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Tabela de Trigonometria
sen ( x )
tg (x ) = sec(x ) = cosec( x ) =
1 1 1
cos ( x ) cotg ( x ) = cos ( x ) sen (x )
tg ( x )
2 tg (x )
2. 1 + tg 2 (x ) = sec 2 ( x ) 9. tg (2 x ) =
1 − tg 2 (x )
§ x· 1 − cos( x )
3. 1 + cotg 2 ( x ) = cos ec 2 ( x ) 10. sen¨ ¸ = ±
©2¹ 2
§x· 1 + cos( x )
4. sen( x ± y ) = sen ( x ) cos( y ) ± sen ( y ) cos( x ) 11. cos¨ ¸ = ±
©2¹ 2
§x· 1 − cos(x )
5. cos( x ± y ) = cos( x ) cos( y ) sen (x ) sen ( y ) 12. tg¨ ¸ = ±
1 + cos( x )
©2¹
tg ( x ) ± tg ( y )
13. sen ( x ) =
2 tg ( x / 2)
6. tg ( x ± y ) =
1 tg (x )tg ( y ) 1 + tg 2 ( x / 2)
1 − tg 2 ( x / 2)
7. sen (2 x ) = 2 sen ( x ) cos(x ) 14. cos( x ) =
1 + tg 2 ( x / 2)
§x± y· §x y·
15. sen ( x ) ± sen ( y ) = 2 sen ¨ ¸ cos¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§x+ y· §x− y·
16. cos( x ) + cos( y ) = 2 cos¨ ¸ cos¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§x+ y· §x− y·
17. cos( x ) − cos( y ) = −2 sen¨ ¸ sen¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
1. k' = 0 ′
17. (tg u ) = u ' sec 2 u
2. x' = 1 ′
18. (cotg u ) = −u ' cosec 2 u
3. (u ± v)' = u '±v' 19. (sec u )′ = u ' sec u tg u
4. (uv)' = u ' v + uv' 20. (cosec u )′ = −u ' cosec u cotg u
′
21. (arc sen u )′ =
u ' v − uv' u'
u
5. =
v v2 1− u 2
23. (arc tg u )′ =
u'
α α −1
7. (u ) ′ = α u u' 1+ u 2
′
24. (arc cotg u ) = −
u' u'
8. ( u ) ′ =
2 u 1+ u 2
9. ( u )′ =
n u'
25. (arc sec u )′ =
u'
n n u n −1 u u 2 −1
′
26. (arc cosec u ) = −
u'
10. (e u ) ′ = e u u '
u u 2 −1
′
11. (a u ) ′ = a u u ' ln a 27. (sh u ) = u ' ch u
′
12. (u v ) ′ = u v v ' ln u + vu v −1u ' 28. (ch u ) = u ' sh u
14. (log a u )′ = ′
30. (arg sh u ) =
u' u'
u ln a 1+ u 2
′
31. (arg ch u ) =
u'
15. (sen u )′ = u ' cos u
u 2 −1
Pf ( x) = F( x) ⇒ F' ( x) = f ( x)
I - Primitivas Imediatas
u'
14. P = arc sen u = −arc cos u
2. Pku = kPu
1− u2
u α +1 u'
= arc sen
u
= −arc cos
u
3. Pu α u ' = , α ≠ −1 15. P
α +1 a −u2 2 a a
u' u'
4. P = ln u 16. P = arc tg u = −arc cotg u
u 1+ u2
u' u' 1 u 1 u
5. P = u 17. P = arc tg = − arc cotg
2 u a +u
2 2
a a a a
6. Pe u u ' = e u u'
18. P = arc sec u = −arc cosec u
u u2 −1
au
7. Pa u u ' = 19. P u' ch u = sh u
ln a
8. P u' sen u = − cos u 20. P u' sh u = ch u
9. P u' cos u = sen u 21. P u' sech 2 u = tgh u
u'
22. P = arg sh u
10. P u' sec u = tg u
2
u 2 +1
u'
23. P = arg ch u
11. P u' cosec u = −cotg u
2
u2 −1
u'
24. P = arg tgh u , u < 1
12. P u' sec u tg u = sec u 1− u2
P( uv ) = (Pu) v – P((Pu) v ′ )
FR (…) indica que se trata de uma fracção que envolve apenas somas, diferenças, produtos e quocientes
do que se encontra entre parêntesis.
1. x = a tg (t )
1
1. , k ∈ IN, k > 1
(x 2 + a 2 ) k
P( x) b
2. , k ∈ IN, k > 1, b 2 − 4ac < 0, 2. ax + =t
(ax + bx + c)
2 k 2
P( x)
3. , k ∈ IN, 3. x = p + qt
(( x − p ) 2 + q 2 ) k
x k -1
4. , k ∈Q 4. x k = at
2k
x +a
p r
6. q
FR ( x , x s , ... ) 6. x = t m , m = m.m.c.(q, s, ...)
p r
7. FR ( x, (ax + b) , (ax q
+ b) s , ... ) 7. ax + b = t m , m = m.m.c.(q, s, ...)
p r
ax + b q ax + b s ax + b m
8. FR ( x, ( ) ,( ) , ... ) 8. = t , m = m.m.c.(q, s, ...)
cx + d cx + d cx + d
sen (t ) ou x = cos(t )
a a
9. FR ( x, a 2 − b 2 x 2 ) 9. x =
b b
tg (t )
a
10. FR ( x, a 2 + b 2 x 2 ) 10. x =
b
sec(t )
a
11. FR ( x, b 2 x 2 − a 2 ) 11. x =
b
sen 2 (t ) ou x = cos 2 (t )
a a
12. FR ( x, x , a - bx ) 12. x =
b b
a 2
13. FR ( x, x , a + bx ) 13. x = tg t
b
Se c>0 faz-se ax 2 + bx + c = c + tx
Noutros casos, bem como nos anteriores,
faz-se ax 2 + bx + c = (x − α ) t ou
ax 2 + bx + c = (x − β ) t , com
ax 2 + bx + c = a (x − α )(x − β )
p
16. x m
( a + bx )
n q
16. Se
m +1
n
∈ Ζ faz-se a + bx n = t q
m +1 p
Se + ∈ Ζ faz-se a + bx n = x n t q
n q
π
c) Se FR é par em sen ( x ) c) tg ( x ) = t (supondo x ∈ 0 , ), sendo
2
x
d) tg = t , sendo sen ( x ) =
2t
d) Nos restantes casos, e
2 1+ t2
1− t2
assim como nos anteriores cos(x ) =
1+ t2