
+ = = =
x x x x x x x x x x x R
x x x x x x x x x x x Q
x x x x x P


NZD je ustvari PRESEK, odnosno onaj koji ga ima u svakom od polinoma.

Ovde je to oigledno x-2. Dakle:

NZD = x-2

NZS je unija. On mora biti deljiv sa sva tri polinoma. Dakle:

NZS = (x-2)(x+2)(x-1)(x+1)

Primer 2: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome :


2 2
2 2
2
2 b ab a R
b a Q
ab a P
+ =
=
=

Najpre vrimo rastavljanje na inioce:
2 2 2
2 2
2
) ( 2
) )( (
) (
b a b ab a R
b a b a b a Q
b a a ab a P
= + =
+ = =
= =

NZD = ) ( b a jer ga ima u sva tri NZS = + ) ( ) (
2
b a b a a deljiv sa sva tri
2
____ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
2 2 3 3 3
2 2
2 2 2
) 2 4 )( 2 ( ) 2 ( 8
) 2 )( 2 ( 4
) 2 ( 4 4
b ab a b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b ab a
+ + = + = +
+ =
+ = + +

Primer 3: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome:



2
2
y xy B
xy x A
+ =
=

__________
Rastavljamo na inioce:


) (
) (
y x y B
y x x A
+ =
=
NZS = ) )( ( y x y x xy +

ta emo sa NZD? Nema inioca koji se sadri u A i B. U takvoj situaciji NZD = 1 , a za
polinome kaemo da su uzajamno prosti.

Primer 4: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome:
____ __________ __________
2
2
25 30 9
100 36
15 9
= +
=
= +
a a
a
a

Reenje:

________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
2 2 2
2 2
) 5 3 ( ) 25 30 9 ( 25 30 9
) 5 3 )( 5 3 ( 4 ) 25 9 ( 4 100 36
) 5 3 ( 3 15 9
= + = +
+ = =
+ = +
a a a a a
a a a a
a a

NZS
2
) 5 3 )( 5 3 ( 12 + = a a
NZD = 1

Primer 5: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome:







NZS ) 2 4 )( 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2
b ab a b a b a + + =
NZD = 2a+b


Primer 6: Nadji NZS za polinome:


3 2
4 3 2
2
__________________________________
3 12 12
5 20 20
3 12
x x x
x x x
nx n
+ =
+ + =
=

3

________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 3 4
2 2 2 3
) 2 )( 2 ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 12 3
) 2 ( 5 ) 4 4 ( 5 20 20 5
) 2 ( 3 ) 4 4 ( 3 12 12 3
+ = =
+ = + + = + +
= + = +
x x n x n n nx
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x

NZS
2 2 2
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 15 + = x x nx

Primer 7: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome:


__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
2 2 2 3
2 2 2 3
2 2 2 4 4
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 2 ) 1 )( 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 2
+ = + = + +
+ + = + + + = + + +
+ + = + = =
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a

NZS ) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 2
2
+ + = a a a
NZD =
2
( 1) a +
Kako upotrebiti NZS?

1) Uprosti izraz:
=
+

+
ab
b a
ab a
b
b ab
a
2 2
najpre treba svaki imenilac rastaviti na inioce=
=
+

+
ab
b a
b a a
b
b a b
a
) ( ) (
zatim nadjemo NZS za imenioce ,to je ) ( b a ab i izvrimo
proirenje razlomka. Kako da znamo koji sa kojim da proirimo? Gledamo imenilac i
NZS, ta je viak,sa tim proirimo. Tako prvi sabirak irimo sa a , jer je viak kad
gledamo ) ( b a ab i ) ( b a b drugi sa b a trei sa ) ( b a . Dakle:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( )
( )
( ) 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
a a b b a b a b
ab a b
a b a b a b a b b b
ab a b ab a b ab a b
+ +
= =

+ + +
= = = =
a b
2
( ) ( )
b
a a b a b
=



Pre poetka (ili po zavretku) rada treba postaviti uslove zadataka. Poto deljenje nulom
nije dozvoljeno to nijedan u imeniocu ne sme biti nula, tj.
; 0 a ; 0 b b a b a 0

2) Uprosti izraz:
x x x x x +
+

2 2 2
1
1
2 1


=
+
+
+
+

=
+
+

+
) 1 (
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2
) 1 (
1 1
1
2 1
2 2 2
x x x x x x x x x x x
ta je problem?

Izrazi ) 1 ( x + i ) 1 ( + x nisu, jer vai komutativni zakon : ) ( A B B A + = + , ali izrazi
) 1 ( x i(1-x) jesu. Taj problem emo reiti tako to jedan od ta dva izraza okrenemo i
izvuemo minus ispred, jer vai da je ) ( A B B A =
4

1 2 1
( 1) (1 )(1 ) ( 1)
1 2 1
( 1) ( 1)(1 ) ( 1)
1 ( 1) 2 1( 1)
( 1)( 1)
1 2 1
( 1)( 1)
0
0
( 1)( 1)
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
= + +
+ +
= + =
+ +
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+
= =
+

Naravno, uslovi zadatka su:

; 0 x ; 1 0 1 x x 1 0 1 + x x



3) Uprosti izraz:


2
1 2
4
6
2
1
2

+
+
+
a
a
a
a
a
a

Reenje:

=

+
+
+
2
1 2
4
6
2
1
2
a
a
a
a
a
a

=

+
+
+
+
2
1 2
) 2 )( 2 (
6
2
1
a
a
a a
a
a
a

=
+
+ + + +
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 1 2 ( 6 ) 2 )( 1 (
a a
a a a a a
Pazi na znak ispred zagrade!





Uvek pokuaj da na kraju rastavi i
brojilac, jer moda ima neto da se
skrati!!! Kao sad (a-2)






Uslovi zadatka su:

2 0 2
2 0 2

+
a a
a a

=
+
+
) 2 )( 2 (
2
2
a a
a a
2 +

a
a
=
+
+ + + +
) 2 )( 2 (
2 4 2 6 2 2
2 2
a a
a a a a a a a
=
+
+ + +
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 4 2 ( 6 ) 2 2 (
2 2
a a
a a a a a a a
=
+

) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 (
a a
a a
5

4)
2 3
1 2
2
1 3
1
2
+
+
+

x x
x
x
x
x
x
=?

Reenje:

=
+
+
+

2 3
1 2
2
1 3
1
2
x x
x
x
x
x
x


Izdvojiemo i rastaviti na stranu

) 1 )( 2 ( ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 2 2 3
2 2
= = + = + x x x x x x x x x x

Vraamo se u zadatak:

=

+
+

) 1 )( 2 (
1 2
2
1 3
1 x x
x
x
x
x
x

=

+ +
) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 )( 1 3 ( ) 2 (
x x
x x x x x
Pazi na minus!!!
=

+ + +
) 2 )( 1 (
1 2 ) 1 3 3 ( 2
2 2
x x
x x x x x x

=

+ + + +
) 2 )( 1 (
1 2 1 3 3 2
2 2
x x
x x x x x x

=

+
) 2 )( 1 (
4 2
2
x x
x x

2 ( 2)
2 ( 2)
( 1)( 2)
x x
x x
x x


=
( 1) ( 2) x x
2
1
x
x

Uslovi zadatka:

2 0 2
1 0 1


x x
x x





5)
25
2
25 10
1
25 10
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+ + x x x x x
=?

Reenje:


=

+
+
+
+ + 25
2
25 10
1
25 10
1
2 2 2
x x x x x

6
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
) 25 (
4
) 5 ( ) 5 (
4
) 5 ( ) 5 (
50 2 50 2
) 5 ( ) 5 (
) 25 ( 2 25 10 25 10
) 5 ( ) 5 (
) 25 ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1
) 5 )( 5 (
2
) 5 (
1
) 5 (
1

=
+
=
=
+
+
=
+
+ + + + +
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+

+
+
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x


Uslovi zadatka:
5 0 5
5 0 5

+
x x
x x



Mnoenje i deljenje racionalnih algebarskih izraza se radi kao i kod obinih razlomaka, s
tim da prvo moramo svaki rastaviti na inioce. Dakle:

D B
C A
D
C
B
A

= i
C
D
B
A
D
C
B
A
= :

1) =
+
+ +

a a
a a
a
a a
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
? prvo svaki rastavimo na inioce !!!
=
+
+

+

) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
2
a a
a
a a
a a
Skratimo
D
C
B
A

1
1
1
1
1
= =
Uslov zadatka:
0 1
2
a i 0
2
+ a a
1 a , 1 a 0 , a

2) =
+

ab
ab b a
ab a
ab a
2 2
2
2

b a
b a
ab
b a ab
b a a
b a a
=

=
+

1
) (
) (
) (

Uslov zadatka:
0 , 0 , 0 + b a b a

3) =

9
5
:
3
25
2
2
2
2
x
x x
x x
x
?
=
+
+

+
) 3 )( 3 (
) 5 (
:
) 3 (
) 5 )( 5 (
x x
x x
x x
x x

2
) 3 ( ) 5 (
) 5 (
) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 (
) 5 )( 5 (
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x +
=
+
+

+

7
Uslovi:
0 3 , 0 3 , 0 + x x x
3 , 3 x x

4)
4 2
4 4
2
2 2
2 1
:
2 1 m m
b a
m m
b a
+

+ +
+
=?

=
+

+ +
+
4 2
4 4
2
2 2
2 1
:
2 1 m m
b a
m m
b a

) )( (
) 1 (
) )( )( (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) )( (
:
) 1 (
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
b a b a
m
b a b a b a
m m
m
b a
m
b a b a
m
b a
+

=
+ +
+

+
+
=

+
+
+


Uslov zadatka: 1, 1 m m

5)
ac b c a
ab c b a
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
=?

=
+ +
+ +
ac b c a
ab c b a
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
pretumbajmo ih prvo
=
+ +
+ +
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
b c ac a
c b ab a
prva tri ine pun kvadrat
=
+
+
2 2
2 2 2
) (
) (
b c a
c b a
upotrebimo sad razliku kvadrata
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
a c b a c b
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + + ( ) ( ) a c b a c b + + +
a b c
a c b
+
=
+


Uslov: 0 + b c a i 0 + + b c a


6) Skrati razlomak:
2 3
6 5
2
2
+
+
x x
x x


=
+
+
2 3
6 5
2
2
x x
x x
=
+
+
2 2
6 2 3
2
2
x x x
x x x

( 3) ( 2)
( 3) 2( 3) ( 3)( 2)
( 2) 1( 2) ( 2)( 1)
x x
x x x x x
x x x x x


= = =
( 2) x
3
1 ( 1)
x
x x

=



Uslovi: 0 2 x

0 1 x

8
7) =

+
+
+

+ x
y
y
x
xy x
y
y x xy y
x
2 :
2
2 2
?
y x y x
xy
y x xy
y x
xy
y xy x
y x xy
y xy x
xy
y xy x
y x x
y
y x x y y
x
+
=

=
+
+
+
=

+
+
+

+
1
) ( ) (
) (
2
:
) (
2
2
:
) (
2
) (
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2


Uslovi: , 0 x , 0 y , 0 + y x 0 y x

8) =

+
+
+
2
4
:
4
4
2 3 6
2
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

=

+
+
+
+
2
4
:
) 2 )( 2 (
4
2 ) 2 ( 3 a
a
a a
a
a
a
a
a

PAZI: Moramo a 2 da okrenemo: ) 2 ( 2 = a a , pa (-) izlazi ispred!!!
) 4 ( 3
2
) 4 )( 2 ( 3
) 2 ( 2
) 4 )( 2 ( 3
4 2
) 4 )( 2 ( 3
12 6 3 2
4
2
) 2 )( 2 ( 3
12 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 (
4
2
) 2 )( 2 (
4
2 ) 2 ( 3
2
2 2

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=

+
+ + +
=

+
+
+
+

a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a a a a
a
a
a a
a a a a a
a
a
a a
a
a
a
a
a


Uslovi: , 2 a , 2 a 4 a


9) Uprosti izraz: =
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

16 8 4 2
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
x x x x x x


Ovaj zadatak ne moemo reiti klasino, probajmo da saberemo prva dva:

2
1
2
) 1 )( 1 (
1 1
1
1
1
1
x x x
x x
x x
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

Dodajemo mu trei sabirak:

4 4
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
4
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
1
2
1
2
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
=

+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

Ovo radi!!!

9
8 2 4
2 2
4 4
1
8
) 1 )( 1 (
4 4 4 4
1
4
1
4
x x x
x x
x x
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

Idemo dalje:

16 8 8
8 8
8 8
1
16
) 1 )( 1 (
8 8 8 8
1
8
1
8
x x x
x x
x x
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

Konano:

32 16 16
16 16
16 16
1
32
) 1 )( 1 (
16 16 16 16
1
16
1
16
x x x
x x
x x
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

Uslovi: 0 1 x i 0 1 + x




10) Pokazati da vrednost izraza ne zavisi od a,b,c i d

) (
4
1
1
:
1
1
4
c a abc b
b
a
c
b
a
+ +

+
+
+


=
+ +

+
+
+
) (
4
1
1
:
1
1
4
c a abc b
b
a
c
b
a

=
+ +

+
+
+
) (
4
1
1
:
1
1
4
c a abc b
b
ab
c
bc
a
Pazi:
BC
AD
D
C
B
A
=
=
+ +

+
+
+
) (
4
1
:
1
4
c a abc b ab
b
bc
c
a


=
+ +

+
+ +
) (
4 1
1
4
c a abc b b
ab
bc
c a abc


=
+ +

+ +
+
) (
4 1 ) 1 ( 4
c a abc b b
ab
c a abc
bc


=
+ +

+ +
+ +
) (
4
) (
) 1 )( 1 ( 4
c a abc b c a abc b
ab bc
Izvuemo gore 4 kao zajedniki
10

[ ]
=
+ +
+ +
) (
1 ) 1 )( 1 ( 4
c a abc b
ab bc


[ ]
4
) (
) ( 4
) (
1 1 4
2
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ + +
a c abc b
a c abc b
c a abc b
ab bc c ab
je reenje!

11) Ako je 0 = + + c b a dokazati da je abc c b a 3
3 3 3
= + +

Dokaz: Podjimo od 0 = + + c b a
c b a = + kubirajmo ovo

3 3
) ( ) ( c b a = +

3 3 2 2 3
3 3 c b ab b a a = + + +


c b a c b a ab b a = + = + + +
3 3 3
) ( 3 ovo iz a+b+c=0, zamenimo

abc c b a
c abc b a
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
= + +
= +


12) Ako je 0
1 1 1
= + +
c b a
Dokazati da je:

3 =
+
+
+
+
+
c
b a
b
a c
a
c b


Dokaz: Podjimo od 0
1 1 1
= + +
c b a


c ab
a b
c b a
1
1 1 1
=
+
= +

c
ab
b a = + / Podelimo sa c da bi napravili izraz iz zadatka




Slino e biti:

2
2
b
ca
b
a c
a
bc
a
c b
=
+
=
+



Sad se vratimo u zadatak:
2
c
ab
c
b a
=
+

11
=
+
+
+
+
+
c
b a
b
a c
a
c b

=
2 2 2
c
ab
b
ac
a
bc
Proirimo ih redom sa , a b i c
=
3 3 3
c
abc
b
abc
a
abc
izvuemo abc

+ + =
3 3 3
1 1 1
c b a
abc Ajde ovo da nadjemo!!!
3
/()
1 1 1
c b a
= +
3 3 2 2 3
1 1 1 1
3
1 1
3
1
c b b a b a a
= + + +
3 3 3
1 1 1 3 1 1
c b a ab b a
=

+ + +
3 3 3
1 1 3 1 1
c c ab b a
=

+ +
3 3 3
1 3 1 1
c abc b a
= +
abc c b a
3 1 1 1
3 3 3
+ = + + Vratimo se u zadatak:
3
3
1 1 1
3 3 3
= =

+ + =
abc
abc
c b a
abc

Malo je zeznuto, pa prouavajte paljivo!