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I. Objectives
1.) To perform an acid-base titration
2.) To prepare the necessary chemicals needed for the experiment
3.) To determine the relative concentrations of the hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide solutions
4.) To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution with potassium acid phthalate
5.) To determine the purity of the potassium acid phthalate
Trials I II III
Final Reading HCl (mL) 18.00 36.00 18.00
Initial Reading HCl (mL) 0.00 18.00 0.00
Volume HCl used (mL) 18.00 18.00 18.00
Table 1 shows the amounts of HCl used and the corresponding amounts of NaOH needed
to achieve the end point; in this case, the slight pink coloration in the solution. The acid to base
and base to acid ratios were also computed.
Trials I II III
Weight of Standard KHP (g) 0.3150 0.3318 0.3325
Corrected Weight of KHP (g) 0.314370 0.3311364 0.331835
The average normality that was calculated from the data shows that it is approximately
near the 0.1 N NaOH that we had prepared. There could be minimal errors in this experiment,
particularly because these errors are indeterminate. For example, there is a slight difference
between the change in indicator color and the actual equivalence point of the titration. Our
inability to observe and detect little differences in the physical changes also affects our
determination of the end point.
Trials I II III
Weight of KHP sample (g) 0.3347 0.3521 0.3941
Final Reading NaOH (mL) 8.30 17.7 29.40
Initial Reading NaOH (mL) 0.00 8.30 17.70
Volume NaOH (mL) 8.30 9.40 11.70
This part of the experiment aims to determine the purity of the KHP and the actual
amount of KHP that there is in the samples. KHP or potassium acid phthalate is the primary
standard that was used and to which the NaOH was compared against. The results showed that
the average percent purity of KHP in the three samples was only approximately equal to 51.16%.
This result is much less than that of the stated percent purity of the primary standard which is
99.8%. This large difference may be due to a couple of systematic, random and gross errors, all of
which affect the results.
III. Conclusion
It has already been said that chemical analysis is extremely important and useful in many
ways. Titration allows us to analyze the samples which are actually representatives of the bulk
quantity. This particular technique allows us to compare the samples on standard materials of
accurately known composition (Skoog, 2004). Through titration, we have standardized NaOH
and determined the actual amount of KHP in the given samples. Titration is a very important
procedure where we can verify the quality and quantity of the components of the samples. Errors
and large differences may occur, but these errors are always present and usually unavoidable.
1.) In the preparation of 0.1N NaOH, why is it necessary to use carbonate-free base?
It is necessary that the NaOH solution is carbonate-free so that the carbonate ions
will not react with HCl or with the KHP.
2.) What will be the resulting concentration of sodium hydroxide when the tip of the burette
is not filled completely? Is it higher, lower or no change? Explain your answer.
If the tip of the burette is not filled completely (ie. has bubbles), then the volume
you have measured is larger than the actual volume that has been ran in the analyte
because the bubbles take up a space which has been included in your reading. So if you
remove the bubbles, you will see that the volume decreases. In effect, if you have a
volume that is actually larger than the actual, you will get wrong answers in the
molarities of NaOH and amount of KHP present in the samples.
3.) Write the net ionic reaction of titrant and the secondary standard used in the experiment.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
4.) Why is potassium acid phthalate used as a primary standard? What are its properties
which are considered to be important?
KHP was used as primary standard because it has the following properties: high
purity where established methods for confirming its purity is available; atmospheric
stability; absence of hydrate water so that the composition of the solid does not change
with variations in humidity; modest cost; reasonable solubility in the titration medium;
reasonably large molar mass so that the relative error associated with weighing the
standard is minimized.
5.) Calculate the concentration (molarity) of NaOH given that 0.5123 g of KHP requires
21.06 mL of NaOH.
0.5123 g KHP x 1 mol KHP x 1mol NaOH = 2.509 x 10-3 mol NaOH
204.2212 g 1 mol KHP